International Review of Poultry Science

TOME V.

>*' RÄ WptItÄÄtf INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF POULTRY SCIENCE

OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE WORLD'S POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOCIATION

EDITOR C. TE HENNEPE ROTTERDAM (Holland) Fifth World's Poultry Congress and Exhibition Rome, Sept 6ih - 15íK 1933

Spend your Holidays in Rome!

Good Exemples!

Mr. F. C. Elford, Honorary Past President of the World's Poultry Science Association, calls attention to an interesting scheme now being carried out by poultrymen in Great Britain and Holland as a making sure, that they will be able to attend the Congress. Two years ago, the Royal Poultry Club „Avicultura" in Holland and the National Utility Poultry Society of England decided to establish a holiday fund for the purpose of enabling members to provide themselves with ample finances for the visit. In carrying out the scheme members deposit with the Associations a distinct monthly sum, which is expected to be sufficient to defray the member's expenses for the visit to Rome.

Why not spend your Holidays in Rome in 1933? TOME V. No. 1/2.

INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF POULTRY SCIENCE

OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE WORLD'S POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOCIATION

EDITOR: Dr. B» J. C* TE HENNEPE ROTTERDAM (Holland) PRINTED BY G. B. 'T HOOFT - ROTTERDAM (HOLLAND» '?73HíVi

ROTTERDAM, October 1932.

Esteemed Readers,

Though the existing circumstances cannot be called exactly favourable, I am pleased to say, that I was successful, already a short time after the last number of the IVth Volume has appeared, to submit you, with the present, the first number of Volume V. The present number, besides containing different information concerning the forthcoming Congress to be held at Rome in the autumn 1933, and for which, by the way, more and more interest is growing, places before you also a great number of reports regarding the poultry-literature. I am pleased to state, that this domain has not been influenced by the existing crisis, and that the scientific institutes are continuing researches with undiminished zeal to o solve the different problems of interest to the poultry fvi breeding. The interest in the Review itself is growing considerably, and it is with great pleasure, that I can say, that the reports appearing therein are being copied by more and more Poultry-periodicals all over the world, and our intention: '7o centralise the scientific publications and the distribution thereof in a concentrated manner over the world'' is gaining more and more ground. The interest for a closer international acquaintance is also increasing in other domains. Mr. Roemer, Director of one of the largest Instructional- and Experimental-Stations for Poultry Science, at Halle a.d. Saale, Vice-President of the World's Poultry Science Association, advances the following interesting plan: The exchange of young Poultry Rreeders from farm to farm, Institute to Institute, between the different countries, for a certain period of time. Apart from the fact, that much valuable science can be exchanged and gathered in this manner, the better knowledge of the different languages will also foster the interest for co-operative work.

Ill Director Roenier, Cröllwitz, Halle a.d. Saale, Germany, is open to act as intermediary, and requests all those interested in this scheme to apply to him, submitting the necessary information regarding persons, who wish to continue their studies in one or the other countries, stating at the same time which country will be preferred.

The Editor,

Dr. B. J. C. TE HENNEPE.

IV FIFTH WORLD'S POULTRY CONGRESS AND EXHIBITION AT THE MARKETS OF TRAIANUS, ROME (ITALY) 6—-15th September 1933-XI. By Dr. B. J. C. te H e n n e p e.

During the last months I received many letters from all countries asking for information regarding the Congress, and it seems to me appropriate to give the reader some elucidation regarding this Congress. The Invitations, to take part in this Congress, have been presented through the Ambassadors of the Kingdom of Italy to the different countries in October 1931, and up to the present moment already several countries have accepted the invitation to participate. From the Poultry-press, which I receive regularly from many countries in exchange of our Review, it appears that the interest in the different countries has been roused, and in many countries National Committees are already busy with preparations to take part in the Congress and the adjoining Exhibition. With a view to the space available it is not possible to give complete informations, which by the way is not even necessary, as everybody wishing to receive more detailed information can obtain same by applying to: "Segretario genérale del Congresso mondiale di Pollicoltura presso il Ministero dell'Agricoltura e delle Foreste, Roma, Italia" — (the General Secretary of the Congress, care of The Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, Rome, Italy.)

The Congress is being held under the Patronage of His Majesty the King of Italy.

HONORARY COMMITTEE.

The Honorary Committee consists of a great number of Ministers and other highly placed official persons in Italy. President of the Congress: His Excellency the Minister of Agriculture and Forests. First Vice-President : Mr. W. A. Kock, State Counsillor (Denmark), President of the World's Poultry Science Ass.

GENERAL EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.

President: His Excellency the Under-Secretary of State for Agriculture and Forests. Vice-president: Prof. Mario Mariani, General Director of Agriculture. General Commissioner: Prof. Alessandro Ghigi, Rector Magnificus of the Royal University of Bologna, Director of the Experimental Station of Aviculture at Rovigo. General Vice-Commissioner: Prof. Mario Marinucci, General Technical Inspector of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forests. General Secretary: Doctor Emanuele Cortis, Chief of the Division of Zoo-technical Services at the Ministry of Agri- culture and Forests. To the Snb-Commissions belong the foUow^ing: — The Commission for Financial and General Affaires^ the Scientific Commission for the Works of the Congress, the Press- and Propaganda-Commission, the Commission for the Exhibition on the Market of Traiano, of which the following are again making part, i.e.: a) The Sub-commission for the Letting of the Stands; b) the Sub-commission for the Live Stock Exhibition, the Commission for Travel and Sojourn, the Commission of Reception, the Commission of Excursions,

ORGANISATION OF THE CONGRESS.

The Openings-Meeting will take place in the Campido- glio; all the other meetings will take place in the International Institute of Agriculture, Villa Umberto 1. The Congress will work in 6 sections, i.e.: 1. General and Genetic Questions. 2. Physiology, Nutrition, Rearing. 3. Hygiene and Diseases. 4. Education and Organisation. 5. Economics and Marketing.

VI 6. Rabbit Culture. The titels of the papers to be read, together with the name of the author, will have to be notified to the General Secretary, not later than the 31st December 1932. The papers may not consist of more than 4 printed pages, and to be of no more than 2000 words. The General reports may consist of 10 pages and 5000 words. Inscription Fee. — The amount of the subscription for the Members of the Congress is fixed to Lire It. 75.— (with the right to receive the papers of the Congress). The inscription amount for the Ladies of the Members has been fixed at Lire It. 25.— (without right to receive the papers of the Congress). The inscription for the Congress must take place over the respective National Committees.

THE EXHIBITION AT THE MARKETS OF TRAIANO.

Of the Exhibition Building you will find a description from my pen, together with photographs, in the International Review IV, No. 2 of July 1932 and Tome IV No. 3 of October 1931. On the Market will be held: 1) The National Exhibition, — The price per square metre will amount to Lire 60.—, in which price are included: a) The furnishing of the stand, consisting of a wain- scoating of the walls in linen, with red border on top and a basement of wood. b) A locking gate for the stand. c) A shield in roman style with inscription, to be affixed to the outside of the stand. d) A medal in roman style, to be affixed in the window of the back wall. e) Two reflectors of 1000 candle power each, with the corresponding illuminating plant during the day time. f) The consumption of electric energy for the two reflectors. g) Two wall lamps in roman style. The large stands occupy an area of about 33 square

VII metres, whilst the smaller ones occupy a surface of 24 square metres. 2) The Exhibition of Live Stock. — The admission lárice for this has been regulated as follows: Chicks and Ducks (per groupe of one male and two females) Lire 25.— Guinea-Fowl (per pair) „ 25.— Geese and Turkeys (per pair) „ 35.— Pigeons (per pair) „ 20.— Rabbits (per head) „ 15.— On the same Markets of Traianus there will also be held Artistic Manifestations, Conferences, Picture Shows, etc.

SOJOURN IN ROME.

I am not able to state here the exact costs of lodgings in Rome, but it shall most probably not exceed Lire 50.— per person and per day.

REDUCTION OF RAILWAY FARES AND POST CONGRESS TOUR.

In favour of the Congress Participants: Reduction of 50 % with the use of a booklet, containing 5 vouchers for isolated journeys, by the use of which the participant, during the duration of the Congress, and out of his own initiative, can travel to any locality in the Kingdom. For the Transport of Material. Application of the special concessions I (reduction of 50 % for the return transport). The documents to be able to enjoy the foresaid reductions, have to be applied for by the General Secretary of the Congress. The Post Congress Tour will start on the 16th September 1933 and terminates on the 24th of the same month. The visit shall include the following towns, i.e.: Livorno, Florence, Perugia, Ancona, Rimini, Bologna, Rovigo, Venice, Milan and Alessandria. The price of the Tour will be about Lire 1300.— including lodgings, meals and transport from the station to the hotel and to the places to be visited.

VIII In the various towns receptions will take place in honour of the Congress participants, in connection with which a more detailed programni will he puhlished. From Alessandria the Participants can reach either the Swiss or French frontiers or the Port of Genova.

IX PROF. ALESSANDRO GHIGI.

RECTOR MAGNIFICUS OF THE ROYAL UNIVERSITY OF BOLOGNA, DIRECTOR OF THE EXPERIMENTAL STATION OF AVICULTURE AT ROVIGO. GENERAL COMMISSIONER OF THE Vth WORLD'S POULTRY CONGRESS AT ROME.

It will doubtlessly interest onr Readers to know some particulars of the Scientific Curriculum Vitae of Prof. Ghigi. For more detailed information I beg to refer the Readers to : Alessandro Ghigi — Esposizione delta Vita Scientifica ed Elenco delle Pubblicazioni -- 1896-1930. Rologna, Società Tipográfica Già Compositori, 1931-IX.

ACADEMICAL CAREER.

1896 Laureate in Natural Science at the Royal University of Rologna, winning the absolutely decisive votes. 1897 Sejourn at Munich, Bavaria, by the Entomologist Doct. Kriechbaumer. 1898 Honorary Assistant to the Zoological Section of the University of Bologna. 1899 Appointed Preparator by the fore-mentioned Section, which appointment he retained until 30th Nov. 1903. Appointed Ordinary Member of the Napoleonic Agra- rian Society at Bologna. 1902 Qualification, by titles, as Private Docent in Zoology on the University of Bologna. Nomination as Honorary Academician by the Natural Science Section of the Royal Academy of Science of the Institute at Bologna. Sojourn at the Zoological Station at Naples. Head of Agrarian Zoology and Entomology at the Agrarian High School of the Pxoyal University at

Bologna, for the year 1902-1903; Re-elected Head thereof from year to year until 1914-1915. 1903 Charged with the trimestral teaching and the practical demonstration of Zooculture at the forementioned School, re-elected from 3^ear to year until 1922-1923. Eligibility as extraordinary Professor of Zoology and Agriculture by the Royal High School for Agriculture at Portici. In the relative concours he was classified as second "ex aequo" to professor Mazzarelli. Nomination as extraordinary Professor of Zoology and Anatomy attached to the University of Ferrara for the scholastic year of 1903-1904 and successive confirmation for the years 1904-05,1905-06,1906-07 and 1907-08. 1907 Locum tenens of the noble Professor Carlo Emery, in the teaching of Zoology and in the managing of the Zoological Institute of the Royal University of Bologna, until his re-instatement. This tenancy was executed in the scholastic years of 1906-07 and 1907-08, during which time he was represented by an other docent for teaching at Ferrara. Ordinance to the reconstructed Museum Aldrovandiano for the zoological part. Charged with the representation of the Government and the University of Bologna by the Vllth Interna- tional Zoological Congress at Boston. 1908 Unanimous first election at the concours for the Chair of Zoology and Anatomy, attached to the Royal University of Perugia. Promotion to extraordinary Professor of Zoology and Anatomy attached to the forementioned University and his relative renouncement. Ordinary promotion of the same Chair at the University of Ferrara. 1915 Charged with the teaching of Zoology and the management of the Cabinet of the Royal University of Bologna for the scholastic year 1915-16 and following years. 1922 Nomination, following a concours, as. Professor of Zoology at the Royal University of Bologna. Renounce- ment of the Chair at Ferrara. 1923 Nomination as corresponding Member of the Royal Academy of Science, Lettres and Art at Modena.

XI Nomination of corresponding Member of the American Ornitologist's Union at Washington. Silver Medal of the "Société Nationale d'Acclimation de France". 1924 One of the 20 foreign members of the "British Orni- thologist's Union" of London. 1927 Corresponding Member of the Royal Accademia dei Lincei (Rome). Blessed Academician of the Royal Academy of Science of the Institute of Bologna. 1928 Member of the National Commission for the Intellectual Cooperation. Member of the National Council of Researches and the Executive Committee of the National Biol. Committee. Member of the Superior Council of Public Instruction. Corresponding Member of the Pontifical Academy of the Science New Lincei. 1930 Corresponding Member of the Academy Gioenia at Catania. Rector of the University of Bologna for the bienial 1931-1932.

Of the different works from his hands, in the domain of Aviculture I beg to mention the following:

1921 Nominated, by concours, as Director of the Experi- mental Station of Poultry Science at Rovigo. Growth of the Experimental Station of Poultry Science of Rovigo, which successive growth to such an extent, that it constitutes at the present day one of the finest institutes (existing in this branch, and adapted particularly for the research of applied genetics. Organisation of the Italian Section at the World's Exhibition of Aviculture at the Hague (Netherlands). 1924 idem at Barcelona. Member of the Council of the World's Poultry Science Associa-tion. 1926 Preparation of the Legal Decree of 3 September 1926 "Provisions in favour of the Poultry Culture" and organisation of the Provincial Poultry Concern, growing in the following three years successively to 34 and

XII actually partly transformed into Provincial Aviculture Stations. 1927 Organisation of the Italian Section at the World's Poultry Exhibition at Ottawa (Canada). 1930 idem at London. Organisation of the first distribution of Cocks elected for their Breed and high egg production by the colonial families (3200 in 1930; the distribution of 4000 heads is taking place in 1931). Vice-President of the World's Poultry Science Assoc.

Renumerating the action of professor Ghigi during ten years, it has, by way of experience, teaching, various provi- dences, discussions at National and International Meetings, contributed much to fix a basis of a rational Aviculture, which will grow in the near future to a national wealth of an amount exceeding the milliard.

In the forementioned booklet a long list of publications, treating the following subjects, will be found, i.e.: Morphology, Etology, Faunology and Systematics, Genetics, Applied Zoo- logy and General Treatises, Didactics and Bibliography.

XIII

IMPORTANT TO THE READER.

It has been brought to my knowledge, that many of the readers experience some difficuHies in looking up the literature referred to in the different reports. This is mostly the result, that the reference to the respective periodicals, placed under the heading of each item has not been consulted. It would take too much space if the full title and address of each respective periodical would be indicated under each article, and it is for this reason, that I give the titles only in an abridged form, and can only refer the reader to the exchanging list for any further information. At the present moment I am contemplating, for use at a future occasion, to find some means to make it more easier for the reader to look up references. I shall allways be pleased to give any information the readers should like to get regarding the different periodicals referred to in this number, and am placing myself fully at the readers disposal in this respect.

Dr. B. J. C. TE HENNEPE.

EXCHANGING-LIST

THE INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF POULTRY SCIENCE IS EXCHANGED WITH THE FOLLOWING 92 JOURNALS. WHO FOLLOWS?

AUSTRIA. GEFLUEGELWIRTSCHAFT, Lichtenauergasse 5, Wien II. NUTZGEFLUEGELFREUND, Franz Josefs Kai 7-9, Wien I. OESTERREICHISCHE TIERARZT, Wallner- strasse 6, Wien.

— 15 — AUSTRALIA. THE AUSTRALIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL, University of Sydney, Faculty of Veterinary Science. AUSTRALASIAN POULTRY WORLD, 78a Victoria Str., Melbourne. THE JOURNAL OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA, Victoria Square, Adelaide. POULTRY, Sydney, N.S.W. 32. VICTORIAN POULTRY JOURNAL, Melbourne, Victoria.

BELGIUM. AVISELECT, Rue Emm. Mertens 29, Rruxelles, Woluwe. BULLETIN OFFICIEL, Les Colombes, Heide Calmpthout. CULTURA, Dr. de Bisschop, 17 Hertogin Straat, Antwerpen. DE KRAAIER, Gebr. Leens, Boom. LAND, TUIN EN NEERHOF, Baliestr. 97, Gent. HET VLAAMSCH DIERGENEESKUNDIG TIJD- SCHRIFT, Brusselschesteenweg 625, Gent. HET VLAAMSCH PLUIMVEEBLAD, Brussel- Woluwe.

BULGARIA. DOSODIO PTITJF:VDSV0. Organ des Bundes Bulgarischer Geflügelzüchter, Sofia.

CANADA. THE CANADA POULTRYMAN, 618 Homer Street, Vancouver. THE CANADIAN POULTRY JOURNAL, 3 Blytli- wood Crescent, Toronto 12. THE CANADIAN POULTRY REVIEW, 181 Ade- laide Str., W., Toronto.

CZECHO-SLOVAKIA. PRAGER ARCHIV FUER TIER- MEDIZIN UND VERGLEICHENDE PATHOLO- GIE, Dr. K. Zaruba, Leitmeritz, Böhmen. SBORNIK CESKOSLOVENSKE AKADEMIE ZEMEDELSKE, The House of Agrarian Culture, Slezska 7, Praque XII.

— 16 — VESTNIK CESKOSLOVENSKE AKADEMIE ZEMEDELSKE, Dr. Eduard Reich, Prague.

CUBA. LA GACETA AVÍCOLA, Malecón No. 16, La Habana.

ENGLAND. CHANTICLEER, E. Kirsch, Normandy, near Guildford. EGGS, Rudgwick, Sussex. THE FEATHERED WORLD, 9, Arundel Street, Strand, London, W.C. 2. HARPER ADAMS POULTRY JOURNAL, Newport. THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRI- CULTURE, 10, Whitehall Place, London. LANCASHIRE UTILITY POULTRY SOCIETY'S REPORT, 22, Chapel Walks, Preston, Lancashire. MEMOIRS UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE, Department of Agriculture, Cambridge. NATIONAL POULTRY JOURNAL, Milford, Surrey. POULTRY WORLD, 4, Carmehte Street, London, E.C. 4. UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE MEMOIRS, The Librarian, School of Agriculture, Cambridge. UTILITY DUCK CLUB MONTHLY NOTES, St. Antony's, Swanley, Kent. UTILITY RECORD, Official Organ of the Nat. Utility Poultry Society, 53, Victoria Street, London, S.W. 1. THE VETERINARY BULLETIN, Veterinary Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Weybridge, Surrey.

FRANCE. LE PETIT JOURNAL AGRICOLE, 61 Rue Lafayette, Paris. LA REVUE AVICOLE, 34 Rue de Lille, Paris.

GERMANY. ARCHIV FUER GEFLUEGELKUNDE, Kaiser Wilhelmstr. 66, Berlin-Nieder Schönhausen.

— 17 — Il DEUTSCHE GEFLUEGEL-ZEITUNG, J. Ebner- sche Buchdruckerei, Ulm a.D. DEUTSCHE LANDWIRTSCHAFTLICHE GE- p-LUEGEL-ZEITUNG, Steinmetzstr. 2, Berlin. EIER-BOERSE, Nürnbergerstr. 28, Berlin. GEFLUEGEL-BOERSE, Solomonstr. 16, Leipzig. GEFLUEGEL-FARMER, Lütznerstr. 29, Leipzig. GEFLUEGEL-WELT, Georgstrasze 38-33, Hannover. NORDDEUTSCHER GEFLUEGELHOF, Nord- strasse 5, Oldenburg i.Olbg. ZUECHTUNGSKUNDE, Nikolausberger Weg 9, Göttingen.

HOLLAND. AVICULTURA, Misset, Doetinchem. BEDRIJFS-PLUIMVEEHOUDER, Doetinchem. SCHÄKELS, Maasslraat 106-11, Amsterdam (Z.). TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR DIERGENEESKUNDE, Prins Mauritslaan 9, Den Haag.

HUNGARIA. STATISTIKAI IIAVI KOZLEMENYEK, Keleti Kàroly, U. 7, Parterre 11, Budapest.

INDIA. THE INDIAN POULTRY GAZETTE, Narayan- gunj, E. Bengal. THE INDIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL, P. Srinivasa Rao, Madras.

IRISH FREE STATE. JOURNAL OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, Dublin, C. 17.

ITALY. BASSA CORTE, Via Pellegrina Rossi 88, Milano- Affori. RIVISTA DI AVICULTURA, Via Aurelio Saffi, 26, Bologna. RIVISTA DI ZOOTECNIA, R. Instituto Superiore Agrario e Foréstale, Cascine, Firenze.

JAPAN. JOURNAL OF THE JAPANESE SOCIETY OF VETERINARY SCIENCE, Prof. Naoshi Nitta, Facuiti of Agriculture, Imperial University, Komaba, Tokyo.

— 18 — MEXICO. MEXICO AVÍCOLA, Apartado 270, Av. 3pte, 1911, Puebla.

NETHERLANDS-EAST-INDIA. LANDBOUW EN VEETEELT, Petjenongan 72, Batavia-Centrum. N. I. BLADEN VOOR DIERGENEESKUNDE, Bataviasche weg 54, Buitenzorg.

NORWAY. TIDSKRIFT FOR FJAERFAEAVL, Raadlius- gaten, 9 III, 10-3, Oslo.

PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. PHILIPPINE POULTRY JOURNAL, P.O. Box 3002, Manila.

POLAND. DROB POLSKI, VI. Kopernika 30, Warsaw. THE POLISH ECONOMIST, Electoralna 2, Warsaw.

ROUMANIA. REVISTA AVÍCOLA, D-lui Adrian Lazar CIuj, Str. Nemoranduliu 22.

SCOTLAND. THE SCOTTISH JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE, Dept. of Agriculture, His Majesty's Stationery Office, Edinburgh.

SOUTH AFRICA. BOERDERIJ IN SUID-AFRICA, Landbouw Department, Pretoria. THE JOURNAL OF THE S. A. VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION, Dr. Curson, Onderstepoort, Pretoria. THE S. A. POULTRY MAGAZINE, Whlteco House, Box 286, Bloenifonteln, S.

SPAIN. ESPAÑA AVÍCOLA, Aperlado 1,55, Valencia. MUNDO AVíCOLA, Arenys de Mar, Barcelona.

SWEDEN. SVERIGES FJÄDERFÄAVELS FÖRENINGS TIDSKRIFT, Garvaregatan 7, Stockholm.

SWITZERLAND. DIE TIERWELT, Zofingen.

— 19 — UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. ALABAMA NATIONAL EGG LAYING DEMONSTRATION PROGRESS REPORT, Alabama Polytechnic Institute, Auburn, Alabama. THE BABY CHICK, 1230 West Washington Boulevard, Chicago. EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, U.S. Depart- ment of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. HATCHERY TRIBUNE, Mount Morris, Illinois. HINTS TO POULTRYMEN, Agrie. Exp. Station, New Brunswick, N.J. INTERNATIONAL BABY CHICK NEWS, 3223 Troost Ave., Kansas City, Mo. NEW ENGLAND POULTRYMAN, 4 Park Street, 2, Boston, Mass. NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURE, Rutgers Univer- sity, New Brunswick, N. J. OHIO AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, BIMONTHLY BULLETIN, Wooster, Ohio. POULTRY ITEM, Sellersville, P.A. POULTRY PROJECT BULLETIN, Mich. State. College of Agriculture, East Lansing, Michigan. POULTRY SCIENCE, Dr. J. Holmes Martin, 730 Rose Street, Lexington, Ky. POULTRY TRIBUNE, Mount Morris, Illinois. RELIABLE POULTRY JOURNAL, Dayton, Ohio. U.S. EGG AND POULTRY MAGAZINE, 110 North Franklin Street, Chicago.

20 - BREEDING

Improvement of Laying-Capacity. Come si puo raddoppiare la Produzione inuernale di Uova. R. Giuliani, PoUaio Provinciale di Firenze. Rivista Zootécnica, 31 Luglio 1932. In order to decide the influence of a good cock on bad hens, 24 peasant hens were bought in 1930 in the vicinity of Florence. These were divided into 2 groups of 12 each. The average production of the first group amoiinted to: winterlaying 17.6 eggs, totally 97 eggs. Of the second group these figures were resp. 13.1 and 103. These hens were paired off with one cock of good breed, the winterlaying by the daughters amounted to an average of 44.5.

The new Breed *'Grossa di Bologna'*. La nuoua Razza ''Grossa di Bologna', M. Ghigi. Rivista di Avicoltura, No. 3, 1931. For the obtaining of a new breed with combined capacity, a cross- breed between White Leghorns and Indian Fighting Hens has been tried at the Poultry Breeding Experiment Station at Rovigo in the year 1925. After 5 crossings, the breed can now be regarded as successful, and to which the author gave the name "Grossa di Bologna". This breeds unites the chief qualities, the plentiful formation of muscle of the Fighting Hens as well as the fertility of the Leghorns. The average weight of the cocks is 3.1 Kg., that of the hens 2.5 Kg. The yield of eggs amounts at the average to 160, the highest number amounts to 232. The greatest advantage of this breed is their early maturing, the young cockerels of three months weigh already 1.050 Kg. and those of four months 2.121 Kg.

Continuous two Years Layingperiod of a Hen. Durchlaufende zweijährige Legeperiode bei einem Huhn. Dr. A. Hansen. Eisleben. Tierärztliche Rundschau, 1932, p. 282, The writer describes a chicken laying continuously, and which did not show any appearance of moulting. The hen, crossbred R.I.R. and Barnevelder commenced laying in January 1930 and continued laying until October 1931, thus 22 months. The change of feathers has taken place either not at all or very inperceptibly. The eggs were exceptionally large, the average weight was 80 grams. In the second year the lay amounted to only 50 % of the first year. The eggs became finally irregular of form, and there was always a spot on the shell where no more lime was present. The total lay amounted to 334 eggs.

Breathing of the Egg during the Incubation. Die Atmung des Hühnereies während der Bebrütung. Prof. Dr. Pritsche. Geflügelbörse, 24 Juni 1932. The oxigen contents of the unhatched fresh chicken egg is 6 % higher than the oxigen contents of the air and contains 25J4—^^/4 % oxigen. The

— 21 — bound up oxigen will be released again for the breathing through the life processes during the hatching. Through the higher temperature oxigen will again be released, i.e. about Yi c.o.m. in 5 hours. Owing to this, the oxigen contents of the egg will decrease. The superfluous carbonic acid cannot be discharged through the allantois and collects in the ^^'g. After 10 days hatching already 43^ % carbonic acid will be collected, after 20 days 9 %. The contens of oxigen has then decreased to 18 %. Through the attempt of the chick for more oxigen it will break through the shell cuticle into the air eel and will finally be borne. The collected oxigen will be used for the building up of the organs. This oxigen will form extension of the airpipes and finally form the air-sacs.

Desinfection of Incubators. Wie desinfeziere ich Brutappa- rate? Dr. B. Froboese, Berlin. Deutsche Landwirtschaft- liche Geflügelzeitung, 1932, p. 669. The writer has employed the method described by him, during the last few years with success: 1. By flat incubators. The apparatus has to be cleaned with a hot soda dilution, after which it has to be washed out with a warm chinosol dilution (1 : 1000), after which it has to be brought again to a temperature of 38° C. Once 38° have been reached, a 5 % formaldehyd dilution will be sprayed into the apparatus, during which all openings will have to be closed. This will be left for one hour to work. After this the ventilators and the doors will be opened, and an hour afterwards new eggs can be introduced again. 2. By incubators with forced draft ventilation. The floor and the walls will be desinfected every fortnight with a dilution of chinosol during the hatching. It is not to be recommended to incubate and hatch eggs in the same space. The use of separate hatching-rooms is to be recommended. They may be desinfected with a dilution of chinosol and formaline.

