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ProQuest Information and teaming 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 UMÏ UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS IN THE HIGHLANDS OF GUERRERO, MEXICO A Dissertation SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy By WILLIAM R. YAWORSKY Norman, Oklahoma 2002 UMI Number 3063955 UMI* UMI Microform 3063955 Copyright 2002 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 NC)NCi()V[;RNMENTAI. ORGANl/AHONS IN nil: HIGHLANDS ()[• GUERRERO, Mi:XK ( ) A Dissertation APPROVI-D I OR IIII Di ;PARTMENT OP AN 11IROPOK )GY BY 0l4/CC c Copyright by WILLIAM R. YAWORSKY 2002 All Rights Reserved. IV ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I have learned a great deal about the discipline of anthropology from my Doctoral Committee Chair, Ross Hassig, who was instrumental in guiding me through all phases of this project Ross never tired of discussing dissertation writing and offered numerous useful suggestions that helped bring this project to a successful conclusion. I owe him my sincerest thanks. I am also very much indebted and grateful to Chris Kyle, who at his own expense reconnoitered the fieldsite with me and provided personal introductions to his informants throughout the region. This was a luxury afforded to few US anthropologists working in Latin America and was a decisive factor in the successful completion of my research. Chris also corresponded with me regularly while in the field and read multiple drafts of this dissertation. ElizabÂh Ledbury served as one of my assistant editors during the final dissertation write-up. She devoted numerous hours to the unexciting task of reading chapters and made contributions that improved both the logic and style of the final draft. I extend to Elizabeth my sincerest gratitude. The faculty at the Department of Anthropology at the University of Oklahoma undertook every effort to see me succeed. Pat Gilman, Peter Cahn, Don Wycoff, Joseph Whitecotton, Circe Sturm, and Michael Nunley deserve special recognition for this assistance. My thanks to all. Steve Sloan from the Department of Political Science contributed his advice while serving as my outside committee member. Rhonda S. Fair reconnoitered the Chilapa region with me in 1998; Michael Yaworsky provided technical assistance. The International Studies Program and the Presidential Travel Award Program at the University of Oklahoma provided welcome financial assistance. George and Dianne Trimble provided logistical support Raymond G. Yaworsky and Carolyn M. Yaworsky also helped defray fieldwork expenses, for which 1 am deeply grateful. In Chilapa 1 thank the municipal acWnistration o f Saul Acevedo Dionisio, which generously endorsed my fieldwork in their jurisdictioit Many anonymous individuals from the Mexican government shattered the stereotype of the indifferent bureaucrat by assisting me in data gathering and permitting me access to their archives. In particular I thank the local leadership and staff of theInstituto Nacional Indigenista, Procuraduria Agraria, and theSecretaria de Desarroiio Social. Without the cooperation of the local NGOs none of this would have been possible. I am particularly grateful to die staff of the Regional Center for the Defense of Human Rights “José Maria Morelos Y Pavon” for allowing me to participate in their activities. I have rarely seen an organization whose members demonstrated such dedication to undertaldng so difficult a task. I am afraid that I was unable to provide much in return, which is the single greatest regret I take with me from fieldwork. The director ofAltepeti Na/mas, Anthropologist Marcos Matias Alonso, placed his personal library at my disposal and shared his vast knowledge of the region with me. I always thought that he should be the one writing this dissertation. I am grateful to both him and his staff. The staff ofSanzekan Tinemi likewise made every effort to assist me by providing extensive access to their archives and permitting me to participate in their activities. Again, I only wish that I could have done more for them in return. The members of the following organizations all patiently assisted me in the course of my investigation; Fair Trade Assistance;Organizaciôn Campesina Independente de Comtmidades Indigenas\ Union de Comuneros Nahuas de Atzacoaloya, Guerrero, AC; Union Nacional Etnias de Mexico, AC; SSS Matlonejtikan Tomin; and SSS Titekititoke Tajome Sihuame. I am particularly grateful to my friend José Diaz Navarro, his mother Elena Navarro Aprezca, and the entire extended Navarro family. José explored the countryside with me and my wife, accompanied us to important regional events, and introduced us to a wide network of consultants. Elena housed and fed me and my wife as if we were family and introduced us to the local residents. Her son Mario served as our guide on excursions to Acapulco and Acatlan. All of the members of the Navarro family assisted us in ways too numerous to recount. 1 only wish that I could do more for them. My wife, Christina Yaworsky, joined me in Chilapa and her genuine fondness for the community was a major reason that we so successfully integrated into our barrio. Christina also took on a job towards the end of fieldwork, when funds were low, ensuring the completion of the project. Our neighbors, Isis Castro Rebolledo and Iris Castro Rebolledo, and their parents, Don Joaquin and Dona Thelma, distinguished themselves as both dear friends and consultants. Finally, 1 thank the people of Chilapa Surely few anthropologists have had the pleasure to work in such a friendly and hospitable fieldsite, a community to which I feel a true sense of loyalty; a community I hope to be a part of for the rest of my life. William R. Yaworsky, Norman, Oklahoma, August 25,2002 VI TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter I : Introduction.............................................................................................. I Anthropological Perspectives on NGOs.......................................... 6 NGOs, Democracy, and Social Service Delivery........................... 13 State-Society Relations in Mexico Before the Crisis..................... 14 NeoUberal Reforms.......................................................................... 19 NGO Origins in Chilapa.................................................................. 24 Chapter Outlines............................................................................... 27 Chapter 2: State Development Agencies and Programs.......................................... 32 Development................................................................................... 33 Initial Postrevolutionary Efforts..................................................... 36 INI...................................................................................................... 37 CONASUPO..................................................................................... 40 PIDER............................................................................................... 41 COPLAMAR and CONASUPO-COPLAMAR.............................. 42 SAM................................................................................................... 44 De la Madrid Initiatives.................................................................... 44 The National Solidarity Program..................................................... 45 PRONASOL in Action...................................................................... 47 SEDESOL.......................................................................................... 50 The Temporary Employment Program............................................. 54 Credit by Word of Honor.................................................................. 55 Indigenous Regional Funds............................................................... 59 National Program with Migrant and Agricultural Laborers 60 FONAES............................................................................................. 61 Other Branch 26 Programs................................................................ 62 Branch 20 and 33 Programs.............................................................. 62 Intersectoral Programs in Chilapa.................................................... 64 SEDESOL and NGOs......................................................................