Landscape of Franz Anton Von Sporck in Roztěž Surroundings

ACTA UNIVERSITATIS AGRICULTURAE ET SILVICULTURAE MENDELIANAE BRUNENSIS

Volume 62 47 Number 3, 2014 http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201462030451

LANDSCAPE OF FRANZ ANTON VON SPORCK IN ROZTĚŽ SURROUNDINGS

Markéta Flekalová1, Lenka Kulišťáková1

1 Department of Landscape Planning, Faculty of Horticulture, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic

Abstract

FLEKALOVÁ MARKÉTA, KULIŠŤÁKOVÁ LENKA. 2014. Landscape of Franz Anton von Sporck in Roztěž Surroundings. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis, 62(3): 451– 468.

The paper presents the cultural landscape surrounding Roztěž near Kutná Hora. The existence of a designed landscape linked to the person of Franz Anton von Sporck was presumed in the area between the chateau of Roztěž and chapel of St. John Baptist on the Vysoká hill built in 1695–1697. Compared to other landscape designs of Sporck this project is almost unknown, but the name of the landlord off ers a clue. This is the reason why this area was selected for testing the Methodology for Identifi cation of Designed Landscapes created at the Department of Landscape Planning of FH MENDELU in 2012. The assessment confi rmed the basic compositional relation (Roztěž chateau – chapel of St. John Baptist) and detected conditions of larger spatial relations linked to the chateau. The special part of surveys and analyses used GIS tools that allow for testing the visual links between individual features of the composition and spaces, and to formulate a hypothesis about the actual form of the composition in the landscape. The core of the composition was the chateau of Roztěž, but it was not limited only to the link with the chapel but included the surrounding settlements as well (Malešov, Nová Lhota), and also the extensive pheasantry.

Keywords: designed landscape, GIS, Sporck, Roztěž

INTRODUCTION spaces and landscapes, or landscapes containing The presented paper focuses on the possibility features and clusters of features that are signifi cant of identifying historic landscape compositions in terms of cultural and historic heritage. The type on the example of a landscape around the chateau of landscape containing a design composition of Roztěž, which is connected with the name organising spatial relations and o en superior of Franz Anton von Sporck. The description to economic use of the landscape is titled as and assessment of this landscape were carried out architectonised landscape by Hendrych (2010). as a case study testing the utility of Methodology Kučová and Kuča (2005) note the defi nition th for Identifi cation of Designed Landscapes, which is of a cultural landscape formulated on the 16 one of the outputs from the Programme of Applied meeting of the Committee for World Cultural Research and Development of National and Cultural and Natural Heritage UNESCO in Santa Fe, Identity (NAKI) – Methods and Tools of Landscape 1992, which understands cultural landscape as Architecture for Spatial Development (2011– a combined work of nature and man that refl ects 2015) at the Department of Landscape Planning the development of human society. Again, of the Faculty of Horticulture, Mendel University one of the categories of a cultural landscape is in Brno. a designed cultural landscape proposed and created Designed landscape is a specifi c type of cultural intentionally by human means. Such a landscape landscape. In this context, Hendrych (2005) contains compositions created for aesthetic reasons speaks about preserved monuments of intentional and o en links them with aristocratic homes, church and elaborate organising and cultivation of rural buildings and other structures and developments. Features of a designed landscape composition are

451 452 Markéta Flekalová, Lenka Kulišťáková interlinked by a network of relations creating a single MATERIALS AND METHODS unit, and preservation of these links is one of the key requirements for protecting designed landscapes. Model Area However, the presumption of any protection is The studied area is situated about 10 km south- the primary identifi cation of a designed landscape, west of Kutná Hora (Fig. 1). The core consists which is o en diffi cult because the historic traces of the cadastral areas of Roztěž and Nová Lhota could have been destroyed by later use of the land. communities; a signifi cant link covers also This identifi cation is crucial also for the process the cadastral areas of Malešov, Tuchotice, Vidice, of spatial planning, during which the preserved Mezholezy, Vysoká, Rozkoš, Dobřeň, Suchdol, traces of a composition can be considered valuable Miskovice and Bylany. The model area lies from the cultural, historic, and town-planning on the Plateau of Kutná Hora, which slopes north- point of view and should be conserved as such east down to the basin of Čáslav. The plateau, here (Act No. 183/2006 Coll.) and their description represented by the district of Malešov uplands and graphic map representation included in spatial (Bína, Demek, 2012: 79) is cut through by the valley analytic documentation (Public Notice No. 500/2006 of the Švadlenka brook, and the chateau of Roztěž Coll.). There is a demand for a tool that would allow stands on the upper edge of this valley (about for identifi cation and basic assessment of designed 410 metres above sea level). The visual landmark landscapes. of the area is the hill of Vysoká (471.2 m above sea). The aim of the paper is to describe the Sporck Upon its historic development the area can be composition around the chateau of Roztěž, as well characterised as mixed forest and agricultural as methods used for the analysis. The ambition landscape with woodlands bound to those areas of the tested methodology is to be used by public where agricultural use is diffi cult – fl oodplains authorities and bodies of local and spatial planning of streams and valley slopes. as a tool for basic identifi cation of designed The current land use in the cadastral area landscapes and values that should be further of Roztěž signifi cantly limits the development protected within the given area. Special analyses of the community – there is a game reserve, golf already performed by a professional landscape course and 1st degree zone of hygienic conservation architect are a superstructure providing detailed protecting the Vrchlice reservoir (Herel, 2011). analysis of the composition and serving as Literature mentions a compositional link between a basis for proposal of appropriate management the chateau of Roztěž and chapel of St. John in the landscape. Due to the size of the entire Baptist on the hill of Vysoká, both built by Franz assessment, only the part of the methodology will Anton von Sporck. The hunting folly of Roztěž, as be presented that deals with the identifi cation the groundwork of the current chateau, was built of the composition. by Johann von Sporck on the ruins of a former