Important Facts in Incubation. Ueber wichtige Faktoren, die bei der künstlichen Brütung zu beachten sind. H. Schoepf. Deutsche Landwirtschaftliche Geflügelzeitung, Vol. 35, p. 293. The main thing is good hatching eggs. The life of the hatching eggs is very important. By artificial incubation, the eggs may not be older than 8 tot 10 days. Within 8 tot 10 days an influence of the age of the eggs cannot be established as regards the hatching results. The hatching eggs will have to be kept between 5° and 15° C. It is sufficient to turn the hatching eggs every second day.

Sexual Uniformism in Guinea Fowls, Zur Frage des Wesens des Geschlechts-uniformismus bei Perlhühnern. Dr. Jan Zahalka. Vestnik Cesko-slovenska Akademie Zeinedels- ke, 1932, p. 616. An extensive combating of the opinion of Dr. Krizenecky regarding the uniformism by guinea fowls. The writer explains this by a relative hyperpinealism, founded on his macro- and microscopic researches of the epiphyses of hens and guinea-fowls. The feather covering of the guinea fowl is no sexual characteristics of the sex, it is asexual, and lies completely outside the working sphere of the sexual glands. For this reason, the conclusion of Krizenecky, that by the guinea fowl, owing to hyperpinealism by means of hypofunction of the

— 22 — gonades, feathers of cockerels will originate, is erronous. The same is also valid for Sebright Bantams.

The Effect of some Factors upon the Blood Sugar of Embryo Chicks. G. Vladimirov. Journal of Physiology, 1931, p. 411. (Ref. Journal of the Am. Vet. Med. Ass., Vol. 79, p. 827). Experiments undertaken in order to ascertain the effect of different agents upon the blood-sugar level in chicken embryos gave the following results: The introduction of water into the air space of the egg decreases the blood-sugar level by diluting the blood; carbon dioxid and insulin do not influence the blood-sugar level regularly; the influence of adrenalin appears only in the last few days and then only to a very feeble degree. The author concludes that the effects of hormones upon the carbohydrate metabolism in the embryonic state is very insignificant.

Flock Improvement through selection of hatching Eggs. W. C. Thompson. Hints to Poultrymen, 19, 1931, No. 4. The details of the care and selection of eggs to be used for hatching purposes are discussed in this publication.

NUTRITION

The Preparation of Meat-scraps. Meat-scraps Problems, De Bereiding van DiermeeL Diermeelproblemen. Dr. B. J. C. te Hennepe. Tijdschrift voor Diergeneeskunde, 1931, p. 918. The author describes three different processes for the preparation of nieatscraps used in the Netherlands, pointing out their advantages and dis- advantages. (1) The wet process, (2) The dry process, (3) The extraction process by means of Benzin. A summary of the economical results obtained is being given. The author points further out, that according to his opinion the question, as to how far the intrinsic value of free fatty acids influences the feeding value of the meal, especially as regards chicken food, is quite entitled.

Digestibility of Proteins, Verdaulichkeit der Eiweisstoffe in einigen Futtermitteln beim Geflügel. Dr. J. Krizenecky and Dr. M. Nevalonnyj. Vestnik Cesko-slovensko Aka- demie Zemedelske, 1932, p. 613. The digestibility figures of different tests published within the last years, are differing very strongly among themselves. Writers have tested the digestibility of different protein stuffs during the last years. The technic of the tests is being described, and the results are being indicated on a table. Conclusions: By a low protein content of the raw material, the digestibility of the protein will also decrease. The protein-digestibility-percentages are lower by Plymouth Rock hens than by Leghorns and the differences are especially noticeable by bloodmeal and fish-meal. For protein of maize no difference exists by the two breeds.

Experiments with Vitacin, Die Wirkung des Vitacins bei Ver- abreichung an Geflügel, Prof. Dr. F. Zaribnicky, Tier- ärztliche Monatschrift, Vol. 16, p. 511. Vitacin of Venecin is being prepared from the ash of brown-coal, which is being disolved in water. This solution contains 3.5 gram of solid ingredients. At a experiment station in Winzendorf, Austria, feeding tests were made with chicks. One group was fed with ordinary food, whilst the other received vitacin in the drinking water. The growth of the vitacin chicks was considerably better than that of the control chicks. The vitacin chicks, at the end of the tests, were weighing 1067 grams against 759 grams of the controlled chicks. I 1 ' -i,! |;R No scientific explanation can be given for this quicker growth, and further tests with a great quantity of chicks are very much desired.

— 25 — Tests with different Protein Contents in the Food. Fütterungs- versuch mit verschiedenen hohen Eiweissgaben im Lege- hennenfutter. J. Zöllner, Langenhagen (Hannover). Deutsche Landwirtschaftliche Geflügelzeitung, 1932, 9. June. Tests were made with three groups of White Leghorns. Group I received in the daily ration 9.6 % protein, II: 13.8 %, III: 18.0 %. The group receiving 13.8 % protein gave the best results. In the weight of the egg bodily weight and the health were no differences. By a higher percentage of protein, the moult is less and passes easier. A feed with 13.8 % of protein of the daily ration (of which 5.5 % animal protein) gave the best results at the tests.

Calculation of the Poultry Nutrition. Grundlagen für die Berechnung der Flühnerfütterung. Fr. Oppolzep. Gc- flügelwirtschaft, 4 Juni 1931. The théorie of Prof. G. van Wendt, Helsingfors, Finland, reads as follows: The work of a hen, laying one egg of 50 grams per day agrees with that of a cow, giving 30 litres of milk per day. High protein containing food stimulates a higher lay. Too much protein has a damaging effect. If, in a flock, all chickens get the same food, the chicken which lay not enough get too much protein, and will become unproductive. The want of protein by heavy breeds is higher than that of lighter breeds. The weight of the egg shell amounts to 10 % of the proper weight, if the weight is less than 9 % a fault in the feeding will be the cause thereof. By the calculations, groups of 100 hens are considered. The production is being given in Kilograms per 100 hens, which is called Kilo-Percent or Kg.-%. For the production of 1 Kg. eggs 0.85 to 0.90 food units are needed with about 200 gram digestible protein. From the stated value for maintenance-food and production-food, the ration for 100 hens can be calculated.

Researches Concerning Vitamins. Praktische Untersuchungen zur Vitamin Frage. Dr. A. Behrendt, Berlin. Die Medizi- nische Welt, ärztliche Wochenschrift, 1929, 13 Juli. Researches regarding the vitamin contents of artificially fixed cod- liver oil. The preparation has been discovered by Dr. Wander at Osthofen. Whilst by the ordinary manner of hardening of greases the Vitamin contents get lost, these remain present in the examined preparation, called "Jemalt".

Yeast in Chickens Rations. Gist als Bestanddeel van het Kuikenrantsoen. W. F. Gerhardt. Buitenzorg. Neder- landsch-Indische Bladen voor Diergeneeskunde. April 1932. Summary. Yeast contains a certain factor which increases both the appetite and the useful effect of the feeding substance (dry meal), and which causes therefore a more intensive growth. In these experiments two in all respects

— 26 — equivalent groups, composed of 44 chicks each, were used whereby a quantity of 3 % of dried spirit yeast was added to the feed of the first group only. The influence of the factor referred to makes itself felt principally in the course of the first 36 days, more or less, in the chicks life. In 14 chicks 31,8 % of the second group (fed with flour containing no yeast whatever) a crippled condition was observed with inward curling of the toes, in 13 cases of which, however, this crippled state disappeared after a certain period of time. In all these chicks the cripple condition was preceded by a lesser intensity of growth. In 8 of these cases the growth again became normal during the experimental period. This recuperation generally coincided with the same time period within which the crippled condition was apparently cured. Upon the basis of the above mentioned facts the writer believes it to be very likely that the addition of 3 % of dried spirit yeast to the feed counteracts inward curling of the toes in chicks and that one and the same cause must be ascribed both to this deviation and to the defective intensity in their growth.

Mixed Protein Rations for Laying Hens and Breeders. Report from The National Institute of Poultry Husbandry Experimental Farm, Newport, Salop, England. Previous work at the N.P.I, had shown that as sources of protein in a ration for layers there was no difference between meat meal, fish meal, extracted soya bean meal, and decorticated earthnut meal. Since that time the use of mashes with mixed proteins had become the practice and it was felt desirable to investigate the possibilities of various substitutions in such a mash. The basal mash used was: 49 Maize meal, 14 Bran, 14 Thirds, 6 Meat and bone meal, 6 Extracted soya bean meal, 6 Dried skim milk, 2 Ground limestone, 2 Cod liver oil, 1 Salt. The substitutions made were fish meal for meat and bone meal, decorticated earthnut meal for extracted soya bean meal, and dried buttermilk for dried skim milk. The bulletin is divided into three parts. Parts I. and II. deal with the result obtained in the pullet and second season respectively, whilst Part III. deals with a comparison between the basal mash and a similar mash w^ith meat and bone meal as the sole protein-rich food. Part I., dealing with the pullet year, presents all relevant data and concludes that under the condition of the experiment there is no difference in the production resulting from the various substitutions in the mash. The conclusions from Part. II. are essentially the same as those of Part I. with the exception of the pen receiving dried buttermilk. The production of this pen was significantly lower than that receiving the basal mash. In the application of these findings to commercial practice the cost of substitutions must be taken into consideration. In the experiment, whilst the differences in egg production were not significant, the increased cost of fish meal over meat and bone meal and of dried buttermilk over dried skim milk lowered the gross profit of both pens for both years. Hatchability tests were conducted on the rations under experiment and there was no difference between the results obtained. Two points outside the scope of the bulletin arise and are worthy of mention. They are: The remarkable response to lighting by the second-year birds; and the fact that such lighting did not apparently interfere with the fertility and hatchability of the eggs produced. Part III., dealing with the comparison of meat and bone meal as a source of protein with a mixture of meat and bone meal, soya bean meal, and dried skim milk, shows a significant difference in favour of the mixed protein group both as pullets and as yearlings. Hatchability tests of these rations showed again a significant difference in favour of the mixed protein ration.

— 27 — A Comparison between mixed and simple Sources of Protein for Poultry, I. W. Rhys. National Poultry Institute, Newport, England. Chanticleer, July, 1932, p. 91. Parkhurst and Lomax reported that when dried skim milk was added to a ration in which the protein was in the form of meat meal the resulting egg production was sufficiently great to pay for the added cost of the ration and to leave is greater margin over food cost. The next experiments were to compare two rations in which the total protein was the same, one having a single source only, and the other having protein from more than one source. One pen received meat and bone meal, soya bean meal and dried skimmed milk, the other only meat and bone meal in their mash. There was great difference in egg production in both pens (mixed proteins average 1st year 184, 2nd year 144, simple protein 1st year 149, 2nd year 130). The apparent complication of the ration is thus justified. There was also an extreme difference between the result of hatching of the two rations. (Hatching results resp. 73.2 and 58 per cent.) From this it may be concluded, that the poultry keeper may expect superior results from a ration in which the protein is derived from more than one source.

Feeding Demonstrations. From the Sixth Annual Report of the Herts County Laying Trials by D. W. Ferguson. Hertfordshire Institute of Agriculture, Oaklands, St. Albans. The Utility Record, July, 1932. Demonstrations of feeding chicks and adult birds have been carried on at "Oaklands" since the autumn of 1929, and they have shown the differences in growth or egg production that can be obtained by using "bad" or "good" rations. GROWING CHICKS. (a) Six groups of forty chicks were hatched on March 3rd, 1930, and were reared on six different rations. This demonstration was reported in detail in the Laying Trial Report issued in 1931, and may now be summarised as follows: The rations differed in their mineral and protein content, one group receiving a cereal ration only. The growth of this pen was slow, and the first egg was laid when the birds were twenty-three weeks old. The body weight at that time averaged only 3 lb. 13 oz. Two other groups closely resembled each other and were an improvement on the cereal fed pen. This was due, in one case, to the addition of 4 per cent mineral mixture to the mash, and in the other case, to the addition of 5 per cent fish meal. Both groups produced the first egg at twenty-two weeks, the average weight of the birds then being 4 lb. 6 oz. and 4 lb. 4 oz. respectively. A fourth group, which had received separated milk in addition to the basal ration, also produced the first egg in the twenty-second week, and had an average live weight of 4 lb. 5 oz. The two remaining groups reached the weight of 4 lb. 5 oz. and 4 lb, 6 oz. by the twenty-first week, at which time the first egg was laid. These, the two best pens, had received heavy protein and mineral additions to the mash in the form of 133^ per cent fish meal, or 18 per cent extracted soyabean meal, with 4 per cent mineral mixture. (h) Four groups of 120 chicks were hatched in February, 1932, two on the 1st and two on the 26th of the month. The chicks are being fed on grain and dry mash, one group from each hatch having a mash containing 5 per cent fish meal, the other groups receiving 12^ per cent. The average weights of each group on April 4th 1932, were: i Hatched Feb. 26th (5 weeks). Hatched Feb. 1st (9 weeks). 5 % Fishmeal. 12^ % Fishmeal. 5 % Fishmeal. 12H % Fishmeal. 7.8 oz. 9 oz. 1 lb. 3 oz. 1 lb. 8 oz.

- 28 — In both these demonstrations the value of protein and minerals is apparent. LAYING HENS. (a) In October, 1929, eighty pullets were used in four groups of twenty birds to demonstrate the unsuitability of a cereal diet for egg production compared with a balanced ration (reported in full in the Fifth Laying Trial Report). This demonstration was continued from 1930, and again from 1931, with groups of ten birds. The egg production was as follows:

First 12 weeks. 44 weeks. Cereals. Balanced. Cereals. Balanced. 1929-30 12 32 88 150 1930-31 12 46 57 190 1931-32 18 32 — —

(h) The pullets from the chick-rearing demonstration (a) were put on a uniform ration and trap-nested from August, 1930, to see if the method of rearing had any influence on laying powers. At the end of February, 1931, trapnesting was discontinued as there appeared to be no significant differences between the laying powers of each group. (c) From September, 1930, to August, 1931, two groups of 100 pullets were fed on a grain and dry mash ration differing in that the mash of one group contained 10 per cent fish meal, while that of the other contained 10 per cent fish meal with 13 per cent extracted soya bean meal, and 3 per cent mineral mixture. No difference was observed in the health of the two pens, while the average egg production differed by only five eggs per bird in fifty-two weeks. The actual production per bird was 189 from the medium pen, and 184 from the high protein and mineral pen. At the same time, four pens of twenty birds were used to compare the effect of 10 per cent and 20 per cent fish meal added to a mash, and again the medium ration produced the greater number of eggs. The adtual production in forty-eight weeks showed an average of 206 eggs per bird, compared with 185 per bird from the heavy protein and mineral feeding. (d) It has been shown elsewhere that extracted soya bean meal with a suitable mineral mixture can be used satisfactorily as protein and mineral ingredients in a laying mash, and now further work is being done to simplify the mineral mixture. Since October 15th, 1931, four pens of twenty pullets have been kept on a laying ration containing 13 per cent extracted soya bean meal. In two pens an addition of 4 per cent mineral mixture has been made, and the production is being compared with that of the two remaining pens which receive 5 per cent common salt in place of the minerals. At present there seems to be no difference in production or health. Those receiving the mineral mixture have averaged 78 eggs in 169 days (to March 31st, 1932), while those with the salt addition have produced 80 eggs per bird. It should, however, not be assumed that salt is the only mineral necessary until further work has been done. (e) This demonstration can only be regarded as suggestive, in view of the small numbers of birds used. Since November 6th, 1931, two pens of five Leghorn pullets have been allowed to make a free choice of food from the following ingredients: Cracked maize, wheat, bran, middlings, Sussex ground oats, and maize meal. One pen has a further choice of fish meal. The following results have been obtained: 6th November, 1931 to 31st March, 1932. Daily consumption per bird.

— 29 — Free Choice with Free Choice without Fishmeal. Fishmeal. amount. percentage, amount, percentage. Cracked maize 1.3 oz. 37.3 1.26 38.9 Wheat 1.4 40.0 1.34 41.0 Bran .05 1.5 .06 1.8 Middlings 14 4.0 .12 3.7 Sussex ground oats 09 2.7 .16 4.8 Maizemeal 3 8.7 .32 9.8 Fishmeal 2 5.8 — — Total 3.48 oz. 100.0% 3.26 oz. 100% Egg production per bird. First 12 weeks 28.6 eggs 34 % 17.6 eggs 21 % 21 weeks to 31st March, 1932 65.6 eggs 45 % 37.0 eggs 25 % Such demonstrations have proved of the greatest interest to numerous visitors to the Institute, and it is intended, as far as possible, to continue them in the future.

The Use of Milk in the Poultry Ration. H. C. Knandel. The Leghorn World, January 1932. Knandel says, that in America milk was used originally only in agricultural concerns, where milk was abundant. As the results were extraordinary, not-milk producing concerns started also to use milk for feeding. In connection therev/ith, the most different milk-produces were brought on the market in quick succession. A trial at the Missouri Experiment Station proved, that better laying capacities were obtained with milk-food than with meat-scraps, whilst the feeding costs per egg on milk-food proved to be lower than by the use of meat-scraps. At a further trial, executed in 1923 at the Pennsylvania State College, those animals, obtaining milk and other animal protein showed off to advantage. By reasons of these trial results, Knandel compiled a recipe of a dry chicken food, which has had good results in America. Finally he reports, that also by breeding and fattening good results were obtained by means of milk food.

Rations for Layers. D. C. Kennard. Ohio. Agricultural Exp. Station Bimonthly Bulletin, March-April, 1932. Popular opinion seems about equally for and against oats for layers and there is considerable prejudice against whole oats on account of the hulls. What happens when we put these contentions to actual test is shown by the preliminary results of a test now in progress at the station. To the control ration 20 per cent whole oats was added and the corn was reduced to 15 per cent. The results give no indication of having exceeded the optimum amount of oats. In fact, when 40 per cent of the total feed intake was oats, better results were secured than from only 20 per cent.

Protein Levels for finishing Pallets. A. R. Winter, E. L. Dakan and A. Bayes. Poultry Science, Vol. XI, January 1932. CONCLUSION. It is desirable to change pullets from the starting ration to the laying ration at the age of 8 to 12 weeks without the use of a growing or "finishing" ration that is lower in protein than the laying ration. This system of feeding results in larger and more uniformly developed birds at the time production begins, and also more intensive and uniform early production.

— 30 — There is no correlation between the level of protein intake and the age at which the first egg is produced. Poultry experiments in Mississippi, G. R. Sipe, Mississippi Sta. Rpt. 1931, pp. 48—50. CHARCOAL IN THE RATION FOR LAYING HENS. In this test 4 pens of 15 White Leghorn hens each were fed the same basal ration for 8 months. In addition the respective lots received charcoal at the rate of 1 per cent, 2 per cent, ad libitum, and none. The average production per bird was 86.3, 65.8, 89.2, and 105.8 eggs, and the average mortality was 13.3, 20, 6.7, and 6.7 per cent, respectively. COTTONSEED MEAL FOR LAYING HENS. Protein in the form of meat scrap was fed to 4 lots of 15 White Leghorn hens each for 9 months, while 4 similar pens received cottonseed meal. The meat scrap pens consumed 3,106 lbs. of feed and produced an average of 89.1 eggs per bird, while the cottonseed meal pens ate 3,126 lbs, of feed and each bird laid an average of 88.6 eggs. The mortality was the same in both groups. The feed cost for the cottonseed meal groups was $3.61 less than for the meat scrap groups. COTTONSEED MEAL FOR BROILER PRODUCTION. A test covering a period of 8 weeks was conducted with 4 lots of 250 chicks each. Lot 1 received a standard basal diet, and in the other lots 10 per cent of cottonseed meal replaced a like amount of corn gluten meal, meat scrap, and dried buttermilk, respectively. The initial weight was approximately 20.6 lbs. per pen, while the final weight was 126, 100, 109, and 92 lbs. for the respective pens. Mortality was high in all lots so that the results were not conclusive. Lots 3 and 4 did not eat their feed readily, while lots 1 and 2 consumed all of their feed. Nutrition studies at the Washington Station. Washington Col. Sta. Bui. 260, 1931, pp. 19, 20, 23, 24. (Ref. Experiment Station Record, Vol. 66, p. 762). POULTRY NUTRITION. J. L. St. John, O. Johnson, C. Kempf, and H. Gerritz. — No variations in the endogenous and metabolic nitrogen were found during the first 12 weeks of a chick's life that could be correlated with age. Feeding chicks a basal ration with a high biological value and supplementing with fish meals showed that 15 per cent of protein furnished from this source was the most efficient level, with 12 per cent of protein practically as efficient. For maximum growth during the first 10 to 12 weeks of age, a protein level of 15 per cent should be used. There were indications of a definite relationship between the protein level in the feed, the date of sexual maturity, and the size of eggs produced. The calcium-phosphorus balance of the basal ration when no added minerals were fed was negative, and the addition of high levels of calcium and phosphorus did not increase the balance over moderate levels. VITAMINS. The question of the influence of carbohydrates on the development of polyneuritic avitaminosis in pigeons. R. Janowskaja, Riochem. Ztschr., 238, 1931, No. 1—3, pp. 125—130, figs. 2. (Ref. Experiment Station Record, Vol. 66, p. 794.) The contention of Randoin and Simonnet that pigeons on a carbohydrate-free diet do not require vitamin B was tested by a repetition of their feeding experiments, with great care in the purification of the carbohydrate- free diet. Under these conditions, the pigeons receiving the carbohydrate-

— 31 — free diet developed polyneuritis, although the survival period was somewhat longer on the diet containing carbohydrate. The author concludes that the survival and freedom from polyneuritis of the pigeons on the carbohydrate- free diet in the studies of Randoin and Simonnet was due to traces of vitamin B in the diet, and that the longer survival period in the present series of studies on the carbohydrate-free diet than on the one containing carbohydrates was probably due to the higher fat content of the former. Crystalline vitamin D, F. A. Askew, H. M. Bruce, R. K. Callow, J. St. L. Philpot, and T. A. Webster. Nature, London, 1931, No. 3235, p. 758. (Ref. Experiment Station Record, Vol. 66, p. 709.) A brief note announcing that the crystalline preparation of vitamin D previously named Calciferol by the authors has been found to conftain an inactive contaminant which they have named Pyrocalciferol. This was discovered by treating Calciferol in pyridine with 3 : 5-dinitrobenzoyl chloride and subjecting the esters formed to fractional crystallization. Two esters have been repeatedly recrystallized, one of these Calciferyl 3 : 5- dinitrobenzoate in lemon-colored plates with a melting point of 145 to 147° C. and the other Pyrocalciferyl 3 : 5-dinitrobenzoate in orange-colored prisms with a melting point of 167.5 to 169.5°. On hydrolysis the former yields Calciferol with a melting point of 114.5 to 117°, an antirachitic activity of 40,000 International Units per milligram, and in alcohol solution an intense absorption band with a maximum at 265 mm. The latter yields on hydrolysis Pyrocalciferol with a melting point of 92 to 94°, no antirachitic activity, and in alcohol solution an absorption band with maxima at 296, 284, and 274mm. Both Calciferol and Pyrocalciferol have the same empirical formula as ergosterol. The specific rotation of Calciferol in acetone is given as [a] V + 81'. It is noted that Calciferol as thus purified resembles closely in physical properties the preparation of Linsert named by Windaus vitamin D2, as noted below, but is of much higher antirachitic activity than has been reported as yet for vitamin D2. It is considered not to be identical with the antirachitic concentrate of Reerink and van Wijk on account of the great instability, lower absorption, and lower antirachitic activity of the latter product. Crystallized vitamin Ih. A. Windaus, A. Lüttringhaus, and M. Deppe. Liebiijjs Ann. Chem., 489, 1931, No. 3, pp. 252—269. This paper discusses in greater detail than the one noted previously the investigations which have been carried on in the senior author's laboratory for more than four years in an effort to isolate vitamin D, and the relation of the crystalline products finally prepared to those reported by Bourdillon et al. and Reerink and van Wijk. A footnote added later announces that a second crystalline antirachitic concentrate, vitamin D2, has been obtained by O. Linsert from the unfiltered irradiation product obtained with a magnesium vapor lamp. This vitamin D2 melts at 114 to 115° C, has a specific rotation in acetone solution of [a] D -f 85°, is more soluble in various organic solvents than is vitamin Di, and has the same antirachitic activity. Observations concerning the antirachitic vitamin from irradiated ergosterol. A. Windaus and A. Lüttringhaus, Hoppe-Seyler's Ztschr. Physiol. Chem., 203, 1931, No. 1-2, pp. 70—75. (Ref. Experiment Station Record, Vol. 66, p. 709.)

— 32 -- The authors discuss the chief characteristics of their crystalline compounds, vitamins Di, and D2, as noted above, with particular reference to the various theories which have been proposed concerning the chemical nature of the antirachitic vitamin. The theory advanced by Gerlach that vitamins, enzymes, and hormones are not chemical identities but simply well-known chemical substances in an altered state through the absorption of radiant energy is considered disproved by the demonstration that vitamins Di and D2 are stable isomers of ergosterol. The theory of Takamiya that vitamin D is an ozonide of ergosterol is considered disproved by the fact that ergosterol preparations irradiated in the complete absence of oxygen have been obtained which are more than 2,000 times as active as Takamiya's most active preparation. Concerning the toxicity of irradiation products, it is noted that both vitamins Di and D2 are toxic in very high doses and produce a state of hypervitaminosis, as suggested by Kreitmair and Moll among others. In an addendum reference is made to the communication by Askew et al. noted above. The authors are of the opinion that the new Calciferol described by Askew et al. is identical with Linsert's vitamin D2. They state that their vitamin Di also splits into two dinitrobenzoic esters, and that in their opinion vitamin Di is an addition product between vitamin D2 and an isomeric alcohol. Chemical constitution of the vitamins. Lancet, London, 1931, II, No. 24, pp. 1307, 1308. A concise review of the present status of knowledge concerning the chemical nature of vitamins A and D. The molecular weight of vitamin A. H. R. Bruins, J. O verhoff and L. K. Wolff, Biochem. Jour., 25, 1931, No. 2, pp. 430—438. The authors have compared the relative molecular size of carotene and a vitamin A concentrate obtained from the unsaponifiable fraction of sheep liver extract by determining their diffusion constants in the same liquid, xylene. The diffusion constant of vitamin A was found to be higher than that of carotene, the difference between the two exceeding considerably the probable errors of measurement. "The ratio of the molecular weights of the two substances has been calculated, and from this a molecular weight of about 330 has been deduced for vitamin A. The value obtained causes the assumption of a simple chemical relation between vitamin A and carotene to appear improbable." Avitaminosis in Fowls. J. K. Hutchinson, Veterinary Research Station, Glenfield, N.S.W. The Australasian Poultry World, July, 1932. In Australia the disease has not long been recognised, but there is no doubt that it has occurred frequently enough in time of long dry spells when green feed has not been available. Various outbreaks have been reported in N.S.W. during the last few years. The treatment is very simple cod liver oil was supplied at the rate of 1 per cent in the mash. The Histopathology of Nutritional Encephalomalacia of Chicks. A. Wolf and A. Pappenheimer. Journal Experi- mental Medicin, 1931, p. 399. (Ref. Journ. of the Am. Vet. Med. Ass., Vol. 79, p. 825.)

