Strategic Environmental Assessment

East Riding of Yorkshire Council Strategic EAST RIDING Environmental OF YORKSHIRE Assessment STRATEGIC March 2016

ENVIRONMENTAL Coastal Strategy Draft Scoping Report

ASSESSMENT

COASTAL STRATEGY

SCOPING REPORT

EAST RIDING OF YORKSHIRE COUNCIL

STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL

ASSESSMENT

DRAFT SCOPING REPORT

COASTAL STRATEGY

MARCH 2016

©2016. East Riding of Yorkshire Council. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without the prior permission of the East Riding of Yorkshire Council

CONTENTS

Section 1: Introduction and Context ...... 1 1.1. Background...... 1 1.2. Coastal Strategies ...... 1 1.3. Requirement for Strategic Environmental Assessment ...... 2 1.4. The SEA Process ...... 3 1.5. The Purpose of this Report ...... 5 1.6. Spatial and Temporal Scope of the SEA ...... 5 1.7. Consultation ...... 5 Section 2 Other Relevant Policies, Plans, and Programmes ...... 9 2.1. Introduction...... 9 2.2. Relevant Documents ...... 9 Section 3: Baseline Information ...... 15 3.1. Introduction...... 15 3.2. Population, Human Health, and Material Assets ...... 15 3.3. Biodiversity, Fauna and Flora ...... 18 3.4. Geology and Soil ...... 21 3.5. Water...... 24 3.6. Air Quality ...... 27 3.7. Climatic Factors ...... 27 3.8. Local Economy ...... 32 3.9. Transport ...... 33 3.10. Housing...... 34 3.11. Community Facilities ...... 36 3.12. Utility infrastructure ...... 38 3.13. Minerals ...... 39 3.14. Waste Management ...... 41 3.15. Cultural Heritage ...... 41 3.16. Landscape...... 43 Section 4: Environmental Issues and Problems ...... 45 4.1. Introduction...... 45 Section 5: Strategic Environmental Assessment Objectives and Framework ...... 49 5.1. Development of the SEA Objectives and Framework ...... 49 Section 6: Proposed Approach to the SEA ...... 53 6.1. Assessment methodology ...... 53 6.2. Presentation ...... 54 6.3. Proposed Structure of the SEA Environmental Report ...... 56 Section 7: Glossary ...... 57 Section 8: References ...... 63 TABLES AND FIGURES

Location Map: East Riding ...... 8

Figure 1.1 – Hierarchy of Coastal Plans ...... 2

Figure 1.2 - Summary of the CS and SEA process ...... 4

Figure 1.3 - East Riding of Yorkshire Coastal Area - Strategic Location ...... 6

Figure 1.4 – Hydraulic Catchments within the East Riding CS Area ...... 7

Table 2.1 - List of Relevant Policies, Plans and Programmes ...... 10

Table 3.1 – General Health Statistics for Areas Affected by the CS ...... 16

Table 3.2 – Condition Review of Sites within the CS Area Designated for their Biodiversity and Ecological Value ...... 19

Figure 3.1 - The Geology of the East Riding (Source: East Yorkshire RIGs Group website ...... 22

Figure 3.2 - Agricultural Land Classifications in the East Riding CS Area ...... 23

Table 3.3 – Water Resources and their Quality in the East Riding CS Area ...... 25

Table 3.4: Bathing Water Assessment Ratings 2015. Source: Environment Agency Website ...... 26

Figure 3.3 – Existing Coastal Defences in the East Riding Coastal Area ...... 31

Table 3.5: The Planned Spatial Distribution of New Housing in Coastal Settlements 2012 - 2029 ... 36

Table 4.1 – Evironmental Issues Associated with each SEA Baseline Topic ...... 45

Table 5.1 - Proposed SEA Objectives ...... 49

Figure 5.1 - Compatibility Matrix of SEA Objectives ...... 52

Table 6.1 - Example of Assessment ...... 54

Table 6.2 - Example of Assessment Summary ...... 55

Table 6.3 Proposed Structure of SEA Environmental Report ...... 56

APPENDICES

Appendix A: Review of Other Relevant Policies, Plans and Programmes

Appendix B: International, National and Locally Designated Sites of Importance for Biodiversity and Geodiversity

Appendix C: Conservation Areas

Appendix D: Landscape Character Areas

Location Map: East Riding SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION AND CONTEXT

1.1. BACKGROUND

This document is the Scoping Report for the Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) of the East Riding of Yorkshire Coastal Strategy (CS). It documents the first step in the SEA process, which is to outline the framework of the SEA of the CS for the East Riding of Yorkshire. This includes the identification of plans and programmes that are relevant to the study area; environmental, economic and social baseline information; and environmental issues and problems. The framework will consist of a number of SEA objectives, and potential monitoring indicators which will examine whether the policies set out in the CS are likely to have a significant effect on the environment.

The methodology of the SEA involves collecting baseline data across a variety of environmental and socio-economic parameters in order to identify areas of sensitivity. These conditions will then be applied to the various policies of the CS, to assess the degree to which they will lead to positive or negative effects on the environment. Where policies lead to negative effects, alternatives to the particular option will be suggested.

1.2. COASTAL STRATEGIES

In line with Environment Agency (EA) requirements, the authority is tasked to produce a long-term Coastal Flood and Erosion Risk Management Strategy (CFERM). The strategy will consider appropriate coastal management approaches for the period 2021-2055. A coastal strategy forms an important part of the larger planning framework, falling within the scope of the Shoreline Management Plan (SMP). An SMP is a high-level non-statutory planning document which provides a large-scale assessment of the risks associated with coastal processes. It presents a long-term policy framework to reduce these risks to people and the developed, historic and natural environment in a sustainable manner.

Sitting at the top of the planning framework for managing coastal flooding and erosion risk (Figure 1.1), an SMP aims to manage risk by employing a range of methods which reflect both national and local priorities, to:

• Reduce the threat of coastal flooding and erosion to people and their property; and

• Benefit the environment, society and the economy as far as possible, in line with the Government’s ‘sustainable development principles’.

1 Figure 1.1 – Hierarchy of Coastal Plans

Underneath the SMP, the CS identifies and assesses appropriate schemes that could be implemented to deliver the policies laid out by the SMP. Then at scheme level, a preferred option will be selected. This will involve scheme design, and the development of a business case from which funding can be acquired. On approval of the detailed design, the scheme is commissioned and the works carried out.

Ultimately, the CS will become a key document for considering the policy for flood and coastal defence and will also establish guidelines and procedures for the spatial management of the CS area. It is intended that the CS is acceptable to all residents and businesses within the CS area.

1.3. REQUIREMENT FOR STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT

European Directive 2001/42/EC on the assessment of the effects of certain plans and programmes on the environment (the SEA Directive) was transposed into English law in July 2004 by the Environmental Assessment of Plans and Programmes Regulations 2004 (Statutory Instrument 2004 No 1633). The purpose of the SEA Directive is:

"To provide for a high level of protection of the environment and to contribute to the integration of environmental considerations into the preparation and adoption of plans and programmes with a view to promoting sustainable development, by ensuring that, in accordance with this Directive, an environmental assessment is carried out of certain plans...which are likely to have significant effects on the environment."

(Article 1, SEA Directive)

2 It requires a SEA to be carried out for all plans and programmes, which:

 are subject to preparation and/or adoption by an authority at national, regional or local level or which are prepared by an authority for adoption, through a legislative procedure by Parliament or Government (Article 2(a))  are required by legislative, regulatory or administrative provisions (Article 2(a))  are prepared for water management (Article 3.2(a))  may require an assessment under the Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC (Article 3.2(b)) It is therefore deemed that the CS falls within the types of plan that require an SEA.

SEA is an iterative assessment process to which applicable plans and programmes are subject as they are being developed to ensure that potential significant environmental effects arising from the plan/programme are identified, assessed, mitigated and communicated to plan-makers. SEA also requires the monitoring of significant effects once the plan/programme is implemented. It has similarities to Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) but, works at strategic level, so allows an opportunity to identify and mitigate environmental impacts.

The Directive defines “environmental assessment” (Article 2(b)) as a procedure comprising:

 Preparing an Environmental Report on the likely significant effects of the draft plan or programme;  Carrying out consultation on the draft plan or programme and the accompanying Environmental Report;  Taking into account the Environmental Report and the results of consultation in decision making; and  Providing information when the plan or programme is adopted and showing how the results of the environmental assessment have been taken into account. Environmental effects include issues such as "human health, fauna, flora, soil, water, air, climatic factors, material assets, cultural heritage including architectural and archaeological heritage, landscape and the interrelationship between the above factors," as specified in Annex 1(f) of the Directive.

1.4. THE SEA PROCESS

The key stages of the SEA process are outlined below as shown in the ODPM (2005) Practical Guide:

 Stage A: Setting the context and objectives, establishing the baseline and deciding on the scope  Stage B: Developing and refining alternatives and assessing effects  Stage C: Preparing the Environmental Report  Stage D: Consultation and decision-making  Stage E: Monitoring implementation of the plan or programme

3 This Scoping Report encompasses Stage A of the above process and also the development of the alternatives in Stage B. It fulfils Regulation 12(5) which requires the responsible authority (ERYC) to consult the consultation bodies1 in deciding on the scope and level of detail of the Environmental Report.

The draft Environmental Report will be produced to form part of the draft CS when it is published for consultation. Following consultation with consultation bodies and stakeholders, any necessary changes will be made and the comments documented.

Figure 1.2 shows the key stages in the SEA process and how these link in with the development of the CS.

Figure 1.2 - Summary of the CS and SEA process

1 These are set out in sub-section 1.7

4 1.5. THE PURPOSE OF THIS REPORT

The purpose of this Scoping Report is to lay the groundwork for the Environmental Report by gathering baseline information and determining the scope of the Environmental Report. It aims to provide sufficient information on the CS and the proposed SEA assessment methodology, to enable the consultation bodies to form a view on the scope and level of detail for the assessment. It provides details on relevant environmental baseline data, consideration of other plans and programmes of relevance, and an outline assessment methodology.

It is a means of documenting all tasks in Stage A and provides the basis for consultation on these tasks. The consultees are expected to comment on the Stage A scope before further stages can be resumed.

1.6. SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL SCOPE OF THE SEA

The spatial scope for the SEA is the area defined for the CS, as shown in Figure 1.3. This area represents approximately 297 km2 (12%) of the East Riding, and was carefully drawn as to envelope key transport links and settlements that ultimately may be affected throughout the course of the strategy. This area contains 31.14 km of A class roads, 82.87 km of B class roads, 88.58 km of C class roads, and 292.31 km of unclassified roads.

There is also a cumulative total of 876.75 ha of Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) that coincide with the CS area, which includes large stretches of the Flamborough Head coastline and regions of the Humber Estuary that fall within the CS area. Additionally there is a total of 27,096 ha of grade 1-3 agricultural farmland. Figure 1.4 highlights the various hydraulic catchments within the East Riding that may be influenced by the CS.

The CS does also consider the effects of the proposals on surrounding areas, and on national and global issues.

The SEA will assess environmental effects over three timescales:

 Short term effects expected in the next 1 - 5 years;  Medium term effects expected in the next 5 – 10 years  Long term effects expected in the next 10 – 15 years and onwards The time periods have been chosen to reflect the CS that covers the period 2021-2055.

1.7. CONSULTATION

The Draft Scoping Report has been sent to the three statutory consultation bodies that have environmental responsibilities. These are:

 Environment Agency  Natural England  English Heritage It has also been made publicly available on the ERYC website to enable wider distribution. Notifications have been sent to other key organisations that have an interest in flood risk

5 management and the environment, neighbouring local authorities, town and parish councils and community groups.

The consultation period is 5 weeks, commencing on 14th of March 2016 and closing on the 18th of April. Further and wider consultation with stakeholders will take place when the draft Environmental Report is made available with the consultation draft CS.

Figure 1.3 - East Riding of Yorkshire Coastal Area - Strategic Location

6 Figure 1.4 – Hydraulic Catchments within the East Riding CS Area

8 SECTION 2 OTHER RELEVANT POLICIES, PLANS, AND PROGRAMMES

2.1. INTRODUCTION

The SEA Directive requires:

 an outline of the contents, main objectives of the plan or programme and relationship with other relevant plans and programmes (Annex 1(a)); and  the environmental protection objectives, established at international, Community or Member State level, which are relevant to the plan or programme and the way those objectives and any environmental considerations have been taken into account during its preparation (Annex 1(e)). The CS will affect and be affected by a range of policies, plans, programmes and environmental objectives both from within and outside of the East Riding. By identifying these influences, ERYC can take advantage of potential synergies and deal with any inconsistencies and constraints.

2.2. RELEVANT DOCUMENTS

A comprehensive review has been undertaken of various policies, plans and programmes that are considered to be of relevance to the CS, presented in Appendix A. Table 2.1 lists the documents considered for this.