1: Localization of Roztěž in Czech Republic. Background: satellite map of Czech Republic. Source: http://www.arcdata.cz/produkty-a- sluzby/geografickadata/druzicova-data/Družicová+mapaČR/. Landscape of Franz Anton von Sporck in Roztěž Surroundings 453

castle in 1669. The current character of the chateau of Virgin Mary the Helping (Bartoš, 1997), which is from 1900–1911 (arch. L. Bauer) when the park stands on the terrace above the miraculous spring was adjusted under the command of Fr. Thomayer by the road between Roztěž and Nová Lhota. (1908–1912). Since 1946 the chateau was owned by The complex formerly included also an inn the Journalists Association (Bartoš, 1997; Hieke, (originally 1825 Empire building), hunter’s lodge, 1984; Rýpar, 1957). It is privately owned nowadays. statue of a kneeling angel, stone fountain and three From the perspective of a potential composition stone bridges. The central chapel of Virgin Mary of the surrounding landscape the Sporck era is was built in 1819 on a place of an older wooden crucial. Johann von Sporck bought the dominion structure pointing out to the place where, according of Malešice (including both Roztěž and Vysoká) to a folk tale, Virgin Mary with baby Jesus appeared in 1666 and le it to his son, Franz Anton. Franz in a hawthorn (alder) tree (Zavadil, 2000a; Herel, decided to build a single-storey chapel known as 2010). Belveder (from the Italian Belvedere – beautiful view) on the nearby hill of Vysoká. Methodology According to Grimm (1937) the construction took The Methodology for Identifi cation of Designed place in 1695–1697 following plans of an unknown Landscapes (Kulišťáková et al., 2012) presents ways to Italian architect, and the chapel was originally identifying intentional patterns in the contemporary intended for 3 elderly Augustinian monks from cultural landscape. The methodology consists Lysá nad Labem (Zavadil, 2000b). The question of two parts. The fi rst part specifi es the basic of the architect is open, but Šulc and Kubka (2012) analyses that way point out to the features of an state that almost surely it was Giovanni Battista intentional landscape design. Special analyses Alliprandi, who already worked for Sporck at that in the second part lead to detailed explanation time. Grimm (1937) also mentions trees and barrier of the development of a designed landscape, its railings encircling the structure. According characteristics, signifi cance of the partial features, to Zavadil (2000b) the chapel was consecrated principle of forming and determining the degree on 24. 6. 1698 as the Chapel of St. John Baptist. of preservation/damage. The paper presents The dominion was sold in 1699, but the Augustinian only a part of that methodology dealing with monks stayed until 1759. On April 30, 1834 the identifi cation of a composition. the chapel was destroyed by a lightning that caused fi re. Detailed description of the building is provided Map Analysis by Šulc and Kubka (2012) together with stating The fi rst part of the methodological process the fact that the building on Vysoká uniquely linked issues from a thorough analysis of readily available the seemingly controversial functions combined maps, imagery and literary resources relating in one structure – a folly, chapel, hermitage, to the selected area of interest. The key part and place of baroque festivities. of the analytic process is looking for signifi cant Kaše (1992 and 1994) thinks that the chateau features. With respect to the historic development of Roztěž and the chapel on Vysoká were linked by of designed landscapes these features include e.g. a tree avenue consisting of 1,100 limes planted by chateaux, monasteries, churches, follies, memorial Sporck in 1695. He also notes the pheasantry with structures, pilgrimage areas, calvarias and small forest aisles that allowed for a visual link between sacral buildings and sepulchral areas. the chapel and the chateau. The same author also Attention is paid to the position of these declares Sporck to be the initiator of a forest aisle features in the landscape, the layout, the spatial from the chateau front to the valley of the Švadlenka relations between them, specifi c route location, brook, with an arched stone bridge at its end. Larch accompanying vegetation, cleared strips tree avenues leading from the chateau towards in woodlands, etc. Other important information Malešov and Rozkoš are mentioned by Zavadil include the position and layout of pheasantries, (2000a). However, he does not state the year of their game parks, gardens and fi shpond systems. Besides planting. landform and objects it is also necessary to look The tree avenue already mentioned by Kaše into the names of settlements and local topography is specifi ed by Herel (2010) as an avenue lining captured on historic and contemporary maps or a scenic route leading roughly towards the west mentioned in period text documents. from the gardener’s house at the chateau, crossing The oldest analysed map source is the Müller’s under the fi rst bridge below the road above Roztěž, Map of Bohemia of 1720, rendered in 1:132 000 through the pheasantry straight to Vysoká, peaking scale (Semotanová, 2012). For the purposes with a viewpoint on a gentle terrain drop. He of identifying designed landscapes these maps suggests Sporck to be the designer of the tree avenue include lots of important data, such as the position as well as of another tree line that has partially of built objects (chapels, churches, chateaux, preserved to this day – tree avenue lining the road and farmsteads), their relations to surrounding from the chateau to Roztěž, from Roztěž to Nová settlements, setting in the terrain and links between Lhota, and from Lajpcik to Tuchotice. them. Local topography names suggest the existence The more recent layer in the landscape’s history of pheasantries (Fasangarten) and game parks is the spa and and pilgrimage place with chapel (Thiergarten) or specify alone-standing objects. 454 Markéta Flekalová, Lenka Kulišťáková

