DOCSLIB.ORG

Reduce Alcohol-Related Harm

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Reduce Alcohol-Related Harm The WHO Regional Office for Europe The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations created in 1948 with the primary responsibility for international health mat- ters and public health. The WHO Regional Office for Europe is one of six regional offices throughout the world, each with its own programme geared to the particular health conditions of the countries it serves. Member States Albania harm alcohol-related of interventions to reduce and cost-effectiveness Evidence for the effectiveness Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Evidence for the effectiveness Hungary Iceland Ireland and cost-effectiveness of interventions Israel Italy to reduce alcohol-related harm Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Republic of Moldova Romania Russian Federation San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Tajikistan The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Turkey Turkmenistan Ukraine United Kingdom Uzbekistan World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe Scherfigsvej 8, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark Tel.: +45 39 17 17 17. Fax: +45 39 17 18 18 E-mail: [email protected]. Web site: www.euro.who.int Evidence for the effectiveness and cost–effectiveness of interventions to reduce alcohol-related harm ABSTRACT There is a substantial evidence base on the effectiveness of different policies in reducing the harm done by alcohol. Policies that regulate the economic and physical availability of alcohol are effective in reducing alcohol-related harm. Enforced legislative measures to reduce drinking and driving and interventions individually directed to drinkers already at risk are also effective. The evidence shows that information and education programmes do not reduce alcohol-related harm; nevertheless, they have a role in providing information, reframing alcohol-related problems and increasing attention to alcohol on the political and public agendas. In all parts of the European Union, population-based interventions represent a highly cost– effective use of resources to reduce alcohol-related harm. Brief interventions for individual high-risk drinkers are also cost–effective, but are harder to scale up because of their associated training and manpower needs. Keywords ALCOHOL DRINKING – prevention and control HARM REDUCTION COST–BENEFIT ANALYSIS EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE PUBLIC POLICY HEALTH PROMOTION INTERVENTION STUDIES ISBN 978 92 890 4175 1 Address requests about publications of the WHO Regional Office for Europe to: Publications WHO Regional Office for Europe Scherfigsvej 8 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark Alternatively, complete an online request form for documentation, health information, or for permission to quote or translate, on the Regional Office web site (http://www.euro.who.int/pubrequest). © World Health Organization 2009 All rights reserved. The Regional Office for Europe of the World Health Organization welcomes requests for permission to reproduce or translate its publications, in part or in full. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by the World Health Organization to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either express or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall the World Health Organization be liable for damages arising from its use. The views expressed by the author, editors, or expert groups do not necessarily represent the decisions or the stated policy of the World Health Organization. Similarly, the content does not represent the views of the European Commission, nor is the Commission responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained herein. Contents Acknowledgements.......................................................................................v Foreword .....................................................................................................vii Summary .......................................................................................................1 Introduction ..................................................................................................5 What are alcohol policies? ................................................................... 5 What is the evidence base for alcohol policies?................................... 6 Political, sociocultural and economic factors that impact on harm...... 7 Stakeholders and alcohol policy........................................................... 7 Alcohol policy at different jurisdictional levels................................... 9 Alcohol policies in a European framework........................................ 10 Alcohol policies in a global framework ............................................. 11 What is Europe? ................................................................................. 15 The health, social and economic impact of alcohol ................................19 At individual level.............................................................................. 19 At societal level.................................................................................. 21 Health inequalities.............................................................................. 25 Raising awareness and political commitment.........................................28 Impact of education and information campaigns ............................... 28 Public support for alcohol policy measures ....................................... 33 Infrastructures for alcohol policy ....................................................... 