— 33 — Hi The salient features of the histopathology of the brain lesions may be summarized as (1) edema, with separation and disruption of the cellular and fibrillar elements; (2) degeneration and necrosis of the Purkinje cells, and of the small cells constituting the granular layer of the cerebellum; (3) small hemorrhages scattered through the cortical v/hite matter, or within the cortical zones; (4) hyaline capillary thrombi in and about the necrotic areas. Whatever may be the nature of the nutritive error or deficiency which is responsible for encephalomalacia in chicks, the immediate cause must be looked for in same agent or condition which impairs the capillary circulation of the brain, the essential lesion is an ischémie necrosis, followed!, if the animal survive, by reparativo organisation of the dead tissue.

Vitamins and Minerals in Nutrition. IJeher die Wirlcung Vitamin- and Kalkhaltiger Präparate bei der Kücken- aufzucht mit besonderer Berücksichtigung des Vitakalks. Dr. Fr. Freudenberg. Tierärztliche Hochschule, Berlin. Tierärztliche Rundschau, 1932, p. 173. The writer of this article gives an oversight of the liistory of the vitamins in the feeding and the minerals, and has made tests with a preparation called Vita-Kalk of which the compounds are given. It contains a very high percentage of lime, Phosphore and the Vitamins B and D. The test with chicks has successful results. Plant Dyes and A-Vitamins. Pflanzenfarbstoff und A~Vitamin. Kosmos, July 1932. The American researchers Olcoit and Mc. Caun have won yeast from liver tissues, v/hich transfers the plant dye Carotin in the reagent-tube into the growth promoting Vitamin A. By spectometric researches this transfor- mation could be followed exactly. Completely independent thereof, the two researchers have also proved that about 50—80% containing Vitamin A Preparations (a light yellow oil) which they have obtained from flounder oil, are in chemical connection to the Carotin. Already 0.0005 mg of this oil caused a clearly visible growth on the test animals. The D-Vitamin in some of the Foods. Over het Vitamine-D in enkele Voedermiddelen. E. Brouwer and J. G. de Ruyter de Wildt. Landbouwkundig Tijdschrift, 1931, p. 337. The method, employed by the author, for the analysis of the D- Vitamin contents of some foods is being described. The analysed meadow- hay proved a fairly good source of Vitamin; this was also the case with sound conditioned straw. Of some of the animal food, the hering-meal, cod-meal, fish-meal "Hollandia" and white-fish-meal have proved themselves good sources of Vitamin. Animal meat-meal, blood-meal and whale-meat meal did not show any antirachitish tendency. The D-Vitamin in the Poultry Feeding. D-Vitamine in Voedsel voor Pluimvee. G. M. van der Plank. Tijdschrift voor Diergeneeskunde, 1931, p. 743. The author describes a trial regarding the effects of the D-Vitamin- Preparations "Davitamon" of the N.V. Organon at Oss by the feeding of young poultry. The author concludes from his investigations that the Davitamon by chicks, which were fed on Vitamin-D-free food mixture and were all ways kept inside, prevents the breaking out of rachitis, and, perhaps in connection therewith a better growth will be obtained.

— 34 — Rachitis in Ducklings. Ein Beitrag zur Rachitis der Jungenten und deren Behandlung, Dr. Fr. Werner, Graz. Tierärzt- liche Rundschau. 1932, p. 54. Rachitis appears also by ducks. Besides the want of Vitamin D, other factors play also a part, e.g. rearing on wire floors, overheating, colds. It is to be recommended to mix 1 % cod liver oil into the food of ducklings after the 10th day. Rachitis can be cured by the use of vigantol. Ducklings of 4 weeks old get 1/10—1/20 drops per day, from 4 to 8 weeks 1/4—1/2 drops.

— 35

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

How does the Cock crow? 1st der Larynx Cranialis am Zu- standekommen des Krähens beteiligt? B. Grzimek. Tier- ärztliche Rundschau, 1932, No. 16. The bird has a larynx caudalis and a larynx cranialis. The sound is produced in the larynx caudalis. The writer gives a description of both, accompanied by drawings. On several cocks the writer has cut the trachea, so that there was no more connection between the larynx cranialis and the lungs. The cocks recovered quickly, crowing through the cut trachea, which was fixed to the skin of the neck. Proof has therefore been given, that the sound is produced in the larynx caudalis.

Coil Shaped Cells by Birds. Beitrag zur Frage der Spindel- zellen beim GeflügeL F. Veble. (Ref. Tierärztliche Rund- schau, 1932, p. 62.) The writer did not find any Thrombocytes in the blood of poultry, but coil shaped cells, to which the same physiologic action is prescribed as on the thrombocytes of mammals. These are formed in the blood vessels from erythrocyths.

Thymus Extirpation in the laying Hen, Alan W. Greenwood and J. S. S. Blyth. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. and Med., 1931, p. 38 (Abstract. Journal Am. Vet. Med. Ass., Vol. 80, p. 261.) The removal of the thymus gland in the hen led to neither the lowering of the calcium content of the blood nor the production of eggs deficient in shell or egg membrane. Nine immature thymectomized fowls were found to produce eggs with wholly normal shells.

A Method of Counting White Cells in the Blood of Fowl. Dr. Ida Coates. Report of the Ontario Veterinary College. 1928. Toronto, 1929. This method was worked out by Dr. Ida Coates while with the Division of Medical Research of the University of Toronto. Dr. Coates has kindly suggested that it be published in this report as it may save some other worker a considerable amount of tedious work, since she was unable to find any account of blood counting methods, except indirect ones. At first, various dilutions of Wright's stain and Wright's watery gentian violet were employed for counting, but these could only be used with a highpowered lens. This method is a modification of that used for counting blood platelets in humans.

— 37 — Two solutions are employed. These are as follow: (a) Brilliant cresyl blue 1.0 gramme Distilled water 300.0 c.c. (b) Potassium cyanide 1.0 gramme Distilled water 1,400.0 c.c. Solution A should be kept on ice to prevent growth of yeasts. Equal parts of A and B are mixed freshly in an evaporating dish immediately before using. The rest of the procedure is exactly that of an ordinary white cell count. The blood should be drawn into the pipette quickly from a freely flowing drop of blood as fowl blood clots very rapidly. When the light is cut down the leucocytes show up very clearly because they refract the light differently from the erythrocytes in the counting chamber. The method gives uniform results and the finding have been consistent with what was expected from the blood smears.

Gizzard' and Intestine Digestion by Poultry. N. A. Popow and A. A. Kudrjawzew (from the Russian, ref. Tierärztliche Rundschau, 1932, p. 304. The writers have investigated: (1) The influence of the different foodstuffs on the gastric juice separation by chickens; (2) taken experiments to obtain clear gastric juice. The gastric juice was intercepted by means of a fistula in the glandular stomach. By feeding with barley, oats and cooked potatoes, the gastric juice contains a fair amount of hydrochloric acid, and digests coagulated albumen. On feeding with raw meat, the gastric juice does not contain any acid and does not digest coagulated albumen. After the adding of hydrochloric acid, coagulated albumen will also be digested. The greatest degree of acid and the greatest p.H. (2.0) possesses the gastric juice after meat feeding. The intestine juice was examined by means of connecting a part of the intestine with the abdominal wall and to catch the intestine sap, collected in this matter, in small tubes. The intestine juice of the hen differs very little from, that of the dog. It pursues a clear activating working on the trypsin of the pancreas of the dog, which is proof of the presence of enterokinase in the intestine juice of the hen.

38 — DISEASES

INFECTIOUS DISEASES

PULLORUM

First International Pullorum Congress at Hannover, October 1931. Erste Europäische Konferenz von Fachleuten für Gefliigelkrankheifen in Hannover am 23. und 24. Okt. 1931. Prof. Dr. Mieszner, Dr. te Hennepe, Dr. Berge and Dr. Schutt. Deutsche Tierärztliche Wochenschrift, 1932, p. 33. At these Pullorum-days 26 specialists in poultry diseases from Germany, England, Turkey and Holland were present. The meetings were held in Prof. Mieszner's Institute in Hannover. During the opening speech, Dr. te Hennepe, Secretary for Europe of the World's Poultry Science Asso- ciation, drew the attention to similar meetings in America already ^aken place, and that he, in conjunction with Prof. Mieszner, had taken the initiative for the present meeting. Several of those present had brought their own antigen and about a two dozens chickens were examined the first day according the serum- slow-test. On the second day 60 birds were examined with the rapid blood drop test, after which they w^ere slaughtered and examined. Resume of the discussions and tests: By the slow test 95 % and by the blood drop rapid test 96.6 % of the results obtained, agreed with the post mortem changes. By both these methods owing to the different antigens and methods of execution some differences appeared. Most of the deviations occured owing to the differences in the technic. It is very much desired therefore to standardize the methods and to charge only very skilled veterinaries with the tests. Conclusions. 1. The agglutination method cannot be missed for the combatting of the Pullorum disease. 2. The choice of slow- or rapid-methods will be left to the different institutes. 3. By the slow-test, a titer of 1 : 50 is to be regarded as positive, the reading will take place macroscopic without agglutinoscop. 4. A trial shall be made to construct a suitable nephelometer in Germany in order to be able to standardize the antigen. The antigen will be prepared as follows: A good agar-culture will be dissolved in 1 c.c. m. physiologic salt solution. For the slow test 4 % Na Cl. solution will be taken, to be 10 times thinned. 5. By the rapid test tainted antigen is to be recommended. 6. Researches will have to be made regarding the use of killed antigen. The working of carbolic acid, formalin and yatren will have to be analised.

~ 39 ~ 7. The rapid blood test demands an accurate technic. This method will therefore have to be employed only by veterinaries, who are technically perfect therein. 8. Antigen will be supplied only to veterinaries, who are well acquainted with the method. 9. The reaction may not be taught to laymen.

Value of Agglutination-Test, Der Wert der Agglutinations- méthode bei der weissen Ruhr, (Vergleichende Unter- suchungen über die Zuverlässigkeit der Frischblut- Schnellagglutinationsmethode und der Serum-Lang- sammethode zum Nachweis der Pulloruminfektion der Hühner.) G. Fleischhauer, Berlin. Deutsche Tierärzt- liche Wochenschrift, 1931, p. 584. The seeming simplicity and speed of the rapid blood test goes at the expense of the exactness of the research. The new method is too coarse and does not rest on any real advantages.

The Value of the Agglutination-Test, Der Wert der Aggluti- nationsmethode bei der weissen Ruhr, P. Sachweh, Münster. Deutsche Tierärztliche Wochenschrift, 1931, p. 582. By the sam^e chickens there appear sometimes, in short intervals, great deviations in the agglutination-titer. From positive reacting chickens, healthy chicks can be bred. By chickens with high agglutination titer are sometimes great changes to be found. By positive reacting chickens, the agglutination value disappears sometimes very quickly. The newer rapid- blood-test is not suitable for accurate trials.

The Value of the Blood-Agglutination-Test, Ueber den Wert der Frischblut-Schnellagglutination zur Ermittelung von Pulloruminfektion der Hühner, Dr. T. Konno and Y. Goto. Serum Institute at Fusan, Korea, Japan. Journal of the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science, June 1932. If the birds, where agglutination appears clearly within a minute, are taken as being infected, the judgement, according to the rapid blood test in 89 % agrees with the post-mortem and in 91 % with the cultures from the various organs.

Rapid Blood Agglutination Test, Vergleichende Untersuchun- gen über den serologischen Nachweis der Kückenruhr- Infektion, A. Bianchini, Palermo. Archiv für Geflügel- kunde, 1931, p. 369. Conclusions. 1. The serum rapid-method may be used in place of the serum-slow-test. The first one is somewhat less reliable than the slow test. 2. Of the direct methods, the blood-drop rapid test is the best, as it prevents as much as possible the influence of all kinds of faults. 3. This method is especially suitable for the examination of very heavy infected flocks. It is however recommended to sustain it, during the cooler season, as much as possible with the serum methods.

— 40 — Rapid and slow Agglutination Tests. L. Kocjan. Veterinarski Artriv, Zagreb. Tome I, p. 494. (Ref. Tierärztlicher Rundschau 1932, p. 215.) By the rapid agglutination test undiluted serum will be employed, by the slow test serum will be employed in the dilution of 1 : 100. By the rapid test only reactions which appear within 5 minutes are to be regarded as positive. Also the cases where a sand forming sediment has been established, will have to be regarded as negative. Both methods are giving harmonizing results.

Bacillary White Diarrhea. La Diarrhée blanche Bacillaire. E. Leynen and R. Willems. Annales de Medicine vétéri- naire, Febr. 1932. The study gives a resume of the methods to distinguish the carriers of virus. In this sense the agglutination and the pullorination are being treated. The pullorination gives difficulties because the injection has to be done intradermically. The authors have applied the serum agglutination test for many years and are regarding this method as the most dependable. This method and the preparation of the antigen are being described very accurately, as well as the rapid blood drop test. The last mentioned method is being regarded as less accurate, by the authors, than the serum agglutination test. The authors recommend for the combating: 1. An examination of the hens at a period to be decided upon by the owner, and 2. A second examination in the laboratory before the hatching season starts. Finally a description is given of the Combatting system in Belgium.

Bacillary White Diarrhea. La Diarrhée blanche Bacillaire. Prof. Dr. L. Panisset. Office International des Epizootics. May 1932. Description of: (1) Geographical Distribution. (2) Epidemiology. (3) Bacteriology (differences with Bact. Gallinarum). Panisset says: These two types of microbes are variations of a same kind, and which have the capacity to form differences and to stabilize themselves under conditions unknown to us. (4) Clinical symptoms by chicks and adult hens. Though some of the authors have found 50 % errors bij the sero-agglutination test (Lerche, Lahaye) as Panisset says, the well executed method gives better results. At the Congress of Poultry Specialists at Hannover (October 1931) 95 % conformity has been obtained with the slow test, and 96,6 % with the rapid blood test. The injection of Pullorine in the wattles can also be employed. (5) The way of the infection. (6) Immunisation and Treatment. For distinguishing purposes, the hen can first be injected with pullorine. Those which are reacting positively are being cleared away, whilst those of a doubtfull reaction are being examined according to the blood agglutination. (7) Prevention, Jensen in Danmark thinks it necessary to execute a State- control on the concerns who are supplying eggs for the sale of day-old chicks. Conclusions. The general combatting methods will have to be standardized, also the preparation of the antigen, etc. The general rules must be laid down at the meetings of specialists of the different countries. The combatting methods must be free, but can, of course, have the support of the Government.

— 41 — PiiUorum Disease in France. Prof. M. Lesbouyries, Alfort. Recueil de medicine vétérinaire de l'Ecole d'Alfort, 1929, p. 175. The author has taken tests with pullorin since December 1927 and has obtained good results. The preparation of the pullorin is being described and the instruction for the use thereof is being given. The reaction will have to be noted at the 36th hour after the injection. The use of auto-puUorin is being recommended.

PulloiLim Disease. La Diarrhée blanche Bacillaire des Pous- sins. Dr. R. Willems. Laboratoire de l'Inspection Vétéri- naire, Cureghem, Brussels. Bulletin Officiel, Tome IX, No. 4. Dr. Leynen, Director of the Laboratory has been the first to introduce the agglutination test in Belgium. Now he uses in his Laboratory chiefly the serum-rapid-test. Dr. Willems recommends for the combating: (a) A first control of the poultry farms by means of the blood-drop-rapid test, (b) A second test in the laboratory before the hatching eggs are being collected. The use of pullorin is not being recommended.

B. Pallor am in Hares. Van Goidsenhoven and Bertrand. Ann, Med. Vet. No. 77, Januaiy 1931. Under this name, V. and B., describe a disease of the hare which is supposed to be put down to B. Pullorum; it concerns here a septicemy, with as most special injury, inflammation of the small intestine. There has already been described a mortality amongst the rabbits, caused by the taking of eggs infected by B. Pullorum. (Olney. Journ. of Am. Vet. Med. Ass. April 1930.) V. and B. were not successful in raising the disease as test experience per OS in rabbits; they are still of the opinion, that this is the natural course of the infection. Clinical details regarding the course of the disease are not being recorded; only mention is made that 7—8 hares were found dead under the same circumstances.

Pullorum Disease in Czechoslovakia. Ueber das Vorkommen der bakteriellen weissen Kückenruhr in der C.S.R. K. Ullrich, Brunn. Prager Archiv für Tiermedizin, 1931, page 171. The pullorum disease is as yet very little treated in the C.S.R. but has there just as much extension as in other countries. The author gives a resume of the disease and joins the conditions of Dobberstein, that the sale of chicks be only permitted to pullorum free concerns.

The Change of the Organs by Pullorum Diseases. Ueber die diagnotische Bedeutung der bei der weissen Kückenruhr auftretenden Organveränderungen. Tierärztliche Rund- schau, 1931, p. 703. The pathologic-anatomic changes are being described extensively. In no case, however, may the bactériologie analysis be omitted before making up the diagnosis.

— 42 — The Serologie Diagnosis of Piilloriim Disease in Domestic Fowls. I: Variation in agghitinahilitij of R. pnllorum and elimination of the so-called ''clondy" reaction. II: The chenûcal nature and the mechanism of the ^'cloudy'' reaction. E. P. Casinan, G. Valley, L. P. Rettger. Yale University, Newhaven. Journal of Immunity, 1930, p. 353—392. The ordinary changes of the growth-conditions as regards the temperature, pH, have less influence on the agglutinatility than the final value of the pH of the antigen and the temperature under which the reaction is taking place. Antigens with pH == 6.4 or 8.0 were stronger agglutinable than antigen with pH = 7.0. By 37° C. the speed of the reaction is greater than» by 16° C. Sera which have the inclination to cause cloudy reaction, are decreasing the pH figures. Phenol in a dilution of 0.2—0.3 % and a pH of the antigen of 8.2—8.5 prevent cloudy reaction. The antigens will have to be protected against cloudy reactions with alcaly. The sediment by the cloudy reaction consists of protein and lipoid matters. It is presumed that from the serum a lipoid protein complex will be precipitated. Owing to muscle strain and shock, the contents of H-ions and lipoid of the serum will alter, and cloudy reactions will be caused.

Pathological Anatomy in Pnllorum Disease. Zur pathologi- schen Anatomie und Histologie der akuten bacteriellen weissen Kückenruhr. Dr. J. Dobberstein and Dr. E. Schürmann. Tierärztliche Hochschule, Berlin. Zeitschrift für Infektionskrankheiten, Vol. 41, p. 80. Detailed literary summary and account of own researches. Conclusions. The pullorum disease is characterised in the first place by the appearance of herd forming changes of varying sizes. These are partly necrotic or necrobiotic processes, sometimes new formations of eels. These herds will appear mostly in the liver, lungs and kidneys. Besides histocitar parasites, a more extended increase of the histiocyts may appear, which will especially be the case with the intestines. Finally catarrhal-desquamatif inflammations of the intestines will sometimes appear, as well as catarrhal pneumonia and necrosis of the inside wall of the yolk-sack. By animals, which died within the first 4 to 5 days of life the necrotic process is prepondering, later on the proliferic processes will come more to the fore. The article is illustrated with good micro-photos.

Bad. Pullorum and Bad. Gallinarum. UAnalisi dei Ricettori Somatici (O) nelle Metasalmonelle Aviarte. Contributo alla Conoscenza délia Indentità o meno dei Bacteria Gallinarum e Pullorum in Rapporta ad Alcune Salmo- nelle Patogene per la Specia Umana. (B. Tgphi E B. Paratyohi A.) Dr. V. Cilh. Ospedale Militare di NapoU. Bolletino dell'Instituto Sieroterapico Milanese, Vol. XI, 1932, p. 359. Conclusions. Writer discusses the problem of identification of the Bact. gallinarum and Bact. Pullorum with B. Typhoid and Paratyphoid A. Differentiation by

— 43 ~ reason of morphological, cultural and biochemical methods is not successful. According to the serological method it was successful to obtain, by means of the somatic thermo-resistant O receptors, complete conformity, of the B. gallinarum and B. Pullorum. These meta-salmonellas show a great conformity with typhoid bacilli as regards the somatic receptors, whilst the analogy with paratyphoid A is very small. Rapid Blood Agglutination Test and Slow Test. F. S. Kassatke- witsch. (From the Russian referate of the Tierärztliche Rundschau, 1932, p. 453.) The author has tested both methods. The rapid blood agglutination test is quicker and more economical. In 765 cases (75.6 %) complete agreement between the two methods was obtained, 185 cases (18.5 %) were doubtful and 61 cases (6.1 %) had different results. The must favourable temperature for the rapid test is 10—12° C. Standardisation of the antigen is necessary. Pullorum Disease. La Diarrhée blanche Bacillaire des Pous- sins. J. Lahaye. Annales de Medicine Vétérinaire, Vol. 76, p. 497. The writer considers the agglutination tests (the slow as well as the lapid agglutination tests) as unsuitable for the practice, it does not give reliable results. The method is too long-winded. The puUorin reaction is much easier. Different kinds of pullorin are being described, the filtrate of old broth- cultures give the best results. The writer gives a detailed description of the preparation of the pullorin employed by him. The reading of the reaction takes place after 30 hours. The flocks will have to be examined twice per year. As a preventive and a remedy he recommends calcium bichromate in the drinking water, to be administered from the third day up to the third week.

A Modification of the rapid Agglutination Test for Pullorum Disease. H. Welch. Veterinary Research Laboratory, Bozemann, Montana. Authors used stained antigen on blood dried on filter paper but had poor results. They tried blood-smears on ordinary microscopic slides, with much better results. Description of the technic of the dried blood-smear-method is given. The average accuracy is 90 percent.

Blood-Testing and Egg-Production. P. L. Shanks, J. M. Gordon, Ministry of Agriculture, Northern Ireland. The Veterinary Journal, Vol. 88, p. 241. Conclusions. Practical results have shown that, by means of the blood test, carrier birds can be detected and removed from the breeding flocks and thus outbreaks amongst young chicks have been prevented. From the above tables it would appear to be well worth while to apply the same procedure to birds destined solely for commercial egg production.

Pullorum Disease in the mature Turkey. E. L. Brünett. N. Y. State. Vet. College at Cornell University, Ithaca. Poultry Science, 1930, p. 356. Summary. Ovaran lesions quite similar to those found in the chicken were

— 44 — observed, in mature turkeys. The organism isolated from these lesions is Bact. pullorum. Infected birds will react with a pullorum antigen using the agglutination test. The significance of this finding is that this infection may be more common among turkeys than we know of at the present time. The possibility of the infection remaining in flocks of turkeys after it has been eradicated from the flocks of chickens on the same farm, makes it important to consider turkeys in a Pullorum Disease eradication program. The real economic importance of this disease among turkeys remains to be shown.

Fowl Typhoid and Bacillary White Diarrhea. G. Martinaglia. Onderstepoort. The Journal of the South African Vete- rinary Medical Association, Vol. I, No. 2, pag. 77. The object of this article is to describe two allied bacterial diseases which are assuming economic importance in this country, and in doing so to discuss briefly the findings of workers in other parts of the world. Fowl typhoid and B. W. D. were recorded in South Africa for the first time in 1926 and 1927 respectively.

On the Bacteriology and Pathology of 500 chicks affected with Pullorum Disease. M. W. Emmel. Poultry Science, 1930, pag. 24. Conclusions. Except in acute forms of pullorum disease in baby chicks there is a definite pathology produced upon which the disease can be diagnosed. Gray and brown foci, petechiae and hemorrhagic or congested areas may occur in the liver; gray foci, pneumonia and congestion are the lesions produced in the limgs; firm, nodular, gray foci may appear in the musculature of the heart. Combinations of any of the lesions of the liver or lungs may occur. If two or more chicks from a flock showing symptoms are submitted for diagnosis the disease can usually be diagnosed on the gross lesions. However, if individual chicks are submitted it may be necessary to resort to bacteriological methods to diagnose the disease. Lesions of the liver, heart and lungs were associated in 32.4 per cent of the chicks, liver and lung lesions were associated in 39.6 per cent of the chicks. Liver lesions alone occurred in 15 per cent of the chicks. The causal organism was isolated from the liver of 89.2 per cent of the chicks, from the lungs of 84.2 per cent of the chicks and from the heart of 74 per cent of the 500 chicks studied.

Acute Pullorum Disease in an adult Hen, H. J. Stafseth, W. W. Thompson, C. G. Grey, Michigan State College, East Lansing, Michigan. Journal of the Am. Vet. Med. Association, Vol. 79, p. 818. A Barred Rock hen, 18 months old, which just had been returned from an egg-laying contest, where she had laid over 300 eggs, was foimd dead. By examination cultures of Salmonella pullorum were obtained from the heart, liver and spleen. Diagnosis: acute septicémie pullorum disease.

Investigations concerning Poultry Typhus and White Diarr- hoea in Chickens. P. 1. Stenius, State Veterinary Laboratory, Helsingfors, Finland. The Veterinary Jour- nal, Vol. 88, p. 932, p. 107.

— 45 — The PuUorum disease is caused by B. puUorum or, as it is more rightly called, B. Gallinarum Klein. There are three strains: PuUorum A and pullorum B and B. Gallinarum Klein. Follows a review of recent publications.

Bacillary White Diarrhoea, or PuUorum Infection in adult Hens. Dr. T. van Heelsbergen, Utreclil. The Veterinary Journal, 1932, p. 60. It was formerly supposed that the pullorum bacteria remained in the ovary without seriously affecting the hen, but we know now that this is by no means the case. During the spring months the B. pullorum begins to develop its injurious action in the hen. The number of victims is so great, that during spring time they form by far the greater part of poultry sent for scientific investigation. Follows description of the symptoms of the disease and methods of control!.

Chronic Pullorum Disease in an adult Hen. A. J. Durant and H. S. McDougle. University of Missouri, Columbia, Mo. The Journal of the American Vet. Med. Association, Vol. 79, p. 646. In the pericardial sac which was greatly distended was found both solid and fluid pus. The mass of solid puss was seven times the normal size of the heart. The heart was approximately normal in size, but very soft and thin walled. A pure culture of B. pullorum was isolated from the misshappen ova and also from the fluid of the pericardial sac.

Massachusetts Summary of the 1931-32 Pullorum Disease Testing Season. Department of Veterinary Science. New England Poultryman, April 15, 1932. During the past season, 455 Massachusetts poultrymen had part or all of their flocks tested for pullorum disease. Over 420000 chicken blood samples were tested. The percentage of positive tests was less than 1 per cent. This is the lowest percentage ever attained in Massachusetts. The total number of 100 per cent tested non-reacting flocks is 180. Two neighbouring states report 325 non-reacting flocks during the past season.

A Note on the Keeping Quality of Salmonella Pullorum Antigen. J. Biely, University of B.C., Vancouver, Canada. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, Vol. 80, p. 634. Summary. An antigen prepared March 28, 1928 (three years and seven months old), and kept since, at ice-box temperature, has been found to be as sensitive for the detection of S. pullorum carriers of two fresh lots of antigen seven days and one day old respectively. The old and new antigens were prepared by the same method and the same technic was used in the diagnosis of the sera.