Special names were given e.g. to follies (Lusthaus), online. Aerial photography was taken in the scale churches (Kirche), hills of the cross (Kreuzberg), of 1:25 000 (Struha, 2009), the shots are black- chapels (Capell), hermitages (Eremitor) and-white (which sometimes makes it diffi cult to and monasteries (Clost., Clöster). Sacral objects determine the specifi c type of land cover) and their were stated along with their patronage (St.-, S.-). advantage is the fact that they capture landscape Tree avenues are captured occasionally – both those before collectivisation – land consolidation. that cut across open land, as well as those leading Their detailed scale allows for easy identifi cation through forests and clearly graphically defi ned of already vanished objects or traces of dilapidating within the surrounding woodland growths. Any landscape compositions. suggestions of designed landscapes in the Müller’s A signifi cant source of additional information, maps are signifi cant, mainly because they were not especially for the determination of accurate position commonly recorded despite many of them have of the individual features of a composition, are already been in existence. These compositions can the land registry maps. The Land Register (cadaster) be also perceived as culturally signifi cant of visually was established upon the passing of the Cadaster prominent in the period landscape. Law No. 177/1927 Coll. On the Land Register Other analysed map resources included the maps and its Keeping. The original purpose of this of 1st, 2nd and 3rd military mapping. Their thorough document (taxes) changed to legal and general general characteristics are provided by Boguszak economic purpose, which issued in high-quality, and Císař (1961). First Military Mapping took detailed and accurate map resource (ČUZK, 2012). place between 1764 and 1768 in Czech countries, The maps capture the individual plots of land according to Semotanová (2001) it was between and buildings in a form before the post-war changes 1763 and 1785 in the whole Habsburk monarchy, (this period o en destroyed traces of many designed in the scale of 1:28 800. Although these maps lack landscapes). These maps are specifi cally valuable accuracy, the value of their evidence is very high when searching for an exact position of an already because they capture many signifi cant features vanished building, and due to their accuracy they in the landscape. Second Military Mapping took can be overlaid with a current land register or ortho- place between 1836 and 1852 on the basis of an photo map. already established trigonometric network and a er Contemporary map resources used surveying of cadasters – land registers. These maps for the analyses included ortho-photo maps are much more accurate and capture the landscape and tourist maps. Orthophotomaps represent geo- in great detail – they allow for identifi cation reference vertical aerial photographs providing of many diff erent features. Third Military Mapping quick overview of the condition of a landscape took place in Bohemia between 1877 and 1880, composition. Other advantages (e.g. identifi cation in the scale of 1:25 000. Elevation is represented of historic landscape structures and spatial layout by contour lines and ground elevation points. of the landscape) as well as disadvantages (e.g. The advantage is high accuracy of the maps; their two-dimensional character) are stated by the disadvantage is their limited legibility due Žallmannová (2005). Tourist maps point out to to colour shi s and incompleteness, especially historic or natural interests in the landscape, o en in the borderline regions. In general, the military along with brief text description. Tourist maps may mapping maps do not illustrate the land in such capture features of compositions even if they are a detail as e.g. the maps of stable land register, but already in state of ruins or do not exist anymore. according to Lipský (2000) they do provide better Footpath layout in the contemporary landscape may comprehensive overview of larger areas. refer to historic road and path layout. Another source of information is represented The above listed resources were compared with by the Imperial compulsory prints of the Stable each other to assess the way they capture the features Land Register maps. They were created in order to identifying a potential composition. The features mitigate discrepancies in tax levying procedures appearing on the maps were recorded and entered (Doušek, 1998). The imperial prints are rendered into a single map layer using the ArcMap 10.2 in detailed scale of 1:2 880 and were created so ware where they became a basis for examining between 1825 and 1843. According to Semotanová the features of composition in GIS environment (2001) these maps were reviewed and redrawn and drawing of a composition map. between 1869 and 1880 to record changes that occurred a er the completion of the original Special Analyses surveys. The advantage of these maps is the detailed In case of the Roztěž area the primary analyses record of the land cover over the individual suggested the potential presence of a designed plots of land, which can be crucial especially landscape. Further steps therefore included special for the analysis of visual relations of a composition. analyses – determination of a hypothesis about From the perspective of landscape analysis it is the composition and its validation using special also important to note the detailed topography spatial models and analyses. Spatial analyses are nomenclature. usually performed in the GIS environment where Just another source of information are the historic the basis is an accurate determination of position aerial views from between 1949 and 1956 available of the individual features of a composition, followed Landscape of Franz Anton von Sporck in Roztěž Surroundings 455

by analysis of the mutual relationships, which can out whether they could accent any other object be either visual (visual link) or symbolic – the viewer of interest or a place in the surrounding landscape. cannot see one feature from another although they The principles of landscape design – partial did relate to each other. Relations between features segments creating the whole – are known from could be suggested e.g. by footpath or road layout, many designed landscapes, e.g. from Jičín (see planting of tree avenues or shaping of vegetation. Hájek, 2003), the areas of Libějovice-Lomec, Nové The possibilities of GIS tools in the analysis of visual Hrady, Čimelice-Rakovice (see Pavlátová, Ehrlich, links in designed landscapes (especially historic 2004), Lednice-Valtice complex (see Salašová, and derelict ones) are studied in detail by Sedláček, Kulišťáková, Sedláček et al., 2013), Nové Zámky (see Kulišťáková (2013) and Kulišťáková (2010). Kubeša, Kulišťáková, 2010) etc. The analysis of spatial relations took place in two B) Special spatial analysis using the viewshed steps: tool A) Analysis of spatial relations using basic editing Spatial analysis of visual relations from selected tools viewpoints was performed using the ArcGIS The model area was assessed upon the analyses environment and its viewshed tool. The principle and mutual correlations of land register maps of visibility is based on a calculation over a digital (for their accurate recording of already non- terrain model, which defi nes points (cells in a grid) existent objects and forest clearings), contemporary that are linked by an uninterrupted line of view. maps and ortho-photo maps in the environment Visibility analysis issues from landform and land of ArcMap 10.2. Using relevant map resources it cover, which are represented by a digital model was possible to accurately determine the position of the surface. Most applications automatically of individual features of the composition (including generate the analysis with so-called binary the derelict ones). viewshed that works with two values only (1, 0), The basic editing tools in the GIS environment where 1 represents a visible point and 0 an invisible were used. Lines (poly-lines) were drawn over one (Kulišťáková, Sedláček, 2013). This simple the layer of selected points of composition using method was used to identify objects that could be the editing tools in order to connect the individual seen from three viewpoints and thus infl uence point features (points). These were then correlated the direction of tree avenues and forest clearings with the underlying maps with special emphasis in the surroundings – especially in the pheasantry on their alignment with the derelict or existing and in the game park. The land cover of the fi rst half tree avenues, forest clearings and paths. Spatial of the 19th century was considered in the visibility axis lines, which were not verifi ed by this analysis. analysis, were extended (using lines) to the length A basic map for visibility analyse in the fi rst of 10 km and the analysis focused on fi nding half of the 19th century is the set of maps of geo-