9 Table 2.1 - List of Relevant Policies, Plans and Programmes International Floods Directive, 2007 Water Framework Directive, 2000 Bathing Water Directive, 2006 Drinking Water Directive, 1998 Landfill Directive, 1991 Hazardous Waste Directive, 1991 Groundwater Directive, 1980 Urban Wastewater Directive, 1991 Nitrates Directive, 1991 A Blueprint to Safeguard Europe’s Water Resources, 2012 EU Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution, 2005 Air Quality Framework Directive, 1996 Limiting Global Climate Change to 2 degrees Celsius: The way ahead for 2020 and beyond, 2007 Habitats Directive, as amended 2010 Birds Directive, 1979 Freshwater Fisheries Directive, as amended 2006 European Sustainable Development Strategy, Renewed 2006 European Spatial Development Perspective, 1999 European Union Biodiversity Strategy to 2020, 2011 European Health Strategy ‘Together for Health: A Strategic Approach for the EU 2008-2013’, 2007 Kyoto Protocol to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, 1999 Ramsar Convention, 1971 Bonn Convention on Migratory Species, 1979 Bern Convention of European Wildlife and Habitats, 1979 Rio Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992 European Landscape Convention, 2007 Granada Convention on Protection of Architectural Heritage, 1985 Malta Convention on Protection of Archaeological Heritage, 1992 Valetta Convention on Protection of Archaeological Heritage, 1992 National National Flood and Coastal Erosion Risk Management Strategy, 2011 Flood and Water Management Act, 2010 Flood and Coastal Risk Management in England – A Long-Term Investment Strategy, 2009 The Flood Risk Regulations, 2009 Future Water, The Government's Water Strategy for England, 2008 Making Space for Water, 2005 The Water Supply (Water Quality) Regulations Act, 2000 Water Act, 2003

10 Table 2.1 - List of Relevant Policies, Plans and Programmes Water Resources Act, 1991 Water Industry Act, 1999 The Bathing Water Regulations, 2013 Government circular 06/2005: Biodiversity and geological conservation – statutory obligations and their impact within the planning system, 2006 Groundwater Regulations, 1998 Surface Waters Regulations, 1996 Guidance for risk management authorities on sustainable development in relation to their flood and coastal erosion risk management functions, 2011 Protection of Water Against Agricultural Nitrate Pollution (England and Wales) Regulations, 1996 DEFRA Water for Life Paper, 2012 Water for People and the Environment; Water Resources Strategy for England and Wales, 2009 Water Resources Strategy Regional Action Plan for Yorkshire and North East Region, 2009 Directing the Flow: Priorities for Future Water Policy, 2002 The Impact of Flooding on Urban and Rural Communities, 2005 Land Drainage Act, 1991, as amended 2004 and 2010 The Environmental Impact Assessment (Land Drainage Improvement Works) Regulations, 1999 Waste Strategy for England, 2007 Eutrophication Strategy, 2002 Underground, Under Threat; The state of groundwater in England and Wales Policy and Practice for the Protection of Groundwater, 2005 Wildlife and Countryside Act, 1981(as Amended) Countryside and Rights of Way Act, 2000 Environment Act, 1995 Natural Environment and Rural Communities (NERC) Act, 2006 Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations, 2010 Natural Environment White Paper, 2011 The Natural Choice: Securing the Value of Nature – Natural Environment White Paper, 2012 Biodiversity 2020: A Strategy for England's Wildlife and Ecosystems, 2011 Working with the Grain of Nature: A Biodiversity Strategy for England, 2011 England Biodiversity Framework, 2008 UK Post-2010 Biodiversity Framework, 2012 The Air Quality Standards Regulations, 2007 Air Quality Strategy for England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland, 2007 Action for Air Quality in a Changing Climate, 2010 Making Space for Nature Review, 2010 UK Biodiversity Action Plan, 2004 Salmon and Freshwater Fisheries Act, 1975

11 Table 2.1 - List of Relevant Policies, Plans and Programmes The Eels (England and Wales) Regulations, 2009 National Wetland Vision, 2008 Safeguarding our Soils; A Strategy for England, 2009 Contaminated Land (England) Regulations, 2006 Climate Change Act, 2008 The Carbon Plan, 2011 Adapting to Climate Change in England: A Framework for Action, 2008 Building a Low Carbon Economy - The UK's Contribution to Tackling Climate Change, 2008 Mainstreaming sustainable development; The Government's vision and what this means in practice, 2011 Securing the Future: The UK Government Sustainable Development Strategy, 2005 The Energy Challenge, Energy Review Report 2006 Energy White Paper, 2007 Heritage Protection Review White Paper, 2007 Heritage at Risk Register – Yorkshire, 2013 The Government’s Statement on the Historic Environment for England, 2010 Strategy for Sustainable Construction, 2008 A Living Landscape: play your part in nature’s recovery, 2010 Rural Strategy, 2004 Fair Society, Healthy Lives: The Marmot Review, 2010 The Marmot Review: Implications for Spatial Planning, 2011 The Localism Act, 2011 Natural England's Green Infrastructure Guidance, 2009 The National Planning Policy Framework, 2012 The National Planning Practice Guidance, 2014 Planning and Energy Act, 2008 The Historic Environment: A Force for Our Future, 2001

Marine and Coastal Access Act, 2009 Marine Policy Statement, 2011 Sub-National Humber River Basin Management Plan, 2009 River Hull and Coastal Streams Catchment Flood Management Plan, 2010 Humber Estuary Flood Risk Management Strategy, 2008 Flamborough Head to Gibraltar Point Shoreline Management Plan (Second Generation), 2010 Yorkshire and Humber Climate Change Plan, 2009-2014 Yorkshire and Humber Regional Biodiversity Strategy, 2009 Regional Forestry Strategy for Yorkshire and the Humber, 2005 Historic Environment Strategy for Yorkshire and the Humber Region, 2009-2013 Humber Estuary National Character Area Document, 2012

12 Table 2.1 - List of Relevant Policies, Plans and Programmes Hull and East Riding Catchment Abstraction Management Strategy, 2006 Humber Local Enterprise Partnership - A Plan for the Humber 2012-2017 Rural strategy and action plan for the Hull and Humber Ports City Region, June 2009 East Riding of Yorkshire Preliminary Flood Risk Assessment, 2011 East Riding of Yorkshire Level 1 Strategic Flood Risk Assessment, 2010 East Riding of Yorkshire Multi Agency Flood Plan, 2010 Flood Investigation Reports – December 2013 Tidal Surge Report East Riding Community Plan (‘Our East Riding’) 2006-2016, 2013 Update Local East Riding of Yorkshire Council Business Plan 2011-16, 2015-2016 Update East Riding of Yorkshire Council Proposed Submission Local Plan Strategy Document, 2014 East Riding of Yorkshire Council Proposed Submission Local Plan Allocations Document, 2014 Joint Structure Plan for Kingston Upon Hull and the East Riding of Yorkshire, 2005 East Yorkshire Borough Wide Local Plan,1997 Holderness District Wide Local Plan,1999 Bridlington Town Centre Area Action Plan, 2013 Hull and East Riding Abstraction Licensing Strategy, 2013 A Health and Wellbeing Strategy for the East Riding of Yorkshire, 2013-2016 East Riding of Yorkshire Council Housing Strategy, 2011 East Riding of Yorkshire Council Strategic Housing Market Assessment, 2011 East Riding Economic Development Strategy and Action Plan, 2012-16 The East Riding of Yorkshire Council Local Economic Assessment, 2011 East Riding of Yorkshire Council Stage 2 Employment Land Review: Final Report, 2007, Partial Update 2009, and Demand Update 2011 East Riding of Yorkshire Council Rural Strategy, 2012 East Riding of Yorkshire Council Infrastructure Study 2011-2026 (Update 2012 2029) East Riding of Yorkshire Council Third Local Transport Plan, 2011-2026 East Riding of Yorkshire and North Yorkshire Waterways Strategy, 2012-2020 East Riding Cultural Strategy 2011 – 2015 Landscape Character Assessment for the East Riding of Yorkshire, 2005 East Riding of Yorkshire Council Climate Change Strategy Consultation Document, 2011 Air Quality Plan for the Achievement of EU Air Quality Limit Values for Nitrogen

Dioxide (NO2) in Yorkshire and Humberside, 2011 East Riding of Yorkshire Council Environmental Statement 2013/2014 The East Riding Integrated CS area Management Plan, 2002 East Riding of Yorkshire Council, Planning for Renewable Energy Developments, Interim Planning Document, Volume One and Two, 2009 East Riding of Yorkshire Biodiversity Action Plan, 2010

13 Table 2.1 - List of Relevant Policies, Plans and Programmes

Humber Management Scheme, Updated 2012 Flamborough Head Management Plan, 2007 Hull and East Riding Joint Minerals Development Plan Document (Preferred Approach, 2010 and Site Selection and Additional Sites Consultation, 2012) Hull and the East Riding of Yorkshire Joint Mineral Local Plan, 2004 Hull and East Riding Joint Waste Development Plan Document – Second Issues and Options Consultation, 2012 Joint Sustainable Waste Management Strategy for Hull and East Riding (and Draft Joint Sustainable Waste Management Strategy Review), 2012 Hull and the East Riding of Yorkshire Joint Waste Local Plan, 2004 East Riding of Yorkshire Council Draft Contaminated Land Inspection Strategy, 2010- Conservation Area Appraisal – Hornsea, 2006 Conservation Area Appraisal – Easington, 2006 Conservation Area Appraisal – Holmpton, 2006

SECTION 3: BASELINE INFORMATION

3.1. INTRODUCTION

The SEA Directive requires:

 the relevant aspects of the current state of the environment and the likely evolution thereof without implementation of the plan or programme (Annex 1(b));  the environmental characteristics of areas likely to be significantly affected (Annex 1(c)). To meet these requirements, this section sets out baseline information on various environmental topics and their interrelationship (as per those listed in Annex 1(f) of the SEA Directive and the ODPM SEA Guidance (2005)), and considers the extent to which the CS may impact on or relate to them.

The baseline information has been extracted from a wide range of available publications and datasets. Sources have included, among others, national government and government agency websites, census data, the Office for National Statistics, ERYC Information Online and Data Observatory Website, previous SEA work for the area and region and Annual Monitoring Reports produced by ERYC.

3.2. POPULATION, HUMAN HEALTH, AND MATERIAL ASSETS

Demographics

The East Riding of Yorkshire has a population of approximately 335,8872 over an area of 240,768 hectares or 930 square miles. According to census data the largest town in the county, and subsequently the coastal study area, is Bridlington with 35,369 people. The other major settlements affected by the CS are Hornsea (8,432), Withernsea (6,159), Aldbrough (1,269), Skipsea (693), Easington (691), and Hollym (513). Many other small rural communities exist, however they are scattered and relatively isolated. The general population density within the East Riding is 1.4 people per hectare, compared to the national average of 4.1 people per hectare.

In terms of composition, 48.93% of the East Riding population is male and 51.08% female; 60.9% of people are of working age, and 22.5% of pensionable age, compared to 64.1% and 16.9% respectively for England. When considering the CS area the proportion of residents of pensionable age compared to the national average is even greater. The town of Bridlington is the 7th highest medium/large coastal community in England and Wales in terms of its population percentage aged 65 and older, at 27%. Furthermore the settlements of Hornsea and Withernsea also exhibit a significantly higher proportion of residents of pensionable age compared to the national average, with 26% and 22% respectively. The age profile data for the whole of the East Riding shows that the age groups between 20 and 40 are all significantly lower than the national average, while those from 60 upwards are significantly higher. For example, the 25-29 group makes up only 4.54% of the population, compared to 6.8% for England, whereas the 65-69 group makes up about 7.18%, compared

2 2012 ONS Estimates

to 5.25% for England. Similarly the main coastal communities of Bridlington, Hornsea, and Withernsea again display a more skewed trend in relation to the national average. These statistics are typically associated with coastal areas, and represent 4.61%, 3.79% and 5.07% respectively for the 25-29 age group, and 14.47%, 14.31% and 12.75 n% for the 65-74 age group.

Quality of Life

The majority of East Riding's residents enjoy a high quality of life. The 2010 Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) ranks ERYC 202nd out of the 326 local authorities in England. The IMD utilises a series of domains to generate an overall picture of deprivation within a particular area. These domains are: income deprivation; employment deprivation; health deprivation and disability; education, skills, and training deprivation barriers to housing and services; crime; and living environment deprivation.

Although crime levels are also lower in the East Riding compared to regional and national averages, there are pockets of deprivation in parts of Bridlington and Withernsea, which each contain areas that are ranked within the 10% most deprived nationally. In addition, some CS areas are ranked within the 10% most deprived in respect to 'barriers to housing and services', reflecting the relatively long road distances that people have to travel to services (e.g. GPs, convenience stores, primary schools and post offices), and lower supply of affordable housing (compared to the urban areas).

Health

The Department of Health publishes annual health profiles for each local authority. The most recent profile (2013) concludes that the health of people in the East Riding is varied compared with the England average. Life expectancy for men and women is 79.4 and 83 respectively, compared to the England average of 78.9 and 82.9. However, in the most deprived areas it is 6.8 years lower for men and 4.1 years lower for women than in the least deprived areas. Over the last 10 years, all causes of death categories have fallen, as well as early deaths from cancer, heart disease and stroke. The profile states that the health priorities for the East Riding include healthy, independent ageing, reduction in health and wellbeing inequalities, and good health and wellbeing for children.

Table 3.1 – General Health Statistics for Areas Affected by the CS

Very Good Good Health Fair Health Bad Health Very Bad

Health (%) (%) (%) (%) Health (%) East Riding 45.19 34.97 14.46 4.15 1.24 of Yorkshire

Bridlington 36.55 34.99 19.38 6.87 2.21

Hornsea 38.86 36.37 17.69 5.31 2.76

Withernsea 36.53 33.20 19.34 8.36 2.57

Easington 37.34 36.32 17.22 7.67 1.45

Mappleton 34.50 34.50 23.10 5.85 2.05

More specifically, table 3.1 shows the general health of communities in the CS area in relation to the wider East Riding average. From the table it is evident that each of the settlements in question show a lower percentage of residents in very good health in comparison to the East Riding of Yorkshire average. Moreover, the table shows a greater proportion of the population within these coastal settlements exhibit bad, and very bad general health in relation to the county average. These figures can be seen to correlate with the IMD classification for the CS area, which generally rank between 20 - 30% (most deprived).

Likely Evolution

The East Riding's population has been rising steadily in recent years: between 2005 and 2011, it rose by 6.4%, compared with 5.6% for the Humber and 7.9% for England. This is largely due to inward migration, from within the Yorkshire and Humber region and elsewhere within the UK. For instance, in the twenty years between 1982 and 2002, inward migration amounts to a 16.6% increase in the East Riding's population, compared to 1.5% regionally (Sustainability Appraisal Report for East Riding Draft Strategy Document, January 2013).

The ONS population projections 2012-2037 show that the East Riding's population is predicted to increase to 368,728. The population projections also indicate that the high proportion of retired residents is expected to increase further; it is predicted that by 2037, 33% of the East Riding's population will be aged 65 or over. It is likely that much of this increase will be due to people continuing to move into the East Riding after retirement, attracted by the pleasant scenery, lifestyle, and CS area. Currently, high proportions of retired residents are concentrated in the CS area and smaller settlements on the fringes of the main towns. This aging population is also a product of falling mortality rates and increases in the number of younger people moving out of the local area.

Correspondingly, the proportion of East Riding’s population who are persons of working age is expected to decrease from its current level of approximately 58% to 51% by 2033.

The CS may have an influence on the population of the coastal settlements in the long-term. If coastal erosion poses a significant hazard to communities it can be expected that populations will deplete. This may lead to migration of residents from hazardous areas to other protected coastal communities. Other strategies likely to influence population trends include the Council's Local Plan, which makes land available for new housing and infrastructure, to manage anticipated growth. In this regard, the Council's Proposed Submission Local Plan Strategy Document (January 2014) provides for an additional 1,400 (net) dwellings per annum in East Riding to 2029. A significant proportion of these are planned to be built in Bridlington (see section 3.10).