Dissemination of Pullorum Disease in the Incubator. L. D. Bushnell and L. F. Payne. Kansas State College of Agriculture, Manhattan, Kansas. Technical Bulletin 29.

— 46 ~ Summary. Formaldehyde fumigation, regardless of whether all ports are closed or left open, will satisfactorily sterilize incubators of the forced-draft type. With a temperature of 99 to 100°F. and a wet-bulb reading of approximately 90°F., 0.35 ce. formalin liberated by 0.175 gm. potassium permanganate per cubic foot of space, kills practically all exposed S. pullorum organisms within five minutes after the formaldehyde has been liberated. Other writers find that it is necessary to increase this to 0.40 c.c. of formalin and 0.20 gm. of potassium permanganate for uniformly successful results. The germicidal efficiency of formaldehyde gas is greatly influenced by the relative humidity. When the amount of moisture is decreased, the germicidal efficiency of formaldehyde is decreased. In addition, a relative humidity above 50 per cent largely prevents the formation of paraformal- dehyde when the incubator is operated at 99 to 100 °F. Three fumigations of hatching eggs with 0.35 c.c. formalin per cubic foot for one hour each at weekly intervals, v/ith ail ports closed did not injure the hatchability of the eggs. Continuous fumigation with the pan method of evaporating the formaldehyde was found impractical. The minimum lethal dose of formaldehyde liberated by the hot-plate method was found to be between 60 and 70 c.c. formalin per hour in an incubator with 100 cubic feet of air capacity. Experiments dealing with formaldehyde fumigation show that a forced-draft incubator can be sterilized successfully without injuring the hatchability of the eggs. Other experiments, however, reveal that when the chicks are left in the incubator for 36 hours, it is not feasible to keep the machine sterilized either by continuous fumigation or too frequent discontinuous fumigation without injuring the hatching chicks. Chicks subjected to one 10-minute exposure of formaldehyde liberated from 0.35 c.c. of formalin added to 0.175 gm. potassium permanganate per cubic foot air space with a wet-bulb reading of 90°F., are apparently not injured. Under field conditions, with incubators not so tightly constructed, it is recommended that 0.40 c.c. of formalin and 0.20 gm. of potassium permanganate be used per cubic foot of air space. Chicks in a Buckeye No. 9 incubator fumigated with formaldehyde liberated by the hot-plate method at the rate of 60 c.c. of formalin per hour for 8H hours, and 55 c.c. formalin per hour for 36 hours were severely injured. Likewise, chicks fumigated by means of the formalin-potassium permanganate method with 40 c.c. of formalin every Ij/^ hours for 36 hours and with 40 c.c. of formalin every three hours for 36 hours were either killed or were seriously injured. In determining the minimum lethal dose of formaldehyde gas by the formalin-potassium permanganate method in the Smith incubator, it was found that the dose per volume was approximately the same as for the Buckeye machine. Relative humidity was found to have a very decided effect upon checking the circulation of chick down. Maintaining a wet-bulb reading of 90 to 95 °F. in the incubator resxilted in a decided decrease in the number of circulating particles of material as compared to a wet-bulb reading of 83°F. or below. From the results obtained by other laboratories the use of formaldehyde fumigation at intervals of 12 hours is effective in reducing the spread of pullorum disease in the incubator. This amount of treatment does not appear to injure the chicks for short periods of exposure. This should be applied at a wet-bulb reading of 88 to 90 °F. Most of the gas escapes in a few minutes and the incubator will be freed of gas in an hour, or the formaldehyde may be removed in a few minutes by ventilation or with ammonia. It is necessary to mix the gas thoroughly with the air of the incubator before it reaches the chicks. When proper precautions are used to remove most of the circulating down and dust from the incubator very satisfactory results will be obtained by fumigation. The question of humidity alone is also of great practical importance. The exact mode of operation to obtain the best resiilts will differ in different incubators. The satisfactory temperature for the wet- and dry-bulb thermo- meters must be determined by experiment. Evidently a wet-bulb reading of between 88 and 90°F. and a dry-bulb reading of 98 to 100°F. will cover the extreme ranges which should be used during the hatch. High humidity reduces the amoimt of chick down, dust, and bacteria floating in the air of the machine. The nearer saturated the atmosphere the smaller the amount of such circulation. The highest relative humidity consistent with the production of the maximum hatch of high-quality chicks, without injury to the incubator, should be used during the hatching period or from the nineteenth to twenty-first days of incubation. A wet-bulb reading of 80 to 85 °F. gives good results for the remainder of the incubation period.

Pullorum Disease Affects Egg Production, K. L. BuUis, Department of Veterinary Science. New England Poultryman, March 15, 1932. Investigations at the University of British Columbia and the Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station indicate that pullorum disease causes a loss in egg production. Experiments at the University of British Columbia, extending over a period of one year, showed that reacting hens laid fewer eggs than non- reacting hens. In the first experiment on 358 birds, including six breeds, the non-reacting hens laid an average of 53 eggs more than the reactors. In a second experiment on 689 hens, including six breeds, the non-reactors laid an average of 61 eggs more than the reactors. Two hundred and twenty- five or more eggs per hen were laid by 55.2 per cent of the non-reactors and by 14.7 per cent of the reactors. Among the reactors, 35.3 per cent laid less than 150 eggs per hen, as compared with 6.3 per cent of the nonreactors. In both instances the hens were tested at the end of the laying year. In a third experiment similar results were obtained on 308 birds which were tested three times during the laying year. From these data it was concluded that it is not possible to eliminate infected birds by culling on a basis of egg records. In Bulletin 265, issued by the Virginia Agricultural experiment Station, lowered egg production is listed as one of the losses due to the disease. Thirty-four reactors and forty-two non-reactors, including three breeds, laid an average of 43.4 and 82.09 eggs per hen, respectively, for an eight months' period. In Virginia the average percentage of reactors in infected flocks on first test was about 12 per cent. Using this as a basis, it was estimated that where 12 birds out of 100 were infected, a monetary loss of from $ 5.00 to $ 10.00 for each 100 birds could be expected over a period of eight months. The price of eggs during this period ranged from 22 to 45 cents per dozen. This loss alone is almost equal to the cost of testing the entire flock. A high egg producing reactor may be accounted for in that the infection has caused little or no tissue damage in the ovary. In general, reactors are less profitable for egg production. Furthermore, they are a source of infection, and retention for egg laying purposes is contrary to basic disease eradication principles. In view of these facts, the Department of Veterinary Science does not consider it to be advisable for Massachusetts flock owners either to maintain or buy reactors for market egg purposes. Proper disposition of reactors is immediate slaughter upon detection.

The Transmission of Pullorum Disease (Bacillary White Diarrhoea) among adult Stock. G. H. Warrack and T. Dalling. Langley Court, Beckenham, Kent. The Veteri- nary Journal, 1932, p. 56.

^ 4S ^ Summary and Conclusions. 1. The results recorded confirm our previous observations that transmission of pullorum disease may take place in adult stock from reactors to non reactors. 2. The size of the space in which the birds are confined materially influences the time interval of the transmission, e.g., in experiment (a) (large space) nine months elapsed before evidence of transmission occurred, while in (b) (small space) in six weeks a non reactor became infected. 3. There is also some evidence that birds which lose their power of reacting, or in which the titre falls and remains low, are not infected with piiUorum disease. The probable explanation is that the S. puUorimi failed to be located in the ovary or any other tissue. 4. There is definite evidence that a bird reacting constantly at a titre as low as 1 in 80 is a true carrier of pullorum disease. (S. pullorum was recovered from the ovary of two such birds).

A Variant occurring naturally in Cultures of Salmonella Pullorum. Ph. R. Edwards. Kentucky Agrie. Exp. Station, Lexington, Ky. Journal of the American Veteri- nary Medical Association, Vol. 80, June 1932, p. 891. Summary. It has been noted that numerous cultures of S. pullorum have a marked tendency to form secondary colonies on the primary growth. From these secondary colonies cultures have been isolated which form large colonies on agar plates and produce a heavy growth on agar streaks. The variant is quite stable and processes the bio-chemical and serological properties of the parent. It is suggested that such cultures used in routine antigen production would greatly lessen the effort to prepare large amoimts of this reagent.

The Hatchability of Eggs and the Livability of Chicks of Pullorum-Infected and non-infected Hens, H. C. H. Kernkamp. University Farm, Saint Paul, Minnesota. Journal of the Am. Vet. Med. Association, Vol. 80, p. 229. Conclusions. 1. Hens free from pullorum disease produce more eggs than hens affected with this disease. 2. The data show that eggs from pullorum diseased hens are no less fertile than those produced by hens free from this disease. 3. The results indicate that at least one of the causes for the arrest of development of the embryo is S. pullorum, since the percentage of fertile eggs having dead germs was greater in the reactor hens than in the non reactor and more of the eggs examined from the former group contained organisms (S. Pullorum) than those of the latter group. 4. The statistics on the nimibers of chicks hatched and the number raised to maturity favor slightly the non infected hens. 5. The losses from pullorum disease in chicks hatched from infected hens is much greater than from the non infected ones. From infected hens the loss was 33.3 per cent from non infected 3.8 per cent.

— 49 — IV 6. The deaths of chicks from causes other than pullorum disease were in excess of those produced by S. pullorum Coccidiosis and colon infections were responsible for the greather number.

Salmonella Pullora Studies. A further Comparison of the Agglutination and Pullorin Tests for the Detection of Carriers of S. pullora. B. Gwatkin. Report of the Ontario Veterinary College, 1928. Sttmmary. It is recognized that infected birds may not give an agglutination reaction at times, but the fact that S. pullora was recovered from 19 out of 22 agglutination positive birds and from none of the 15 pullorin positive birds examined in this and last years experiments, would indicate that the agglutination test was more satisfactory than the pullorin test in our hands. Further Comparison of Rapid and Regular Agglutination Tests with S. pullora Antigen, Summary. With the cultures employed in this work for the preparations of antigens for both the rapid and regular tests on 136 sera there was great disagreement in the results obtained. Basing results on either positive reactions or post mortem and cultural findings, both methods were equally unsatis factory with antigen No. 1938. The mixed antigen gave better results in the regular testing but had previously been shown to be unsatisfactory for the rapid method. It is evidently necessary that a strain be obtained that will agglutinate more closely under both conditions of test, and at the same time will have the other qualities necessary for a satisfactory antigen none of these appear to have been possessed by the strain with which this work was carried out. The Production of gas in Dextrose by S. pullora. Summary. Nine out of 17 Stock cultures of S. pullora failed to produce gas at 37°C. in 1 per cent, dextrose broth with a reaction of p H 7.8. Seven of the nine strains had originally been gas producers. The histories of the other two were unknown. Eight of the nine cultures eventually produced gas at 30°C. in Goodner and May dextrose broth. The ninth culture was tried in seventeen different lots of this broth without evidence of gas production, althoug this strain had produced gas when first isolated two years previously. The Addition of Sodium Hydroxide to S. pullora Antigen. The addition of 1 per cent of N/i Na OH to S. pullora antigen prevented cloudy reactions in a comparison made with 100 unreadable samples. The sensitivity of the antigen was increased in four out of ten samples examined and remained the same with the other six no opinion could be expressed on. Such a small number of sera and the results of this latter part of the experiment are given for what they are worth. The Disinfection of Incubators with Formaldehyde during Hatching. Summary. Hatchability was not lowered by exposure to formaldehyde. S. Pullora was not isolated from any of the chicks in the properly desinfected incubator but from six chicks in the control incubator. In view of the small nimiber of control chicks infected, this result must be considered as inconclusive. Insufficient exposure of the incubator to formaldehyde, (control shell not sterilized) caused the chicks to become infected with S. pullora. The uncertainty of producing infection at will was emphasized by the small nimiber of control chicks from which S. pullora was isolated in the second series.

— 50 — The Relation of Agglutination Reaction to Salmonella Pullorum Infection in Hens, and Observations on the diagnostic Efficiency of Test Methods, H. Bunyea and W. J. Hall. Bureau of Animal Industry, Washington, D. C. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, Vol. 80, p. 491. Summary. Two hundred six hens tested by the tube agglutination test and the stained antigen, rapid, whole blood agglutination test for pullorum disease showed an agreement of 91 per cent between the two tests. The tube method showed 143 reactors, of which 114 fowls (80 per cent) at autopsy yielded S. pullorum from their ovaries. The stained antigen rapid whole blood method showed 135 reactors, of which 112 fowls (83 per cent) at autopsy yielded S. pullorum from their ovaries. Of the reactors whose ovaries were shown to harbor S. pullorum 75.4 per cent had active ovaries, and 24.6 per cent had inactive ovaries at the time of slaughter. Of the reactors yielding S. pullorum in their ovaries, 11.4 per cent showed no gross pathological lesions of the ovary. Of all reactors autopsied, 10 per cent failed to show gross lesions or the presence of S. pullorum in their ovaries. Of all reactors autopsied 2.7 per cent demonstrated gross pathological lesions but did not yield S. pullorxmi in their ovaries. Conclusions. In 206 fowls included in this studie, the tube agglutination test and the sftained antigen, rapid, whole blood agglutination test were highly accurate in the detection of hens which harbored S. pullorum in their ovaries.. In 75.4 per cent of cases the S. pullorum infected ovaries were active, hence these fowls were potential disseminators of the disease. S. pullorum infection is present in some apparently normal ovaries of hens. Reactors whose ovaries do not yield S. puUorum may or may not demonstrate pathological lesions of the ovary. The fifty negative reactors failed to show lesions on post mortem examination or the presence of S. pullorum in the ovaries. A Comparison of three Methods of testing for Pullorum Disease with finer Interpretations of Readings on the old Tube Agglutination Test. A. J. Durant. Columbia Mo. Veterinary Department, University of Missouri. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, Vol. 81, p. 37. Summary. 1. In a single test on a flock of 259 birds to determine the relative efficience of the tube agglutination test, the rapid serum test and the whole blood test (using a stained antigen) the results indicate that the tube test is more effícient than either the rapid serum or the whole blood test. 2. The rapid serum test is more efficient in our hands than the whole blood test. 3. More than twice the number of isolations of the organism were secured from birds positive to the tube test and negative to the other tests. 4. The reading or interpretation of the test may partly account for the better results obtained with the tube test in our hands than the two other methods.

— 51 — 5. Any change from a normal cloudiness in a tube or a socalled granular reaction is regarded as a positive reaction in this laboratory. 6. Of 24 birds which showed the slight reaction or so called granular reaction 15 were positive culturally for pullorum disease and three of the nine remaining birds that were negative culturally showed lesions of the disease. The constancy of repeated agglutination tests in the diagnosis of pullorum disease, J. Biely, Canad. Jour. Research, 5, 1931, No. 6, pp. 693—706. In the study conducted, a high degree of consistency was secured in retests of five groups of birds from various sources when tested from 2 to 22 times. "The results of repeated agglutination test were, except in a few cases, confirmed by the macroscopic appearance of the ovary and by bacteriological examination. Data show that positive reactors consistenly react positive to the test, and that they seldom recover from pullorum infection. This is especially true of birds that have completed the first laying year. With these very little variation can be expected in retests at short intervals. In the case oí pullets that are just starting to lay, a small percentage of reactors may throw off the infection and subsequently react negatively. "Nonreactors from an infected flock when left in contact with reactors in presence or absence of males may in later tests react positively. This is generally due to infection through contact with infected birds, contaminated droppings, feed, water, or litter. These nonreactors, if kept isolated from reactors, as a rule remain negative. When such birds become reactors at subsequent tests, the possibility of recent infection taking place just before or after the first test is not excluded. Hence, nonreactors from infected flocks should be retested at short intervals. "Suspicious reactors as a rule do not show marked variations in titer from month to month. It is impossible to predict whether a suspicious reactor will in course of time become a distinctly positive or negative reactor. With these birds, therefore, diagnosis must be done with care and the general condition of the flock taken into consideration. In an eradication program the bird has to be sacrificed unless it is very valuable, in which case several retests would need to be conducted before a final diagnosis is made. "Male birds do not as a rule react in as high dilutions as females, consequently fluctuations in reaction from test to test are not uncommon. Therefore, particukir care must be exercised in diagnosis in the case of male birds." A comparative study of the tube, rapid serum, and rapid blood drop agglutination tests for the detection of white diarrhea, G. R. Sipe, Mississippi Sta. Rpt. 1931, p. 51. In a comparative test made with 1,250 birds to determine the practica- bility and efficiency of the three tests for pullorum disease, 265 fowls reacted positively to the rapid blood drop test, 285 to the rapid serum test, and 268 to the tube test.

Accuracy of three cooperating laboratories in detecting pullorum disease by the agglutination test, J. Biely, C. E. Sawyer, C. M. Hamilton, W. T. Johnson, and E. M. Dickinson. Jour. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc, 79, 1931, No. 1, pp. 19—36, figs. 2. This is a contribution from the University of British Columbia, the Western Washington Experiment Station, and the Oregon Experiment Station, cooperating, and reports the findings of the three laboratories in agglutination tests for the detection of pullorum disease.

~ 52 — "Fifteen negative and 15 positive reacting fowls were procured at random by each of the tliree laboratories, and all surviving were bled four times at 4-week intervals for cooperative agglutination testing for puUorum disease. Three blood samples were drawn from each fowl at each bleeding and tested at British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon laboratories, each applying its own technic. A total of 1,041 blood samples was tested and a diagnosis made for each 531 positives, 8 suspicious, and 502 negatives, or a disagreement of 0.77 per cent of the 1,041 diagnoses. The disagreements in agglutination test diagnoses among the laboratories were from negative or positive to suspicious and not negative to positive or the reverse. One fowl changed from negative to positive, but none changed from positive to negative. "Post-mortem findings of the 46 positive reacting fowls definitely established S (almonella) pullora infection in 44 (95.65 per cent) and characteristic lesions in the other two indicated a probable 100 per cent S. pullora infection. Post-mortem findings of the 44 fowls which never gave a positive reaction were 100 per cent negative, as determined bacteriologically and by absence of S. pullora lesions. All three laboratories were in absolute accord in the 342 test diagnoses of the 15 positive and 15 negative reacting fowls of laboratory 3, and post-mortem examinations established the positive fowls infected and the negative fowls not infected, as determined by gross and bacteriological examinations."

TUBERCULOSIS

Bacilli of Avian-tuberculosis in Cattle. Ueber das Vorkommen von Geflügeltuberkel Bakterien beim Rind und ihre Differenzierung. K. C. Wolters and H. Dehmel. Hygieni- sches Institut, Dessau. Zeitschrift für Infektionskrank- heiten, Vol. 41, p. 71. The authors are giving first a short literary summary. Interesting are the tests of Espérance with material from Hodgkin's Disease. The chicks fed on barley are getting a typical avian-tuberculosis. Avian-tubercle bacilli seem to occur by human beings more often than has been supposed up till now. Conclusions. 1. By the examination of milk acid-resisting bacilli have often been found which resembled the avian-tubercle bacilli. Cows have been discovered which emitted these bacilli v/ith lung-mucus and milk, without udder- tuberculosis having been ascertained. 2. These bacilli proved on examination, to be avian tubercle bacilli. 3. The cultivation and the differentiation on glycerine-containing mala- chit-green-egg-media (Petragnani) and in egg broth (Besredka) was very successful. 4. The blood-picture of artificial infected rabbits gave valuable results concerning the differentiation of the avian-bacilli and bovine and human tubercle bacilli. The article is being illustrated by very fine photos of cultures and micro-photos.

Influence of the Feeding on Tuberculosis. Ulnfluenza delta Alimentazione nella Tuberculosi sperimentale del Polli e dei Colombi. Dr. C. Angelo, Bolletino dell'Instituto Sieroterapico Milanese, Marzo 1932 (Ref. Bassa Corta, Giugnio 1932). The test animals were kept on a meat-diet and were inoculated with different kinds of Tubercle bacilli.

— 53 — Conclusions. 1. Chickens and pigeons inocculated intravenously with bovine tubercle- bacilli, die of diffuse tuberculosis. 2. The organs of chickens and pigeons killed in this manner, and when intravenously inocculated by other chickens, will not cause any disease. These organs will not cause any disease in rabbits and caviae when inocculated subcutanously and intra-abdominally. 3. Fowls and pigeons inocculated intravenously with human tubercle- bacilli are likely to die from this infection. 4. Rabbits and caviae inocculated with the organs of these chickens and pigeons will also die. 5. Cattle tubercle bacilli are weakened by the passage in the chicken and pigeon body, whilst humcin tubercle bacilli will not do so. Properties of Bovine-, Avian- and Paratuberculine. Eigen- schappen van Runder-, Vogel- en Paratuberculine. (Ref. Vlaamsch Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift, July 1932.) Plum, Kgl. Veter. og Lab. Aarsskrift, 1932, p. 81. Comparing tests with bovine-, avian- and paratuberculine (Johnine) have been undertaken simultaneously on cattle, suffering from bovine-, fowl- or paratuberculosis. The results prove, that animals infected with bovine-tuberculosis, are showing about the same feable reaction against Johnine and avian tuberculine. On animals, infected v/ith avian tuberculosis bacilli (if the infection has taken place already some time ago — 1 year) one obtains a reaction which is only somewhat stronger with avian tuberculine than with Johnine; whilst animals, which have been infected very recently, are showing a much greater reaction by the use of avian-tuberculine than is the case with Johnine. Similar results are being obtained by animals infected with paratuberculosis. All this proves, that Johnine is not suitable to make a distinction between avian and paratuberculosis. Primary Uterus Tuberculosis in a carrying sow owing to Avian-Tubercle Bacilli. M. Christiansen, Maanedsskrift for Dyrlarger XL. II 1931. (Ref. Tijdschrift voor Dier- geneeskunde, Juni 1932.) By a sow, carrying for the third time, a white discharge from the vagina was noticed about three weeks before the termination of the carrying period, and which continued until the end of the period, which was quite normal. Owing to the fact that the delivery did not realis3, the sow was slaughtered. It was than seen, that the wail of one of the horns was swollen, the mucous membrane necrotically dry and rough on the surface. Further pathological changes have not been found. In slides of the uterus mucosa acid resisting bacilli have been found, with all the properties of typical avian tubercle bacilli. Inoculating by cavia's produced only abcesses on the inoculation spot. The cultivated strains had all the property of typical avian tubercle-bacilli. By intravenous inoculation, in small quantities, a quick deadly course has been noticed by chickens, ducks and rabbits, whilst against this, by subcutaneous inoculation in cavia's only local tuberculosis was diagnosed. Generalized visceral Tuberculosis in a Goat, due to Avian Tuberculosis. M. Cliristiansen, Maandesskrift for Dyr- larger, 15th May 1931. (Ref. Tijdschrift voor Diergenees- kunde, Juni 1932. Ref. Rev. gen. niéd. vét., 15 avril 1932, p. 209.)

— 54 — In the liver and the spleen of a roe tuberculous changes were found, from wliicli avian tubercle bacilli could be cultivated. It was established that the animal was many times in contact with chickens suffering from tuberculosis. Avian Tubercle Bacillus Infection, with special Refrrence lo Mammals and to Man, Branch, Archives of l^atholo.i>y. Vol. 12, No. 2, 1930, p, 253. (Ref. Tijdschrift voor Dier- geiieeskunde, Juni 1932.) A (\iailed literary resume is given of the infections of liuman beings and mammals with avian tubercle bacilli, which does not lend itself for an abridged review. In the sum_mary the measures are being given, which have to be taken into consideration by the experimenting with fowls. The aetiological significance of the avian tubercle bacilli for the origin of the Hodg- kin's disease, the author does nc-t; regard as proved. The Transference of the Avian Tuberculosis to the Human being. Zur Uebertragung der Geflügeltuberkulose auf den Mensch. KKmmer, Münch. nied. Wochenschr., Jg. 78, No. 28, S. 1212. 17 Juli 1931. An summary is being given of the question of the avian tuberculosis in connection to the human beings. At the begin of this summary the author says: "The avian tuberculosis is in contrary of the opinion of Rivolta, Maffucci, Hetsch (1911) and others, transferable to the human beings, as this has been proved by about 40 publications of over 50 cases." The clinical picture of avian tuberculosis by the human being is strongly divergent and often not to be distinguished from that which will be raised by human- and bovine tubercle bacilli. It is true, in avian tuberculosis there exists a strong leaning towards a septicaemical course. Further it is striking, that the avian tuberculosis localises itself in human beings mostly in the kidneys and bone-marrow. For a safe diagnosis, the tuberculine proof as well as the bacteriological research are coming under consideration. For the tuberculine test, avian tuberculine must be used. Regarding the bacteriological test, the cultivating test gives better results than the animal experiment, nevertheless both methods ought to be applied. As sources of infection tuberculous chickens and other birds are coming into consideration in the first place. Though infections from human being to human being have not been noticed so far, the possibility of infection by human beings who suffer from avian tuberculosis in the lungs, skin, mouth- and nose mucous membrane etc. will have to be considered. Considering that avian tuberculosis appears also in cattle, pigs and other animals, this also will have to be given due attention as a possible source of infection. The infection of human beings occurs mostly through the use of eggs, in which tubercle bacilli are present. About 3 % of the trade eggs contain tubercle bacilli, whilst this is the case in about 10 % of the eggs from tuberculous chickens. If one considers, that for instance in Germany 10 % of the chickens are suffering from tuberculosis, the eggs will have to be considered as one of the chief sources of infection. The danger from the use of meat, emanating from tuberculous poultry is much smaller, considering that muscle tuberculosis hardly ever occurs in birds and the meat, before being used, is being well cooked or roasted. Greater, however, is the danger of infection from tuberculous entrails (liver and spleen) which, very often, are being consumed in an insufficient heated state. Dissociation of Avian Tubercle Bacilli. E. G. Alexa^d2:^ Pro:. Soc. exper. Biol. and Medicin. 1931, p. 686.

— 55 — Avian tubercle bacilli grew on agar, which was diluted with 10 % anti- aviantuberculosis-rabbit-serum. These agreed in growth with the S tyt>e of Petroff. Cultures on agar with normal or without serum have all shown R colonies. Tuberculin-test. Untersuchung über die Tuberkulin-Kehl- lappen Probe beim Huhn. S. v. Bornstedt, H. Röhrer. Zeitschrift für Infektionskrankheiten der Haustiere, Vol. 41, p. 241. The writers have controlled the Wattle-tuberculin test by a great number of animals. The results have prooved, that the tuberculin test does not give a certain information as regards the presence of a tuberculose infection and that it gives a great many deviations. By a positive course it only prooves the presence of tuberculosis bacilli in the body, but no tuberculose processes need to exist. Repeating of the tuberculin-test is of no value, as a hypersensibility will often originate at the injection place and owing to this a positive course of a new test will take place. From this will be seen, that no results may be expected and that it will not be economical to build up a tuberculosis-combatting system by reason of the tuberculin-test.

Types of Tubercle Bacilli in severe Tuberculosis. Pt. L. Cornell and A. St. Griffith, Veterinary Record, Tome 12, p. 34. Typus humanus, bovinus and gallinaceus were found in pigs. The fowl- tubercle-bacillus plays a great part as cause of the feeding-tuberculosis, which does not exceed the lymphatic system. From this can be gathered, that the pig- and poultry keeping has to absolutely divided.