2: Graphic diagram of data preparation and visibility calculation 456 Markéta Flekalová, Lenka Kulišťáková

referenced and vectorised maps of the stable land value ranges from 0 to 34. Zero represents all register – the reason is their accuracy and the fact areas without spatial barriers, other values that they capture most features of the Sporck represent places with spatial barriers. Pixel size composition that survived in the landscape even of all input grids issues from this digital layer. 130 years a er it was established. The accuracy With respect to the width of the forest clearings was corrected upon the maps of the First Military which are expected to have guided the views Mapping. towards distant landmarks, the pixel size was The stable land register maps were used to set to 2 m. The transformation of vector data to vectorise areas of use and built objects that grid format thus causes minimum distortion form spatial barriers and may therefore change of the spatial characteristics of small landscape the visibility (all built objects, woodlands, orchards). features that do signifi cantly infl uence the result. The following cadasters were selected for analysis: 4. Creation of digital surface model (DMP) Malešov (Malleschau/Mallessow) and Maxdorf Input data: DMT, SK; Operation: Mathematic colony, year 1838; Roztěž (Rozterz), Stará Lhota (Alt grid operation – plus; Output data: digital surface Lhotta) and Nová Lhota (Neu Lhotta), year 1838; model (DMP). Vidice (Widitz), Rozkoš colony (Roskosch), The digital surface model represents the course year 1838; Tuchotice (Tuchotitz/Tuchotic), Karlův of the topographic surface of the landform, Dvůr colony (Karlsdorf), year 1838; Mezholesy along with features representing its natural as (Mezholes/Mezhlolez), year 1838; Bylany (Billan), well as man-made cover (Vojtek, 2013). year 1838; Miskovice (Miskowitz/Miskowic), year 5. Analysis of visibility from selected viewpoints 1838; Suchdol (Sukdoll), Vysoká (Wisoka), year 1838; Input data: DMP; Operation: Viewshed; Output Dobřeň (Dobrzen), year 1838. data: grid representation of areas, which do/do not appear in views from the viewpoint. Calculation Method (Fig. 2): Three viewpoints were selected: they are 1. Digital relief model (DMT) the key points in the composition of the Roztěž Input data: hypsography in shp format, contour landscape. The fi rst one is the Roztěž chateau interval 2 m; Operation: Topo to Raster; Output building, the second one is the gamekeeper’s data: Grid with pixel size of 2 × 2 m (DMT_2). lodge in the pheasantry (crossing of the main 2. Georeferencing and vectorisation of stable land forest clearing strips) and chapel of St. John register grids Baptist on Vysoká. The eye height of the viewer Input data: stable land register grid (SK_rastr); is defi ned in the off set database fi eld. The value Operation: Grid transformation (in TopoL is variable. At the gamekeeper’s lodge the off set environment); Transformation of map sheets was set to 1.6 m, which represents the eye using the Gusterberg crossbar model; Output height of the viewer standing on the crossing data: georeferenced stable land register grid (SK_ of the main clearing strips in the pheasantry. rastr_G). The viewer’s eye height looking from the chateau 3. Vectorisation of georeferenced stable land building was set to 10 m, which represents register grids and transformation to grid the height of the eye above terrain when looking representation, pixel value equal to the height from the fi rst fl oor of the chateau. At the chapel of the spatial barrier; Input data: georeferenced of st. John Baptist the off set was 20 m, which is stable land register grid (SK_rastr_G); Operation: eye height when standing in the viewing tower Vectorisation of the grid using editing tools; on the top of the chapel. With respect to diff erent Output data: vectorised stable land register height of the building and diff erent eye height (polygon layer with database – specifi cation of the viewer the baseline data were composed of use, height of spatial barrier1) (SK.shp); Input individually for each of the analyses. The height data: SK.shp; Operation: Feature to grid; Output value of the chateau for visibility analysis from data: SK (grid). the fi rst fl oor of the chateau was set to 0, viewer’s Grid representation of the stable land register eye height was determined by the off set value equals the height of the key spatial barriers. Pixel (10 m), which was added to the actual height of the landform without the chateau building.

1 Elevations of signiﬁ ant and spatially prominent features – visual barriers: Orchards – 6 m; Woodland – 25 m; Buildings (within communities) – 6.5 m; Church of Virgin Mary on Vysoká – main spire 23.5 m, main aisle – 13 m (RTF, 2010), veriﬁ ed upon calculation from points on the Basic map 1:10 000; Chapel of St. John Baptist on Vysoká – 22 m (height derived upon side view with known ground dimensions, according to RTF, 2013); Fortress in Malešov – 28 m / lower part 15 m (calculation upon data in restoration project, www.malesov.cz); Church of St. Wenceslas in Malešov – 34 m, calculated from points on the Basic map 1:10 000; Church of St. Wenceslas in Jindice, 15.5 m (tower, RTF, 2007); Church of Holy Trinity Drahobudice – 27 m (spire), calculated from points on the Basic map 1:10 000; Church of St. Margaret in Suchdol – 27 m, calculated from points on the Basic map 1:10 000; Church of St. Nicholas in Vidice – 22 m, calculated from points on the Basic map 1:10 000; Chateau Roztěž – 12 m, the Roztěž chateau was heightened by one storey by the Dahlbergs, therefore in Sporck’s time it was lower than today; Chateau in Malešov – 12 m. Landscape of Franz Anton von Sporck in Roztěž Surroundings 457