Similarly, the threat of coastal erosion may have some influence in relation to sustaining the attractiveness/appeal of the East Riding coastline. In this regard, the CS may contribute to health and wellbeing - the experience and perceived threat of erosion can have significant effects on physical and, in particular, psychological wellbeing of communities. Areas where no active intervention is planned may experience significant erosion impacting on infrastructure, such as transport networks and sewage treatment works, as well as community facilities and public spaces.

3.3. BIODIVERSITY, FAUNA AND FLORA

The East Riding coastline has a rich and varied biodiversity that is nationally and internationally important and gives the area its sense of place. Notable examples include:

 the towering chalk cliffs of the Flamborough Headland;  the offshore chalk reef habitats of the North Sea;  Hornsea Mere, the largest inland freshwater lake in Yorkshire.  the sand dunes of the Spurn Peninsula; and  the mudflats and saltmarshes of the Humber Estuary;

Consequently, a number of areas/sites are afforded statutory protection by international and national legislation, and/or local plans (a full list of which is provided in Appendix B). The international SSSI designations in the CS area are shown in Table 3.2.

In addition, Spurn Headland is designated a National Nature Reserve and Flamborough Headland, Danes Dyke and South Landing are Local Nature Reserves. There are also some pockets of ancient woodland in the CS area that have been designated as Local Wildlife Sites. Moreover there is a newly designated Marine Conservation Zone, 'Holderness Inshore', covering the seabed from Skipsea to Spurn Head.

The East Riding of Yorkshire Biodiversity Action Plan (ERYBAP) sets a local framework for actions to conserve, enhance, restore and re-create Priority Habitats and Species in the East Riding. This includes criteria for developing specific habitat and species action plans ('HAPs' and 'SAPs' respectively) to focus on particular habitats and species and set objectives for their conservation and enhancement. At a strategic planning level, the ERYBAP identifies broad habitat networks called Biodiversity Priority Areas. These indicate where actions are needed to increase and/or sustain habitats and species in the face of future threats such as climate change and development pressure. In the CS area, Hornsea Mere and Cowden Ranges are identified as priority areas.

Table 3.2 – Condition Review of Sites within the CS Area Designated for their Biodiversity and Ecological Value Condition/Status Site Further Information (Percentage of Area)

Hornsea Mere 43.54% - Favourable Hornsea Mere is a site of national ornithological SSSI/SPA 5.64% - importance. It consists of a large shallow eutrophic Unfavourable/Recovering lake of about 120 hectares (300 acres), together 50.81% - Unfavourable/No with its associated habitats of reedswamp, fen and Change carr woodland, representing a relic of the once- extensive marshes and lakes of Holderness. Withow Gap, 100% - Favourable Withow Gap, Skipsea, is an important site for the Skipsea interpretation of Late Devensian (glacial) and SSSI Flandrian (postglacial) environmental history in Holderness. The unique feature of the site is the exposure in a coastal section of a sequence of mere deposits which occupies a hollow in the Late evensian (Skipsea) till. This provides an unusual opportunity to see the complete stratigraphy, its lateral variations and the complexity of the geomorphological processes that operated at the former lake margin. Skipsea Bail 100% - Favourable Skipsea Bail Mere consists of an area of agricultural land lying immediately north-west of the village of Mere SSSI Skipsea, and 12 kilometres south west of Bridlington. The interest lies in the lake deposits underlying below the fields and can be accessed by auger or borehole. Lambwath 47.21% - Lambwath Meadows consist of a series of low-lying Meadows Unfavourable/Recovering seasonally flooded hayfields situated to the north SSSI 52.79% - Area Favourable and south of the Lambwath Stream near Withernwick. The meadows are important as one of the best examples of agriculturally unimproved species-rich, damp neutral alluvial grassland in North Humberside and are maintained by traditional management for hay. Once widespread, such meadows are now very restricted in distribution due to agricultural improvement, particularly reseeding and the use of artificial fertilisers. Dimlington Cliff 100% - Favourable Dimlington is a key site for Quaternary stratigraphy. The cliff section shows a sequence, from the base of SSSI the cliffs upwards of: pre-late Devensian Basement Till; organic silts and sands (Dimlington silts); Late Devension Skipsea and Withernsea Tills, locally with interbedded sands and silts; and a well-developed Flandrian weathering profile. The Lagoons 100% - The site known as the Lagoons is situated on the Unfavourable/Recovering Holderness coast some 2 kilometres north of Spurn SSSI peninsula and south-west of Easington village. It comprises a variety of coastal habitats including saltmarsh, shingle, sand dune, swamp and, most significantly, saline lagoons and pools which represent the only extant example in North Humberside of this nationally rare habitat. Roos Bog SSSI 100% - Favourable Roos Bog is a key Quaternary site providing a continuous record of vegetation history and environmental change in Holderness over the last 13,000 years. It is the type site for Late glacial regional pollen assemblage zones in the Holderness Plain and provides a complete Lateglacial and Flandrian sequence.

Condition/Status Site Further Information (Percentage of Area)

Humber Estuary 7.55% - Favourable The Humber Estuary is a nationally important site SSSI/SPA/SAC/ 91.28% - with a series of nationally important habitats. These Unfavourable/recovering are the estuary itself (with its component habitats of Ramsar 0.20% - Unfavourable/no intertidal mudflats and sand flats and coastal change saltmarsh) and the associated saline lagoons, sand 0.97% - dunes and standing waters. The site is also of national importance for the geological interest at Unfavourable/declining South Ferriby Cliff (Late Pleistocene sediments) and for the coastal geomorphology of Spurn. The estuary supports nationally important numbers of 22 wintering waterfowl and nine passage waders, and a nationally important assemblage of breeding birds of lowland open waters and their margins. Boynton Willow 86.61% - Favourable Boynton Willow Garth is regarded as the best Garth 13.39% - example of fen carr in North Humberside. It is SSSI Unfavourable/recovering particularly important for the range of trees and shrubs it supports. Additionally, the Willow Garth is an important Quaternary site exhibiting and extensive Late-glacial and Flandrian pollen record within the chalk present. The site is still being studied in great detail. Flamborough 67.30% - Favourable Flamborough Head consists of the stretch of coastal Head 3.81% - cliffs between Reighton and Sewerby. This section of SSSI/SPA/SAC Unfavourable/recovering the coastline is defined by its steep, high cliff faces 28.89% - and chalk geology. Besides being host to an Unfavourable/declining impressive collection of caves, arches and stacks, the rocks at Flamborough Head support important colonies of breeding seabirds. The area is also a site of significant geological importance, with multiple features of interest present in rock sequences spanning the Upper Jurassic period (140 ma) to the top of the Cretaceous (70 ma). Flamborough Head’s chalk composition, along with its location within the North Sea basin also make it an important area for studying coastal geomorphology.

Likely Evolution

There are several local partnerships and initiatives working to protect and enhance the area's biodiversity and ensure that it is better taken into account in local decision making. For instance, the 'Hull and East Yorkshire' Local Nature Partnership that brings together stakeholders from commercial and social as well as environmental sectors. The retention and enhancement of the coast's biodiversity resource is dependent upon the success of the efforts of groups such as this as well as strategies such as the ERYBAP. As a considerable part of the East Riding's biodiversity relates to the coastal environment, it is possible that the CS can contribute to biodiversity enhancement insofar as financial and technical capacity allow.

It can be assumed that most of the wildlife designations in the CS area will continue into the future. For example, the level of protection afforded to the nationally and internationally designated biodiversity sites along the coast are likely to remain relatively constant, although there is likely to be some shift in positions of such habitat due to coastal squeeze and the impacts of climate change.

3.4. GEOLOGY AND SOIL

Geology

The geology of the East Riding consists of, from west to east, triassic red-beds, jurassic clays, limestones and sandstones, and the chalk Wolds, with a covering of boulder clay in Holderness, as shown in Figure 3.1. The Holderness coastline comprises of low glacial till cliffs. Within the till are a wide variety of rocks transported from the north by the ice sheets at the end of the last glaciation (15ka). Rock types found along the Holderness beaches include Larvikite and Rhomb Porphyry from Norway, Shap Granite from the Lake District, Carboniferous Limestone from County Durham, granties, schists, gneiss from Scotland, and Jurassic fossil ammonites and oysters from the Whitby area.

The boulder clay is subject to coastal erosion; with the East Riding recognised as having one of the fastest eroding coasts in North West Europe. The average rate of loss is 1.5-2.5 metres per year, although specific locations are vulnerable to isolated individual cliff losses in excess of 20 metres.

There are a number of SSSIs designated for their geological features in the CS area. These are: Dimlington Cliff, Roos Bog, Skipsea Bail Mere, and Withow Gap, Skipsea.

The coastal section of Withow Gap SSSI at Skipsea shows a section through lake deposits which occupy a hollow in the till deposited by the last ice sheet during the ice age (20ka). These deposits provide important information on climatic and environmental change following the melting and retreat of the ice sheets circa 13ka.

Figure 3.1 - The Geology of the East Riding (Source: East Yorkshire RIGs Group website - http://www.hullgeolsoc.org.uk/eyrg/map.htm)

Soil

There are two prominent soil types located along the Holderness coastline. These are slightly acid loamy and clayey soils with impeded drainage, and slowly permeable, seasonally wet, slightly acid but base-rich loamy and clayey soils.

Agricultural Land Classification

95% of the East Riding's land area is in some form of agricultural use. The agricultural land classifications for the CS area, which grade soils according to their capacity to grow crops, are shown in Figure 3.2. It is evident that the majority of agricultural land within immediate vicinity of the coastline is of grade 3. Grade 3 land is also present around Hornsea, Mappleton, and Easington. The areas surrounding the towns of Bridlington and Withernsea however mainly consist of grade 2 land. Some small pockets of grade 4 agricultural land exist within the CS area, however they are relatively small in comparison to the total area.

Contaminated Land

The Council has published a Contaminated Land Inspection Strategy (Revised Draft, 2012) which sets out how it implements its statutory duties in respect to identifying contaminated sites. It states that over 20,000 sites have been identified which could potentially be contaminated, based on current and/or historical land-use. Over half of these are infilled areas of land, such as closed landfill sites, and former pits, ponds and ditches, which no longer appear on present day maps. There are approximately 370 former landfill sites, 25

former gasworks sites, 18 former or existing scrap metal stores, 3 existing chemical manufacturing sites, and one former metal smelter. However, none of these sites are located within the CS area and are therefore unlikely to be affected by the CS.

Figure 3.2 - Agricultural Land Classifications in the East Riding CS Area

Likely Evolution

The rate of coastal erosion is expected to increase with climate change. The CS will be proposing options that directly influence coastal erosion, and in some locations there may be opportunities to contribute to mitigating erosion risk through coastal defence measures.

However, in undefended areas soil is likely to be subject to increased erosion, exacerbated by climate change. It is difficult to identify trends in the health and condition of soils in the

East Riding- there is no current national or local scale soil monitoring programmes. DEFRA's Soil Strategy for England (2009) deals with improving the current evidence base and building soil protection measures into other current regulations and incentives such as cross compliance and environmental stewardship. As coastal processes and climatic factors have the potential to affect the soil resource along the East Riding coastline (e.g. through direct loss, damage, or chemical changes), the CS is likely to have some impact on soils within the study area.

The CS is unlikely to affect or result in contaminated land, although contaminated sites do need to be taken into account in undertaking any site-specific measures in order to prevent the release of leachates.

3.5. WATER

Water Quality

The Water Framework Directive (WFD) set an ambitious objective that all water bodies will have 'good status' by 2015 (the first of the 6-yearly WFD reporting cycles). In the East Riding, there are 86 defined surface water bodies (rivers, canals, lakes, reservoirs, and estuarial and coastal waters) and 8 groundwater bodies, as specified in the Environment Agency's Humber River Basin District Management Plan (RBMP) 2009. The East Riding's main groundwater bodies include 'East Riding Chalk', which underlies the Wolds and Holderness Plain, 'Mercia Mudstone' to the west of the Wolds, and 'Sherwood Sandstone' near Goole.

With respect to the CS, alongside the North Sea there are a number of inland watercourses located within and around the study area. The quality of water resources is monitored by the EA and detailed information can be found on their website.

Table 3.3 lists the notable watercourses within the strategy area and indicates the quality of each water resource. The table shows that the ecological quality of watercourse within the study area is generally moderate. The chemical quality for the Humber Lower estuarine is classes as a ‘fail’ but is classed as ‘good’ for the Yorkshire South/Lincolnshire section of the North Sea. All watercourses studied are currently judged as being ‘at risk’.

Table 3.3 – Water Resources and their Quality in the East Riding CS Area

Ecological Quality Chemical Water Course Type (Current – Quality (Current Overall Risk 2015 – 2015 Estimate) Estimate)

Moderate – Danes Dyke Moderate Gypsey Race from Poor - Bad Source to North Sea Auburn Beck from Moderate Source to North Sea Good Earl’s Dyke from Bad Source to North Sea Moderate Barmston Sea Bad – Bad Drain/Skipsea Drain Steam Dyke, Hornsea Mere to North Sea Foredyke Stream Upper

Lambworth Stream from Source to Foredyke Stream Rivers Does not require Burton Pidsea Drain assessment Lower Catchment At risk Sands/Keyingham/Roos Moderate – Dr from Source to Moderate Humber

Winstead Drain from Source to Humber

Ottringham Drain from Source to Humber Nevilles Drain Catchment to North Sea Easington Drain Fosse Drain Catchment Hornsea Mere Lake Poor – Poor Humber Lower Estuarine Fail – Fail Moderate – North Sea (Yorkshire Coastal Water Moderate Good – Good South/Lincolnshire Hull and East Riding Groundwater N/A Poor - Poor Chalk

Groundwater Source Protection

To protect underground aquifers from contamination, the Environment Agency has defined Source Protection Zones (SPZs) around them under the national groundwater protection policy (Groundwater protection: Principles and Practice, 2013). However as there are no SPZs within the CS area, any options selected within the strategy are unlikely to affect groundwater sources in the East Riding.

Bathing Water

The quality of bathing water is assessed by the Environment Agency in accordance with standards in the European Bathing Water Directive. The relevant assessments for East Riding taken in 2015 found that bathing waters meet either the 'excellent' or 'good' standard, as shown in Table 3.4.