Fowl-Tuberculosis in Men. Vogeltuberculose bij den Mensch. Dr. T. van Heelsbergen. Utrecht. Tijdschrift voor Dier- geneeskunde 1932, p. 258. Author gives a summary of the tuberculosis of birds observed in men with illustrations. Described are: the qualities of the tuberclebacillus of birds (culture-morphology-pathogenicity); Tuberculosis in birds; Symp- toms of the disease in men; Lymphogranulomatosis (Hodgkin's disease); Leucaemia.

The Specificity of Avian Tuberculin Reactions. Vera B. Dolgopol. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 1931, p. 216 (Ref. Journal of the Am. Vet. Med. Ass., Vol. 80, p. 112). A positive reaction to avian tuberculin, observed in many cases of pulmonary tuberculosis, does not indicate an active mixed infection with human and avian tubercle bacilli. This conclusion is based on the result of inoculation of chickens with the sputum of ten patients who showed positive reactions with avian tuberculin. A positive reaction to avian tubeiculin in pulmonary tuberculosis does not indicate latent infection with avian tubercle bacillus. The author bases this conclusion on the result of inoculation of chickens with autopsy material inchading perlbronchial lymph glands, from three patients who had shown positive reactions with avian tuberculin. The large percentage of positive reactions with avian tuberculin in tuberculous patients must be considered only as a large percentage of group reactions in patients suffering from tuberculosis caused by the mammalian types of tubercle bacilli. In the presence of positive cutaneous reactions with mammalian tuberculins a positive reaction with avian tuberculin cannot be taken as indica,ting an infection with the avian tubercle bacillus, but such infection

— 56 — may be assumed to exist when the reaction with avion tuberculin is positive while the reaction with other tuberculins is negative or considerably weaker, weaker. Tuberculosis does not develop in chickens when they have been inoculated intravenously or intraperitoneally with large amounts of mammalian tubercle bacilli.

Avian Tuberculosis in a deer. The Indian Veterinary Journal, April, 1932, p. 276. Tuberculosis of wild animals has always been considered rare except in £mimals that have been confined or been in contact with civilization. Especially avian tuberculosis was formerly thought to be of negligible importance to mammals. An interesting case was studied by Prof. M. Christiansen, Copenhagen, Denmark. A deer was accidentally killed by an automobile and the liver and spleen were given to the State Laboratory for examination for diagnosis. The left third of the liver was completely filled with nodules of the size of hazel nut to that of hen eggs. The nodules were so close together that the parenchymatous cells in this part of the organ were completely gone. The nodules showed marked fluctuation, were roundish but partly of irregular shape. Each nodule was surroimded by a rather heavy connective tissue capsule and inside this was a soft cheesy mass, which could easily be separated from the capsule and which contained numerous small granules of calcium. Cutting through the nodules, a uniform surface with concentric layers of clacium grains presented itself. Spread in the other part of the liver were some bean to hazel nut sized nodules and dorsal over in the right side a nodule of the size of a hen egg, all of the same structure. The portal lymph gland was gone except for a little part there was calcified. In the spleen there were a number of pea to walnut sized round nodules of the same structure as the one found in the liver. Almost the entire surface of the spleen was adherent to a round fluctuated process. This was bigger than a goose egg and connected with the diaphragm. The bacilli were typed and proved to be of the avian strain of the tubercle bacillus. This deer had been seen for several years previously in the vicinity of poultry farms on which tuberculosis was known to exist.

Studies of Tuberculosis of Turkeys, W. R. Hinshaw, K. W. Niemann, W. H. Busic. Agrie. Exp. Station, Davis, Calif. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, Vol. 80, p. 765. Summary. Preliminary studies of tuberculosis in turkeys in California and Nevada are reported. Tuberculosis in turkeys in these states was found to be no economic importance except in areas where the disease is prevalent among chickens. The disease was observed only in closely confined or barnyard flocks of turkeys, and the incidence increased with the age of the turkeys. Four cases of tuberculosis of turkeys from three outbreaks in California were found to be of avian origin by inoculation of tuberculous material into chickens, guinea pigs and rabbits. A fifth case originating from one of the three outbreaks did not produce typical avian reactions in the original inoculation of laboratory animals, but subsequent tests indicated that it was of avian or possibly mixid origin. The classification of lesions in 46 tuberculous turkeys indicated that the disease is of abdominal origin. The liver, spleen intestine, lungs, ovaries and the thymus gland were found, in the order given, to be the most common seats of infection. By a comparison of lesions in the turkeys

— 57 — examined, it would appear that there is a tendency ,for a greater variety of organs to become infected than in chickens. In the cases observed the external appearance or condition of the turkey was no indication of the extent or nature of the lesions found on autopsy. Based on autopsy findings in 88 tLirkeys from four ranches the intradermal tuberculin test, was found to be a less desirable means of diagnosing tuberculosis in turkeys than in chickens. The accuracy of the test in turkeys was greater when injections were made in the skin of the wing-web than when made in the skin of the wattle. The wattle reactions compared with the autopsy findings in 49,38 per cent of the cases in contrast to an agreement of 72.15 per cent in wing-web injections. In the tuberculous turkeys the difference was greater, as the wattle reactions agreed with the autopsy findings in only" 11.11 per cent of the cases, as compared to an agreement of 75.66 per cent of the wing-web reactions and autopsy findings.

Avian Tuberculosis in normal and vaccinated Rabbits. E. M. Medlar. Amer. Journal of Pathology, 1931, p. 475 (Ref. Journal of the Am. Vet. Med. Ass. Vol. 80, 1932, p. 111.) There is a signifiant difference in the gross pathology and in the histopathology of non-vaccinated and vaccinated rabbits infravenously injected with virulent avian tubercle bacilli. The text-book description of the tubercle represents a retrogressive, not a progressive phase of the pathology of tuberculosis. There is a striking difference in the leukocytic reaction of the non-vaccinated and vaccinated rabbits intravenously infected with virulent avian tubercle bacilli. The leukocytic response in the vaccinated rabbit simulates very closely the leukocytic reaction observed in human beings who have progressive tuberculosis. The megakaryocyte plays an important role in acute avian tuberculosis in the rabbit, the real significance of which cannot he stated.

DÎPHTHEKÎA AND FOX.

Vaccination against Fowl-Pox. Cutané Enting tegen Vogel- pokken met een door Duivenpassage gemitigeerd Hoender virus (HD virus). Dr. W. K. Picard, Buiten- zorg. Nederlandsch-Indische Bladen voor Diergenees- kunde, Oct. 1931, p. 417. Summary. In the Dutch East Indies the immunisation against Chicken-pox, which consisted formerly in the subcutane injection of formaliae-treated chicken- virus, has since 1929 been carried out by cutaneous application of a live vaccine. Having observed, that pox-virus from the turkey, pigeon and duck did not give satisfactory results — cutaneous vaccination with the two first mentioned virusses gave a strong local, as well as general reaction, besides an incomplete immunity — an efficient vaccine was at last found in chicken- virus mitigated through pigeon-passage. The vaccine is applied with a scarotrephine on the defeathered thigh; after 5-6 days a local reaction developes in the form of a circumscript swelling of the feather-foUicules, which disappears on the 12th day. The general condition of the bird and the egg-laying is not disturbed, whilst the reaction remains a local one without tendency to generalisation. The s.c. H D virus is won by regular transmission on the defeathered breast-skin of the pigeon. Within a period of 2 years (54 passages), the originally highly virulent chicken-virus has gained a constant virulence of reduced strength and gives a fixed immunity.

— 58 — The virus-producing pigeons are killed on the 12th day; the breast- skin is removed and passed through the organ-mill of Latéfy; the grinded material is dried for 24 hours in a Faust-Heim apparatus (37° C) and finally stored in an exsiccator above calcium chlorate. The vaccine for practical application contains 1 gram of virus-material on 50 c.c. of a 60 % solution of glycerine-NaCl. The dry virus is of short tenability (two weeks), so up to the present the vaccine has to be prepared from freshly made material. However, experiments have been started for improving the technique in order to lengthen the keepingperiod of the stored

The Susceptibility of the Chorio-Allantoic Membrane of Chick Embryos to Infection with the FowUPox-Virus, A. M. Woodruff and E. W. Goodpasture. Am. Journ, Path., 1931, p. 209. (Abstr. J. Am. Vet. Med. Ass., 1931, p. 651.) Ectodermal and entodermal cells of the chorio-allantoic membrane of the chick, as well as embryonic chick skin are susceptible to infection with the virus of fowl-pox at an early stage in the development of the embryo. Whether or not this specific susceptibility is acquired as a result of cellular differentiation has not been determined. Four methods for the isolation of uncontaminated fowl-pox virus are described. In two of these methods the virus is developed in tissue that has never been contaminated by extraneous micro-organisms. Fowl-pox infection in the trachea of the adult hen has been induced by means of inoculation with the uncontaminated virus.

Fowl Pox. The Ministry of Agriculture, 10, Whitehall Place, London, S.W. 1. In view of the prevalence of Fowl Pox (avian diphtheria, diphtheritic roup, canker), the Ministry of Agriculture issues a timely reminder to poultry farmers that a vaccine against this disease is supplied by the Ministry's Laboratory at the rate of Id. per dose to cover the cost of production. This vaccine has been extensively tested in the field for over two years as a preventive of Fowl Pox, and over a million birds have been inociiated, with very satisfactory results. It confers a solid immimity of at least four months' duration — in most cases much longer — and is free from danger, causes no constitutional disturbance, and does not interfere with egg production. There is a minimum charge of 2s. 6d., which covers a supply, post free, of 30 doses of the vaccine, with an instrument and brush for its application. In order to keep down the cost of production of the vaccine and to avoid unnecessary clerical work, cash must be enclosed with each order, which should be addressed to the Director, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Veterinary Laboratory, New Haw, Weybridge, Surrey. Cheques, money and postal orders should be made payable to "The Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries", and crossed "Bank of England".

FowUPox Vaccination at various Ages and its Effect upon normal Growth Gains. R. E. Lubbehusen and D. P. Ehlers. Bureau of Animal Industry, Harrisburg, Pa. The Journal of the Am. Vet. Med. Ass., Vol. 80, p. 236. Conclusions. 1. Vaccination of birds between 30 and 90 days of age is recommended. The systemic reaction incident to vaccination during this period does not appreciably affect normal growth and development. 2. Vaccination of birds between 90 and 120 days of age produces inhibition in normal weight gains. In normal birds this period of inhibition is transient and exerts no visible influence on future normal development.

— 59 — 3. Vaccination of birds older than 120 days results in a distinct post vaccination shock. Under certain conditions this systemic reaction may be a predisposing factor to impaired health. 4. In birds 30 days of age or older, a succesful vaccination take at the point of inoculation will produce an adequate protective immunity against natural infection with fowl pox.

Pigeon-Pox in Michigan, H. J. Stafseth, East Lansing, Michigan. Journal of the Am. Vet. Med. Association, Vol. 79, p. 822. A pigeon suffering from pox, had, according to the owner, contracted this disease in a pigeon and pet show in one of Michigans largest cities. Since this show was held, pox outbreaks have been reported from three cities in this state. This is the first outbreak of pigeon-pox that has come to the attention of the writer.

The Ohio Plan of Fowl-Pox Vaccination, G. H. Pierce, Columbus, Ohio. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, Vol. 80, p. 505. Meetings were arranged in 26 countries with the country agents, local veterinarians and in some cases with the hatcherymen and poultrymen. Information as to the number of birds vaccinated and the data obtained from vaccination have as yet not been secured. The results were very satisfactory and the co-operative plan will be continued more extensively next year.

Vaccination against Fowl Pox, N. J. Pyle. Veterinary Research, Ledrie Laboratories, New York. New England Poultryman, June 15, 1932. Summary. Fowl pox is a serious and economically important disease of the domestic fowl. A complete and durable protection against it is produced by the use of Fowl Pox Vaccine (prepared from chicken pox virus). Until such time as more is known about the degree of protection produced by Fowl Pox Vaccine (prepared from pigeon pox virus), the use of this vaccine should be confined to preventing the spread of an outbreak of the disease in an infected, laying flock. The vaccine made from pigeon pox virus is also efficient as an agent in the protection of pigeons against pox and diphtheria or "canker".

Demonstration of presence of fowl pox virus in wild caught mosquitoes (Culex pipiens). I. J. Kligler and M. Aschner. Soc. Expt. Biol. and Med. Proc, 28, 1931, No. 4, pp. 463—465. The authors have now obtained evidence by feeding and inoculation experiments that C. pipiens taken in the vicinity of chickens infected with fowl pox harbor the virus. Spontaneous infections developed among healthy chickens kept in separate cages in the same room with infected ones, when the room was infected with this mosquito. Some of these mosquitoes, taken in the room where the infections occurred, as well as in a room outside but adjacent to the animal house, were shown to harbor fowl pox virus. Thus is appears that C. pipiens may serve in nature as an active agent in Ihe spread of epidemics of fowl pox among chickens.

— 60 — Results of experiments with the use of pigeon-pox virus as cutaneous vaccine against fowl-pox, E. P. Johnson. Jour. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc, 79,1931, No. 1, pp. 81—86, figs. 2. In studies at the Virginia Experiment Sltation pigeon pox vaccine was found to be a very satisfactory immunizing agent for preventing natural infection with chicken pox. The product prepared was not 100 per cent efficient in immunizing against artificial infection. Pigeon pox virus vaccine seemed to have no ill effects upon the birds, nor was any decrease noted in egg production following its use.

Concerning the practical Value of the Chicken Pox Vaccine. Ueber den praktischen Wert der Geflügelpocken- Vakzine. L. Schneider. Allatorvosi Lapok 1931. No. 24. S. 329 (Ref. Prager Archiv für Tiermedizin, XII, 1932.) With a specially prepared vaccine about 140.000 different birds were vaccinated. The observations made in connection therewith led to the following conclusions: The vaccination can be done during any desired season without danger of the success, except during the time of moulting. The vaccination comes under consideration in the first line by stock already infected, whilst healthy stock should only be vaccinated in case of actual danger of transmission as well as during the yearly occiu*ence of the disease. By stocks, already protected by vaccination, a yearly repeating thereof is recommended. Through vaccination, signs of disease akeady present will be influenced not unfavourably, in the contrary, such animals will recover within 4—14 days also without any local treatment. At the time of the vaccination or at least 5 to 6 days later natural infected animals will g-ît sick in spite of the vaccination, though only under light symptoms and recover quickly afterwards. Later than 8 days after the vaccination no new cases were observed. The local success of the vaccination consist in a swelling of the feather follicle on the 5th to 8th day after vaccination. (The vaccine will be deposited on the lower thigh after the skin has been freed of feathers). The percentage of 5.33 % marked before the vaccination was lowered through the vaccination to 0.23 %. The vaccination can also influence the course of disease favourably through the fact, that, according to the somewhat dragging development the animals will live over the period of 4—10 days, which is necessary for the starting of the im.mumty and which will no more permit an extension of the Pox virus.

Transference of Pox by Mosquitos. Ueberiragung von Hühner- pocken durch Mücken. C. Stuppy, Würzburg. Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie Originale, Tome 123, p. 172. Conclusions. 1. Culex pipieus and Stegomya fasciata can, after sucking once on a diseased chicken, transmit pox still after 8, 19 an 39 days. 2. The incubation period amounted from 6—10 days. 3. The disease caused by the sting is sufficient to cause immunity. 4. The virus is in the mosquito itself and is transferred by the sucking by the one or other manner into the wound. 5. It is to be accepted that the transference is not only mechanical.

The Relation between Fowl-Pox and Avian Diphtheria, I. J. Kligler and M. Ascher. British Journal of experimental Pathology, 1931, p. 55. Pox and diphtheria are two different diseases, which is shown especially by the breaking out of crossed immunity. This happens simultaneously as well

— 61 — as independently of each other. The pox-virus can cause on the long- and mouth mucous membrane also membranes which are leathery and firmly sticking to the mucous membrane. The membranes caused by diphtheria are irregular of form and are sticking loosely to the mucous membrane. They do not contain any pox-virus. The epithelium is only very little damaged and by pox it is strongly damaged and necrotic. By avitaminosis no membranes are being formed, but numerous abcesses of the glands of the mucosa of oesophagus and pharynx.

Disease caused by Pox-virus. Soor-ähnliche, durch Geflügel- pocken virus erzeugte Krankheitshilder bei Hühnern. T. V. Heelsbergen. Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie, 1. Originale, 1931. p. 577. PoX"diphtheria is often being mistaken for soor. Microscopical examination has to decide, as by soor the mycelium threads and spores are being found. By pox, small, red coloured grains appear, which agree very much with the small bodies described by Borrel.

Recovery of Fowl Pox virus from Vaccines by Cataphoresis. I. J. Kligler, Jeriisalein. British Journal of experinienial Pathology. 1931, p. 42. By means of cataphoresis could be isolated from two phenolised and one dry vaccine again active virus on the anode.

Immunity in Fowl Pox. lieber das Wesen der Geflügelimmu- nittít. H. Gaede. Zeitschrift für Infektionskrankheiten, Vol. 40, p. 268. Conclusions. The lest have not been terminated owing to financial reasons. The author believes however to take it that by pox an immunity can result, which will be determined through anti-bodies in the blood-serum. The experimental work is connected with great difficulties, as the determination of the dose of the virus is very difficult. Also the individual sensitiveness of the test chickens is very varying.

Pox-Vaccin. Impfstoff gegen Geflügeldiphtherie. Tierärztliche Puindschau. 1st May 1932. In Germany, according to paragraph 88 of the B.A.V.G., pox-vaccin may only be delivered to Veterinäries, and may also only be used by vete-

The Storing of Pox-Virus in dried Crusts. J. Ssandomirsky and R. Rnhinstein. (From the Russian, ref. Tierärztliche Rundschau, 1932, p. 232.) The dried pox-crusts were stored in closed glass tubes and in the dark, under a room temperature. A weakening of the pathogène properties occurred only after 27 months. The incubation-period was extended to 10—12 days, generalisation of the disease did no more occure. With a view to the great resistance of the virus, the desinfection of the houses must be done very thoroughly.

— 62 — CHOLERA AND PARA-TYPHOID.

Severe Gastroenteritis after eating Pigeon-Eggs. VoedseU uergiftiging bij den Mensch in Verband met Duiven- Paratgphose, Dr. A. Clarenburg and Dr. Ch. G. J. Dornickx. Tijdschrift voor Diergeneeskunde, 1932, p. 670. Summary. Twenty persons were afflicted with gastroenteritis after they had consumed pudding of which the most important ingredient was pigeon eggs. In the pudding were found paratyphus-bacilli of the Aertrycke type. The same kind of micro-organisms were discovered in the faeces, the blood and the urine of the patients. The bloodserum of the patients revealed also the presence of agglutinins for these bacteria. Among the pigeons from which the eggs were procured, cases of paratyphus were found. It was demonstrated that in the eggs of these birds the paratyphus-bacilli were identical with the cultures obtained from the pudding and the patients. The foodpoisoning was caused by infection of the pudding with paratyphus-bacilli from the pigeon eggs. This is the first case in which it is demonstrated, that the paratyphus- bacilli of pigeons can be harmful to himian beings.

Spontaneous and Experimental Infection of Pigeons with B. Aertrycke. Y. R. Cash and C. A. Doan. Americ. Journal of Pathology, 1931, p. 373 (Ref. Journal Am. Vet. Med. Ass., Vol. 80, p. 113.) The apparently spontaneous development of a fatal disease in under nourished pigeons is reported, which is characterized by anemia, marked myeloid hyperplasia of the bone marrow, striking increase in the myeloid elements of the blood, and extensive infiltration of the livers and kidneys with myeloid tissue. In addition to these myeloid changes, large modular, often necrotic masses of mononuclear phagocytic cells are frequently found scattered throughout the liver, spleen kidneys and bone marrow. B. Aertrycke was recovered in pure culture from the blood, Hver, kidney, spleen and bone marrow of these cases. In sections bacteria are found to be present in the foci of mononuclear cells, but do not occur within the collections of myelocytes. The disease has been produced experimentally in normal pigeons by the intraperitoneal injection of liver emulsions made from naturally infected birds, intraperitoneal injections of B, Aertrycke derived from the same source, and also by oral administration of single large doses of broth cultures of this organism. Bacteria free filtrates of broth cultures of B. Aertrycke have had no demonstrable effect upon normal pigeons when injected or administered orally in single large doses.

Bacteria of the Enteric Group in Poultry. C. A. McGaughey. University of Manchester. The Veterinary Journal, Jan., 1932, p. 16. Summary. 1. Infections of poultry with bacteria of the enteric group, other than B. pullorum and B. gallinarum are discussed. 2. Six strains of bacteria, isolated from chicks and adult fowls in six separate infections and resembling the organisms isolated from man by Morgan (1907), Morgan and Ledingham (1909), are described. 3. Two of the six strains were isolated in pure culture from the blood,

— 63 — organs, and intestines of young chicks with clinical signs, of bacillary white diarrhea; the remaining four strains were isolated from the blood, organs or intestines of adult fowls. 4. Agglutination tests have shown that there was little antigenic relationship between the six strains. 5. The pathogenicity of the six strains is discussed and it is suggested that in four of the cases described the organism isolated was the cause of disease. 6. Five instances of infection with bacteria of the salmonella group are described. 7. In two instances, one an outbreak in young chicks showing clinical signs of bacillary white diarrhea viz., Case 2 and the other, a chronic disease in ducks viz. Case 5, an organism which by cultural and serological tests seems to be identical with; or at least closely related to. B. enteritides Gaertner was isolated. In one case, viz. Case 3 a non motile salmonella organism, which by cultural and serological tests seems to be related to B. Aertrycks was isolated. Further serological tests are necessary for the complete identification of the organism isolated in cases 2, 3 and 5. 8. Infections of birds with enteric bacteria other than B. puUorum and B. gallinarum are of interest to veterinarians for several reasons, viz.: (1) They cannot be differentiated clinically from "PuUorum" disease or fowl typhoid, both of which diseases are of great economic importance. (II) The effective control of these diseases depends on early diagnosis. (Ill) The possibility of spread to, or infection from, other animals must be considered. (IV) The origin of infection in certahi cases of food poisoning has been traced to infected birds or eggs.

Fowl Cholera in England, G. H. Warrack and T. Balling. Langley Court, Beckenhani, Kent. The Veterinary Journal, Jan., 1932, p. 26. Conclusions. 1. Fowl cholera (caused by Pasteurella avium) exists in England as a subacute disease and causes death among fowls. We have no record here of its occurring as an acute epidemic. 2. Infection may persist among infected stock for at least one year, as evidenced by the infection of newly introduced stock into affected premises. There is some evidence that the disease is more acute in newly introduced birds. (The cockerel in Outbreak II became ill three days after its arrival.) 3. In some cases the so called colds among fowls may be subacute fowl cholera (throat swabs may yield cultures of P. avium). 4. Oedema of the wattles in cockerels may be caused by infection with P. avium, which may be isolated in pure culture from the debris contained within the swollen wattles. (We feel that fowl cholera may be more common in England than is generally thought.)

Subacute Infections in Fowl due to Pasteurella Avicida. R. Gwatkin. Report of the Ontario Veterinary College, 1928, Toronto, 1929. Summary. Pasteurella avicida varies widely in virulence, which combined with the varying resistcmce of the host results in conditions that range from acute cholera to localized infections of joints and organs in the same flock. Several cases of wryneck were shown to be due to P. avicida and this condition was reproduced artificially by the injection into the submocosa of the eyelid of strains from roupy eyes.

— 64 — p. avicida was recovered in pure culture from 13 out of 60 sporadic cases of peritonitis (21^/3 per cent.). The strains of P. avicida from cases of roup were examined. Three of the six strains injected into the submucosa of the eyelid of fowl produced a violent inflammation with intense swelling of the face and eye and also a genelalized. Condition with the development of wryneck in three of four injected birds. The organism was recovered from the brain of two of these fowl. The condition produced was more severe than is encountered in roup and there was absence of any discharge but this may have been due to the method and location of the injection and the size of the dose.

The Differentiation of Past cur ella Avicida and Bruceila In- fections in the Fowl. M. W. Emmel and M. L. Boevers, Auburn, Ala. Alabama Polytechnic Institute. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, Vol. 81, p. 103. Summary. Experiments confirming the work of Mailmann on the interagglutin- ability of P. avicida and the species of the genius Bruceila have been conducted. However, the fowl shows a marked response in the production of agglutinins when exposed to Brucella organisms but the reverse is true when exposed to P. avicida (seven strains). The agglutination test for Brucella would thus apparently have value in determining the presence of Brucella infection in a flock of fowls. Acute or subacute fowl cholera can be differentiated from Brucella infection in the fowl bacteriologically by distinct differences in the natura and course of the two infections, as well as by differences in the microscopic pathology produced by the causal organisms. Localized P. avicida infection can be differentiated from Brucella infection by the microscopic pathology produced about the head of birds by the former infection, P. avicida as a general rule being readily isolated from such lesions.

Significance of Dermanyssus Avium for the Transmission of Avian Cholera. Beteekenis van Dermanyssus Avium voor de Overhrenging van Vogelcholera. E. Vroom, Proefschrift, Rijksuniversiteit, Utrecht. Dec. 1930. To determine the role of this mite by the transmission of avian cholera, the writer has taken a great nim^iber of tests (about 150 tests with a total of 60.000 mites) with chickens, pigeons and m^ice. He reached the following results: The avian cholera can maintain itself for a long time in Dermanyssus Avium, without loosing much of its virulence. Its presence by hungry mites, kept in a room temperature, may still be ascertained up to 120 days. Cultural and from coupes a strong increase of the taken up bacilli can be proved. This heavy increase takes place chiefly within the first 24 hours after the absorption of the bacilli. This increase in bacilli is to be regarded as a kind of "Pseudoculture". The mite is therefore not to be regarded as a real host of passage but as a staying carrier. The bacilli do not excercise any disadvan- tageous influence on the life of the mites. The bacilli are being discharged with the excrements in great quantities. As a rule, 15 days after absorption of the bacilli the excrements do not contain any more virulent bacilli. In some cases however, virulent bacilli may still be discharged with the excrements a long time after the absorption of the bacilli (about 49 days). A re-sucking has little or no influence on the remaining bacilli. In

— 65 — V spite of repeated food-taking, the bacilli remain a long time in the body of the mite. Histologie research has proven, that the bacilli were limited to the intestinal lumen. In the intestinal cells or outside the intestinal channel, their presence could not be proven. Inheritance of the bacillus to the descendants (egg passage) does not take place. The bacillus may, however, maintain itself in the mite, during the moulting from protonymphe • to deutonymphe and to imago. The mite is incapable to transmit the avian cholera bacillus by means of the sting to healthy animals. The 28 tests made with a total of 20.000 mites, during which the intervals were from a few minutes to 25 days duration, have all had a negative result. By reason of this negative result, it may also be taken that the bacilli containing excrements do not offer any infection danger. Absorption per os of infected mites may, however, cause an infection in the test animal.