37 Response of the health sector ....................................................................41 Screening and brief advice programmes ............................................ 41 Treatments for alcohol use disorders and alcohol dependence .......... 44 Community action......................................................................................47 Community activities ......................................................................... 47 Alcohol and the workplace................................................................. 50 Drink–driving policies and countermeasures .........................................55 Alcohol policy and drink–driving ...................................................... 55 Unrestricted breath-testing................................................................. 57 Licence suspension............................................................................. 58 Alcohol locks ..................................................................................... 59 Training for servers of alcohol and civil liability............................... 60 Designated driver and safe ride programmes..................................... 60 Educational programmes.................................................................... 61 Mass media campaigns....................................................................... 62 Addressing the availability of alcohol......................................................64 Minimum age for purchase of alcohol ............................................... 65 Number of outlets and outlet density ................................................. 65 Days and hours of sale ....................................................................... 68 Addressing the marketing of alcoholic beverages ..................................70 Advertising and expectancies............................................................. 70 Experimental studies .......................................................................... 71 Econometric studies ........................................................................... 72 Cross-sectional studies....................................................................... 73 Longitudinal studies........................................................................... 73 Self-regulation.................................................................................... 74 Pricing policies............................................................................................76 Price and the use of alcohol................................................................ 76 Price and younger drinkers................................................................. 78 Price and heavier drinkers.................................................................. 79 Price and alcohol-related harm........................................................... 79 Affordability of alcohol.....................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Designated Driver Brochure
    Know The Limit Safety Tips Source: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration • Designate your sober driver before the party Subtract .015 for each hour after drinking begins. • Give your car keys to your designated driver, along MEN with appreciation for making sure you get home Be Safe safely. KNOW YOUR LIMIT • Find unique ways to recognize the designated drivers when you are out at a bar or restaurant. Approximate Blood Alcohol Content (BAC) In One Hour Tonight • Offer to be the designated driver the next time you Drinks Body Weight In Pounds go out. 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 • Cover the cost for parking or pay for a tank of gas. 1 .04 .03 .03 .02 .02 .02 .02 .02 • Pick up the tab for the designated driver’s food Possibly and drink. ...always use a 2 .08 .06 .05 .05 .04 .04 .03 .03 • Before you go out, program the numbers for local 3 .11 .09 .08 .07 .06 .06 .05 .05 Impaired cab companies in your cell phone. If you find designated driver. 4 .15 .12 .11 .09 .08 .08 .07 .06 yourself in need of a ride, help is just one call away. 5 .19 .16 .13 .12 .11 .09 .09 .08 • Avoid drinking too much alcohol too fast. Pace 6 .23 .19 .16 .14 .13 .11 .10 .09 yourself—eat enough food, take breaks and 7 .26 .22 .19 .16 .15 .13 .12 .11 Legally alternate with non-alcoholic drinks. Intoxicated 8 .30 .25 .21 .19 .17 .15 .14 .13 • Never let a friend leave your sight if you think they Come home with the same smile on your face.
    [Show full text]
  • Alcoholedu for Parents
    FOR PARENTS Parents’ Role in the Transition to College Your student’s transition into college is a time of excitement and opportunity. Here are some suggestions for supporting your student while he or she is adapting to the college environment. Connect consistently. Your student may feel a mix of emotions about beginning the college experience – enthusiastic, anxious, confused, and/or optimistic. By being consistently available to your student, you will reassure them that they can talk to you as they experience new challenges and raise new questions. Support your student in making informed decisions and taking independent action. Your guidance and insight provides an important foundation for your student as he or she grows and matures. It is important to balance your advice with a reminder that you trust and support your student’s ability to make his or her own decisions. This will provide the support your student needs while developing his or her own identity. Encourage your student to seek help and access supportive resources. Facing new challenges, your student may feel overwhelmed or alone. Remind your student that asking questions and seeking answers is a proactive way of making decisions, and that there are campus resources available to help them, including student organizations, counselors, resident assistants, or members of the faculty and staff. Finally, you may want to learn more about what your student’s campus does to promote healthy growth and personal maturity and what you can do to support those efforts. Many of these resources can be found under the college’s Student Affairs section of the website.