Table 3.4: Bathing Water Assessment Ratings 2015. Source: Environment Agency Website Location Rating Bridlington North Beach Good Bridlington South Beach Good Danes Dyke Excellent Flamborough South Landing Excellent Fraisthorpe Good Hornsea Excellent Skipsea Good Tunstall Excellent Wilsthorpe Good Withernsea Excellent

Likely Evolution

Ongoing efforts to improve water quality in the CS area may lead to improvements during the duration of the CS. Actions to improve bathing water quality are more dependent on management or treatment of wastewater than flood risk management (e.g. outfalls of effluent).

The UK Government recently designated the Holderness coastline as a Marine Conservation Zone (MCZ), as part of a wider network of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) that also includes European Marine Sites, Sites of Specific Scientific Interest (SSSIs), and Ramsar Sites. Together these ensure our seas are clean, healthy, safe, productive, and biologically diverse. To achieve this, the UK Government highlights that it is important that the right areas are designated and properly managed and that all individual sites are supported by an adequate evidence base. MCZs are designed to protect a range of nationally important marine wildlife, habitats, geology, and geomorphology. Therefore any options proposed by the CS must consider the effects of implementation upon these factors.

3.6. AIR QUALITY

When air pollution is present in high concentrations it can cause various health effects ranging from irritation of the eyes, nose and throat, to worsening of lung and heart diseases. Air pollutants can lead to negative impacts on vegetation and ecosystems. It can also lead to the soiling and corrosion of buildings.

Air quality in the East Riding is generally good. There are no designated Air Quality Management Areas (AQMAs), and few significant emissions from industrial point sources. The most significant emissions tend to be associated with agricultural activities, such as intensive livestock farming (methane emissions and ammonia depositions) and slurry spreading (potentially leads to nitrogen and phosphorus releases). Road transport is another factor, particularly in congested town centres.

The Air Quality Plan for the achievement of EU air quality limit values for nitrogen dioxide

(NO2) in Yorkshire and Humberside (2011) does not identify any local air quality measures that have been implemented, will be implemented, or are being considered for implementation within the East Riding area.

Furthermore, the 2012 ‘Air Quality Updating and Screening Assessment ERYC’ identifies the progress made by the Council in improving air quality since the full report’s publication in 2009. This update report indicates that there are no potential exceedances of relevant air quality objectives within the East Riding.

Likely Evolution

This is dependent upon success of strategies/actions such as the Local Transport Plan. It is not considered that flood and erosion risk management activities arising from the CS will impact significantly on air quality in East Riding of Yorkshire. Existing trends in air quality are likely to continue regardless of actions proposed by the CS.

3.7. CLIMATIC FACTORS

Average Temperature and Rainfall

The mean annual maximum and minimum temperatures in the East Riding for the period 1981-2010 are 13.5°C and 5.9°C respectively3, with the highest averages occurring in July (11.6°C -21°C) and the lowest in January (1.3°C -7°C). For the same period, average annual rainfall is 646.5mm, with the highest falls occurring in November (62.7mm) and the least in February (44.4mm). Winter rainfall is generally associated with Atlantic depressions, which tend to cause prolonged spells, whereas summer rainfall is generally caused by convectional shower clouds (from solar surface heating), which can generate heavy, intense, storms.

Greenhouse Gases

Being a rural area, the East Riding's 'carbon footprint' is higher than that of its urban counterparts. Statistics published in 2012 by the Department for Energy and Climate 4 Change (DECC) show that East Riding's estimated CO2 emissions per capita for 2010 are 9.8kt (kilotonnes) compared to 8.7kt for the Yorkshire and Humber region, and 7.6kt

3 Source: Met Office information for Leconfield climate station, 2013, http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate 4 Source: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/local-authority-emissions-estimates

nationally. Reliance on car use and reliance on electricity or solid fuels for heat and power may be contributory factors. The East Riding's total CO2 emissions for 2010 were estimated at 3315.4kt (kilotonnes). Industry’s contribution totalled 1645.35kt (50%). Domestic (electricity, gas and 'other' fuels) and road transport ('A' roads, minor roads and 'other') shares were 829.76kt (25%) and 802.21kt (24%) respectively.

Flood Risk

The East Riding of Yorkshire Council is currently developing a series of Flood Risk Management Plans (FRMPS) for the hydraulic catchments, eight of which coincide with the CS area. The FRMPS will support the recently adopted Local Flood Risk Management Strategy (LFRMS) by identifying detailed measures such a site-level schemes that will reduce flood risk to communities within these catchments. The information generated will include integrated catchment modelling that will supplement the Environment Agency’s flood mapping.

There are a number of sites within the CS area at risk of flooding from a variety of sources. Using data from the existing Environment Agency Flood Maps flood risk has been categorised according to Annual Exceedance Probability (AEP), which represents the percentage probability that the particular storm event will occur in a given year. The categories are defined as high (>3.3%), medium (1-3.3%), low (0.1-1%) or very low (<0.1%). The different sources of flooding and their associated risk along the East Riding coastline according to these maps are:

Tidal and Fluvial: Created by extreme tidal conditions or an excessive rainfall event, tidal and fluvial flooding poses a significant threat to the CS area. Naturally the areas around the relatively tall cliffs of Flamborough Head area are at low risk, however there is a small area of medium risk at Sewerby, north of Bridlington. The town of Bridlington itself exhibits small areas of low fluvial flood risk to properties created by the Gypsey Race watercourse. South of here, further watercourses such as Auburn Beck and Earl’s Dyke carry low flood risks due to a minimal number of properties within their proximity. An extreme fluvial flooding event within Barmston Main Drain however may pose a high risk to a significant area, including the village of Lissett as well as parts of the A165 road. Skipsea Drain also carries high flood risk, particularly to the properties of Skipsea which lies within a slight natural valley. Stream Dyke then carries this high risk further south towards Atwick, but no settlements are directly affected.

Hornsea Mere is shown as an area of high risk as it is fed by several fluvial sources. An extreme flooding event here would in turn increase the risk of flooding to a large area of properties in Hornsea via Hornsea Stream Dike and Foss Dike, which is currently deemed ‘medium’ by the Environment Agency. South of Mappleton there is an area at medium risk of tidal flooding that breaches the B1242 road and extends beyond South Field. Tunstall Drain is susceptible to both tidal and fluvial flood risk and has been deemed a high risk area, and although it is unlikely to influence any properties there is a possibility that flooding here could disrupt the north-south B1242 transport link. The Winestead Drain, originating in Withernsea, contributes to a significant area of medium risk spanning form Withernsea itself southwards toward Patrington.

At the southern extent of the East Riding coastline, the area surrounding Kilnsea and Spurn Point are deemed at high risk of tidal flooding. It may be possible that an extreme tidal event similar to that witnessed in December 2013 could completely cut off this area, overtopping any defences causing rapid inundation of the low-lying land and properties behind them.

Inland flooding could also reach as far as Skeffling and Easington, with numerous surrounding properties currently deemed at medium risk of flooding. Another significant storm surge event could again result in the breaching of Spurn Point, something which rendered the existing RNLI lifeboat station inaccessible during the 2013 storms. The Council’s flood investigation report on the 2013 event provides further details of the impacts it had on the East Riding coastline and its communities.

Surface Water: As expected the risk of flooding from surface water is distributed relatively evenly throughout the CS area. Moreover risk is typically greater, often reaching high, around drains and dikes that would experience greater water levels due to the increased abundance of rainwater. This is particularly evident at Withernsea (via Winestead Drain), Hornsea (via Stream Dike Drain), and Flamborough (Hartendale Gutter).

Groundwater: The risk of groundwater flooding is largely negligible throughout the CS area. However to the north, small areas of medium risk exist in the settlements of Hornsea, Atwick, and Skipsea. Further north of here the main body of groundwater in the East Riding spanning between Beverley, Driffield and Bridlington, reaches the coastal town. The local geology here places large areas of Bridlington, Hilderthorpe, and Fraisthorpe at significant risk of groundwater flooding, as well as parts of the A165 road.

Coastal Processes

A detailed explanation of the coastal processes occurring along the East Riding of Yorkshire’s coastline is provided within the SMP. The Flamborough Head to Gibraltar coastline studied in the SMP can be considered as one system in terms of coastal processes as the effects of a change (e.g. implementing a defence scheme) in one area will be felt in another. However, there are five main components of the shoreline of the SMP:

 Chalk cliffs (Flamborough Head to Sewerby)

 Holderness Cliffs (Sewerby to Kilnsea)

 Spurn Head

 Outer Humber

 Lincolnshire coast (Donna Nook to Gibraltar Point)

Naturally, the CS will consider coastal processes occurring along the East Riding coastline only, and a summary of these is set out below.

Due to their geological composition, the chalk cliffs spanning from Flamborough Head to Sewerby are characterised by very slow rates of erosion rates in relation to the Holderness cliffs.

The Holderness cliffs extend for 60km from Sewerby to Easington and are relatively ‘soft’ cliffs ranging from less than 3 metres up to around 40 metres in height. The cliffs are made up of silts and clays with the oldest parts of the cliffs formed approximately 130,000 to 300,000 years ago. Along much of the Holderness frontage, a thin sandy beach is present in front of the cliffs that typically sits on top of a clay base layer.

These cliffs are eroding rapidly at an average rate of approximately 1.8 metres per year. The process of erosion along the Holderness cliffs is not new and has been occurring since the

end of the last ice age. Over the last 1,000 years, the Holderness coast has retreated by around 2 kilometres, causing the loss of 26 villages listed in the Domesday survey of 1086.

Erosion of the Holderness cliffs takes place through repeated landslide activity. Waves reaching the base of the cliffs remove material and this causes the cliff face to steepen to the point at which it collapses under its own weight. Rain water can also contribute to these processes by saturating the cliff material, making it slide and collapse more easily.

Furthermore erosion of the cliffs and beaches provides coarse and fine sediment (i.e. shingle, sand, and muds). The gravel and sands are moved down to Spurn Head and offshore sand banks by waves and currents. It is likely that gravel and coarse sand cannot cross the Humber mouth, although fine and medium sands are transported to the Lincolnshire coastline. Fine sediment is also transported southwards, and some of this is deposited in the Humber Estuary and the Wash. This cliff line is subdivided into defended/undefended sections due to coastal defences.

Figure 3.4 shows the locations of existing coastal defences along the East Riding coastline.

Likely Evolution

It is expected that average temperatures will increase, especially in summer, and that rainfall will increase in winter and reduce in summer, thus resulting in warmer, wetter winters and hotter, drier summers. The United Kingdom Climate Projections 2009 (UKCP09), which were put together by the country’s leading climate scientists, provide climate data for three future scenarios based on low, medium and high levels of greenhouse gases (as it is generally accepted that rising concentrations of these gases in the atmosphere, generated by industrial activity, transport and other products/activities, are causing global temperatures to increase). Under the medium emissions scenarios for the period 2070-2099, which assumes that economic growth is continuing but society is moving to using much more renewable energy resources (a scenario which will require significant effort), it is predicted that, for the Yorkshire and Humber region:

 the central estimate of increase in winter mean temperature is 2.9ºC;  the central estimate of increase in summer mean temperature is 3.3ºC;  the central estimate of change in winter mean rainfall is +15%; and  the central estimate of change in summer mean rainfall is –22%. The consequences of these changes on the local area are wide-reaching and multiple, as they include not just increased flood risk (referenced in sub-section 3.6), but volatile food and water supplies, loss of valuable habitats and changes in habitat type, greater incidences of heat-related illnesses and premature deaths, increased damages to infrastructure, in particular the road network (e.g. melting tarmac and freeze/thaw weathering), increased rates of coastal erosion, and various others. Under the high emissions scenarios (which assumes a 'business as usual' / continuation of current trends), the changes to climate are significantly greater and resultant impacts more severe.

Figure 3.3 – Existing Coastal Defences in the East Riding Coastal Area

3.8. LOCAL ECONOMY

The East Riding Local Economic Assessment 2011 (LEA) identifies that the East Riding's economy is relatively diverse, but heavily dependent on small businesses, a limited number of major employers (mainly in manufacturing), and the public sector. In order to carry out economic analysis of the East Riding, the LEA divides the county into four manageable regions, known as Function Economic Areas (FEAs). The defined CS area spans two of these FEAs laid out by the LEA. These are the Hull FEA, which stretches from Spurn Head up to and slightly beyond Hornsea. The Yorkshire Coastal FEA then exists northwards of here, containing the coastal town of Bridlington and the northern extent of Flamborough Head. Although the towns of Withernsea and Hornsea fall within the Hull FEA, the LEA states that they both exhibit very similar characteristics to those of a typical settlement within the Yorkshire Coastal FEA.

The Yorkshire Coastal FEA is described within the LEA as having a ‘diminishing sphere of influence’, this is likely due to the remote and isolated nature of our coastal towns and their relatively poor road/rail infrastructure when compared to urban areas. The IMD 2010 highlights several areas along the coastline with particularly low income, benefit dependency, high unemployment, poor health, and lower educational achievement. These characteristics are most prominent around Withernsea and Bridlington where several areas exhibit deprivation ranks of 1 (most deprived). However, these CS areas do possess several distinct economic factors that bring positive attributes to the areas. Tourism and the visitor economy is the main stimulus for business in these towns, and is supplemented by strong links to the fishing industry. Moreover, there is also a wide range of lifestyle businesses attracted to a high quality of life found living on the coast.

The CS area is home to major installations for international companies including BP and Centrica at Easington. Agriculture is also an important sector; with large stretches of land along the East Riding coastline used for agriculture. Although agriculture only employs 300 people within the Yorkshire Coast FEA (LEA, 2011), this sector still makes a significant contribution to the economy in terms of Gross Value Added (GVA), as well as the impact it has on the physical and economic landscape of the East Riding. Coastal tourism in the East Riding supports 3,500 jobs, producing an estimated GVA of £156 million, with tourism as an industry representing 19% of all jobs in the towns of Bridlington, Hornsea, and Withernsea. However, sectors such as finance and business services, which have driven national growth over the past ten years, are relatively under-represented.