Pigeons as Carriers of Bacterium Enteritidis Breslaviense. Tauben als Ausscheider von Bacterium Enteritidis Bres- laviense. G. Schutt, Deutsche Tierärztliche Wochen- schrift, No. 26, 1931. Breslau infection amongst pigeons increases very much during the last few years. One of the first reports emanates from Zingle, in 1913, who reported a paratj^hoid infection amongst the pigeons of a military carrier- pigeon station (Haemorrhagic infection of the intestine; hyperaemic spots in the liver, sometimes yellow nidus). Beck and Meyer made a more profound investigation. Clinically, they distinguish an acute, a subacute and a chronic form; the fírst two offer a picture of septicemia and will be noticed in young birds; the latter takes a chronic course; the bacilli will be found in the joints. The combatting measures, had, in general, up to date not much success. For which reason one had to think of virus-carriers. Schutt had set himself the task, to get something more tangible regarding same; the serum from 120 pigeons, taken from different pigeon stocks, was tested for Bac. ent. bresl. by means of the slow agglutination. Eight animals agglutinated positively (titer of 1 : 50 to 1 : 200). In the manure of five birds the bacilli were found. None of these animals suffered, however, from any noticeable intestinal troubles or showed any sign of emacLnation. It was noticeable, that in these cases the Bac. ent. bresl. grew almost in pure culture, by the negative manure-tests, usually coli-colonies were formed (a similar observation was made by Mieszner and Kobe by Gartner-carriers amongst cattle. The bacteriological test of bloodcoagulae for enteritis bacteri was negative in all cases. In the eggs layed by pigeons, no bacilli were found. After the section, B. ent. bresl. were bred from the heart, liver, spleen, kidneys and intestines of 7 pigeons. The importance of the virus carriers is clear; they are the infectious source for young animals. Combatting of the disease lives or dies with the fact as to whether or not a successful detection of the virus carriers will realize. Agglutination tests with serum ought to supply a valuable support in this.

Désinfections working of different Desinfectants for B. Galli- narum and Pasteur ella Avisepticum. Közlemenyck. (Ref. Berliner Tierärztliche Wochenschrift, No. 23, 1931.) Hungary. For the killing of the cause of the disease of Klein and of Avian Cholera, numerous means were tested. The best and most economical means for the practice proved to be natron-lye. In a H % solution it will kill both kinds of bacterias within half a minute. Chloric lime is also good; sulfoliquid has only a feeble effect.

— 66 — Para Cholera. P. W. Ssisow. (From the Russian. Ref. Tierärzt- liche Rundschau, 1932, p. 232.) A new disease, which appears during the last time epidemically in the U.S.S.R. In agreement with Beck and Hook (1925) he calls this disease Para- cholera. The writer thinks that the infection-germ is a variant of the B. avisepticus which has become stabile. Typical appearances are: low losses, acute-subacute course of the disease, diarrhea, sometimes nervous symptoms, broncho -pneumonia.

Infection of Pigs with Fowl Cholera Bacilli. Ueber Infektion mit Geflügel Cholerabazillen beim Schwein. Dr. M. Knoth, Zwickau. Tierärztliche Rundschau, 1932, p. 261. Up to the present no success has been obtained to infect horses, cows or pigs from chickens which died of cholera. Only a few very dubious cases are being made mention of in the littérature. The writer reports one case, where pigs ate up some chickens which died of cholera, and which afterwards became ill under the symptoms of sleeping sickness. In the organs bipolar bacilli were found. The writer presumes with great probability, that it concerned here an infection with food-cholera. Finally, some cases of illness of human beings, after the consumption of cholera infected meat, are being mentioned.

Cholerabacilli in the Manure after artificial Infection. F. Miendweil, Zagreb. 1927. (Ref. Zentralblatt für Bakterio- logie. Referat: Tome 103, p. 471.) After subcutaneous inoculation of cholerabacilli, these were found in the manure 12 hours before the animal died. First the body temperature had been increased. Diarrhea and sleepiness appeared already before the bacilli were noticeable in the manure.

Vaccination against Cholera with Tainted Bacilli. St. Baloki- vic. Zagreb, 1930. (Ref. Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie.) Ref. T¿me 103 p. 472. Pigeons, which were inoculated with tainted vaccine (Weichlein), were unable to get over an infection following directly on the forementioned vaccination.

Peroral Immunisation against Cholera. E. Mrkvicka. Zagreb, 1929. (Ref. Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie, Referate, Tome 103, p. 42.) The researches of Horoschilova and Lurye over the peroral immunisation against cholera are being controlled. Conclusion: After feeding with broth cultures no immunity appeared The results therefore agreed thus with those of Plasajs and Kordasch, who could neither obtain any immunity.

Vaccination against Cholera. Le B.C.G. peut-il récupérer de la Virulence? Dr. T. van Heelsbergen, Utrecht. Receuil de médecins vétérinaire, Mai 1932.

— 67 — With reference to researches in connection with increased sensibility of an animal after inoculation with tuberculose-vaccin B.C.G. the author says: "In cholera one has noted that a single injection of vaccine makes the animal more sensitive in place of protecting it. In cholera, the desired insensibility was only obtained after the second or third injection.

Alteration of the Culture-Mediae hy Cholera Bacilli, J. Horvat. Inaug. Dissertation, Veterinary Faculty, Zagreb, 1929. (Ref. Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie, Referate, Vol. 105, p. 14a.) Five strains of Bact, aviseptici were tested on different mediums. The results were as follows: Acid forming in lévulose, galaktose, glucose, mannose, saccharose arabinose, mannit and xylose. No acid in maltose, lactose, raffinóse, amylin, sorbit, erytrit, dulcit, inulin, dextrin, glycerin, amygdalin. Indol forms rapidly in pepton-broth. Litmus-molke stays neutral.

Infection with Manure of Chickens died of Cholera. B. Kordas, Jugoslavenski Veterinarski Glasnik, 1928, p. 285. (Ref. Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie, Referate, Tome 103, p. 471.) Of 32 infected chickens only one died. Most of the chickens did not show any reaction. Six chickens, which 12 days after feeding were inoculated subcutaneously died all. If they were being injected 25 days after feeding, they kept alive. From this follows, that after feeding of infected manure the animals are much more sensitive for infection than after a longer period.

PARALYSIS

So-Called **Fowl-Paralysis,'* Also called Neuritis in Chickens, Range Paralysis, Nearo-Lymphomatosis Gallinarum. A discussion of the various theories as to causation, with special reference to field observations and laboratory transmission experiments. G. H. Warrack and T. Bailing. Langley Court, Beckenham, Kent. The Veteri- nary Journal, 1932, p. 28. Summary and Conclusions. 1. Fowl-paralysis exists as a specific disease of clinical symptoms, post mortem lesions, and histological sections of various tissues, including the brain and spinal cord. 2. It is more readily diagnosed as an outbreak than by the examination of a single affected bird. 3. The disease can be transmitted to healthy birds by the injection of suitable sterile tissues from affected cases. 4. The disease may exist without the presence of intestinal parasites, including coccidia, and can be reproduced in birds which have never been exposed to such parasitic infestation. 5. It seems propable that intestinal parasites, errors in feeding and in breeding, predispose to the production of symptoms. In the absence of the causal factor (at present unknown, but contained in tissues of affected birds) they are incapable of causing evidence of true fowl paralysis.

— 68 — 6. It seems practically certain that the disease may be transmitted through the egg, and that the cockerel as well as the hen may be the transmitter. 7. There is some evidence to show that transmission by contact between diseased and healthy birds may occur. 8. The hypothesis that the cause of the disease is a filtrable virus is consistent with our results.

Leg-Weakness in Poultry. A. D. Thomas, Onderstepoort. The Journal of the South African Veterinary Medical Association, Vol. 1, No. 2, p. 72. It seems evident that a disease is being dealt with, having peculiarities of its own. It occurs at certain times in the form of an epizootic, at others affecting only one or two birds in a flock, yet contact and ordinary transmission experiments seem to show that if at all transmissible, this is possible only with great difficulty and in a small number of cases. A hypothesis of individual susceptibility or alternately general natural resistance has been advanced to explain this. Evidence so far seems to point against a dietetic cause, but this has not yet been fully investigated. Some authors consider the condition a type of inflammation of the nerves with degenerative and productive processes, hence the name "polyneuritis" one sees in the literature. Pappenheimer, Dunn & Cone (1926) suggest the term Neurolymphomatosis gallinarum, and they consider the process a lymphoid hyperplasia of nervous tissue with degenerative changes as secondary. The latter appears to us to be the better explanation. Certain pathological aspects of this disease would lead one to believe that it stands in some relationship to that group of ill-defined conditions, the Leukaemias and Aleukaemias on the one hand, and the neoplasms on the other. In the material studied a whole series of cellular accumulations was found ranging from small lymphoid foci to large sarcoma-like new growths. Whatever the nature of the process in the nervous system, the similar cellular aggregations in other orgems as well as the tumours often found in birds from affected flocks, give one the impression of possible similar origin, a point which has already been suggested by Pappenheimer and co-workers. Bearing in mind the works of Peyton Rous (1911) and Ellermann (1923) on neoplasms and Leukaemias of the fowl, the present disease may afford a suitable starting point for further investigation into the causes and interrelationship of all these interesting conditions.

Vitamin B and Fowl Paralysis, W. P. Blount. The Veterinary Journal, July, 1932. Author initiated inoculation experiments, none of these have succeeded even after an incubation period of six months. No evidence has been acquired which supports the virus theory. A review of experimental results shows the importance of factors additional, or antigonistic to the causal virus. Warwick and Dalling have not made the question of a virus origin of paralysis impregnable. It is not improbable that the more recent manifestations of fowl paralysis are in the main due to nutritional factors which have stimulated the primary causal factor to operate or a coidespread scale. It is suggested that present-day poultry keepers, by feeding protein-rich mashes, are foster- ing disease processes, particularly those associated with cell development. Is there not the possibility that other amino-acids (fishmeal, milk) definitely foreign to Aves may cause trouble, particularly where neoplastia "nests" lie dormant? Several of the vitamins are growth promoting, some of the factors of vitamin B are cell stimulants in action. Bloimt takes one of these factors (B 1) under discussion in this paper. If there is any foundation for the belief that an unbalance of vitamins can cause harm, then to give an excess of vitamin B 1 to growing chicks, and at the sanie time to deprive them of their

— 69 — chief supply of vitamin C is to produce such an imbalance and it is suggested that this may be related to the prevalence of fowl paralysis. Studies of Fowl Paralysis. IIL Gastronomic Enteritis, W. P. Blount, Goring. Reading. The Veterinary Journal, June 1932, p. 236. Conclusions. From a study of fifty outbreaks of paralysis (affecting several hens in each flock) including nineteen exhibiting nerve lesions, it has been found that at least 90 per cent, of these cases were associated with an inproper functioning of the gizzard due to a deficiency of insoluble grit, like flint, in the diet. Inflammatory changes occurred in the alimentary canal notably in the duodenum, and in the majority of instances intestinal parasitosis followed. In the study of the prevention of the disease fowl paralysis, and also of associated paralysis exhibiting as their sole feature nimierous intestinal parasites careful consideration should be given to the management of such birds throughout life in order to ensure that grit suitable for the optimum functioning of the gizzard shall be supplied at all times to be ingested by these animals. Except in the case of birds occupying light "gravel" soils, flint grit should be broadcast over the land periodically. Care should be taken to ensure that a birds natural appetite for grit does not become dull because of the presence of an excess quantity of soluble calcium salts in the ration. It is suggested that birds reared intensively without a proper supply of grit suitable for grinding purposes or reared on range inadequate in this respect prepare themselves for future intestinal parasitic infestations by lowering the vitality of their digestive tracts.

Fowl Paralysis cured by Lettuce, A New Vitamin or an old Drug? Our Prevision of a Cambridge Discovery,!^, D. Kay. Poultry, Australia, May 7, 1932. Author's conception of Dr. Bayon's cure is not that of a new vitamin, but rather of an old and wellknown drug, known as Lactucarium. Lactucarium is a very complex principle, contains four distinct substances: lactucone, lactucin, lactucic acid and hyos cyamine. The lactucone is approximately 44 per cent, of the lactucarium in the most active sedative. Dr. von Frankyl Stockwart has developed a special technique for the treatment of general paralysis of the insane with a concentration of lactucone. Author has treated with success a hen with three five-grain doses of lactucariimi. With a certain amount of success and an occasional failure he has also treated less severe cases of avian paralysis, neuritis and general nervousness in young puUets just coming on to lay. Inheritance of Resistance to Fowl Paralysis (Neurolympho- matosis Gallinarum) IL On a significant Difference in the Incidence of Fowl Paralysis in two Groups of Chicks. J. Bîely, E. Palmer and V. S. Asmondson. Canadian Journal of Research, Vol. 6, April 1932. Abstract: Data are presented on two groups of thirty chicks each, hatched from a susceptible and an apparently resistant flock. There was a significant difference in the incidence of fowl paralysis and lymphomatous tumors in these two groups. This is interpreted to m^an that there is an inherent difference in susceptibility and resii?tance to fowl paralysis and lymphomatous timiors. Fowl Paralysis in Cyprus. F. H. Manley, Agricultural Depart- ment, Cyprus. Eggs, July 6th, 1932.

— 70 — Summary. A small outbreak of fowl paralysis is described in which the cause was not determined. A parasitic cause could be excluded. The clinical picture closely resembled specific fowl paralysis, but on post-mortem there was a notable absence of macroscopic and microscopic lesions. The addition of lettuce to the diet of sick birds appeared to improve their chances of recovery. A few transmission experinxents failed.

Range Paralysis. Die Gefügellähme. Dr. Lerche, Breslau. Deutsche LandwirtschaftUche Geflügelzeitung, 30 Juni 1932. . : i^^iiPlüli In Germany, the paralysis increases more and more during the last few years. A difference has to be made between paralysis caused by different diseases (avitaminosis, lead- cind zincpoisoning, tuberculose) and the real Mareck disease. Sometimes only 2 to 7 % of the animals will be sick, and sometimes 10—30 %. The disease appears only by chickens and not by any other birds. After numerous and extended tests, the author comes to the following conclusions: 1. The paralysis occurring in Germany does not coincide with inbreeding, feeding, coccidiosis or tapeworm infection. It is an independent disease, caused through a virus. 2. Through manure, only young animals can be infected. Especially during their first weeks of life, the chicks are the most sensitive. The highest period of age for natural infection is 8 weeks. 3. By artificial infection, disease can occur still after 14 weeks. After the infection at least 66 days will pass before the actual disease will be noticeable. The longest incubation period was 7H months. 4. Chickens can transfer infection by means of the eggs. 5. Caution is recommended against the buying of hens of 2 to 3 months of age.

INFECTIOUS LARYNGO-TRACHEITIS.

Studies on the Etiology of Laryngotracheitis (Infectious Bronchitis) of Chickens. J. R. Beach, University, Ber- keley, California. Journal American Veterinary Medical Association, Vol. 80, p. 496. Summary and Conclusions. 1. The causative agent of infectious laryngo-tracheitis of chickens was found to be present in bacteriologically sterile trachea! exúdate, spleens and livers of diseased fowls. 2. The causative agent was present regularly in the trachéal exúdate, in the spleens about 60 per cent., and in the livers about 30 per cent., of chickens with active laryngotracheitis infection. 3. Suspensions of the spleen and liver were less effective in causing the disease than those made from the trachea! exúdate. This finding, together, with the absence of pathological changes in the spleens and livers, would seem to indicate that these are not actively involved but that the causative agent is carried to them by way of the blood. 4. The disease in our experience, could be produced only in chickens. Domesticated ducks and several wild and free flying species of birds, including sparrows, crows, starlings, doves and pigeons, were foimd to be refractory, and so too, were rabbits, guinea pigs, white rats, and one pig that was tested. 5. The experiments demonstrate that laryngotracheitis is caused by a filtrable virus that, because of its size or some other property, does not pass readily through the finer filters.

-- 71 — It was shown that the sera from fowls that have recovered from an infection with a New Jersey strain of virus will neutralize the same strain and also the one California strain tested. The virus dried over calcium chlorid at incubator temperature for 10 days and then stored in the refrigerator for 60 days produced disease. Kept over calcium chlorid in refrigerator for a month, it was still active and, when dried by Swift's Method, it remained alive for 5 months.

Infectious Tracheitis, R. Gwatkin. Report of the Veterinary College for 1928, Toronto, 1929. Summary. In three out of four cases of infectious tracheitis chicken-pox virus was present. The lesions produced in experimental birds were those of typical diphtheria and chicken-pox, although in one case they were slight. We were unable in these and other efforts to reproduce the bloody exúdate. In the fourth case no lesions developed and the experimental birds were later shown to be insusceptible to virus. In one case the virus did not pass a V Berkefeld candle. The same candles also held back the virus in a suspension of known virulent scabs alone and mixed with blood. In another case the virus did successfully pass the same candles.

Blood-Cell Counts in acute avian Laryngotracheitis. Fr. Thorp, R. Graham. University of Illinois, Urbana, 111. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, Vol. 80, June, 1932, p. 909. Summary. The erythrocyte counts of 71 chickens suffering from acute laryngotracheitis averaged 2,596,000 per cubic millimeter of blood, suggesting that in chickens suffering from acute laryngotracheitis there is no significant deviation from the normal number of erythrocytes. The average number of leucocytes encountered in the same chickens was 11,900 per cubic millimeter of blood, which is slightly lower (100) than the minimum range in normal chickens as noted by Warthin. When compared with 18,000 leucocytes per cubic millimeter of blood in normal chickens the minimum reported by Burnett, there is an average reduction of approximately 6,000 leucocytes noted in fowls suffering from acute laryngotracheitis.

Bronchitis in Chicks, National Poultry Journal, Jan., 1932. Mr. C. B. Hudson, poultry pathologist at the New Jersey Agricultural Station, has been conducting experiments dealing with Bronchitis in chickens. 114 White Leghorns and Rhode Island Red six week old chickens were artificially inoculated with the disease. The loss amongst 57 birds subjected to a constant temperature of 98"* Fahrenheit was 11 or 19.3 per cent. Of the other 57 birds, exposed to a temperature of 60 to 70°, 37 died which amounted to a death-rate of 64.7 per cent. The experiment has been repeated with equally striking results.

Studies of some Virus Diseases of Fowls. C. A. Brandly and L. D. Bushnell. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, Vol. 80, p. 782. Recent and current investigations have fortified the knowledge of fowl-pox and infectious laryngotracheitis and it is proposed with this article to consider briefly some of the important aspects and results of this work.

— 72 — infectious Laryngotracheitis in Germany, Infektiöse Laryngo- tracheitis beim Huhn auch in Deutschland, Dr. Lerche. Laiidwirtschaftskaminer, Breslau. Berliner Tierärztliche Wochenschrift, 1932, p. 146. The writer has come across the disease on two poultry farms and so has been acquainted with the malignity of this disease. First he gives a summary of the littérature and afterwards a description of the cases studied by him. On one farm, the disease disappeared completely whilst on the other it returned every year during the autumn. The death rate was, in both cases, very large. Microscopic photos of the normal and the sick trachea make the article more cleare. The difference with roup shows clearest from the microscopic picture, as well as the difference with diphtheria. The infection was at once successful if the contents of a sick trachea was brought in the trachea of a sound chicken. By subcutaneous or intramuscular injection the infection was not successful. The incubation period was from 3 to 7 days. Most of the artifically infected chickens recovered after an illness of from 3 to 4 days. The virus is only in the trachea, not in the organs. The virus passes the Berkefeld-chandle only partly and is not, as indicated by Van Heelsbergen, identical with fowl-pox-virus.

Intranuclear Bodies in Infectious Laryngo-Tracheitis, Intrani- kleäre Einschlüsse hei infektiöser Laryngotracheitis der Hühner, Prof. Dr. O. Seifried. Rockefeller-Institute for Medical Research, Princeton, N.Y. Zeitschrift für In- fektionskrankheiten, Vol. 41, p. 65. Conclusions. 1. The pathologenic working of the virus is confined to the airways. The primary changes concern the epithelium of the mucosa. This is followed by changes in the submucosa, which are especially clear in the larynx and the trachea, by which the epithelial tissue will be destroyed. 2. In a great percentage of the cases, especially in the commencing state of the disease, characteristic intranuclear bodies are present in the kernels of the epithelial cells. These have very much similarity with those which appear by other filtr able-virus diseases. The article is illustrated with many well coloured plates and photos.

FOWL PEST. A Study of Cross Immunity with Viruses of Fowl Plague and Observations on the Duration of Immunity, Harvey Purchase. Brit. Journ. Exp. Path., 1931, p. 199. (Abstr. J, Am, Vet, Med, Ass.. 1931, p. 650.) Using several strains of fowl-plague virus no evidence of the occurrence of immiinologically different types was found. It was found that fowls known to be able to resist inoculation with fowl-plague virus may, after a lapse of 32 days or more, succomb to fowl-plague if then inoculated intramuscularly with the virus. Fowl Pest Virus in Culture, lieber das Verhalten von Hühner- pestvirus in Gewebekultur, C. Hallauer, Zeitschrift für Hygienic, 1931, p. 61. (Ref. Zentralblatt für Bakterio- logie, Referate, T. 105, p. 138.

— 73 — The author was successful in breeding the pestvirus in tissues of the chickens. The virus will gi'ow only in skin-tissues, brains and iris-epithelium. The virus will increase itself also in the tissues of pigeons, geese and ducks. Typical alterations will be recognised in the tissue-cultures. Fowl Pest in Egypt, Newcastle Disease, pseiido Fowl Pest. La Peste Aviare in Egitto, Malattia di Newcastle. Falsa Peste Aviarive Egiziana. Prof. Dr. M. Carpano, Ministero dell Agricoltura, Servizio Veterinaria. Cairo. La Clinica Vete- rinaria, Lulglio 1932, p. 518. Extended description of the aviary pest in Egypt, amongst others the history, course, symptoms pathological anatomy, diagnosis, prophylactic, immunisation. This is followed by more detailed contemplation of tests in connection with the Newcastle disease described by Doyle in England and the pseudo-pest described by Picard in Dutch-India, Kodier in the Philippines and Lagrange in Egypt. The publication is provided with tables and photos. Conclusions. 1. The disease, diagnosed by author in Egypt and investigated by author agrees, as regards the course, symptoms, pathological anatomy and properties with the classical avian pest as the one described first in Italy and as this occurs mostly over the whole of the world. 2. The Newcastle disease, though it displays the common appearances of the ordinary pest, differs therefrom through the predominance of affectations to the breathing organism, through differences in the immunity reactions and before all through the easy transferance on young and old pigeons. 3. As regards the Egyptian Pseudo-pest the writer does not find any sufficient motives to regard same as a separate disease and to deduce it from the ordinary pest in Egypt. Transmission test with Fowl Pest and Stegomyia Aegypti. Uehertragungsversuche mit Geflügelpest und Stegomyia Aegypti. O. Nieschulz, A. Bos and Tarip. Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie, Originale, Tome 121, H. 7-8, p. 413. As it is very difficult to transmit the fowl pest even by close contact from animal to animal and while the virus during the end stadium circulates in the peripheral blood, writers do not regard the possibility of transmission by means of blood sucking insects as excluded. For the first lots of tests the so-called Stegomyia aegypti (S. Fasciata), the so-called yellow fevermosquito, were chosen, which is well known as transmitter of virus diseases (yellow fever, dengue and avian pox) and because these come sometimes into contact also in the tropics, with the many chickens, living in the inmiediate vicinity of human habitations. Through intramuscular injection of finely rubbed mosquitoes into the pectoralis, the virus could still be ascertained 6 days after the infection. After 8—15 days, the tests with 175 mosquitoes had a negative result. A development of the virus in the mosquitoes (as for instance by the yellow fever) did not take place in this instance. Infection tests, through direct transmitting of the mosquito sting had a negative result after 3—5 days. Though the contents of the intestines of the mosquitoes was infectious (during 6 days), they could not transmit the fowl pest by means of the sting. The mosquitos do not, therefore, come into consideration as natural transmitters. LEUCAEMIA. The Pathological Histology of the Bone Marrow in the Ery- throleukose of Chickens. Die pathologische Histologie

— 74 — des Knochenmarkes bei der Erythroleukose der Hühner, Aus dem pathol. anat. Institut der Kgl. Ung. Tierärzt- lichen Hochschule in Budapest (Direktor Prof. Dr. Karl Jármai), Inauguraldissertation von Desider Kogler. During his leucose studies Prof. Jármai charged author with the execution of the histological researches, which were destined, to ascertain the changes of the bone-marrow. As material served in the one place chickens, which died spontaneously of Erythroleucosis (1st part) on the other hand animals, which were destroyed during the beginning of the disease at a self-chosen time (2nd part). The chickens which died spontaneously were examined from the following points of view: Does there exist a connection: (1) between the changes of the blood-picture and the bone-marrow (2) between the period of the disease and the changes in the bone-marrow, (3) between the enlarging of the milt and the bone-marrow, (4) which are the bone-marrow changes of the anaemical form? In the 2nd part of the dissertation, animals were examined which were destroyed after a certain time post infectionem. In this manner 3—3 chickens were destroyed daily up to the 8th day after the infection, and up to the 15th day 1—1 animal, by which the changes in the bone-marrow could be determined from the beginning of the disease up to its fullest development. The result of these researches can be summarised as follows: 1. The bone-marrow of animals died from Erytholeucosis is showing generally the same changes, i.e. the nimierous increase of the Erythro- gonies. 2. From the amount of the colourless blood-corpsules, can only, in very extreme cases (under 100.000 and above 300.000) a conclusion be reached as regards the degree of the changes in the bone-marrow as by average values the state of the bones are always the same. 3. The period of the disease is of no influence on the bone marrow changes, as in short perioded diseases the same changes are taking place as in cases of long duration. 4. Between milt-tumor and bone-marrow changes exists no connection and the enlarging of the milt is much independent from the duration of the disease and the number of the leuco-cells in the circulating blood. 5. By the anaemical form, the production of Erythrogonies in the bone- marrow is also present, but in such a low degree, that the blood in the cells mentioned cannot be overflooded, but immature Erythrocytes (Erythroblastes) are being thrown in great numbers into the blood- flow. 6. The systematic bone-marrow researches of the animals destroyed in the beginning stadium of the disease has ascertained, that the first pathological changes take place on the sixth day. The bone-marrow will be the first to disease, than follows the spleen and the blood, whilst the liver and kidney will take part only later in the symptoms of the disease. 7. The „Virus" will only prickle the erythropoetical apparatus to cell- propagation and is of no influence to the further cell-elements of the bone-marrow. This is the cause that there is no change of type in the Erythroleucose. Leucaemia, Beitrage zur Leukämiediagnose heim Huhn, S. von Bornstedt and H. Röhrer, Berliner tierärztliche Wochenschrift, 1931, p. 81. The method of Oppermann and Lauterbach is being employed. By the chicken laparotomy is applied and a small piece of the liver is being cut out and afterwards examined. The operation takes nearly always a successful course. A cock has been inoculated with a piece of liver taken from a diseased chicken and the cock died 7 months later of Leucaemia. The diseased hen recovered and was still alive one year later.