Field Surveys it is possible to see grassland, with some arable All information gained through the studies land on the southern side, and ornamental garden of the baseline data and analyses in the GIS around the chapel. The village of Nová Lhota fi rst environment were examined in the fi eld. The fi eld appears on the map of the First Military Mapping, survey served to test the spatial (especially visual) the Second and Third Military Mapping, as well as relations between selected features of composition the Stable Land Register map show also the tree and verifi cation of conclusions from the spatial avenue lining the road leading to this village. analyses. Field survey on Roztěž took place The village itself has an interesting layout, which is in diff erent seasons (August 2011, October 2011, not enclosed but form a semi-circle, as a natural end January 2012, March 2012, November 2013) of the tree avenue running from the Spa. to capture the existence, condition and eff ect The maps of the Stable Land Register show a clear of the compositional features at diff erent times layout of the area with three main focal points. of the year, especially in winter when trees are bare The fi rst one is the Roztěž chateau with a tree avenue and allow for easier examination of the micro-relief towards the gamekeeper’s lodge in the pheasantry, characteristics and visual links. and stripe clearings towards a bridge across Švadlenka and also to the north-western direction. Another focal point is the spa area with chapel RESULTS of Virgin Mary and tree avenue towards Nová Lhota, and the last one is the hill of Vysoká with Assessment of Landscape Components a chapel surrounded by woodland and access path In the fi rst stage the image of the model area was from the village of Vysoká. The mutual linking characterised using historic and contemporary maps of these focal points is suggested by the direction and other historic sources. The description focused of the clearings cutting through the pheasantry, on those features that could refer to the presence from the gamekeeper’s lodge to village of Vysoká. of a potential composition. The 1954 aerial view shows the Roztěž chateau Müller’s mapping captures the alone-standing with a smaller garden than before. The clearing chapel on Vysoká (S. Ioh. Bapt.). The village from the chateau towards the bridge is still visible, of Roztěž is captured without name. The valley as well as the one through the game park north- of Vrchlice is captured with ponds and probably west of the chateau. The historic road with tree water-powered iron-mill (fabrique). Terrain avenue towards the gamekeeper’s lodge is present landforms include the wooded slope down to as a line only, the presence of the avenue trees is the Švadlenka brook (with gamekeeper’s lodge), but illegible on the photo. The clearing strips around the actual brook is not drawn. the gamekeeper’s lodge are overgrown. A clearing is First Military Mapping clearly captures still visible in the place of the lodge house. The spa the position of the Roztěž village and the chateau, area surrounded by greenery and tree avenue which was built on the edge of a terrain drop towards Nová Lhota are still clearly visible. The area above the Švadlenka brook. In the woodland around the village is gradually overgrown with west of the chateau it is possible to see the early woodland. The hill of Vysoká seems to be covered phase of the game park and the clearing strip with arable land except for woodland in the north- that accentuates the chapel on Vysoká. Several eastern segment of the hill and a small grove fi shponds are established on the Vrchlice river on the south-western foot of the hill. The space between Roztěž and Vysoká. The spa is visible around the chapel is still clearly defi ned on a circular as well. The Vysoká hill is clear, without any ground and is overgrown. Compositional relations woodland, therefore a visual link is expected. are not very clear. However, detailed historic The map of the Second Military Mapping clearly view shows an interesting feature – the direction shows the position of the Roztěž chateau above of a compositional axis in the north-western the wooded valley of Švadlenka and the woodland direction from the chateau across the road bridge. that surrounds the chateau from three directions, The current ortho photo map (Fig. 3) shows that including the clearing strip running north-west. the village is totally surrounded by woodland. Towards the village there is a garden and tree Even the chateau is much more secluded from avenue in the direction to the gamekeeper’s lodge the surroundings. The space around the village is and pheasantry. The strip towards Vysoká is not completely altered – it was turned to a golf course. visible from the lodge. Between Roztěž and Nová Most of the historic structures in the landscape Lhota it is possible to see the spa and chapel have been erased. The clearings in the woodlands on a hill (St. Maria Hill). The hill of Vysoká is are not visible any more. The spa area with probably covered mostly by grass, with some the chapel and connection with Nová Lhota – road ornamental layout around the chapel and woodland and tree avenue – are still present. The summit on the northern side. The map of the Third Military of Vysoká and segments north-east and south-west Mapping also shows, in great detail, the clearing exposed hillsides are covered with woodland. Rest strips in the surrounding woodlands, including of the hillsides are covered with arable land. Only the one that runs behind the gamekeeper’s lodge the peripheral walls are visible from the chapel towards the chapel on Vysoká. On the hill of Vysoká 458 Markéta Flekalová, Lenka Kulišťáková

3: Comparison of the landscape around Roztěž on the Third Military Mapping map and on a current ortho-photo-map. Map sheet No. 4054_2 © digitization AOPK ČR, zoomify application by Laboratory of Geoinformatics UJEP. www.oldmaps.geolab.cz; Czech Republic Ortho-photo (ČR) Copyright © 2010 ČÚZK.

4: The hill of Vysoká on a 1715 engraving. In Grimm (1937). of Vysoká. Compositional relations are not visible the presence of a road through the woodland any more. north of the Roztěž chateau, roughly in the trace Tourist map informs about the existence of the original clearing, which, for instance, is not of the chateau, former spa complex with chapel visible on the ortho-photo map. (local name “Lázně” and a symbol of water spring, To support the information from maps should symbol of chapel), about the derelict chapel be supported by historical pictures. For Roztěž on the hill of Vysoká and existence of a recent the most important of the historic images is an viewing tower (built in 2001) on the same hill. engraving from 1715, that captures the chapel In terms of composition it is interesting to note on Vysoká with its surroundings (Fig. 4). Its origin Landscape of Franz Anton von Sporck in Roztěž Surroundings 459