As with other areas, the East Riding CS area experienced a decline in GVA following the recession, which struck in 2008. However, the diversity of the East Riding economy has meant that the impact of the recession has been less stark than in many other areas of the UK. Unemployment has increased since 2007, with particularly high rates of unemployment seen amongst some coastal towns. Bridlington, Hornsea, and Withernsea each exhibit unemployment rates of 4.26%, 3.21%, and 5.34% respectively. Together these figures average 4.28% and are significantly higher than the East Riding average of 2.62%. The wards with the highest percentage of working age people claiming Jobseeker's Allowance in the whole of the East Riding are Bridlington South, Bridlington Central, and Old Town.

The LEA identifies that some key clusters are emerging (where groups of organisations are linked together through supply chains, infrastructure, customer bases etc.). These are: food and drink; logistics and ports; renewables (energy/environment); and manufacturing and engineering.

Likely Evolution

Econometric modelling referenced in the LEA predicted an 8.4% increase in the East Riding's GVA (to £4.7bn) by 2015, compared to 9.4% for the region, but it is of course difficult to predict future trends at the current time given the uncertainties regarding speed of economic recovery.

The East Riding of Yorkshire Local Strategic Partnership Economic Development Strategy 2012-15 identifies the renewable energy, manufacturing and engineering (including chemicals), agriculture/food and drink, tourism, and ports and logistics, as key growth sectors from 2011 to 2025. In regard to the renewable energy sector, the Humber Local Enterprise Partnership has expressed its aspirations for the area to be a British and European centre for renewable energy and is prioritising its work to support the development of a ‘super cluster’ of such businesses.

The contribution of the East Riding's natural environment, including its water environment, to the local economy is acknowledged, with objectives to develop its tourism and recreation value further. Some of these industries however may be at risk of growth and prone to decline over the coming years if they exist within areas that are subject to coastal erosion. This is one of the key issues that the CS aims to tackle through sustainably managing our coastline.

3.9. TRANSPORT

The Transport and Accessibility in the East Riding of Yorkshire Study 2009 identifies that there is over 3,000km of highway in the East Riding. Main roads in the East Riding include the M62/A63 and A1033, which are part of the Trans-European Network connecting Ireland with Northern Europe via the Port of Hull. As such, they carry a high proportion of heavy goods vehicles and play a significant role in the competitiveness of the region. Main roads relative to the CS area include the A165 (Hull to Bridlington), the B1242 (Lissett to Withernsea, providing a key connection between the towns and villages of Skipsea, Atwick, Hornsea, Mappleton, Aldbrough, Roos, and Withernsea), the A1033 (between Patrington and Withernsea), and the B1445 (Patrington to Easington). There is also a dense network of minor roads along the coastline at risk of coastal erosion. Congestion is not a major issue across the East Riding, however the town of Bridlington can experience significant levels of congestion, particularly during peak hours.

Being a rural area with dispersed communities a higher than average proportion of journeys in the East Riding, and particularly along the coast, are made by private car compared to other modes (e.g. bus or rail). For instance, the vast majority of commuting is undertaken by car (69.5%) - higher than the national average (63.1%)5. The most significant commuting pattern in the CS area is Bridlington to Carnaby Industrial Estate.

There are two key rail routes in the East Riding; these run east-west and north-south from/to Hull with a series of stations along both axes, connecting the main towns and linking through to the wider region and country, notably Scarborough, York, Leeds, Doncaster, Manchester, Sheffield and London. In terms of the CS, the only rail link that will be considered is that running from Bridlington northwards past Sewerby and Bempton. However, due to the existing coastal defences at Bridlington, and the local geology of

5 Census 2001. Includes trips by car, moped, motorcycle, scooter and taxi.

Flamborough Head, it is very unlikely that any area of railway will be affected by the strategy.

The Port of Hull combines with Immingham and Grimsby to form the largest port complex in the UK (in terms of tonnage). It principally trades containers, steel, forest products and bulk cargoes with specialist facilities for each. From the Port, goods are transferred to the rest of the UK by water, rail and road. There are a number of navigable waterways within the East Riding. No waterways however fall within the established coastal boundary, and therefore will not be considered by the strategy. There is an extensive network of Public Rights of Way (almost 1,000 miles) in the East Riding. Relevant routes include the Trans- Pennine Trail connecting Hornsea to Liverpool (via Hull), and the East Coast Cycle Route which connects Hull to Harwich.

Likely Evolution

The East Riding Third Local Transport Plan (LTP3) aims to encourage a modal shift towards more sustainable transport options, but it is likely that most people will continue to use a private car as their main way of travelling around the East Riding, and the number of commuter trips from rural and CS areas may increase as more agricultural and tourism workers shift to different types of employment. Economic growth in the ports and logistics sector and others referred to in sub-section 3.9 are likely to result in increased freight transport for all modes.

However, the main evolution issue to consider for the CS will be the increasing threat of coastal erosion upon transport and highway assets. Due to its proximity to the coastline, the B1242 faces the greatest risk to erosion and would result in serious disruption to the coastal transport network. Alternative routes and diversions for all affected transport links will have to be considered by the strategy, with the CS ultimately aiming to contribute to reducing the risk of flooding and erosion damage to the transport network in order to help minimise any disruption.

3.10. HOUSING

The East Riding Strategic Housing Market Assessment 2011 (SHMA) identifies that East Riding contains a total of 150,065 dwellings of which an estimate of 45,221 (30.13%) exist within the coastal boundary defined by the strategy. There is some poor quality housing in parts of Bridlington, Holderness, and other areas.

There is a high level of owner-occupancy in the East Riding (84% compared to 65% nationally). Bridlington has the second highest proportion of households in social rented accommodation at 9.1%.

In terms of household size, East Riding has seen a decline from 2.49 in 1991 to 2.33 in 2008, reflecting national trends towards smaller household sizes, with social composition of households shifting over time leading to more single person households and smaller family units.

In terms of prices, using data from the Office for National Statistics (ONS), the average house price in the East Riding CS area has been estimated at £118,561. This is slightly higher than the regional average of £116,000. There has been a consistent rise in the East Riding's average house price since 2002, peaking at £191,758 in November 2008, before declining by

7.8% to £176,808 in November 2009. Although these figures correspond to the East Riding average, similar trends in house prices were observed amongst properties within the CS area.

A significant number of residences in close proximity to the coastline also face the risk of coastal erosion. According to 2055 erosion line estimates a total of 2,866 residences fall within the ‘No Active Intervention’ boundary determined by the SMP, and therefore face the greatest risk of property damage. The majority of these however are temporary or holiday homes, while the number of permanent properties at risk of coastal erosion before 2055 is estimated at 197 (6.87%).

Likely Evolution

The amount of houses at risk of tidal flooding and coastal erosion is likely to increase in the future, as climate change will create more extreme weather events and accelerate coastal processes (i.e. under the 'worst case', undefended scenario). There is a high demand for new housing in the East Riding (including both market and affordable). The East Riding Proposed Submission Local Plan Strategy Document (January 2014) makes provision for 23,800 (net) dwellings up to 2029. This equates to 1,400 (net) dwellings per annum, which is consistent with average house building rates prior to the economic downtown. In terms of spatial distribution, the majority of the new housing will be built in the main urban areas, and it suggested that at least 25% of these should be built on previously developed land. The quantity of new housing in coastal towns is shown in Table 3.4

According to the sub-areas established by the Local Plan Strategy Document, the majority of development within the Bridlington Coastal sub-area will take place around the town itself in order to recognise the growth ambitions of Bridlington as one of the East Riding’s largest settlements. A key area of housing growth will be in Bridlington town centre, where the Bridlington Town Centre Area Action Plan will provide for up to 600 new dwellings, particularly apartments and town houses. This is due to a current surplus of detached, semi-detached, and terraced housing in the area. A Strategy for Regenerating Bridlington (2007) has identified a need to improve the performance of the town to create a stable economy, something that the CS will look to support by appropriately managing the local coastline. South of Bridlington in the Holderness & Southern Coastal sub-area, Withernsea is to be the key focus for regeneration activity, with primary aims to improve the range and quality of housing. The delivery of new housing is also planned for Hornsea, Aldbrough, Patrington, and Roos through the allocation of sites within these settlements and a range of urban extensions. Together with supporting improvements to the quality of existing private housing stock, these developments will contribute to the overall mix of housing in the Holderness & Southern Coastal sub-area. It is therefore the responsibility of the strategy manage the risk that future developments along our coastline face, in order to conserve the economy and livelihood of coastal communities.

Table 3.5: The Planned Spatial Distribution of New Housing in Coastal Settlements 2012 - 2029 Location Housing distribution (2012/13 to 2028/29)

Bridlington 3,300

Hornsea 750

Withernsea 550

The ageing population of the East Riding, particularly along the coast where a significant proportion of retired residents choose to live, means that there is a high demand for smaller (1 or 2 bed) houses, especially for bungalows and specialist accommodation (e.g. sheltered/retirement housing). This type of accommodation is more vulnerable to the effects/impacts of tidal flooding, as there is no means of escape to an upper floor, and the occupants tend to be elderly.

The high level of owner occupancy is likely to remain for the next decade or so, which means that the majority of residents are responsible for seeking their own household (buildings) insurance. If a property is identified at flood and erosion risk or if there has been a previous claim, householders may face significantly higher premiums. There is a risk that some residents, particularly if their mortgage is paid off, may choose to not to insure their property against the risks of coastal erosion and/or flooding.

House prices of those currently at risk of coastal erosion reflect their value, which is often fractions of their value if defended and in turn prove difficult to sell. Residences that fall within a locally defined risk zone (based on proximity to the cliff line and the maximum potential erosion losses in that area) are required to be evacuated and demolished at the owners’ expense. Under permitting circumstances the East Riding of Yorkshire Council can offer relief as part of The ‘Roll Back’ of Residential and Agricultural Dwellings at Risk from Coastal Erosion strategy (2005). The roll back policy aims to relocate permanent property and infrastructure at risk from the eroding coastline, satisfying the East Riding Integrated CS area Management Plan by promoting alternatives to hard-engineered coastal defences and ideally relocating to the areas of Bridlington, Hornsea, or Withernsea. The future trajectory for house prices for the general CS area remains unclear as they had shown signs of recovery up-to October 2010 but further declines have taken place since this date resulting in an average price of £176,461 at April 2011. However it can be anticipated that as the coastline continues to erode over the coming years, the value of properties that will suffer increasing risk will decrease accordingly.

3.11. COMMUNITY FACILITIES

Health

In regard to health services, there are 3 hospitals in the East Riding CS area: Bridlington and District Hospital, Hornsea Cottage Hospital and Withernsea Cottage Hospital.

There are approximately 44 other health facilities within the strategy area (GPs, dentists, and pharmacies). Roughly 15% of these are at risk of tidal flooding and coastal erosion.

Emergency services in the East Riding are provided by Humberside Fire and Rescue, Humberside Police, Yorkshire Ambulance Service, and HM Coastguard. There is also a number of lifeboat services, provided by the Royal National Lifeboat Institute (RNLI) and Humber Rescue (Hessle). Notable RNLI stations exist at South Landing, Flamborough Head and at the tip of Spurn Point. Approximately a fifth of these fall within fluvial tidal flood risk zones, and also a fifth within areas identified as susceptible to surface water flooding.

Education

The CS area contains 33 of the 162 schools in the whole of the East Riding (25 primary schools, 3 secondary schools, 1 special school, 3 further education colleges, and 1 adult learning centre). The three secondary schools are located in Withernsea, Hornsea and Bridlington, while the two further education colleges can be found in Bridlington and Withernsea.

Leisure

The East Riding of Yorkshire Open Space Review 2010 identifies that within the defined CS area there are 27 public open spaces including areas such as heaths, parks and nature reserves. Additionally there are 69 playing fields and play areas, 5 libraries, 51 cemeteries/churchyards, 15 civic spaces, and 21 allotment facilities. This review identifies shortfalls in provision for children and young people, natural and semi-natural greenspace, and allotments.

Residential institutions

There are approximately 59 residential institutions in the CS area (including older persons' care facilities and children's homes).

Likely evolution

The East Riding of Yorkshire Infrastructure Study Update 2013 informs that there are no further changes planned for hospital provision in the East Riding at the current time, nor have any been publicised in relation to emergency services. It highlights that there is increasing demand for 'extra care' facilities throughout the area, owing to the aging population, something that is particularly prominent along the coast. As such it is expected that new facilities will be developed in each of the main centres of population.

It also highlights there is a potential deficit in school place provision in Bridlington schools, but suggests this will be resolved through physical extensions, amendments to the catchment area, or internal re-arrangements that enable the space provided by the existing buildings to be used more effectively.

Provision of public services such as health care, education and leisure are subject to ongoing review and the general trend is that these are becoming more centralised and integrated e.g. multi-purpose buildings. The Council will seek to address deficits in open space through the Local Plan (i.e. through new developments) and other relevant plans/programmes.

A significant number of these community facilities described are at risk of coastal flooding and erosion in the East Riding. The loss of such facilities, as was seen in June 2007, causes disruption and turmoil to community life. It is essential that premises of emergency services are able to remain operational and can be safely accessed by their staff in order to have an effective response before, during, and after a damaging event. Community buildings such as

schools, colleges, and village halls are often used as refuge sites during flooding for people who have been made homeless. The CS should therefore contribute to reducing the risk of flooding and erosion to these to help minimise potential disruption within coastal communities.

3.12. UTILITY INFRASTRUCTURE

Electricity

The main Grid Supply Point (GSP) for the area is Creyke Beck substation. This GSP feeds Driffield Bulk Supply Point (BSP) in the north which in turn supports a number of Primary Sub-stations (PSs) via 66kV circuits to the north of the area. Creyke Beck also feeds a number BSPs in the south of the area utilising a 33kV network. Other GSPs are identified as critical to a smaller number of settlements in the district (located at Salt End and Thornton). Part of the Creyke Beck site is at risk of tidal/fluvial flooding and surface water flooding, and approximately half of the other substations in the East Riding are at risk of tidal/fluvial flooding, and a quarter at risk of surface water flooding.

There are four high voltage electricity overhead transmission lines in the East Riding, running from Creyke Beck substation to Osbaldwick substation (York), Creyke Beck substation to Keadby substation (Lincolnshire), Thornton substation to Drax substation (Selby), and Salt End substation to Creyke Beck substation. None of these however fall within the area defined as at potential risk to coastal processes.

There are also a number of wind farms in the East Riding (18 grid-connected operational sites). Approximately a third of these are at risk of fluvial/tidal flooding, and a sixth at risk of surface water flooding. Currently there are two onshore wind farms within the CS area. In 2002 a seven turbine wind farm capable of generating 9.1 MW of electricity was commissioned at Out Newton, south-east of Withernsea. Furthermore in December 2008 a 30 MW wind farm housing 12 turbines was constructed at RAF Lissett, south-west of Bridlington.