— 75 — On the Resistance and Filterahility of the Agent Transmitting Leucosia. J. Furth. University of Pennsylvania. Proc. Soc. exper. Biology and Medicin, 1931, p. 905. The virus, after having been in 50 % glycerine, proved still to be infectious after 104 days. The incubation period was 35—82 days, and with fresh blood 12 to 45 days. The virus through the quick drying up of the blood in a vacuum of about 4° C. was not killed, nor was this the case if it is stored for 15 days by 4°. Undried blood was by 4° still virulent añer 7 days, but after 16 days it was avirulent. The virus was filtered by means of a Berkefeld chandle and caused leucose by two of the four chickens. Relation of Age and Breed to Susceptibility in Leucosis of Fowls, E. L. Stubbs and J. Furth. Proc. Soc. exper. BioL and Medicin 1931, p. 986. Young chickens are more sensitive than older ones. All kinds seem to be sensitive, guinea fowl and pigeon. Infectious Leucosis. Neuere Beiträge zur Kenntniss der über- tragbaren Hühnerleukose. Karl Jármai, Tibor Stenzky and Ladislaus Farkas. Archiv für Wissenschaftliche und Praktische Tierheilkunde, Tome 65, p. 46. In connection with researches, the authors determine, that the erylhro- leucosis is not an infectious disease but a system disease, by which the cell- propagation of the erythropoetic system is to be regarded as the real cause. The disease belongs to the tumoral diseases (Blastoses) as it may be taken as a liquid tumor, which may be artificially transmitted from animal to animal. The transferable agens is no independent creature, but a enzymatic product of the propagated erythrogonies. Contribution to the Knowledge of the Transferable Leucosis of Fowls. Beiträge zur Kenntniss der übertragbaren Leukose der Hühner. K. Jármai. Kozlemények az össze- hasonlitó éle-és kórtan koréból 1931, XXIV, p. 465. By means of trans-vaccination by 24 generations, the virulance of the leucosisvirus has been increased in such a manner, that it killed the test animals already in 7—9 days. The pathogenity increased in this manner was however, not of duration, as during further tests cases of illness of a duration from 15 to 20 days still appeared. Also, in the course of these tests the much oftener appearance of the anaemical type became evident against the former observations of the author. The characteristic cell-form of this type is the Erythroblast, which can be present in 1 c.c.m. blood up to 20.0.0. The anaemical and the leuconal type belong to the same form of illness, as, on transferring, their virus causes now the one, now the other form of illness. In spite of the fact, that the virus in the body of the Argas-Mites remains vital up to 25 days, all transferance test with blood-infected such like mites look a negative comsc, a intermediate rol of the mites in the transferance of the sickness has therefore not been proven. The eggs of infected chickens are free from virus, and the chicks hatched therefrom will always bo healthy; also in eggs which have been infected artificially the virus will be destroyed. Self-recovery is occurring very exceptionally, by which the animal will remain continually immune, on the other hand, some animals provided with a natural power of resistance obtained in this manner cannot be infected. Neither an active or a passive immunity could be obtained by intra-muscular injection with filtrates or with embryonal tissues. The Thorium-X-treatment caused complete recovery by two animals, which circumstance encourages further tests. Atoxyl and Benzol proved themselves to be without influence.

— 76 — Studies of Leukemia of Fowls. R. Fenstermacher, University Farm, Saint Paul, Minn. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, Vol. 80, p. 791. Description of experiments with leukemia and erythro-leucosis. Efforts to transmit the strain of lymphatic leukemia that affected a group of White Minorcas were not successful. Contact birds failed to show evidence of the disease while under observation for ten months. From Plymouth Rock birds chicks were hatched. Not enough birds were hatched during the first year of this experiment to allow to draw any conclusions as to the possibility of any hereditary factors being involved- Results with a group of 12 White Leghorns were not satisfactory. A very interesting feature is a condition of aleukemia. Birds show an enormous enlargement of the liver and spleen, and fail to show marked leucocytosis while under observation. Bodies have been found in the cytoplasm of large lymphocytes. Budding of lymphocytes has been regularly found in birds showing a gradual lylnphocytosis. Some of the lymphocytes have non-specific azure granules of characteristic type. In the cytoplasm of lymphocytes vacuoles have been observed.

Lymphoid Hyperplasias and allied Tumours in the Fowl. Dr. G. de Kock. Onderstepoort. The Journal of the South African Veterinary Medical Association, Vol. I, No. 2, p. 73. In South Africa the disease has not yet been experimentally reproduced. Some of the conditions described by EUermann have been observed in some of the material examined microscopically. These conditions are briefly mentioned. Great difficulty has been experienced in deciding whether some of these tumours formations and lymphoid accumulations in various organs are to be regarded: 1st as a leucaemia, or 2nd as a neoplasm. It is intended to make a careful study of the above conditions occurring in South-Africa.

OTHER INFECTIOUS DISEASES.

Anthrax in Birds. Uinfezione da Carbonchio ematico negli uccelli. Prof. Dr. M. Carpano, Ministero delF Agricoltura, Cairo. BoUettino dell' Istututo Sieroterapico Milanese, Vol. XI, 1932, p. 161. Summary. 1. Birds, generally in normal conditions, do not contract anthrax easily. B. Anthracis, in birds — in whatever way it is introduced, including the dermic way — does not cause a pure septicaemic infection; while very few bacilli or spores are capable of causing a quick and classic septicaemia in the great majority of mammals. 2. The high resistance of fowls to the development of anthrax, may be lowered however, by weaken the animals, by physical means, as well as by chemicals the effect of which results in taking away from birds every reactional power, and often by lowering the temperature, and transforming them into almost inanimate grounds for an easy cultiire. 3. Birds are very sensitive to anthrax toxines. B. Anthracis introduced, in an experimental way, in animals, act, chiefly, by its toxic power. Old and liquid anthrax cultures rich in exotoxines and endotoxines, are much more pathogenic than recent cultures on agar, this is also

— 77 — true if the same amount of bacilly and spores are used from old and recent cultures. This also is true when the former is submitted to sterilisation. The possibility of diffusion and reproduction of the bacillus in the whole animals may verify itself only after sufficient conditions of intoxication of the animal, determined by the above mentioned products resulting from the bacterial changes and disentegration. 4. The first and principal reason why birds, being experimentary, sensitive to the toxines of B. Anthracis show a great resistance against the infective power of the same micro-organism — dissimilar to what happens in mammals — can not be explained neither in the high bactericidal power of blood. Nor in the intense phagocytic action of leucocytes. The principal cause resides in the high corporeal temperature of the animals themselves (40°—43°) which modifies considerably the anthrax bacillus and generally, by depriving it of its aggressive power, renders it to be easily taken by the leucocytes, similar to what happens when we develop the same micro-organism at a disgenetic temperature (42°—43°), as we see easily in the preparation and in the experiment of Pasteur anti-anthrax vaccins. 5. The case of a serious and natural infection observed in the Ostrich confirms — more than any experiment — the importance of the high corporeal temperature in the defense of fowls against the disease. The Ostrich, in fact, which — belonging to the class of birds — possesses a temperature approximately the same as mammals, has showed itself like manmials, highly and naturally receptive to anthrax infection.

Spreading of the Anthrax Bacilli through Fowls. Ueber die Bedeutung der Vögel für die Verbreitung der Anthrax- Keime. I. H. Dukalow and A. S. Legkcli. Veterinär-Zoo- technisches Institut des nördlichen Kaukasus, Tierärzt- liche Rundschau, 1932, p. 499. Conclusions. 1. The Anthrax Bacilli does not loose its virulence during the passage through the birds. The birds are therefore a great danger for the spreading of anthrax. 2. The infection germ can, after once feeding, still be found in the faeces after a period of 29 days. 3. The excrements are containing the anthrax bacilli already after 14 hours. 4. The blind gut is the place where the anthrax bacilli will show themselves most likely. 5. The anthrax bacilli do not appear in the blood and the liver of the bird, whilst they will be present in the entrails and the manure.

A haemoglobinophilic Bacterium as the Cause of Contagious Catarrh of the Fowl. (Corgza infectiosa gallinarum.) Dr. L. de Blieck, Utrecht. The Veterinary Journal, 1932, p. 9. The writer succeeded in transmitting the disease by the nasal mucus from one animal to the other to 100 jper cent. The experimental disease is identical with that occurring spontaneously but it ordinarily appears compli- cated with fowl pox plus diphtheria. Writer never succeeded in infecting a

— 78 — I chicken with the filtrate of contagious catarrh. From a mixed blood agar plate were discovered very fine colonies side by side with staphylococci and bacillus pseudo-diphtheria, colonies which in their growth strongly resembled the bacillus influenza of man. With pure cultures of this bacterium writer has almost constantly been successful in producing typical contagious catarrh. De Blieck proposes the name: Bacillus Haemoglobinophilus Coryza Gallinarum.

Organisms of the B, Influenzae Group in Fowls, C. A. Mc-Gaughey. University of Manchester. Journal of Com- parative Pathology and Therapeutics, Vol. 45, p. 58. Summary. 1. The isolation of an organism of the influenza group from the upper respiratory tract of fowls is recorded. In its dépendance for growth on the V. factor only, absence of haemolysin, and failure to produce Índole, it corresponds to the B. para-influenzae (so called) isolated from man by Rivers and from the throat of cats by Rivers and Bayne- jones. 2. Seven strains were isolated from six birds suffering from inflammation of the respiratory tract which had occurred as an outbreak in a flock. Four strains were obtained from the larynx of three birds with no abnormality of the upper respiratory tract. One normal fowl did not yield a culture. 3. AH the strains tested were soluble in acetone-choleic acid and produced acid from peptone. 4. Minor differences in cultural characters, and in morphology are discussed. 5. Some of the strains isolated were pathogenic for mice and possessed invasive properties. 6. The significance of these organisms as the cause of the outbreak is considered to be uncertain. 7. It is probable that bacteria of the influenza group are not infrequently present in the upper respiratory tract of normal fowls.

Report of the Committee on transmissible Diseases of Poultry. Dr. A. F. Schalk, Dr. H. Bunyea, Dr. E. L. Stubbs, Dr. H. J. Stapeth, Dr. L. M. Roderick, Dr. L. F. Rettger, Dr. W. R. Hinshaw. Report on: Education and Sanitation, Fowl Paralysis, Pullorum Disease, Avian Tuberculosis, Fowl-Pox, The Utah Plan of Veterinary Control of Poultry Diseases.

Susceptibility of Chickens to Brucelliasis. H. van Roekel, K. L. Bullis, O. S. Flint and M. K. Clarke, Mass. Agrie. Exp. Station, Amherst, Mass. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, Vol. 80, p. 641. A total of 25202 birds, representing 53 flocks, was tested. No reactors were found among the birds tested. Laboratory experiments, to produce the infection in chickens by feeding and by intraperitoneal and intravenous inoculations, were attempted. These observations show that natural Brucella infection in chickens in Massachusetts appears to be of little, if any, significance. Agglutinins were produced when birds were fed and inoculated with saline suspensions of the organism. Repeated doses of the antigen were tolerated without producing death.

— 79 — Arthritis and Periostitis in Pheasants caused by Staphylo- cocciis pyogenes aureus. N. Hole and H. S. Purchase, Ministry of Agriculture Laboratory. Weybridge. The Journal of Comparative Pathology and Therapeutics. Vol. 44, 1931, p. 252. Sttmrnary. 1. A disease affecting the joints and bones of young pheasants has been investigated and found to be due to infection with staphylococcus pyogenes aureus. S. pyogenes citreus may rarely also assume the role of causative agent. A peracute septicaemic form with no joint lesions, was occasionally met with. 2. The organisms appeared to be disseminated primarily by the blood stream, the disease resolving itself either into an acute septicaemia or a chronic arthritis. The reasons for this opinion are that birds dying in plump condition of septicaemia showed no lesions that birds showing joint lesions were poor or emaciated, and that joints of the wings as well as joints of the leg were frequently found affected. 3. Infection by wounds seemed the most probable route and thistles were suspected as being the wounding agents. 4. Efforts at immunisation were not succesfuU, but the subject was not thoroughly investigated as protective inoculation did not appear feasible from the practical standpoint.

Molds in Respiratory Tract of Chickens, W. W. Thompson, F. W. Fabian. State College. East Lansing, Michigan. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, Vol. 80, June, 1932, p. 921. Description of molds in the trachea, bronchi, lungs and exúdate in the airsacs of chicks which showed difficulty in breathing. In trachea and bronchi were found: Pénicillium glaucum and Rhizopus nigricans; lungs, P. glaucum and aspergillus niger; air-sacs, P. glaucum. In the cases examined Penicillia predominated. Authors are of the opinion, that is was merely a secondary invader. PARASITES

COCCIDIOSIS.

Coccidiosis in Russia, Zur Hiihnerkokzidiose in Russland (U. d, S, S, R.). Prof. W. L. Yakimoff and E. F. Rastegaieff. Veterinary Highschool in Leningrad. Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie, I. Abt. Originale, Tome 123, p. 1. This illness is very wide spread in Russia, and there exist concerns, where 100 % of the birds are infected. The Russian literature does not give any particulars up till now. The authors, after an extensive research have come to the following conclusions: In Russia occurs the Eimeria tenella Raillet and Lucet 1891. Besides this, other kinds, of which no description has been given are occurring. The authors propose to call these by the names of American authors who have studied extensively in the coccidii, and agreed therefore to call these kinds as follows: E. Beachi n.sp., E. Johnsoni n.sp., E. Tyzzeri n.sp.

— 80 — Iodine against Coccidiosis. Jodmilch gegen Kückenkokzidiose. Bernhardt Grziinek. Klinik für kleine Haustiere, Tier- ärztliche Hochschule, Berlin. Archiv für Geflügelkunde, Vol. 5, 1931, No. 9. The Iodine therapy against Coccidiosis, propagated in the summer 1930 by W. R. Kerr has caused great sensation in the lay-press. Up to this time it was neither controlled by Kerr or anybody else. Grzimek has passed coccidii through chicks in order to convince himself of their pathogenity and to exclude other illnesses. The coccidii won in this manner he fed to 113 White Leghorn chicks, which had a sandcovered run at their disposal. These chicks are divided in two groups. The one group had water to drink, whilst the other group was forced to drink the Iodine milk prepared after the system Kerr (which was very much liked). Of the chicks having water to drink, 15,3 %, and of the Iodine chicks 18,0 % were lost. Grzimek regards therefore the Kerr Iodine therapy as unsuccessful. The successes observed by Kerr in the practice he ascribes to the hygienic measures taken at the same time or to accidental circumstances. Grzimek expands furthermore Tyzzer and his division of the chicken coccidii in four kinds. Grzimek does not advise the immersion of the hatching eggs in a 1 % lodsuspension (Fa. Merck) against Coccidiosis which has lately been recommended in the U.S.A. and Europe. Firstly he says that there are no Oozystii on the eggs, because of their need of a humid surrounding and secondly they would not be destroyed after laboratory tests in a 1 % lodsuspension.

High Mortality in Ducks by Coccidiosis. Peracute Steifte bij Eenden, veroorzaakt door Coccidiosis. Dr. J. Jansen, Veterinary Highschool, Utrecht. Tijdschrift voor Dier- geneeskunde, 1931, p. 127e3. Seven hundred ducks were brought to a completely new place. After a fortnight many ducks were one morning found to be dead and after a lapse of 48 hours 70 ducks had died. On opening, the bowels proved to be very strongly inflamed and to contain bloody faeces. In the entrails very much coccidii were found. It was noticeable, that very few drakes died in comparison, whilst of the White Indian Runners died twice as many as of the Khaki Campbells. The cause of the infection could not be determined.

Some Factors in the Control of Coccidiosis of Poultry. F. F. Fish, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, Vol. 80, p. 543. Summary. 1. Damage by poultry coccidiosis is not confined to the acute cases, and is greater economically, as a cause of stunted and permanently weakened birds. 2. The oöcysts of Eimeria tenella, and presumably all other species of chicken coccidia, do not appear to be so resistant as is commonly believed. They are highly resistant to chemicals but are very susceptible to physical agents. 3. Both segmented and unsegmented oöcysts of Eimeria tenella are killed at 55° C, in ten minutes. The segmented oöcysts are not significantly more resistant to heat than are the unsegmented oöcysts. 4. Mortality of oöcysts by heat is directly proportional to the degree of heat used. Exposure for twenty seconds to 60° C. and for three

— 81 — VI seconds to 80° C. will kill both the segmented and the unsegmented oöcysts. 5. The fact that oöcysts will not develop within the body of warm- blooded hosts is probably due to the body temperatxire and not to the lack of oxygen. 6. Neither the segmented, nor the unsegmented oöcysts is very resistant to ultra-violet rays. The segmented oöcyst is more resistant than is the unsegmented. Two zinc sulfide units of ultra-violet rays are sufficient to kill both segmented and non-segmented oöcysts. 7. The self-limitation of the life cycle of the parasite in the host and the general vigor of the host seem more important in controlling the disease than does the possibility of the development of a specific immunity. 8. In preventing coccidiosis, more attention should be given to the localities which furnish ideal places for the sporulation of the oöcysts.

Quantitative and Statistical Analysis of Infections with Eimeria Tenella in the Chicken, F. Fish. Americ. Journal Hyg., Vol. 14, p. 560. (Abstract: Journal Am. Vet. Med. Ass., Vol. 80, p. 264). Varying infecting doses from 7 to 630 sporulated oöcysts each were administered to the hosts and the differential effect of the resiilting infections observed. The prepatent period for Eimeria tenella infections is 160 to 165 hours, regardless of the size of the infecting dose. An increase in the size of the infecting dose has a dbrectly proportional effect on the resulting asexual infection and on the clinical symptoms of the disease. An increase in the infecting dose has a noticeably direct influence on the totalnumber of oöcysts passed by the host during the resultant patent period. The size of the infecting dose has no effect on the daily oöcyst production, the height of the peak of the resulting infection, nor upon the duration of the patent period. One cannot diagnose species of coccidia from any one sample by size alone. Size is an unreliable specific criterion. Marked changes were noted not only in oöcysts from different hosts harboring the same, species of coccidium, but within a single infection in any one host. In general the oöcyst tend to become longer and broader as the infection progresses, the ratio between the two dimensions remaining fairly constant. The volume was found to be more than double during the patent period of the same infection. Shape index, indicating shape without regard to size, is a contributing diagnostic factor for specific differentiation of oöcysts within the host.

Criteria and Methods in the Investigation of Avian Cocci- diosis, E. E. Tyzzer, The Medical School of Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, Vol. 80, p. 474. The recognition of the fact that a single avian host may harbor more than one species of Eimeria appears essential to a proper approach to this field of work. It has been found advantageous to work with infections produced experimentally with single species. Methods for the isolation are given. The type of infection by coccidium is dependent for its continuance on reinfection through the ingestion of oöcysts. The severity of infection is primarily dependent upon dosage; light infections with even the most pathogenic species furnish no symptoms and no more than microscopic lesions Greater protection is afforded the hoist by a heavier infection than by a light one. Material fed to the chicken commonly makes its appearance in the faeces in slightly more than an hours* time.

— 82 — The conclusion has been reached m recent investigations that the exposure of birds to light infection early in life protects them against serious injury from infection later on.

Coccidiosis in Gallinaceous Birds, IL A Comparative Study of Species of Eimeria of the Chickens, E. E. Tyzzer, H. Theiler and E. E. Jones. Amer. Journ. Hyg., 1932, p. 319. (Ref. Am. Vet. Med. Ass. Tome 81, p. 124.) Eimeria necatrix produces a disease which is commonly fatal. The acute form, produced by heavy dosage of oöcysts is characterized by intestinal stasis in association with haemorrhage and exudation into the small intestines and death occurs from the fifth to the seventh day after infection. E. necatrix passes through two schizogonous cycles in the small intestines and completes its development usually in the ceca, to a slight extent in the large intestine, and in exceptional cases late stages may be found in the lower small intestine. Schizogony is continued through more generations than in E. tenella and the infection is more prolonged. E. praecox (Johnson 1930) is regarded as innocuous as far as direct injury to the tissue is concerned. Infection with this species is short-lived, immimity being promptly established. This organisin is dispersed through the epithelium and shows no well-defined tendency to colony formation. Its development is very rapid. Similar exposure of chickens of various ages; including very young and others from 4}^ to 10 weeks of age, to E. necatrix oöcysts, results in a marked-ly lower intensity of infection in the very young. This is explained on a physiological basis. There is no cross immunity between E. tenella and E. necatrix. The egg-shell is regarded as a negligible source of infection to the baby chick. Long-contaminated surroundings are not a fertile source of infection. Subclinical cases of infection doubtless constitute a more important source of oöcysts than obviously ill birds. It is indicated that the continuance of occasional light infections in older previously exposed birds may serve to carry the infection over from season to season, and it is quite probable that such constitute more or less intermittent sources of infection.

Effect of Five Species of Eimeria Upon Egg Production of Single Comb White Leghorns. W. T. Johnson, Journ. Parasit., 18, 1931, No. 2, p. 122. Author infected a series of 65 adult white leghorn fowls, 351 tot 435 days old, with large doses of pure cultures of Eimeria mitis, E* praecox, E. acervulinaj E. maxima, and E. tenella, the birds being kept throughout the experiment on wire netting in flyscreened yards. It was found that in groups infected with E. m^itis and E. praecox that there was a slight decrease in the average egg production when compared with the controls, but that in groups infected with E. acervulina, E. maxima and E, tenella there was complete temporary cessation of egg production. The decreases noted followed closely the pre-patent periods of the respective species. A bacterial Treatment for Coccidiosis, W. P. Blount, Poultry Pathological Research Laboratory, Goring. Chanticleer, June 15th, 1932. Examination of the contents of intestines, notably of the caecal tubes of birds affected with coccidiosis has revealed the fact that these are less acid than normal and in fact may be definitely alkaline. Experiments have been conducted with many kinds of harmless acid-forming germs and one has been found to be satisfactory. This germ produces little or no gas, does not cause disease and is a normal inhabitant of certain foods, also of the intestines of small animals and

— 83 — it can produce a sufficiently strong acid from simple sugars to inactivate and apparently destroy the parasites which cause coccidiosis. Excellent success has attended the results of author's experiments, both under laboratory and actual field conditions.

Avian coccidiosis. R. E. Rebrassier. Ohio Sta. Spec. Circ. 34, 1931, pp. 7, figs. 2. A brief practical account of this disease and means for its control.

The effects of coccidiosis upon the weights of chickens artificially inoculated during the seventh week, R. L. Mayhew, Poultry Sei., 11, 1932, No. 1, pp. 34—39, figs. 3. In studies at the Louisiana Experiment Stations it was found that the average weights of a severely infected lot of chickens are definitely affected by an epidemic of coccidiosis. Although the symptoms of the disease appear on the fifth and sixth days, the maximum difference in weight is not attained imtil about the tenth day after inoculation. These results seem to indicate that a single severe infection retards the growth of chickens for at least 12 weeks as compared with uninfected.

The distribution of coccidial oöcysts on a poultry farm in Maryland, J. Andrews and H. Tsuchiya, Poultry Sei., 10, 1931, No. 6, pp. 320-326. The authors found counts made of oocysts of various samples obtained on a poultry farm at Chester town, Md., to indicate that the oocysts are most numerous under perches, brooding canopies, in and around drinking foun- tains, and around food hoppers. As a control m.easure it is suggested that the birds be prevented from access to these sources of infection by the installation of suitable platforms of wire mesh to cover these heavily infected situations.

OTHER PARASITES.

The Parasite Problems of Poultry Farming in South Africa, Dr. H. O. Monning, Onderstepoort. Journal of the South African Veterinary Medical Association, Vol. I, No. 2, p. 83. This paper gives a short review of the more important parasites met with in poultry farming. In concluding, the author wishes to emphasize the necessity of the further study of this subject. At least one aspect in which everybody can assist, is with regard to a survey of poultry parasites. Specimens collected from all classes of poultry and wild birds and forwarded to Onderstepoort would be much appreciated. Obviously this will be of very great value, as there is otherwise very little opportunity of collecting the necessary material.

The Value of Colloidal Iodine for the Control of Blackhead in Turkeys. W. L. Chandler. Michigan State Rpt. 1930. The experiments indicate that the administration of a vermicidal dose of this drug materially aids in the control of the disease. Additional investigation of the possibility of developing a vermicidal iodine capsule for use in dosing poultry resulted in the production of an insoluble powdered colloidal iodine which gives off the iodine slowly by diffusion after swelling of the

— 84 — insoluble particles. Capsules loaded with this material have given a fair degree of efficiency in the removal of intestinal roiindworms and tapeworms in chickens and turkeys and. are apparently harmless. Investigations of the parasiticidal value of orthophenylphenol and sodium orthophenylphenate by F. Young showed that while they exert no lethal action on parasitic worms, worm eggs, and coccidia, they do exert a powerful lethal action on certain ectoparasites. Poultry lice on feathers dusted with the powdered orthophenylphenol even when highly diluted with talc or fuller's earth very quickly drop off and are dead in from 5 to 10 minutes. Also sheep ticks when submerged in a 1 per cent soap-water solution of sodium orthophenylphenate and immediately removed die within 10 minutes. The results obtained in dusting birds with powdered orthophenylphenol both undiluted and diluted with talc, fullers earth, or chalk up to 87 per cent are presented in tabular form. The results indicate that the orthophenylphenol remains effective on the bird for about 5 days, lice hatching from eggs after that period not being killed. In cooperative experiments with J. M. Moore, Chandler found that the incorporation of 15 per cent powdered buttermilk in the daily feed gives a fair degree of control of coccidiosis. In order to determine the value of daily feeding of small amounts of colloidal iodine (4 mg. per bird per day), the birds in one of two pens kept on identical feed were administered iodine in their drinking water. The experiment was run for 7 weeks, at the end of which time the birds receiving the iodine averaged 33 per cent heavier than the birds on the same feed but without iodine and the death rate was a little less in the iodine pen. The fact that at the end of the experiment 9 birds in the iodine pen were considered worth keeping as compared to only 1 bird in the control pen is considered most significant. One of the principal facts definitely established in connection with the use of colloidal iodine is that, when administered to poultry in vermicidal doses (1 oz. containing 2 per cent I2 and 4 per cent gum arable delivered in the gizzard, in addition to being efficient against both roundworms and tapeworms it does not affect egg production.