is commented on by Teplý (2001), who states that in Roztěž as well. The landscape can be therefore it was published in the work of Ferdinand van identifi ed most likely as a designed complex with der Roxas of 1715, which was ordered by Franz the need for further surveys and research works. Anton von Sporck. The legend below the picture describes the individual objects as follows: St. John’s Analysis of Composition hermitage – aristocratic residential building with Key hypotheses determined by the analysis garden – Royal mining town of Kutná Hora – Panský of available map resources and fi eld survey were dvůr. examined in the ArcGIS environment. The results It is clear that the folly with chapel occupy of spatial analyses are shown, for clarity, over a prominent position on high terrain with access the shaded terrain model, although they were not through tree avenue and that there is a circular calculated upon this model. garden around them. West of the chapel (i.e. Visibility analysis from the Roztěž chateau in a position agreeing with the drawing) there are (Fig. 5) confi rmed that the characteristics of underground cellars (result of fi eld survey), which the landform and type of land cover allowed could be parts of the hermitages in the picture. for a visual link between the chateau and chapel The view is from the village of Vysoká from where of St. John Baptist on Vysoká. Also the size the access road lead to the folly (the farmstead and direction of the woodland clearings and tree and church, although looking diff erently, do comply avenues allowed for visual linking of the chateau with their current position). The view from Vysoká and the gamekeeper’s lodge in the pheasantry. is confi rmed also by the fact that the tree avenue The total visual exposure of the studied area was from the chapel breaks in the village and continues 10.3%. towards the south – this would agree with Analysis of visibility from the gamekeeper’s the layout of the avenue captured on historic maps. lodge (Fig. 6) showed a visual link with the chapel The chateau in the right part of the drawing is Roztěž, on Vysoká and also with the Roztěž chateau. East as the comments say. The formal garden in front of the lodge ran a triangular forest clearing, which of the chateau is surrounded by walls – this is not allowed for looking towards the key landmarks confi rmed by any other sources, but the fact is that of Malešov – fortress, which had an ornamental the detected compositional lines in the landscape, viewing spire in Sporck’s time), chateau of Malešov although radiating towards Roztěž, do not run and church of St. Wenceslas. Although the lodge was directly to the core of the building (preserved from hidden within the forest and only 0.5% of the area the Sporck’s period), but to a nearby place north is visually exposed, the ingenious position of the building – the centre of a formal garden would of the lodge on the edge of a terrain break, as well be a logical explanation. A part of the surrounding as sophisticated shaping of the clearings, allowed wall is captured on the map of the First Military for viewing the key landmarks. Mapping. The layout of the chapel on Vysoká with The intricate location of the gamekeeper’s lodge is its circular garden is also depicted on a memorial clearly visible in the visibility analysis from Vysoká coin minted on the occasion of the chapel’s (see Fig. 7), where the pheasantry woodlands are consecration and christening of the son of Franz visually signifi cant only around the gamekeeper’s Anton von Sporck. lodge and to the south towards Roztěž. From the perspective of identifying landscape Another analysis of spatial relations was composition all the above mentioned buildings performed upon the overlay of the actual ortho- are crucial, but the key features are the tree photo map and maps of land registry; direction avenues and clearing strips in the woodlands of forest clearings and tree avenues was examined that link the individual objects. The available by analysis in ArcMap 10.2 to the distance of about maps show the linking between Roztěž chateau 10 km from Roztěž. This analysis allowed for an and the gamekeeper’s lodge in the pheasantry accurate location of the lodge’s position through by tree avenue and clearing, and the axis from which ran the axis of composition from Roztěž the pheasantry runs through a clearing towards to Vysoká (breaking in the place of the lodge) the chapel on Vysoká (not visible today), although and thanks to the fact that the clearings are captured it is actually rather distant. A system of clearing on the cadaster maps it was also possible to examine strips linking to the Roztěž chateau is visible as the direction of this axis. Thanks to these analyses well. Clearly visible is also the spa complex and tree it was confi rmed that the chapel of St. John Baptist avenues in the landscape. The presumption on Vysoká had one entrance facing this axis, which of intentional designing of this landscape issues confi rms the idea of an intentional composition. also from its linking with the person of Franz A lovely view towards the entire dominion from Anton von Sporck. The activities of this aristocrat, the folly on Vysoká is also confi rmed by the visibility linked to the large designed landscapes in his other analysis (Fig. 7), 59.6% of the area is visually exposed. dominions of Kuks (the large baroque complex was Upon the above stated fi ndings it is possible to developed between 1692 and 1724) and in Lysá nad characterise the composition relatively accurately Labem (Johan von Sporck got Lysá in 1647, Franz (Fig. 8). Anton died there in 1738) support the presumption The key point of the composition was the chateau that a designed landscape could have been built in the village of Roztěž, the seat of Johan von Sporck 460 Markéta Flekalová, Lenka Kulišťáková

5: Visibility analysis from Roztěž chateau. Explanation of symbols of historically significant buildings – see Fig. 8. Baseline source – Copyright © 2010 ČÚZK, WMS Viewing service – Shaded relief model. and Franz Anton von Sporck. Compositional It is a combination of view lines as well as physical links ran from the chateau, some of them were (clearings, avenue, road) and symbolic links symbolic, because the dynamic landform and visual (direction of axis where terrain does not allow seclusion of the chateau (woodlands) do not always for visual linking). From the chateau the axis ran allow for a direct visual link. Another important across the ﬁ eld in the garden, crossed the road feature of the composition is the chapel of St. and originally it ran through tree avenue towards John Baptist on Vysoká. It was oriented towards the forest where it continued uphill trough a clearing the compositional axis from the Roztěž chateau. and the lodge. At the gamekeeper’s lodge the axis The gamekeeper’s lodge also stood on this axis (only broke slightly and ran down to the valley of Vidický remnants remaining today) as well as arched bridge brook, crossed over it by a bridge and ran up again across Vidický brook (still existent). The character to the edge of the woodland. It continued further as of the bridges is still visible on 3 compositional a symbolic axis (terrain does not allow for viewing features in the area. the chapel on Vysoká) to the hill from where Vysoká The main axis runs between Roztěž chateau is visible again. From there a view to Vysoká was and chapel of St. John Baptist on Vysoká (Fig. 9). possible, but there was no road to reach it (the road Landscape of Franz Anton von Sporck in Roztěž Surroundings 461