Offshore wind energy in the East Riding is also a major contributor to the local electricity supply as well as the National Grid. Westermost Rough Offshore Wind Farm is situated 8 km from the Holderness coastline, approximately 25 km north of Spurn Head. This wind farm comprises of 35 turbines and is capable of outputting 210 MW of electricity. The other major offshore wind farm is the Humber Gateway. Located 8 km offshore of Easington Humber Gateway consists of 73 3 MW turbines. Dogger Bank Wind Farm is another area designated for offshore wind energy production. The Dogger Bank Creyke Beck phase plans to create two wind farms roughly 130 km off the East Yorkshire coast each generating up to 1.2 GW of electricity. The two sites would connect to the existing Creyke Beck substation north of Cottingham. Planning consent for the initial 400 turbines was granted in February 2015. More recently at the start of 2016 plans were also unveiled regarding the construction of what will become the world’s largest offshore wind farm, 120 km east of the East Riding coastline within the Hornsea offshore zone. Known as Hornsea Project One, the wind farm is expected to supply electricity to over one million homes by 2020. Moreover developers have predicted construction will create roughly 2,000 jobs, cementing the East Riding’s position as a key region for pioneering wind generated energy. Although these offshore sites will not be affected by options proposed within the strategy, the effect of coastal processes on the onshore landfall of any existing cables must be considered. Currently the offshore

export cables for the Westermost Rough and Humber Gateway wind farms come onshore at Tunstall and Easington respectively.

Gas

Gas transmission infrastructure in the East Riding includes the large reception terminal at Easington, gas storage facilities at Atwick and Aldbrough, and fifteen high pressure underground pipelines. Some parts of these pipelines pass through areas at risk of fluvial/tidal flooding and surface water flooding. As part of the rapidly eroding Holderness coastline, the areas of Easington, Atwick, and Aldbrough also face significant risk from coastal erosion. The CS must therefore consider the energy contribution of these areas and aim to manage any risk accordingly.

Water and Sewerage

There are 167 wastewater treatment works (WWTW) in the East Riding, 28 of which fall under the remit of the CS. Notably there is a Yorkshire Water Treatment Works located south of Withernsea that is within close proximity to the Holderness coastline (64m) and will therefore be at significant risk of coastal erosion over the lifetime of the strategy. However, because the East Riding is generally a rural area, some locations are not connected to public sewerage systems. Therefore, many properties are reliant on septic tanks for their sewage and waste water treatment. In respect of water supply and distribution, most of Yorkshire Water's strategic water supply is extracted from groundwater resources and treated within the East Riding; there are four notable water treatment works, at Rawcliffe, Driffield, Bridlington, and Salt End.

Communications

There are 53 telephone exchanges in the East Riding including 8 located in the CS area. There are 9 major exchanges in the East Riding that supply several thousands of people. The telephone exchanges within the closest proximity to the coast are at Bridlington, Hornsea and Withernsea. Three of the thirteen radio masts in the East Riding also exist inside the defined CS area. Two radio masts exist close to the tip of Flamborough Head, however due to the local geology here they are highly unlikely to be affected by coastal erosion within the lifetime of the strategy.

Likely Evolution

The Infrastructure Study Update 2013 undertaken for the East Riding Local Plan suggests that some parts of the area's utility networks may require upgrading to accommodate future development, including some electricity sub-stations and wastewater treatment works. Telecommunication providers are upgrading assets to increase access to faster broadband in

The increasing threat of coastal erosion caused by climate change will put a range of utility infrastructure at risk over the course of the strategy, and the CS will look to manage this risk in a sustainable manner.

3.13. MINERALS

There is a wide range of quarries and mines in the East Riding, exploiting its diverse geology; the area has significant deposits of sand and gravel, chalk, clay, silica sand and peat. There are also potential resources of oil, gas and coal. The Joint Hull and East Riding Minerals

Development Plan Document - Preferred Approach (Summer 2010 Consultation) describes current mineral working activity within the East Riding. Due to the area it covers, the CS will have a negligible effect upon most mineral sources. Therefore only the relevant minerals are detailed below:

Marine dredged aggregates: There are six main dredging areas off the coasts of England of which the area off the Humber is one of the most important. The North Sea is shallow in this area, generally with a depth of less than 20m. The sea bed comprises a mixture of gravels, sandy gravels and gravelly sands. Elsewhere there are sand banks. A number of licences for dredging have been granted, and there is potential for more. Local authority planning control does not extend to the areas worked for marine aggregates; control extends only to the low water mark. Instead, licences for dredging are considered by the Marine Management Organisation (MMO) during which the environmental impact of the dredging is assessed.

Oil and Gas: Little public information exists on the occurrence of oil and gas reserves within East Riding. However, there have been a number of exploratory wells sunk over the last 40 years, and in the 1980s production commenced at Caythorpe west of Bridlington. The reserves here are now being worked out and proposals to store the gas for electricity production have been put forward, because the pressure is no longer sufficient to feed into the national pipeline grid. In addition to on-shore and estuarine prospecting areas there are extensive off-shore areas licensed for both exploration and production. Imported gas is landed at a number of locations along the coast of the East Riding including a major pipeline at Langeled, Easington, which carries gas imported from Norway. These pipelines are linked direct into the national pipeline grid, which is currently being extended further inland. Some pipelines have associated gas storage facilities. The gas terminals at Easington are currently defended from coastal erosion by a large rock revetment.

Likely Evolution

It is reasonable to expect that further commercially viable deposits of oil and gas exist, and much of the area including the Humber Estuary is, or has been in the past, covered by licences allowing companies to search for oil and gas. Also, further onshore exploration licences have recently been awarded. It is possible that permissions will be sought for exploration of shale gas extraction via hydraulic fracturing (fracking) in the coming years. The Government is offering incentives to encourage exploration of this resource and DECC has identified large areas of eastern and southern England as having the best potential, including the East Riding.

3.14. WASTE MANAGEMENT

According to the Joint Hull and East Riding Waste Development Plan Document (2012 Issues and Options Consultation Document) there are 54 waste facilities in the East Riding, including 10 landfill sites, 11 metal recycling sites, 22 transfer sites, and 10 treatment sites.

The Hull and East Riding Joint Sustainable Waste Management Strategy Review 2012 states the amount of waste produced across Hull and the East Riding has decreased from 355,270 tonnes in 2006/07 to 331,893 in 2010/11, representing a reduction of 6%; the main reason for this is the impact of the global recession on consumer habits, but also work by the retail sector to minimise packaging, and a move from paper to electronic media. In managing waste, the two Councils have significantly increased recycling and composting performance and reduced the amount of waste sent to landfill in recent years. A new waste transfer station has been developed at Carnaby to receive the recycling and composting waste streams, and improvements are being made at existing transfer sites. However, despite the reduction in the overall amount of waste produced and the increased recycling and composting rates, over 50% of waste is still disposed of in landfill.

There are 10 CoMAH sites (Control of Major Accident Hazards) in the East Riding, four of which fall within the coastal boundary and therefore at potential risk of tidal flooding and/or coastal erosion. These sites are located at Easington, Dimlington, Aldbrough and Atwick.

Likely Evolution

The Joint Sustainable Waste Strategy aims to reduce further this reliance on landfill and suggests that future contracts will secure alternative treatment facilities. The next stage in the preparation of the Joint Waste Development Plan Document will indicate preferred sites for new or replacement waste management facilities.

Waste management infrastructure has the potential to result in major pollution incidents if flood waters were to pass through these sites. This hazard is considerably increased at waste water treatment sites along the coastline that are susceptible to tidal flooding. Furthermore the threat of coastal erosion will result in the need for relocation of sites such as that south of Withernsea if they remain undefended. Notable sewage treatment works within particularly close proximity to the current cliff line are situated at Mappleton, Hollym, Holmpton and Easington

3.15. CULTURAL HERITAGE

The historic environment includes the physical evidence of past human activity, and it is not limited to the built environment and archaeological sites, but includes both urban and rural landscapes as an example of its great diversity.

Within the area of coastline affected by the strategy, there are a total of 416 listed buildings. Naturally, the greatest concentration of listed buildings (78) can be seen in the Bridlington area. Hornsea also exhibits a relatively high density of listed buildings, with 18 currently situated close to the town centre. Furthermore there are a total of 33 Scheduled Ancient Monuments (SAMs) inside the area defined by the CS. A list of some of the SAMs located particularly close to the coastline are listed below:

 Medieval complex at Barmston Old Hall, including two moated sites, a pond, three fishponds and associated enclosures with part of a field system – Barmston

 Royal Observer Corps underground monitoring post and World War II visual spotting post, 200m north of Southfield House – Skipsea

 Skipsea Castle: 11th century motte and bailey castle and inland harbour – Skipsea

 Hallgarth medieval hall and moat – south of Skipsea

 Village cross – Atwick

 Moated site in Hall Garth Park – Hornsea

 Medieval settlement of Southorpe and field system, north-east of Southorpe Farm – Hornsea

 Two moated sites and associated features 520m - north of Grimston Garth

 Tithe barn – Easington

 Moated monastic grange 300m south-west of Winsetts Farm – South of Winsetts

 World War I acoustic mirror 335m north-east of Kilnsea Grange – North of Kilnsea

The Heritage at Risk (HAR) register for the East Riding of Yorkshire identifies listed buildings and important historic sites, places, and landmarks that have been neglected or are in decay. Within close proximity to the Holderness coastline, there are 17 SAMs located within Garton, Skeffling, Aldbrough, and Skipsea that are on the HAR register. In addition, there is one Grade II listed building located in Garton (Elmswell Old Hall, Elmswell Lane) that is also on the HAR register.

Roughly 33% of scenic English coastline is conserved as Heritage Coasts. They are managed so that their natural beauty is conserved, and where appropriate, the accessibility for visitors is improved. The area of coastline covering Bempton Cliffs and Flamborough Head is designated as a Heritage Coast site, as well as Spurn Head.

Likely Evolution

The East Riding's cultural and heritage assets, which contribute to the local economy and residents' quality of life, require protection/conservation through planning policies and maintenance regimes. And although the focus of the CS is not on introducing defences to protect heritage assets, its implementation will go some way to reducing the risk of losing assets in close proximity to the coastline through coastal processes.

3.16. LANDSCAPE

The East Riding has a diverse and distinctive range of landforms, including watery raised mires of the Humberhead Levels, the coastal plain of Holderness and the broad expanse of the Humber Estuary and its surroundings, the dramatic chalk cliffs of Flamborough Head, the crumbling clay cliffs of Holderness and the nationally unique Spurn Head.

The East Riding coastline is predominantly exposed open landscape, with limited tree cover and scattered small-scale hamlets and villages contrasting with the surrounding large-scale agricultural landscape. Caravan parks are a prominent feature along the coastal strip. It also contains seven Registered Parks and Gardens and a number of unregistered parks and gardens that were identified as being of interest in the East Riding Landscape Character Assessment (2005).

The East Riding of Yorkshire Landscape Character Assessment (prepared in 2005 by ERYC) identifies the areas of distinct landscape character with the East Riding and makes judgements about the quality, value, sensitivity and capacity for new development in each landscape character area identified. The assessment identifies a range of different landscape character types and areas located within and around settlements along the coastline. Examples of these include:

 Holderness: Low Lying Drained Farmland. Key characteristics of this landscape character type are:

o Flat, low lying flood plain

o Sparse settlements in the floodplain. Farmsteads and villages concentrated on the edge of the flood plain

o Few crossing points on the River Hull contributing to low density of develop0ment between North Frodingham and Tickton

o River Hull and Beverley Barmston Drain are major watercourses with embankments

o Numerous water bodies particularly associated with gravel extraction

o Recreation associated with water bodies and the River Hull

 Holderness: Open Farmland. Key characteristics of this landscape character type are:

o Gently undulating topography, hummocky in places

o Very open landscape with few trees overall

o Dispersed villages linked by winding roads

o Red brick buildings with pantile roofs sometimes painted white. Churches are often prominent features on the skyline

o Intensive farmed arable landscape

 Holderness: Coastal Farmland. Key characteristics of this type of landscape character type are:

o Flat to gently undulating topography sloping gently eastwards

o Boulder clay cliffs eroding into the sea

o Seaside resorts of Bridlington, Hornsea, and Withernsea. Coastal static caravan parks are prominent

o Limited tree cover due to exposed windswept coastal landscape

o Smaller villages and farmsteads and minor roads threatened by erosion

o Fragments of historic field pattern around villages and hamlets

o Tourism development along the coast

 Humber Estuary: Low Lying Drained Farmland. Key characteristics of this landscape character type are:

o Flat low lying flood plain of the River Humber

o Sparse tree cover concentrated around scattered farmsteads

o Large-scale fertile arable landscape

o Open, extensive views across the simple remote landscape

o Paull is a village on the north bank of the Humber Estuary and the largest settlement within this character type

o Views of Salt End industry to the west on the edge of Hull

Further details relating to landscape character types are provided within the Landscape Character Assessment.

Likely evolution

Similar to Heritage Assets, the focus of the CS is not to introduce defences to protect the character of East Riding’s coastal landscape. However, without the implementation of schemes that develop as a result of the strategy, several landscape character areas and types are at risk of becoming altered or lost completely.

Moreover it is important to note that the water environment, including the extensive manmade drainage network, is a key feature of the East Riding's landscape. Due to a number of main drains expelling water along the East Riding coast, likely evolution without risk management interventions would see significant changes in some areas. While landscapes do evolve over time, impacts of different coastal risk management measures on landscape character need to be taken into account. For instance, implementations may impact on agriculture, and there are opportunities through the various local partnerships, to address any risk while enhancing the coastal landscape and water environment.

SECTION 4: ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AND PROBLEMS

4.1. INTRODUCTION

The SEA Directive requires information on:

 any existing environmental problems which are relevant to the plan or programme including, in particular, those relating to any areas of a particular environmental importance such as areas designated pursuant to Directives 79/409/EEC and 92/43/EC (Annex 1(d)); The previous two sections enable the identification of key environmental issues or problems that are of relevance to the CS. In some cases these are constraints which must be overcome, or impacts which must be avoided; in other cases these may be opportunities which should be pursued where possible, or supported indirectly by policies in other instances. The analysis of environmental issues or problems is iterative and ongoing. As the SEA develops with further stakeholder analysis and involvement, the analysis of key issues is likely to evolve. This will in turn influence the development of the baseline and the SEA framework, in particular the identification and selection of indicators and targets. Table 4.1 below presents the current analysis of environmental issues and problems that are relevant to the CS.