    [Show full text]
  • If You Have Issues Viewing Or Accessing This File Contact Us at NCJRS.Gov
    If you have issues viewing or accessing this file contact us at NCJRS.gov. • \. ,-'-';'. ,-c·· -,- • JOHN ASHCROFT JOHN TWIEHAUS, DIRECTOR GOVERNOR DIVISION OF COMPREHENSIVE KEITH SCHAFER, Ed.l.l. PSYCHIATRIC SERVICES DIRECTOR GARY V. SLUYTER, Ph.D., M.P.H., DIRECTOR DIVISION OF MENTAL RETARDATION AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES LOIS OLSON, DIRECTOR DIVISION OF ALCOHOL AND STATE OF MISSOURI DRUG ABUSE DEPARTMENT OF MENTAL HEALTH 1915 SOUTHRIDGE DRIVE P.O. BOX 687 JEFFERSON CITY, MISSOURI 65102 (314) 751-4122 June 1988 Dear ARTOP Administrators, Professionals, and Instructors: The Missouri Legislature enacted a law in 1982 establishing educational programs for drinking and driving offenses. At that time the Governor mandated that the Department of Mental Health develop standards for the operation of Alcohol or Drug Related Traffic Offenders' Programs (ARTOPs). Based upon these standards, the original ARTOP Curriculum Guide was developed in 1984. The laws concerning drinking and driving have been changed twice since the original guide; once in 1984 with the addition of Administrative Revocation and again in 1987 with the "Abuse and Lose" law. The following is a second edition of the ARTOP Curriculum Guide. This Guide was developed in consultation with a task force of the largest ARTOP providers and reflects changes in statutes, program standards, and knowledge gained since the first edition in 1984. The choice of binding was made to facilitate easy insertion of additional material or any future revisions that may be made. The Division hopes that this Curriculum Guide will prove to be an easy document to use and welcomes your suggestions. Sincerely, 8D~~ Lois Olson LO:DTP:ldh , "':.-'., ./ An Eoual Opportunity Employer - A Non-Discriminatory Service 102749 U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Alcohol Commercials Bowl Over Responsibility Ads
    News Release Contact: For Immediate Release [email protected] February 3, 2003 Alcohol Commercials Bowl Over Responsibility Ads Youth 60 times more likely to see TV ads promoting alcohol than industry-funded responsibility ads Washington, DC - America's youth were 60 times more likely to see a commercial for an alcoholic beverage in 2001 than they were to see a responsibility ad purchased by the alcohol industry, according to a new study released today by the Center on Alcohol Marketing and Youth at Georgetown University. Responsibility advertising includes any ads that warn against driving after drinking or encourage use of a designated driver, that advise viewers to drink responsibly, or that inform about the legal drinking age of 21. "For two weeks the water-cooler conversation around the country has been who won and who lost the Ad Bowl at the Super Bowl," said the Center's executive director Jim O'Hara. "When it comes to alcohol advertising our research shows that America's families aren't even in the game. "The facts show the alcohol industry's responsibility ad effort is meager and doesn't get the job done," O'Hara added. "The bottom line is that parents' messages of caution and responsibility are being undermined on television." The Center is a public health group established to monitor and analyze the industry's marketing and its impact on youth. In analyzing the specific responsibility ads, the Center found that: • Youth were 170 times more likely to see an ad promoting alcohol than an industry ad discouraging drunk driving. Alcohol companies placed 172 product promotion ads for every drinking and driving prevention ad in 2001.
    [Show full text]
  • Alcohol Limits for Drivers: U.S
    Q Alcohol Limits for Drivers: U.S. Department of Transportation A Report on the Effects of National Highway Alcohol and Expected Institutional Traffic Safety Administration Responses to New Limits a Report To Congress February 1991 Prepared in Response to: Section 9003 _f, P.L. 100-690, November 18, 1988 Drug Abuse Act of 1988 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page EXECUTIVE SUMMARY i CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1 Preface 1 Study Approach 3 Expert Panel 5 Scope of Report 6 SECTION I LITERATURE REVIEW CHAPTER II THE EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL ON BEHAVIOR 8 Background 8 Physiological Effects 11 Laboratory Studies of Driving-Related Skills 12 Neuromuscular 13 Vision 13 Tracking 14 Time-sharing and Attention 14 Attitude and Mood 14 Low BACs 15 Laboratory Studies 15 Simulator Studies 17 Closed Course Studies 21 Summary 26 CHAPTER III ALCOHOL CRASH PROBLEM 28 Epidemiological Research 28 Crash Outcome 34 Crash Characteristics 34 Driver Characteristics 34 Confidence Limits and Statistical Significance 39 Estimated Risk Using Similar Drivers as Controls 40 Crash Responsibility 41 Summary 43 CHAPTER IV CONCLUSIONS 45 EXECUTIVE SUN1VIARY This is the first of two reports in response to a congressional mandate to study the alcohol concentration at which a driver should be considered under the influence. Relevant findings from the work to date, as well as initial conclusions and recommendations, are presented. This report is based on a review of scientific literature on the influence of BAC' on driver performance and crashes, a review of existing legislation on BAC limits, and data collected on expected institutional response to alternative BAC limits - 0.08, 0.04, and 0.00 for the general driving public.