6: Visibility analysis from the gamekeeper’s lodge in the pheasantry confirms a visual link with the Roztěž chateau (south), fortress, church of St. Wenceslas and chateau in Malešov (east) as well as chapel of St. John Baptist on Vysoká (north). This linking was created by sophisticated system of clearings that crossed in front of the gamekeeper’s lodge. Explanation of symbols of historically significant buildings – see Fig. 8. Baseline source – Copyright © 2010 ČÚZK, WMS Viewing service – Shaded relief model. from Roztěž to Vysoká ran through Tuchotice). Wenceslas in Jindice. This link is symbolic, because The clearings in the forest and the road are still the church is not visible. present, the tree avenue is gone. The axis is now There is another compositional link from Roztěž disrupted by self-seeded growths and dilapidating chateau – towards the church of Holy Trinity buildings. in Drahobudice. This axis ran from the chateau Auxiliary compositional lines run from across a ﬁ eld, through clearing in the forest, across the woodland with the gamekeeper’s lodge. One a bridge with a nice accent of two lime trees. is again linked to the Roztěž chateau to which On the other side it continued through a clearing the auxiliary clearing is directed, and form a physical that is still existent and is lined with larch avenue. and visual link; the second one runs through At the edge of the forest it continued as symbolic, a clearing towards the west of the gamekeeper’s the church is not visible. It is interesting that none lodge, which is directed to the church of St. of these villages belonged to the Malešov dominion – they were not owned by the Sporcks. 462 Markéta Flekalová, Lenka Kulišťáková

7: Visibility analysis from the folly on Vysoká. Explanation of symbols of historically significant buildings – see Fig. 8. Baseline source – Copyright © 2010 ČÚZK, WMS Viewing service – Shaded relief model.

Yet another line of composition links to which is composed directly to the Roztěž chateau, the Roztěž chateau. To the west it was a forest is the road with linden avenue from Nová Lhota clearing descending steeply to the valley and across straight to the chateau, across the road crossing Švadlenka. The clearing did not preserve to this Roztěž – Malešov. Visual analysis based on relief day. In the north-west it was an access road between and period layout of woodland vegetation confi rmed the chateau and the village, lined by linden avenue. the visibility of the chateau. Both the road and tree avenue are still present. Analysis of visual relations took place directly Between them was just another of the important in the studied area by means of fi eld survey links, an avenue (currently of larches, but in Sporck’s and confrontation of historic resources with times it would be of lindens) along the woodland’s the possibilities of the terrain. The analysis edge towards Malešov. The tree avenue was used showed that due to the varied landform as a scenic walking route – thanks to its position in the studied area and its visual enclosure by on the edge of the terrain break it off ered views the surrounding woodlands it can be presumed that towards the villages of Roztěž and Nová Lhota, the compositional relations were created as physical as well as to the chapel on Vysoká. Another axis, (roads and clearings) or as symbolic ones (direction Landscape of Franz Anton von Sporck in Roztěž Surroundings 463

8: Designed landscape of Roztěž surroundings. 1 – Roztěž chateau, 2 – chapel of St. John Baptist on Vysoká, 3 – gamekeeper’s lodge in pheasantry, 4 – complex of buildings around the spa – chapel, inn, derelict spa, gamekeeper’s lodge, 5 – chateau in Malešov, 6 – fortress in Malešov, 7 – stone bridge across Švadlenka, 8 – Lajpcik inn, 9 – gate to the game park, A – pheasantry, B – game park. Baseline source – Copyright © 2010 ČÚZK, WMS Viewing service – ZM 10. of the clearings and avenues to a speciﬁ c feature not be seen but it did have a relation to the other of the composition, o en a distant one, which could parts of the composition). 464 Markéta Flekalová, Lenka Kulišťáková

9: View from Vysoká towards Roztěž chateau (circled). Photo: M. Flekalová, 2011.

DISCUSSION role of utility objects in the composition (farmsteads, The paper presents the results of analysis mills, brickworks). Utility objects may appear of a potential designed landscape surrounding in compositions as a symbol of the dominion’s Roztěž near Kutná Hora. It is based economic prosperity. What is profi table is also on the interpretation of publicly available beautiful. map sources and secondary information from The accuracy of compositional analyses in the GIS the literature, therefore it is easily applicable environment also allowed for locating the centre without further costs, which was also the aim of the compositional axes – not the chateau of the Methodology for Identifi cation of Designed building (the original Sporck chateau as the core Landscapes. The consequent step, a thorough of the current layout) but a place some 40 m north analysis of the composition, is already performed by of the chateau centre. According to a 1715 engraving an expert landscape architect upon further analyses (Fig. 4) there was a formal ornamental garden with and fi eld surveys. a star pattern and its centre could comply with Upon the performed surveys it is very likely that the point where the compositional axes converged. the landscape around Roztěž was really intentionally Unfortunately, we did not manage to fi nd any other designed at the time of Franz Anton von Sporck. It image source confi rming the existence of the garden does contain the features that Sádlo et al. (2005) or and therefore the value of this theory. The existence Hájek (2003) consider to be the typical components of the garden is mentioned by Zavadil (2000a), who of a baroque composition: points of importance located it on the southern slope below the chateau. accentuated by architecture (hill of Vysoká with Which does not comply with the engraving, neither chapel, chateau), straight lines and geometric layout with the actual confi guration of the terrain, because of the landscape (strip clearings, tree avenues), sacral the southern slope below the castle is a very steep features in the landscape (chapel of St. John Baptist canyon-like valley. in a prominent position), compositional linking Visual analyses performed in GIS environment in long distances (links to churches in Jindice on terrain model are crucial for understanding and Drahobudice, to chateau in Malešov), and their historic compositions in a case when the land visual connections were confi rmed by visibility cover or terrain have been altered, or if observation analyses. points are not accessible. All this applies to the case The personality of Franz Anton von Sporck also of the Roztěž landscape. suggests that the landscape was designed, just like An important question that usually follows a er his other properties. Sporck’s activities in Lysá nad the identifi cation of values in a landscape (including Labem are referred about by Semotanová et al. (2008) compositions) is: what to do with the landscape and his eff orts in Kuks (dominion Choustníkovo next? How to provide conservation or restoration Hradiště) by Hendrych (2010). Franz Anton von of these values? Or for whom should this landscape Sporck strived for economic and spiritual cultivation be conserved? These are very hot questions in this of his other dominions, embodied it in designed specifi c area – the village has 49 inhabitants, landscapes, and it is quite unlikely that he would mostly elderly people (Herel, 2011) and any spare the Malešov dominion from his eff orts. large development is unlikely due to the present The compositional analysis detected a number limits (game park, private golf course, water of new relations; besides the traditionally source). Potential investments in the restoration mentioned visual link Roztěž – Vysoká through of a designed landscape would probably increase the gamekeeper’s lodge in pheasantry and scenic the recreational potential of the area, although route linking these objects (Kaše, 1992 and 1994; the times when Roztěž was a popular destination Herel, 2010) there are other compositions – we of tourists and outings of people from Kutná Hora, managed to identify the compositional ends are long gone. for the individual axes and prove a more signifi cant Landscape of Franz Anton von Sporck in Roztěž Surroundings 465