Table 4.1 – Evironmental Issues Associated with each SEA Baseline Topic

SEA Topic Issues

Biodiversity, The areas around the East Riding coastline are rich in important Flora, and and designated habitats. Some of these habitats are vulnerable to Fauna climate change, coastal erosion, and human interruption

Coastal processes and climatic factors have the potential to Soil adversely affect the soil resource (e.g. through direct loss, damage, or chemical changes)

Water quality is a concern in the study, with efforts needed to Water improve the ecological status of waterways. A number of Resources watercourses are judged to be ‘at risk’ from pressure elements

SEA Topic Issues

Air Quality No issues identified

14.9% of the East Riding population lives within the three largest coastal settlements (Bridlington, Hornsea, and Withernsea), places where several residential areas are currently at risk from erosion along the coastline. This is set to be amplified by climate change

Climatic In the long-term climate change and sea level rise will pose an Factors increasingly significant challenge to how the East Riding coast is managed

Climate change has the potential to cause changes to the mosaic of habitats and species along the coastline

There is a need to preserve and/or enhance the existing character, appearance, and setting of cultural heritage assets. This is namely conservation areas, listed buildings,, and SAMs located along the Heritage East Riding coastline

There are potentially unknown archaeological features located along the coastline

Alterations to coastal defence structures have the potential to affect the landscape character of the East Riding coastline Landscape The policy of ‘No Active Intervention’ within parts of the Flamborough Head to Gibraltar Point Shoreline Management Plan will affect parts of the character of the coastline

SEA Topic Issues

The East Riding coastline is a significant recreational resource

Population and There are risks to human health associated with coastal processes Health and climate change

The economic wellbeing of the local area is linked to a number of factors, including: tourism; employment; and infrastructure

Existing infrastructure along the East Riding coastline (such as the B1242 and the sewage treatment works to the south of Material Assets Withernsea) is at risk from erosion due to the coastal processes taking place along the coastline

SECTION 5: STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OBJECTIVES AND FRAMEWORK

5.1. DEVELOPMENT OF THE SEA OBJECTIVES AND FRAMEWORK

The SEA Directive requires:

 "[an assessment of] the likely significant effects on the environment, including on issues such as biodiversity, population, human health, fauna, flora, soil, water, air, climatic factors, material assets, cultural heritage including architectural and archaeological heritage, landscape, and the interrelationship between the above factors." (Annex 1(f)). The SEA Guidance advises that SEA objectives are a recognised way of considering the environmental effects of a plan or programme and comparing the effects of alternatives. These might be similar to the plan or programme being assessed, but serve a different purpose. For example, improving biodiversity may be an objective of both a plan or programme and an SEA, but the plan or programme will contain other objectives and measures against which the SEA objective to improve biodiversity can be assessed. The objectives form the basis of the SEA framework within which the evaluation of different CS options/alternatives will be carried out.

Table 5.1 sets out a series of proposed SEA objectives, taking into account the relationship between the CS and the objectives of other plans and programmes, along with the findings of the review of baseline information, and identification of environmental issues and problems. It also includes potential indicators for each SEA objective, which can be used during Stage E of the SEA process to monitor the implementation of the CS.

Table 5.1 - Proposed SEA Objectives Issue No./SEA SEA Objective Rationale Draft Indicator topic

Condition and extent of SSSIs and To protect and/or BAP priority habitats enhance habitats and Biodiversity, 1. Conserve and wildlife, in particular Progress against fauna and flora enhance biodiversity designated sites (e.g. targets in the East Hornsea Mere) Riding of Yorkshire Biodiversity Action Plan

To balance the loss of soil resource with the The rates of erosion protection/enhancement 2. Minimise adverse along the East Riding of other coastal impacts on soil coastline and the resources in line with Geology and Soil quality and high extent of soil Flamborough Head to quality agricultural resources in these Gibraltar Point land areas Shoreline Management Plan

The extent to which To enhance water Water Framework quality in line with the 3. Sustain and Directive targets for Water Water Framework enhance water quality watercourses in the Directive study areas are met

Number of properties at risk of flooding To protect existing Number of infrastructure, industry, properties lost to and properties from coastal erosion 4. Minimise flooding and coastal disruption to key erosion in line with the Indices of Multiple Flood infrastructure, Flamborough Head to Deprivation, Risk/Coastal transport links, Gibraltar Point including: rank of Erosion, Local community facilities, Shoreline Management income scale; and Economy, and commercial assets Plan rank of employment Transport and properties from scale flooding and coastal To balance economic erosion wellbeing throughout The extent to which the study areas and existing provide enhancement infrastructure and where possible industry located along the East Riding coastline are affected by coastal processes

To facilitate adaptations to the impacts of 5. Minimise carbon climate change footprint of flood risk management To work with existing Condition and extent operations coastal processes rather Climatic Factors of SSSIs and BAP than against them priority habitats 6. Assist adaptation to climate change To allow for adaptability impacts of habitats and prevent rapid changes to biodiversity

To protect the setting and character of Access to and heritage assets as part condition of heritage of the strategies 7. Protect and assets along the East Cultural Heritage enhance the historic To avoid adverse effects Riding coastline environment on unknown Number of heritage archaeological features assets at risk along the East Riding coastline

The extent to which 8. Protect and To protect and enhance areas of landscape enhance the East Landscape local landscape character are Riding’s landscape character affected by coastal character processes

The extent to which To maintain the amenity open spaces located 9. Minimise risk and and recreational value along the East Riding manage the of the study areas coastline are affected consequences of by coastal processes flooding and coastal To avoid or reduce the erosion to people risk of adverse impacts Number of lost and their wellbeing resulting from erosion community facilities Population and upon the local Human Health 10. Promote active population Provision of open voluntary and space for leisure and community To avoid any adverse recreation engagement in flood effects on the health and and coastal risk wellbeing of the local Indices of Multiple management activities population resulting Deprivation, from coastal erosion including rank of health scale

Internal compatibility of SEA Objectives

The SEA Practical Guide advises it may be useful to test the internal compatibility of the SEA objectives, to clarify whether there are any tensions between objectives that cannot be resolved, enabling subsequent decisions to be well-based, and mitigation or alternatives to be considered.

In the compatibility matrix (Figure 5.1) the ten proposed SEA objectives are numbered in sequence along each axis.

The following key has been used to illustrate their compatibility:

√ Where the objectives are compatible

? Where it is uncertain whether the objectives are related

- Where the objectives are not related

× Where the objectives are potentially incompatible

Figure 5.1 - Compatibility Matrix of SEA Objectives 1

2 √

3 √ √

4 x x √

5 √ √ √ √

6 √ √ √ x √

7 - - - √ √ -

8 √ √ √ √ √ x √

9 x √ √ √ √ - √ √

10 - - - √ - x √ √ √

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

There are 6 instances of potential incompatibility between the proposed SEA objectives. Despite these tensions, it is considered that the suite of objectives chosen is suitable to carry out an SEA. At the current time the CS is a high level strategic document and these potential incompatibilities would be more likely to be realised at the project level. It is also considered that the SEA objectives cover the range of SEA topics and therefore to remove any of them could potentially be unsound.

SECTION 6: PROPOSED APPROACH TO THE SEA

6.1. ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY

The SEA Directive requires:

 preparation of an environmental report, in which the likely significant effects on the environment of implementing the plan or programme, and reasonable alternatives, taking into account the objectives and the geographical scope of the plan or programme, are identified, described, and evaluated (Article 5(1))  the environmental report to include an outline of the reasons for selecting the alternatives dealt with (Annex 1(h)) The SEA of the CS will appraise the individual objectives and measures against the SEA objectives to assess the environmental effects of the implementation of the CS, along with any reasonable alternatives. This will be set out in an SEA Environmental Report which will accompany the CS. A draft version will be published alongside the draft CS, for public consultation (see Figure 1.2 - Stage B of the SEA process). This SEA Scoping Report establishes a framework and background information for the appraisal.

Identifying alternatives

Identifying 'reasonable alternatives' may be difficult for some of the options put forward in the CS. As a minimum, the assessment will include evaluation of a 'do nothing' and a ‘do minimum’ scenario to enable comparison between this and the proposed options. The SEA Practical Guidance makes clear that it is not the purpose of the SEA to decide the alternative to be chosen for a plan - this is the role of the decision makers who have to make choices on the plan to be adopted. The role of the SEA is to provide information on the relative environmental performance of different scenarios, and help make the decision making process more transparent.

Predicting effects

To predict the effects of the CS on the environment, consideration will be given to likely changes to the environmental baseline (as set out in Section 3), arising from the CS proposed objectives, and compared to the 'do nothing' scenario. The predicted effects will be characterised in terms of their magnitude, the time period over which they occur, whether they are permanent or temporary, positive or negative, probable or improbable, frequent or rare, and whether there are cumulative and/or synergistic effects.

Evaluating effects

Assessing the significance of effects on the environment is essentially a matter of judgement, and this will be documented, in terms of the particular characteristics of the effect which are deemed to make it significant, and whether and what uncertainty and assumptions are associated with the judgement. The assessment of significance will also include information on how the effect may be avoided or its severity reduced, in the case of adverse effects, or enhanced in the case of beneficial effects. The SEA Practical Guidance recommends the following questions in evaluating effects of different options:

 What exactly is proposed?  Will the option have a likely significant adverse effect in relation to each of the SEA objectives?  If so, can the adverse effect be avoided or its severity reduced, or can the beneficial effect be maximised?  If the adverse effect cannot be avoided, e.g. by conditions or changes to the way it is implemented, can the alternative be changed or eliminated?  If its effect is uncertain, or depends on how the plan is implemented, how can the uncertainty be reduced? Mitigation

If the assessment identifies significant effects from the CS, recommendations will be proposed in the SEA Environmental Report for mitigation measures to prevent, reduce or offset adverse effects, and enhance positive effects.

Monitoring

A framework for monitoring ongoing environmental effects arising from the CS as it is implemented will be proposed in the SEA Environmental Report, providing methods by which the environmental performance of the CS can be recorded. This will be clearly linked to the proposed SEA objectives and indicators.

6.2. PRESENTATION

The assessment of each CS objective/option/alternative will be presented in a layout similar to that shown in Table 6.1.

Table 6.1 - Example of Assessment

Objective 1: This Comment: This column will contain the description of the CS column will contain objective/option's performance against the SEA objective in question. the SEA objective

Objective 2: Comment: …

The key issues raised in the assessment will be presented in a layout similar to that shown in Table 6.2. This includes a temporal matrix and indicates where the effects of the CS objectives/options may vary over time.

Table 6.2 - Example of Assessment Summary

SEA Objective

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

S ++

M +

L -

The following key has been used to indicate the environmental effects of a CS objective/option:

++ Major positive

+ Positive S - Short term – 2021 to 2025

0 No impact M - Medium term – 2025 to 2035

/ Uncertain L - Long term - 2035 to 2055

- Negative

-- Major negative

6.3. PROPOSED STRUCTURE OF THE SEA ENVIRONMENTAL REPORT

The proposed structure of the SEA Environmental Report is presented in Table 6.3

Table 6.3 Proposed Structure of SEA Environmental Report

Structure of report Information to include

Introduction Background Summary of the CS SEA purpose and legislation Structure of SEA Environmental Report Study area Consultations Previous consultation Consultation on the Environmental Report SEA Process and SEA Stages and relationship to development of CS Stages Strategic Relevant policies, plans and programmes. Environmental Baseline environmental data, including the future baseline without Context and the CS Baseline Information Environmental Existing and foreseeable future environmental problems Issues and Problems SEA Framework SEA Objectives, targets and indicators SEA Assessment CS/SEA Stages Methodology Scenarios Assessment methodology Assessment of CS Objectives Monitoring Conclusions Summary of any significant, secondary, cumulative and synergistic effects Proposed mitigation and enhancement measures to deliver objectives Next steps

SECTION 7: GLOSSARY

Aquifer - Water bearing rock, sand or gravel DECC - Department of Energy and Climate capable of yielding significant quantities of Change - Government department responsible water. for making sure the UK has a secure, clean, affordable energy supply and promoting AQMA - Air Quality Management Area - Area international action to mitigate climate change. designated by local authorities because it is not likely to achieve national air quality objectives by DEFRA - Department for Environment Flood and the relevant deadlines. Rural Affairs - Government department responsible for policy and regulations on Best and most versatile agricultural land - Land environmental, food and rural issues, including in grades 1, 2 and 3a of the Agricultural land flood risk management. Classification. Drainage - A natural or artificial removal of Biodiversity - The term given to the variety of life surface and sub-surface water from a given on earth, encompassing all life, from the smallest area. micro-organisms to the largest mammals and plants. EA - Environment Agency - Government Agency charged with the protection of the environment Catchment - The area contributing flow or and promotion of sustainable development. runoff to a particular point on a watercourse or drainage system. EH - English Heritage - Government Agency charged with the protection of England’s Climate change - Long-term variations in global heritage. temperature and weather patterns both natural and as a result of human activity, primarily Enterprise Zone - Areas of land designated by the greenhouse gas emissions. Government. Sites within an Enterprise Zone benefit from financial and other incentives CO2 - Carbon dioxide (including simplified or quicker planning processes) which aim to attract new businesses to COMAH site - Site listed under the Control of an area, or promote investment from existing Major Accident Hazards (COMAH) Regulations. businesses. Two Enterprise Zones have been designated in the Humber; the Humber Conservation Area - An area of special Renewable Energy Super Cluster and the architectural or historic interest, the character or Humber Green Port Corridor. appearance of which it is desirable to preserve or enhance. EIA - Environmental Impact Assessment - A procedure to be followed for certain types of Centre for Offshore Renewable Engineering project to ensure that decisions are made in full (CORE) knowledge of any likely significant effects on the environment. CS – Coastal Strategy - a plan produced by the Lead Local Flood Authority to develop the theme EMS - European Marine Site - where a SPA, or a of the Shoreline Management Plan and assess SAC incorporate sub-tidal and/or intertidal areas, potential options for managing coastal risk they are also referred to as "European marine sites". DCLG - Department of Community and Local Government - Government department dealing ERYBAP - East Riding of Yorkshire Council with housing, local government, public safety Biodiversity Action Plan - Establishes local and emergencies, planning and building, UK priorities for conserving and enhancing economy, and community and society. biodiversity in the East Riding.