    [Show full text]
  • CONTROL STATE NEWS He Acknowledged the Majority of Arrests Were Well Above .08
    2900 S. Quincy St., Suite 800 Arlington, VA 22206 Tuesday, December 31, 2019 www.nabca.org | [email protected] NABCA would like to wish you a Happy New Year and thank you for all your support throughout the year. We look forward to providing you more news in 2020. Happy New Year! • New whiskeys, rye (and a hurricane relief rum) coming to Virginia’s state-run liquor stores • TABC has a message for those crossing alcohol TODAY’S • Health warning issued over fake booze HIGHLIGHTS • Some Solid Advice on New Year's Resolutions That Might Stick • Who Wins Wine's Trade War? • Are Liquor Stores Open On New Year's Eve 2019: State Opening Hours For Buying Alcohol (excerpt) CONTROL STATE NEWS He acknowledged the majority of arrests were well above .08. UT: Utah marks one year with .05, the nation’s toughest "Absolutely. In fact, I think looking at last year’s numbers, anti-drunk driving law the 2018 numbers, about 7% were below .08," Col. FOX 13 Now Rapich added. "The numbers we’re tracking right now the By Ben Winslow percentage is lower." December 30, 2019 The final numbers will be made public in late January. SALT LAKE CITY -- The Utah Highway Patrol is compiling Lawmakers, industry groups and policy watchdogs have data from the first year of the nation's toughest anti- been eagerly anticipating them. drunk driving law. For David Morris, the president of the Utah Hospitality But so far, the state has not recorded a significant Association, a group that represents bar owners number of DUIs at the new blood alcohol level of .05.
    [Show full text]
  • Background Paper 6.14 Harmful Use of Alcohol Alcohol Use Disorders and Alcoholic Liver Diseases
    Priority Medicines for Europe and the World "A Public Health Approach to Innovation" Update on 2004 Background Paper Written by Warren Kaplan, Ph.D, JD, MPH Background Paper 6.14 Harmful use of Alcohol Alcohol Use Disorders and Alcoholic Liver Diseases By Rene Soria Saucedo (MD, MPH, PhDc) January 2013 Update on 2004 Background Paper, BP 6.14 Alcohol Use Disorders Table of Contents Abbreviations: ..................................................................................................................................................... 5 Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................................ 6 Burden of Disease ............................................................................................................................................ 6 Treatment Options ........................................................................................................................................... 7 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 8 1.1 Alcohol Consumption (ACo) and its relationship with Alcohol Use Disorders (AUD) ........... 8 1.2 Alcohol Use Disorders (AUD) .......................................................................................................... 9 1.3 Alcoholic Liver Diseases (ALD) .....................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Alcohol Awareness
    Alcohol Awareness Does alcohol abuse cause the same In this issue: problems as alcoholism? While the problem drinker or alcohol abuser may not be addicted to alcohol, he or she shares many of the same risks to health and life. Quality of life, • What is in particular, is severely diminished. In addition, Alcoholism? alcoholics and alcohol abusers alike may bring Page 1 havoc on the lives of their loved ones, and on others around them. • Getting Help The NIAAA reports that alcoholism and alcohol and Treatment abuse are not only a leading cause of death, but also a significant factor in violent crime, teen for a Drug pregnancy, date rape and certain other types Program of crime. Page 2 What are the effects of alcohol? What Is Alcoholism? • Impulsivity Short-term physical effects of alcohol use include: Raises Differences between dependence • Distorted vision, hearing, and coordination Alcoholism and abuse. • Altered perceptions and emotions Risk • Impaired judgment According to the National Institute on Alcohol • Hangovers Page 2 Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), alcoholism is “a disease that includes alcohol craving and Long-term physical effects of heavy alcohol • When Your an continued drinking despite repeated alcohol- use include: Adult Child of related problems, such as losing a job or getting • Loss of appetite an Alcoholic into trouble with the law.” It includes the • Vitamin deficiencies Parent following symptoms: • Esophagus/Stomach ailments Page 3 1. Craving: A strong need, or compulsion, to drink. • Pancreatitis 2. Impaired control: The inability to limit one’s • Liver cancer drinking on any given occasion. • Skin problems • Risk Factors for 3.
    [Show full text]
  • An Analysis of a Contingency Program on Designated Drivers at a College Bar
    JOURNAL OF APPLIED BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS 2010, 43, 273–277 NUMBER 2(SUMMER 2010) AN ANALYSIS OF A CONTINGENCY PROGRAM ON DESIGNATED DRIVERS AT A COLLEGE BAR RICHARD R. KAZBOUR AND JON S. BAILEY FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY The present study evaluated the effects of prompts and incentives on designated drivers in a bar. We defined the dependent variable as the percentage of customers either functioning as or riding with a designated driver. We used an ABCA design to evaluate the effectiveness of prompts and incentives on the dependent variable. Results indicated that the intervention was successful at increasing the ratio of safe to unsafe passengers in a bar. Key words: designated driver, incentives, prompts _______________________________________________________________________________ In 2007, there were 3,221 traffic fatalities bar, using visual prompts inside the bar and reported in the state of Florida, 38.6% of which nonalcoholic beverages as incentives for any were alcohol related, and a total 64,410 arrests participating DD. The authors validated a self- were made for driving under the influence identified DD by following the DD to his or (DUI; Florida Department of Highway Safety her car and counted DDs as an individual who and Motor Vehicles [DHSMV], 2008, n.d.). In got into the car and drove away. Elwood, Lloyd, the state, mandatory penalties for a conviction Morris, Tofte, and Zandecki (2005) used verbal of DUI consist of a minimum 50 hr of praise as an additional contingency for self- community service, up to 1 year probation, identified DDs. Saksefski, Kazbour, Deller, and license revocation for a minimum of 180 days, Aboul (2008) used a portable breathalyzer and 12 hr of DUI school (Florida DHSMV, device to ensure a more accurate measure of 2009; Florida Department of Motor Vehicles, participants’ blood alcohol concentration 2009).