It would be appropriate to respect the preserved Lhota) and the pheasantry is getting on a much compositional axes in the current use and planning greater importance. However, the current state of the landscape. The character of the landscape of the landscape does not suggest a clear and legible was altered by the golf course development composition. The avenue formerly linking (The Casa Serena Golf Course, 2012). It is a recent the chateau and Vysoká does not exist anymore. composition, which does not necessarily have to The chapel on Vysoká is a ruin in the forest, while collide with the original composition – it would be the nearby viewing tower is a new landmark. good if the architect issued from the compositional The gamekeeper’s lodge is gone, there is just an relations, which did not happen in this case (e.g. earth mound in its place. Although most of the strip keeping of visual enclosure from the chateau clearings have preserved in the woodlands, they are towards gamekeeper’s lodge – self-seeding dilapidated and the visual links are illegible due to vegetation and dilapidated wooden object le self-seeded vegetation. untouched). Another disadvantage of the golf course However, all this confi rmed the utility is the loss of the landscape’s permeability, but there of the Methodology for Identifying Designed is also an advantage: the golf resort may protect Landscapes (Kulišťáková et al., 2012) in practice. the landscape from further development. In an area where compositional links are virtually It is also necessary to note that the studied illegible and impossible to detect both from current resources cannot be trusted fully – this applies both maps and from fi eld survey (which is also confi rmed to the historic and recent ones. The imagery may by the baseline analytic information), many be altered by artistic licence or symbolic approach, compositional features were found despite their map can be inaccurate, texts may contain errors (e.g. absence in secondary resources (literature) and it is the tourist map No. 42, 2010 incorrectly describes becoming clear that the composition was probably the chapel on Vysoká). Information always needs to much more sophisticated than originally presumed. be verifi ed by other sources, ideally compared with The assessment of the landscape around Roztěž the actual situation in the terrain. also showed that it is impossible to limit the surveys to a single cadastral area when studying designed CONCLUSIONS landscapes – it is necessary to issue from the historic layout of the area, such as dominion, or from broader The performed surveys confi rmed the function context (such as “borrowing” churches outside of the chateau in Roztěž as the centre the dominion for purposes of a composition). of the composition and intentional organisation The study of the Roztěž cadastral area in this of the surrounding landscape. The main project proved the necessity to perform such a large- compositional axis runs from the chateau scale landscape analysis – neither the development and chapel of St. John Baptist on Vysoká, but plan of Roztěž nor the spatial analytic documents other objects were incorporated into the design as of the Kutná Hora region did accentuate the designed well – those relating to the economic prosperity character of this area and therefore do not defi ne any of the dominion (gamekeeper’s lodge, chateau regimes of protection or management principles in Malešov) or enhancing the aesthetic quality that would support the preservation or restoration of the dominion (access tree avenue to Nová of a composition.

SUMMARY The presented paper focuses on the possibilities of identifying historic landscape compositions on the example of a landscape surrounding the chateau of Roztěž, which is linked to the name of Franz Anton von Sporck. The description and assessment of this landscape were created as a case study testing the utility of the Methodology for Identifying Designed Landscapes (Kulišťáková et al., 2012), of the Department of Landscape Planning, Faculty of Horticulture, Mendel University in Brno. The aim of the Methodology was to develop a complex method for fi nding out whether a specifi c landscape is a designed one, to defi ne which features and relations form the structure of the composition, and to formulate the principles of the spatial layout for its further preservation or potential restoration. This identifi cation is important for the process of local planning when the preserved traces of a composition may be considered values from cultural, historic and town- planning point of view, and as such they should be protected when making decisions about the future use of the landscape. The paper explains the method and results of the basic analysis that indicated the intentional landscape design in the model area, as well as the application of some special analysis in the GIS environment leading to a detailed description of the landscape’s development, as well as the signifi cance of the partial features. Besides the fact that the research confi rmed a good utility of the Methodology in practice, it brought much new information about the designed landscape of the Roztěž surroundings. The function of the chateau in Roztěž as a centre of the composition was confi rmed along with the main compositional link between the chateau and chapel of St. John Baptist on the hill of Vysoká. However, a much broader landscape context was subject to the analyses, as well 466 Markéta Flekalová, Lenka Kulišťáková

as other objects relating to the economic prosperity of the dominion (gamekeeper’s lodge, Malešov chateau, mills) or enhancing the aesthetic value of the dominion (tree avenue towards Nová Lhota). The signiﬁ cance of these analyses is also supported by the fact that the individual compositional features areas still present in the landscape, but due to changed land cover they are not perceived as a whole. The relevant planning tools omit the composition in the area. As a result there is a risk that these values, linked to the great name of the Czech history – Franz Anton von Sporck – will be lost forever.

Acknowledgement The work was supported by project No. DF11P01OVV019 – Methods and Tools of Landscape Architecture for Spatial Development, under Topical Priority TP 1.4 of a programme of applied research and development of national and cultural identity (“NAKI”), ﬁ nanced by the Ministry of Culture of the Czech Republic.

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Contact information Markéta Flekalová: marketa.ﬂ [email protected] Lenka Kulišťáková: [email protected]