ERYC - East Riding of Yorkshire Council - A Fluvial flooding - Resulting from excess water unitary authority responsible for all issues within leaving the channel of a river and flooding East Riding not covered by central government. adjacent land.

Fauna - Animals present in a particular region or FWMA - Flood and Water Management Act - period. An Act of Parliament passed into law in 2010 which forms part of the UK Government's Flood probability - The estimated likelihood of a response to Sir Michael Pitt's Report on the flood of a given magnitude occurring or being Summer 2007 floods, a major recommendation exceeded in any specified time period. of which is to clarify the legislative framework for managing surface water. Flood Hazard - An expression of the combination of flood probability, flood extent Geodiversity - The range of rocks, minerals, and flood depth to assess the potential adverse fossils, soils and landforms. consequences of flooding. . GIS - Geographical Information System - Flood risk - An expression of the combination of Computer software designed to capture, store, the flood probability and the magnitude of the manipulate, analyze, manage, and present all potential consequences of the flood event. types of geographical data.

Flood Risk Area - An area determined as having Green Infrastructure - An interconnected a significant risk of flooding in accordance with network of green spaces, water and other guidance published by DEFRA and WAG. environmental features in urban and rural areas.

Flood Risk Management Plan (FRMP) - A plan Greenhouse gases - Atmospheric gases that produced to deliver the requirements of the absorb heat from the sun, thereby allowing less Flood Risk Regulations. heat to escape back into space, including carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, and nitrous Flood Risk Regulations - Legislation that oxide, as well as manmade gases such as transposed the European Floods Directive in chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrofluorocarbons 2009. (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6). Flood Map - Nationally consistent delineation of ‘high’ and ‘medium’ flood risk, published on a Groundwater - Water in the ground, usually quarterly basis by the Environment Agency. referring to water in the saturated zone below the water table. Flood Zones - Flood Zones are defined in Table 1 of the Technical Guidance to the National Groundwater flooding - Flooding caused by Planning Policy Framework. They indicate land at groundwater escaping from the ground when risk by referring to the probability of flooding the water table rises to or above ground level. from river and sea, ignoring the presence of defences. GVA - Gross Value Added - A measure of the value of goods and services produced in an area. Floods Directive - The EU Floods Directive came into force in November 2007 and is designed to Heritage Coast - Areas of undeveloped coastline help Member States prevent and limit the which are managed to conserve their natural impact of floods on people, property and the beauty and, where appropriate, to improve environment. It was transposed into English law accessibility for visitors. in December 2009 by the Flood Risk Regulations. IDB - Internal Drainage Board - A body with permissive powers to undertake work to secure Flora - Plant life occurring in a particular region clean water drainage and water level or period. management within a defined catchment area.

LEA - Local Economic Assessment - provides a chief officers of the responding organisations in comprehensive overview of the local economy the Humber area. and factors that influence future economic growth and change. LSP - Local Strategic Partnership - A body bringing together the public, private, voluntary and LEP - Local Enterprise Partnership - A body, community sectors to work collectively to achieve designated by the Secretary of State for important goals and improve the quality of life for Communities and Local Government, comprising local people. a partnership between local authorities and the businesses which play a central role in LTP3 - Third Local Transport Plan - a statutory determining local economic priorities and plan produced by county or unitary councils that undertaking activities to drive economic growth sets out an integrated transport strategy for the and the creation of local jobs. area and outlines proposals for the future.

LFRMS - Local Flood Risk Management Strategy LWS - Local Wildlife Site - a non-statutory local - a plan produced by Lead Local Flood wildlife designation previously known as Sites of Authorities under the Flood and Water Importance for Nature Conservation (SINC). Management Act 2010. Essentially a planning designation that allows sites of substantive nature conservation value to LGS - Local Geological Site - a non-statutory local be identified and given material consideration as wildlife designation previously known as part of any planning decision or strategic spatial Regionally Important Geological Sites (RIGS). planning.

Listed Building - Buildings of national interest MAFP - Multi Agency Flood Plan - A plan included in the statutory list of buildings of special prepared to increase the effectiveness of the architectural or historic interest. multi-agency response to flooding in the East Riding of Yorkshire. LLFA - Lead Local Flood Authority - The authority, either the unitary council, or county Main River - A watercourse designated on a council, with responsibility for local flood risk statutory map of m ain rivers, maintained by the management issues in its area, as defined in the Environment Agency. Flood and Water Management Act. MCZ - Marine Conservation Zone - a type of LNP - Local Nature Partnership - A body, Marine Protected Area that protect areas that designated by the Secretary of State for are important to conserve the diversity of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, established nationally rare or threatened habitats and/or for the purpose of creating or improving the species and those places containing habitats natural environment in an area and the benefits and/or species that are representative of the derived from it. biodiversity in our seas.

LNR - Local Nature Reserve - a non-statutory site Mineral Safeguarding Area - An area designated that is designated for its role in allowing people to by Minerals Planning Authorities which cover access and enjoy nature including educational known deposits of minerals which are desired to access. be kept safeguarded from unnecessary sterilisation by non-mineral development. Local Plan - Consists of a number of documents prepared by the Local Authority which together Mitigation measure - A generic term to refer to form the spatial strategy for development and an element of development design which may the use of land. be used to manage some risk to the development, or to avoid an increase in risk LPA - Local Planning Authority - A body elsewhere. responsible for planning and controlling development, through the planning system. MMO - Marine Management Organisation - an executive non-departmental public body LRF - Local Resilience Forum - A multi-agency responsible administering a marine planning contingency planning meeting attended by the system and a marine licensing regime, managing

UK fishing fleet capacity and UK fisheries Open space - All open space of public value, quotas, and working with Natural England and including not just land, but also areas of water, the Joint Nature Conservation Committee such as rivers, canals, lakes, and reservoirs, (JNCC) to create and manage a network of which offer important opportunities for sport marine protected areas. and recreation and can act as visual amenity.

Natural England - Government agency charged Ordinary watercourse - A watercourse which is with protecting and improving England’s natural not a private drain and is not designated a Main environment. . river.

Navigable waterway - an inland waterway, such Ordnance Survey - National mapping agency. as a canal, that has navigation rights. PFRA - Preliminary Flood Risk Assessment - NCCA - National Countryside Character Areas - These were required to be published by These divide England into 159 distinct natural December 2011 and were the first stage in areas, based on landscape, biodiversity, delivering the Regulations. geodiversity and cultural and economic activity. Their boundaries, defined by Natural England, Pluvial flooding - Caused by rainfall and is that follow natural lines in the landscape rather than flooding which occurs due to water ponding on, administrative boundaries. or flowing over, the surface before it reaches a drain or watercourse. NIA - Nature Improvement Area - An interconnected network of wildlife habitats Public Right of Way - A road, path or track that intended to re-establish thriving wildlife can run through towns, countryside or private populations and help species respond to the property, and is open to everyone. challenges of climate change. Ramsar Site - Refers to a wetland site of NI186 - National Indicator 186 - Per capita CO2 international importance designated under the emissions in the Local Authority area. international wetland convention that was signed in the Iranian city of Ramsar. NI188 - National Indicator 188 - Planning to adapt to climate change. RBMP - River Basin Management Plan - a plan required by the Water Framework Directive. NI189 - National Indicator 189 - Flood and coastal erosion risk management. Renewable and low carbon energy - Energy for heating and cooling as well as generating NI197 - National Indicator 197 - Improved local electricity. Renewable energy covers those energy biodiversity; proportion of local sites where flows that occur naturally in the environment - positive conservation management has been or from the wind, the fall of water, the movement of is being implemented. the oceans, from the sun, and also from biomass and deep geothermal heat. Low carbon NNR - National Nature Reserve - Chosen to technologies are those that can help reduce protect habitats and communities of plants and emissions (compared to conventional use of fossil animals and geological or physical geographical fuels). features of special interest. Registered Parks and Gardens - gardens, NPPF - National Planning Policy Framework - grounds and other planned open spaces, such as Released in March 2012 along with the NPPF town squares, entered onto English Heritage's Practice Guidance, it consolidated numerous national register due to their particular historic planning policies and sets out the framework for importance. assessing development proposals in the context of flood risk. Registered Battlefields - sites where important historic battles took place, entered onto English ONS - Office for National Statistics - National Heritage's national register of historic statistics agency. battlefields.

RIGS - Regionally Important Geological Site - a manner. Typically, these techniques are used to non-statutory local geology designation now also attenuate rates of runoff from potential known as Local Geological Sites. development sites.

Riparian Owners - Land owners with land or Surface Water - Water collected or flowing over property alongside a river or other watercourse the ground not contained within a watercourse. who have responsibility for maintaining the river Usually results from heavy rainfall onto an beds and banks and for allowing water to pass impermeable or saturated surface. without obstruction. Sustainability - The ability for something to be SAC - Special Area of Conservation - As maintained over time. designated by the European Habitats Directive for high habitat value. Sustainable Development - Development which meets the needs of the present and prepares for SEA - Strategic Environmental Assessment - A the requirements of the next generation, without process intended to increase the consideration of compromising their ability to meet their own environmental issues during decision making needs. related to strategic documents such as plans, programmes and strategies. Tidal flooding - Flooding that occurs when a high tide storm exceeds the level of coastal land or Sewerage undertaker - A water company that coastal flood defences. provides drainage and sewerage services, as well as supplying drinking water. UKCP09 - United Kingdom Climate Projections 2009 - the fifth generation of climate change SHMA - Strategic Housing Market Assessment - information for the UK, based on a new Provides insight into how housing markets methodology designed by the Met Office. operate now and in the future. Watercourse - Any natural or artificial channel SM - Scheduled Monument - A nationally that conveys surface water. important monument due to its historic, architectural, artistic, traditional or archaeological WFD - Water Framework Directive - This interest. European legislation came into force in December 2000 and became part of UK law in SMP - Shoreline Management Plan - A plan December 2003. It provides an opportunity to providing a large-scale assessment of the risk to plan and deliver a better water environment, people and to the developed, historic and natural focussing on ecology. The WFD sets environment associated with coastal processes. environmental and ecological objectives for all inland and coastal waters in the UK. SPA - Special Protection Area - As designated under the European Habitats directive for the WWTW - Waste Water Treatment Works - An conservation of birds. industrial structure designed to remove biological or chemical waste products from water, thereby SPZ - Source Protection Zone - Aim to safeguard permitting the treated water to be used for drinking water by restricting development that other purposes. can take place.

SSSI - Sites of Special Scientific Interest - Locations defined by Natural England as being the country's very best wildlife and/or geological sites.

SuDS - Sustainable Drainage Systems - A sequence of management practices and control structures, often referred to as SUDS, designed to mimic natural conditions to drain surface water in a more controlled and sustainable

SECTION 8: REFERENCES

DCLG (2011) Indices of Deprivation 2010 DEFRA (2011) A national flood and coastal erosion risk management strategy DEFRA (2009) Safeguarding our soils: A Strategy for England East Riding Data Observatory Website East Riding of Yorkshire Council (2013) Annual Monitoring Report for the Local Plan 2011/12 East Riding of Yorkshire Council (2013) Draft Allocations Document East Riding of Yorkshire Council (2012) Draft Contaminated Land Inspection Strategy East Riding of Yorkshire Council (2013) Draft Strategy Document East Riding of Yorkshire Council (2013) Infrastructure Study Update East Riding of Yorkshire Council (2009) Interim Planning Document - Planning for Renewable Energy Developments East Riding of Yorkshire Council (2010) Joint Minerals Local Plan Preferred Approach East Riding of Yorkshire Council (2012) Joint Sustainable Waste Strategy East Riding of Yorkshire Council (2012) Joint Waste Local Plan Issues and Options Consultation East Riding of Yorkshire Council (2005) Landscape Character Assessment East Riding of Yorkshire Council (2010) Local Biodiversity Action Plan East Riding of Yorkshire Council (2011) Local Economic Assessment East Riding of Yorkshire Council (2010) Multi Agency Flood Plan East Riding of Yorkshire Council (2012) Open Space Review East Riding of Yorkshire Council (2012) Playing Pitch Strategy East Riding of Yorkshire Council (2011) Preliminary Flood Risk Assessment East Riding of Yorkshire Council (2014) Proposed Submission Allocations Document East Riding of Yorkshire Council (2014) Proposed Submission Strategy Document East Riding of Yorkshire Council (2010) Strategic Flood Risk Assessment East Riding of Yorkshire Council (2011) Strategic Housing Market Assessment East Riding of Yorkshire Council (2013) Sustainability Appraisal Report for the Draft Strategy Document East Riding of Yorkshire Council (2011) Third Local Transport Plan (LTP3) East Riding of Yorkshire Council (2010) Third Local Transport Plan, Strategic Environmental Assessment Scoping Report East Riding of Yorkshire Council (2009) Transport and Accessibility Study

East Riding of Yorkshire Local Strategic Partnership (2012) Economic Development Strategy 2012 16 Environment Agency (2013) Aire and Calder Abstraction Licensing Strategy Environment Agency (2013) Derwent Abstraction Licensing Strategy Environment Agency (2013) Don and Rother Abstraction Licensing Strategy Environment Agency (2013) Hull and East Riding Abstraction Licensing Strategy Environment Agency (2013) Groundwater Protection: Principles and practice (GP3) Environment Agency (2009) Humber River Basin Management Plan EU Council (2001) Directive 2001/42/EC on the assessment of the effects of certain plans and programmes on the environment EU Council (1992) Directive 92/43/EEC on the Conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora EU Council (2000) Directive 2000/60/EC establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy EU Council (2007) Directive 2007/60/EC on the assessment and management of flood risks EU Council (2006) Directive 2006/7/EC concerning the management of bathing water quality Flood and Water Management Act (2010), London HMSO Humber Estuary Coastal Authorities Group (2010) Second Shoreline Management Plan: Flamborough Head to Gibraltar Point ODPM et al (September 2005) A Practical Guide to the Strategic Environmental Assessment Directive Office for National Statistics (2011) Census Public Health England (2013) East Riding of Yorkshire Health Profile 2013 The Environmental Assessment of Plans and Programmes Regulations (2004) SI 2004/ 1633. London HMSO The Flood Risk Regulations (2009) SI 2009 / 3042, London HMSO Water Resources Act (1991), London HMSO