    [Show full text]
  • Table of Contents
    AL-ANON FAMILY GROUPS 1993 WORLD SERVICE CONFERENCE THEME: LET IT BEGIN WITH ME IN '93 (Sharing Experience, Strength and Hope) STAMFORD, CONNECTICUT APRIL 25-28,1993 TABLE OF CONTENTS Admissions/Handbook ................................................ 8 International Coordination ......................................... 14 Alateen ........................................................................ 6 Literature ................................................................... 15 Approval of Annual Reports ...................................... ~. 5 Long-Range Study Panel (LRSP) ............................. 16 Archives ...................................................................... 6 Motions ..................................................................... 41 Ask-It-Basket ............................................................. 37 National Public Information Canada (NPIC) ................ 9 Board of Trustees Open Discussion ....................................................... 16 Conference Committee on Trustees (CCT) .......... 23 Open Time- Nom1riating Committee ......................................... 23 Unanswered Questions/Unfinished Business ....... 19 Board Report ............................................................. 24 Opening Session-The WSC: AFG Service Plan ................................................. 25 What Can I Expect? What Can I Offer? ................. 3 Gender -Specific Language .................................. 26 Policy .......................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Impaired Driving Resource Paper
    Office for Victims of Crime Training and Technical Assistance Center Impaired Driving 1 in a series of 8 resource papers: . Child Abuse and Neglect . Elder Abuse . Homicide . Human Trafficking . Identity Theft . Impaired Driving . Intimate Partner Violence . Sexual Assault Impaired Driving* The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the trends and issues service providers should consider when assisting survivors of impaired driving crimes. Adults 21 and over who drink alcohol are not committing a crime (unless refraining from alcohol is a condition of probation or parole), and alcohol, although a dangerous drug, is still acceptable in many social settings. This was not always the case. The history of the United States includes tensions between those who were proponents of the sale and use of alcohol, and those who were opposed. Ultimately, during the years 1920–1933, after passage of the 18th Amendment to the U. S. Constitution, the U. S. enacted the National Prohibition (Volstead) Act, prohibiting the “manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors.”1 Legal prohibition against alcohol was based on both practical and religious foundations, as many advocates of temperance believed that the use of alcohol was immoral. During the years between the repeal of Prohibition in 1933 and the early 1970s, society and government struggled to find the balance between freedom of choice and the damage to society by alcohol problems.2 During that time, as the highway and roadway system expanded and more individuals purchased automobiles and began to drive, the problems of impaired driving increased. Since the early 1970s, impaired driving has been taken seriously.
    [Show full text]
  • The Essential Guide to Enjoying Being the Designated Driver
    The Essential Guide to Enjoying Being The Designated Driver “Changing general perceptions about being the designated driver and making it actually fun to be the ‘Double D VIP’ is one of the most important cultural shifts that must happen in order to ultimately eliminate drunk driving.” -Mischelle Davis Copyright © 2013 by Davis Law Group Davis Law Group, P.S. 2101 Fourth Avenue All rights reserved. No part of this report may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, Suite 630 or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or other- Seattle, WA 98121 wise, without written permission from the author. Phone: 206-727-4000 Printed in the United States of America. Fax: 206-727-4001 [email protected] www.InjuryTrialLawyer.com Double D VIP Double D VIP: The Essential Guide to Enjoying Being the Designated Driver INTRODUCTION There is a perception that being the designated driver is no fun. The view is that drinking non-alcoholic drinks while your friends are having cool cocktails, drink- ing up and throwing down makes you an anti-social nerd, an outsider. Changing this perception can help save thousands of lives each year. In ancient times it was thought that drinking the blood of a virgin would prolong life. Today, being the designated driver and sticking to ‘virgin cocktails’ or ‘mocktails’ may ultimately save your life, and/or the lives of your friends and loved ones. According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), ap- proximately 28 people are killed each day in the United States as a result of traf- fic collisions involving an alcohol-impaired driver.
    [Show full text]