The morphology and life history of the fowl nematode Ascaridia lineata (Schneider). J. E. Ackert. Parasitology, 23, 1931, No. 3, pp. 360—379, pis. 2, figs. 25. This is a contribution from the Kansas Experiment Station and the Molteno Institute for Research in Parasitology at the University of Cambridge. Studies were made of the morphology, with special emphasis on the taxonomic characters, of 220 mature male and female A. lineata from chickens at Manhattan, Kans., and Cambridge, England. "Eggs arising in the anterior ovary pass into the posterior uterus; similarly, eggs from the posterior ovary pass into the anterior uterus. In young females eggs may be fertilized at any place in the uteri; in adults fertilization occurs near the distal ends of the uteri. With the aid of a micromanipulator, a small structure in one pole of the mature egg, previously described as an opening, an opercular plug in the shell, or as an internal thickening of the shell, was found to be a solid, conical appendage of the vitelline membrane, free from the shell. Fertilized eggs develop to the coiled embryo (infective) stage in 16 days when incubated in water at 30° C; 1 mm. of water at 33° they become infective in 10 days. Water cultures of fertile eggs do not develop when kept at constant temperatures of 0° or of 10°; at 15° development proceeds. Constant refrigeration of fertile eggs in water cultures for 1 month at 0° so lowers the vitality that, on being incubated subsequently at 30°, they divide slowly and soon die. Keeping the eggs at 10° for 1 month has no deleterious effect on them when incubated subsequently at 30°. "In hatching, the embryo may escape from any part of the egg shell, either in the duodenum of the host or in water cultures. Newly hatched larvae swallowed by the chicken seldom become established. Infestations normally result from the ingestion of embryonated eggs. The habitat of A. lineata is the duodenum, especially the portion which is a few centimeters

-^ 85 — posterior to the entrance of the bile ducts. Determination of H-ion concen- trations showed that the nematodes live in a nearly neutral media (average 6.7). Penetration of the duodenal mucosa by larvae 10 to 17 days old is frequent in young chickens. Occasionally, a larva goes on through the intestinal wall to the liver and lungs, but ordinarily, after the seventeenth day the young worms withdraw from the mucosa into the lumen of the intestine. Young A. lineata grew to maturity in 50 days in chickens parasitized when about a month old. In six 8-day periods following hatching of the larvae the average daily growth in length per period was about 0.12 mm. in the first period, 0.75 mm. in the second, 1.5 mm. in the third, fourth, and fifth periods, and 3 mm. in the sixth period. "At least three molts occur before the adult form of the nematode is developed. Important morphological changes associated with the molts include: After first molt, presence of preanal swelling (males) and of anal prominance in both sexes; after second molt, lips with oral papillae and dentigerous ridges, projecting lateral folds (alae) present in newly hatched larvae replaced by nonprojecting lateral lines, females with vulvu and shorter tail proportion- ately, and males with preanal sucker and three pairs of caudal papillae; after third molt, external characters similar to those of the adult A. lineata" Recent developments in the importance and control of the intestinal roundworm, Ascaridia lineata (Schneider), of chickens. 3. E. Ackert. U. S. Egg and Poultry Mag., 37, 1931, No. 6, pp. 58-60, 68—73, figs. 4. This is a practical account noted from another source. Sarcosporidiosis in ducks. W. A. Riley. Parasitology, 23, 1931, No. 3, pp. 282—285, pi. 1. This contribution from the Minnesota Experiment Station consists of a general review of the subject and presentation of additional cases, with illustrations. A Laryngotracheitis syndrome in wild goose associated with pneumomycosis. R. Graham and F. Thorp, Jr. Jour. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc, 79, 1931, No. 1, pp. 90—94, figs. 3. The authors report upon a laryngotracheitis syndrome in a wild goose in Illinois, associated with gross exudative lesions of the respiratory tract and mild congestion of the lungs, which proved to be a mycotic pneimionia. The mycosis was not communicated by direct swab of the larylix and trachea or by sterile filtrates prepared from the exúdate in the respiratory tract when administered to healthy chicks one month of age.

Vermicidal Action of Iodine and Kamala. R. Gwatkin. Report of the Ontario Veterinary College, 1928, Toronto. 1929. Summary. Sixteen birds infested with roundworms or tapeworms were treated with one ounce of a commercial iodine preparation. Worms were expelled from two of this number. The remaining birds were shown to be all more or less heavily infested with living worms on post mortem examination. Eight infested birds were treated with one gramme of powdered kamala. Of these one had roundworms which were not killed by the drug. Another died 24 hours after treatment. The intestine was full of living tapeworms, but owing to the condition in the crop it is doubtful if the kamala reached them. Two of the remaining six were found to be infested with living tapeworms on autopsy and the other four were entirely free.

— 86 — The number of examinations was small and these results are given for what they are worth. They do, however, indicate that the efficience of the agents employed was not very high in this group of birds and point to the need for prevention rather than treatment.

The anthelmintic Value of Kamala for Tapeworms in Chickens, R. E. Rebrassier. College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, Ohio. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, Vol. 80, June, 1932, p. 895. Summary. 1. Powdered kamala in doses of 7.5, 10 and 15 grains was administered to 128 chickens, about one year of age, to determine the efficience of the drug in removing tapeworms. 2. The droppings of each bird, voided over a period of 48 hotirs after treatment, were examined for tapeworms both grossly and under the wide field binocular microscope. 3. These birds were held for a period of at least fourteen days after treatment tmder conditions intended to prevent reinfection. They were then killed and examined for tapeworms. 4. Three birds completely eliminated tapeworms after treatment with 15 grains of kamala, but in none of the birds receiving 7.5 and 10 grains was complete elimination obtained. 5. Sixteen birds passed fragments of tapeworms after treatment but on post mortem examination all showed the presence of tapeworms. Twenty-seven birds passed no tapeworms. With the droppings after treatment, but all were found to harbor them on post mortem examination. 6. The tapeworms examined were found to be species of Davainea proglottina, Choanotaenia infundibulimi, Raillietina cesticillus, and Hyme- nolepis carioca.

Echinostomum-Worms in Hen, Echinostomiasis bij een kip. Dr. W. K. Picard, Buitenzorg. Nederiandsch-Indische Bladen voor Diergeneeskunde, April 1932. Summary. A sick hen with symptoms of diarrhoe and colon-inflammation, showed to harbour in the rectum about twenty echinostomum-worms of the same type as was formerly found in the pigeon (viz. N.I. Bl. v. D., deel 42). Whilst in the latter species the parasite caused a considerable mortality, in the hen it was limited to a single case in a flock of 40 animals.

The Effects, Treatment and Prevention of Worm Infestation in Poultry. H. J. Stafseth and W. W. Thompson. State College, East Lansing, Michigan. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, Vol. 80, p. 467. This discussion only deals with tapeworms and ascaridia. Description of: Effects of Worm Infestation and Treatment. Observations of results obtained with birds in the laboratory and in the field were equally convincing as to the efficiency and harmlessness of the chemical "iodine vermicide". When the chemical is properly administered (in the gizzard) the birds will begin to discharge iodin in 10-15 minutes following the dosing. On several occasions roundworms and tapeworms were seen passed within one hour following the administration of the dose. The contrgl of roundworms depends mainly upon the effective cleaning and desinfection with colloidal iodin of poultry-house floors and dropping-boards. If the ground is heavily contaminated, one may have to keep the birds off the ground for two or three years. Tapeworms require intermediary hosts (house fly, dung beetle, ground beetle, garden slug, snail, ^able fly, earth worm). Thus it is evident that in order to control tapeworms, one must control or eliminate the intermediary hosts. Dr. Connaway found this preparation effective on roundworms but not quite so effective on tapeworms.

Etiogical Studies of Blackhead (Enterohepatitis) in Turkeys, J. P. Delaplane. Agrie. Exp. Station. Bulletin No. 233, Kingston, Rhode Island, Jan. 1932. Conclusions. 1. Blackhead can be produced in young turkeys by the rectal injection of fresh, finely-ground blackhead liver. 2. Birds free from intestinal protozoa and given such material are found to harbor a protozoon organism, a flagellate, the Histomonas meleagridis. 3. The ground diseased caeca of turkeys or chickens harboring no other protozoa than Histomonas meleagridis are capable of infecting turkey poults when the material is injected rectally into them. 4. Both caeca of birds artificially infected show lesions of the disease in contrast to only one as is usually seen in naturally" infected birds. 5. Young chicks when infected with Histomonas meleagridis show lesions in their caeca similar to those seen in the caeca of turkeys suffering from the disease, and in some cases the birds develop liver lesions of the disease.

On the occurrence of Gapeworms in Nestling Starlings and Adult Fowls. D. O. Morgan, Jour Helminthol., 9, 1931, No. 3, p.p. 117—120. Ref. Experiment Station Record, Vol. 66, p. 775. A brief account of observations presented in connection with references to the literature. Parasites and Cachexia in a Hen. Parasitisme Multiple et Cachexie chez un Poulet. H. Poisson. Rull. Soc. Path, exot., 1931, p. 167. In the larynx of the chicken Syngamus Trachealis were found, as well as in the Arteria Trachealis. In the gizzard more than 300 pieces of Arcuariae Spiralis were found. In the gut Ascaridia perspicilli, Hymenolepsis carioca and Trichosoma retusum was found. On the Occurrence of Tapeworms in Nestling Starlings and Adult Fowls. D. 0. Morgan. J. Helmenth, 1931, p. 117. The writer has found Syngamus in the trachea of very young starlings. He is of the opinion that the infection has taken place through the means of worms. He describes one case of a hen, which, according to his opinion, was infected by a starling.

Leucocytozoes in Turkeys. Ueber Leukezytozoenbefall der Puten. F. Volkmar, Deutsche Tierärztliche Wochen- schrift. Vol. 40, p. 134.

— 88 — Writer has examined turkeys in North-Dakota and Minnesota. On 23 farms 85 infected turkeys were examined, and as cause thereof Leuco- cytozoon Smithi was every time proved. The farms were all situated in the valley of a certain river at the bottom of a glacier-sea formation. The intermediate host of this haematozoe is very likely a simulidae-kind. Most likely, the parasit appears alone in turkeys. Only young turkeys are infected and become very feable. On post-mortem are found especially watery muscles and thin blood. By other animals eosinophilia is found.

GENERAL

Anemia. Recent romantic Discovery shows the part Copper plays. Carl. Melzer. The Poultry Item, March 1932. Elvehjem and Hart at Wisconsin showed that day-old chicks were invariably made anemic on a rice and milk diet and that no amount of iron supplement to the diet could help unless copper was present. How this trace of copper performs this improvement in anaemia is not known. Copper is so universally distributed that, as with vitamin A, normal animals can scarcely avoid getting their quota on almost any old kind of a diet.

On the different Forms of Catarrh in Poultry. V. S. Grasovsky, Department of Agriculture, Palestina. The Veterinary Journal, Vol. 88, p. 118. Summary. 1. Simple catarrh (colds) usually appears in sporadic cases, or it may also occur among a number of birds in a flock kept under favourable and hygienic conditions; but (a) it does not spread extensively, or, in other words, it is not infectious; (b) the nasal secretion remains usually thin and fluid; (c) the affected conjunctival and pharyngeal mucosa which in rare cases may exist remains moderate in degree. 2. Contagious nasal catarrh, (a) It is epizootic in character and often causes the death of many birds; (b) a deposit of yellowish material may be found on the walls of the mouth and throat, but it is easily removed without injuring the underlying tissues. 3. Nutritional Roup. (a) The disease occurs more frequently in young birds in time of scarcity of green food; (b) the appearance in the mucous membrane of the mouth; pharynx and vesophagus of white pustule like caseous patches; (c) the formation of a tightly adherent white film over the membrane nictitans, and the accumulation of a mass of white caseous material within the coniunctival sacs. 4. Oculo — Nasal Form of Fowl Pox. — Inflammation of the eyes and nose may be caused by agents other than the virus of fowl pox, but when it is due to this virus, birds affected with characteristic comb and mouth lesions will be found simultaneously in the flock.

Histopathological and Statistical Studies on the Sarcomata of the Fowl D. Nimii, Kitasaku Agricultural School, Iwamorada, Nagano Prefecture. Journal of the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science, March, 1932. Comment and Conclusions. 1. The percentage from the above table is as follows: Round cell sarcoma 33.2 %, Lymphosarcoma 17.5, Angiosarcoma 8.8, Myelosarcoma 8.8, Spindle celled sarcoma 7.0, Myxosarcoma 5.5, Polymorphous cell sarcoma 5.3, Sympathetic neurosarcoma 3.5, Rhabdomyosarcoma 3.5,

— 89 — Myeloosteosarcoma 1.8, Fibr osar coma 1.8, Chondrosarcoma 1.8 and Melanosarcoma 1.8 %. Among all the tumours the myelosarcomata, myeloosteosarcoma and sympathetic neurosarcomata are what have been newly discovered. 2. The organs attacked primarily by all the sarcomata count 15 kinds, 74 times totally. The details are indicated as follows: Skin, 21 cases, 28 %; Skeletal nnuscle, 7 cases, 9.5; Peritoneimi, 7 cases, 9.5; Ovarium, 7 cases, 9.5; Liver, 5 cases, 6.8; Bonemarrow, 5 cases, 6.8; Subcutis, 4 cases, 5.4; Spleen, 3 cases, 4.1; Bursa fabricii, 3 cases, 4.1; Pleura, 2 cases, 2.7; Adrenal, 2 cases, 2.7; Glandular stomach, 2 cases, 2.7; The other organs, 6 cases, 8.1 %. 3. The metastasis is quite often met with and the distant metastasis through the blood circulation occurs mainly in lungs, liver and kidneys. It is characteristic in the fowl, that the disseminative metastasis on the peritoneum is specially frequent. 4. In short, sarcomata of the fowl are rich in kind and heigh in frequence of occurrence and there are very interesting cases together with carcinomata.

Poultry Diseases and Veterinary Research. Editorial. The Veterinary Journal, January, 1932. In Great Britain the credit for giving a serious lead on this most important question must be given to the Ministry of Agriculture. The well- equipped laboratory at Weybridge has done some excellent pioneer work. Certain of the Universities (Cambridge, Edinburgh and Aberdeen), the Wellcome Laboratory and certain of the Agricultural Colleges (especially the Harper Adams) have also seriously joined in, and a Canadian veterinary graduate Dr. P. Hamilton ( B. V. Sc. Toronto) started a private poultry research laboratory. In 1931 more than a million samples of fowl's blood have been examined in this laboratory. Quite recently, an International Poultry Congress was held at Hannover (organised JDy the World's Poultry Science Association's Secretary for Continental Europe and Prof. Mieszner at Hannover). Although the paucity of the number of delegates who attended from this coim.try was deplorable, the continental colleges gave a good account of poultry research work, with much promise for the future. This special poultry number of the Veterinary Journal, the second issue devoted within 18 months to this subject, shows that the matter is not completely neglected in this country, and that the British veterinarian is at last awakening to its importance.

Poultry Pathology and Therapeutics. H. Gray, London. The Veterinary Journal, Jan. 1932, p. 13. Poultry pathology should also include the principal diseases of pheasants, partridges, grouse and other avian species. Blackhead occurs in the wild partridge, pheasant living up trees have tuberculosis, coccidiosis occurs perhaps more frequently in the young pheasant than it does in the confined chicken. It destroys a great number of partridge and grouse chicks. Various species of cage and aviary birds are destroyed by coccidiosis. The writer has witnessed it in the wild London sparrow and other small birds. The gapeworm destroys a great number of young pheasants, partridges, grouse and other birds. No family of birds, whether wild, confined, semi-domesticated or domesticated is immune to this parasite. FoWl-pox also occurs in pheasants, partridges, woodpigeons and other wild birds. Avian plague is another disease to which they are subject. There are many other diseases of poultry that one sees the counter- part in wild species. Outside the confined bird one rarely encounters disease affecting the ovary or evident or egg-binding. Pheasants suffer from an enzoötic form of blindness.

— 90 — A Poultry Pathological Research Laboratory. H. P. Hamilton. Goring, Reading. Veterinary Journal, Jan. 1932, p. 5. In the serological department, more than 1.250.000 samples of blood have been examined during 1931, some 25 persons are employed in this department alone. An important branch is the liaison service, which constitutes a most important link between the laboratory and the field. In the post mortem department many thousands of birds are examined annually. In the physiological research department Dr. Blount is working on the aetiology of fowl paralysis. The respective incidences of coccidiosis and kelwinthism are also receiving attention. The new buildings were opened on Jtily 23rd, 1931, by Sir Edward Brown and the proceedings were attended by Dr. te Hennepe from Rotterdam and Dr. Male of Reading, the president of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons. Dr. Hamilton has decided to make a contribution to the Royal Veterinary College Funds amounting to 1/20 of a penny per agglutination test. It is hoped that the money so received will be used by the College towards the salary of a full-time research worker and lecturer in poultry diseases. The laboratory staff at present numbers 55 persons all exclusively engaged in work connected with the diagnosis of poultry diseases. Two years work on the diseases of poultry clearly shows that the physiology of poiiltry must receive greater attention. It is not the cure of poultry diseases that matters, but the prevention of their occurrence. Government Interference regarding Poultry Industry in Netherlands India. Wettelijke Regeling tot Bestrijding van Pluimveeziekten in Nederlandsch-Indië. Dr. W. K. Picard. Nederlandsch-Indische Bladen van Diergenees- kunde, April, 1932. A Summary is given of the history and present status of the Govern- ment interference regarding the poultry industry in Netherlands India. Mainly this consists of supplying advice and assistance concerning breeding-, feeding- and disease problems. Statutory rules for preventing and combating poultry-diseases are still lacking, which the author regards a constant menace for the development of the poultry-industry. Finally he discusses the measurements due to improve the present status. Pasty Eyes in Ducklings. H. J. Stafseth, Michigan State College, East Lansing. The Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, Vol. 79, p. 638. Some ducklings on a large duck-raising establishment, dead in the shell, showed watery or even pasty eyes. A considerable number of ducklings that were strong enough to free themselves from the shells showed „small eyes", watery eyes or pasty eyes. The eye affliction always started with a rather profuse watery discharge, which gradually became mucous in character, causing the eyelids to stick together, after which a crust formed over the margins of the eyelids. No discharge was noticed from the nostries. Weakness was a prominant symptom. Duck-raises refer to "buttons" on ducklings. Most of the ducklings examined showed this defect. Seventy-five to one hundred ducklings died. Attempts were made at transmitting the disease without result. After feeding cod liveroil eggs began to hatch better and after the second week the trouble disappeared. The disease proved to be of a nutritional rather than an infectious nature. A Case of Intussusception in a Hen. A. Whitfield. The Veteri- nary Journal, 1932, p. 67.

— 91 — Description of symptoms and post mortem. A piece of the small intestine had become invaginated in the gut below. On opening the intestine it was found that the intussuscepted portion was almost black, entirely gangrenous and very friable. It looked as if it would have sloughed away, leaving a merely shortened intestine, if the fowl had been allowed to live a few days longer. General peritonitis was absent, the gut above the invagination was only moderately distended. Observations upon some prevalent Diseases of Fowls, Prof. D. C. Matheson, Royal Veterinary College, Edinburgh. The Veterinary Journal, Jan., 1932, p. 7. The present article forms a contribution to a wider investigation upon which the writer is engaged from the epizoötiological [3oint of view into the prevailing diseases of poultry. The writer has set himself four questions: Which are the prevailing diseases of poultry? Why are they prevalent? What can be done to reduce their prevalence? What can be done to prevent their occurrence? The purpose of the present article is to provide some original data towards an answer to the first question. Follows a description of five prevailing diseases among six high-grade flocks. Tumours, Tuberculosis, Inpaction of some portion of the alimentary tract, usually impaction of the crop, "crop-bound", "grass-ball". Impaction of the oviduct. Fatty degeneration of the liver. Poultry Diseases in Cyprus. W. R. Roe. Veterinary Service for Cyprus. The Veterinary Journal, Vol. 88, p. 122. Description of: Fowl Cholera, Fowl Pox, Avian Spirochaetosis, Avian Tuberculosis.

Toxic Action of Salpeter and Arsenic. Toxicologische Proeven bij Kippen met Acidum Arsenicosum, Chili- en Kali- salpeter. A. Klarenbeek, H. Veenendaal, J. Voet. Tijd- schrift voor Diergeneeskunde, 1931, p. 89. Summary. The author carried out experiments to determine the toxic action on fowls of Chilean and potassium salpeter, both largely used for manure. He also tested the effect of arsenic (acid arsenicosum). It appeared that potassium salpeter is more toxic than Chilean salpeter; the symptoms did not differ qualitatively. Administration of 1—lí^ g. of both salts in capsule or in solution for a few days produced a toxic effect; the chief symptoms were a caustic action on the digestive system. Arsenic (acid arsenicosum) administered per os in quantities of 100— 150 mg. per kilo bodyweight (in pill or capsule) has a marked toxic effect often accompanied with typically caustic actions on craw, gizzard, resp. on the intestine.

To Keep Poultry Healthy. By the Publications Branch, Depart- ment of Agriculture, Ottawa. Canadian Poultry Journal, June, 1932. A review of this bulletin discloses the following items of special interest: Young birds suffer the most from parasites. Keep them away from adult birds, and on ground that has not been used by poultry for at least one year. Don't overstock. This concentrates the parasites in a given area and increases the chances of infection.

— 92 — Do not keep turkeys and chickens on the same ground. Turkeys carry gapeworms to chickens, and fowls carry the organisms of blackhead to turkeys in caecal worms or their eggs. Infection by coccidia, roundworms or tapeworms is contracted through the mouth. Eggs of worms are infective after they reach a certain stage of development; with tapeworms this requires that they are be eaten by certain slugs, snails, beetles or flies, which are in turn eaten by poultry. One worm egg only produces one worm, but one coccidium gives rise to an enormous number of coccidia. Coccidia develop to the infective stage very rapidly. Prompt disposal of infected droppings is the secret of success in outbreak of coccidiosis. Keep poultry manure covered, and the yards clear of trash or piles of weeds, straw or manure that might serve as the breeding place for flies or beetles. Keep the yards dry. Fill in water holes. Fix leaky taps. Dryness is unfavorable for the development of worm eggs and coccidia. Prevention is better than cure. A system of rotation whereby the same ground is not used for poultry the second time until the fourth year, will reduce losses from parasites to a minimum.

Erythroleukosis and the Anemias of the Fowl. J. Furth, Ruth Klingelhof er and Ch. Breedis. Arch. Path., 1931, p. 1. (Abstr. Journal Am. Vet. Med. Ass., 1931, p. 650.) Erythroleukosis of the fowl is a disease characterized mainly by (1) severe anemia with the appearance of lymphoid erythloblasts in the circulation. (2) Splenomegaly and (3) the accumulation of cells resembling lymphocytes, presumably precursors of erythrocytes, in the capillaries of the organs particularly of the bone marrow, liver and spleen. At the beginning of erythroleukosis erythroblasts usually appear in the peripheralcirculation while there is still an adequate supply of erythrocytes and haemoglobin. In contrast with secondary anemias, the number of polychrome erythrocytes in the circulating blood in the proportion to the number of early erythroblasts is not considerable. Erythroleukosis has been produced by inoculation of blood, organsuspension, or Berkefeld filtrates of fowls, with myeloid leukosis or erythroleukosis. It occurs spontaneously, but its natural mode of transmission is imknown. The anemia induced by repeated bleedings or by the administration of pyrodine differs from the erythroleukosis mainly by the relatively small number of early erythroblasts in the circulation and by the absence of leukostasis in the organs.

An Ataxia of Chicks associated with Nephritis, Glen L. Dunlop. Mass. Agrie. Exp. Station, Aniherst, Massa- chusetts. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, Vol. 80, June, 1932, p. 880. 1. A disorder of growing chicks is reported in which the symptoms occur at a definite age. Symptoms consist of muscular incoordination twitch- ing or tremor of the head and legs, and retraction of the head. 2. Gross changes are nephritis and proventriculitis. 3. Microscopical changes consist of an albuminous degeneration of kidneys and interstial haemorrhages. The proventriculus is swollen and presents a separation of the glandular epithelium from its basement membrane. 4. The uric acid content of the blood of affected chicks is two to six times greater than in normal avian blood. 5. The histological and blood findings indicate an impairment of nitro- genous metabolism. Histories of field cases indicate high protein intake with forced feeding and very rapid growth as the exciting cause.

— 93 — Unusual Sarcoma in a Chicken. J. F. Witter, Michigan State College. East Lansing. Journal of the Am. Vet. Med. Association, Volume 80, p. 104. Description of tumor removed from the abdominal cavity of a hen. The tumor had the appearance of a sarcoma.

Epidermoid Cancers on the Feet of wild Birds. M. W. Emmel. Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station, East Lansing. Journal American Veterinary Medical Ass., Vol. 77, 1930, p. 641. Tumorous masses have been noted on the feet of wild birds caught for banding purposes. Author gives a description of these tumors with photo- micrographs. It is highly possible that these neoplasms are a result of injury to the feet.

Poisoning in chickens with whorted milkweed. H. W. Campbell. Jour. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc, 79, 1931, No. 1, pp. 102—104. This is a brief report upon the poisoning which resulted in a flock of 700 8-weeks-old pullets on a ranch in California from feeding upon narrow-leafed whorled milkweed (Asclepias mexicana), previously known to be poisonous to sheep, cattle, and goats.

Perforation of the Gizzard of a Pigeon. Fremdkörper Perfo- ration des Muskelmagens einer Taube. MöUmann, Zeit- schrift für Veterinärkunde, Vol. 43, p. 305. In the gizzard of the pigeon w^as found an iron hook, of which the tangents had a length of 2 cm and a thickness of 2 mm. The pigeon had picked up the hook and the small pieces of copper wire on the grounds of the proprietor, during the time, that the electric net was installed. By the post mortem examination peritonitis of the stomach air sack and the liver air sack was found.

— 94 EGGS AND TABLE POULTRY

EGGS

International Agreement for the Marking of Eggs. Internatio- nales Abkommen aber die Kennzeichnung von Eiern. Eier-Börse, 1932, p. 86. In No. 1/1932 we published the article regarding the Conference at Brussels. Hereafter we are giving the actual text of the Convention agreed to: 1. The contracting States, which have specified the former marking of import-eggs on the shell and the packing thereof, or on one of these two, or will further specify, bind themselves, to regard by the eggs imported in their territory the in enclosure A stated markings as being sufficient certificates of origin. 2. The contracting States, which, in order to make the distinction between the import-eggs possible, wish to prescribe the use of different colours, are binding themselves, to prescribe only the following conditions for this purpose: a. Fresh eggs: Use of black paint during the period of 15th March to 31st August and red paint during the period of 1st September to 14th March. Eggs, which have been despatched before the beginning of these periods, can be marked in the paint which is in force for the period of the despatch of the sending. b. Prepared eggs: Use of black paint during the whole of the year. 3. Every contracting State can permit the use of a general marking of origin in place of the marking mentioned in the enclosure A. 4. The contracting States, which wiU make a distinction between fresh and prepared eggs, bind themselves, not to prescribe for the exporters for the marking of prepared eggs on the shell and packing or on one of these two, any other texts and markings in regard to the preparation, than those mentioned in enclosure B. 5. The contracting States will recognise the marking of the origin- or preparation as sufficient in the sens of this agreement if the marking on the shell is visible and legible, and has been made in indelible paint and in latin characters of 2 m/m height. The exporting countries, however, can make use of larger characters; the choice of the colour is free for each country, as long as the importing country does not insist in the use of the paint mentioned in article 2. 6. The contracting States bind themselves to specify, that the packing of the eggs has to carry an inscription, which states the kind of th

^95 — a competent board; it will consist of three experts, of whom one will be appointed by each of the interested States, whilst the third will be appointed by the Agricultural Institute. The Board will publish a notice, which will be submitted by the Agricultural Institute to each of the interested States; the Öovernments retain their full further liberty of acting. The interested governments will bind themselves, to carry" the costs for the work of the experts in common. The articles 8 to 12 are treating the formalities of the signatures, the withdrawal of the agreement as well as the ratification. In the signature- procolle, the signatories have reserved themselves the right, on depositing their ratification papers, to name the States, from whose ratification will depend the validity of their own. Up to the present the following countries designations have been submitted: Germany; Deutsch, Belgium: Bélgica, Spain: España, Estland: Estonia, France: France, Greece: Grèce, Italy: Italia, Netherlands: Holland, Switzerland: Suisse, Uruguay: Uruguay. A simplified Method for Conserving Eggs. Ueber eine Modifi- kation der Wasserglas Konservierung und deren Wert als Konservierungsmethode unter besonderer Berück- sichtigung der Schaumbildungsfähigkeit des Eiklars. Dr. J. Podhrasky. Mährisches Zootechnisches Landes- Forschungsinstitut in Brunn. Archiv für Geflügelkunde, Tome 2, p. 34. Summary. Fresh eggs were placed in a solution of waterglass (silicon of potash) of 1 : 10, after which they were dried and stored in a cool place packed in boxes. After termination of the test ^they were examined for quality. Special consideration was given to the ability of forming foam. The number of still good eggs varies, according to this method from 90.60 to 98.14 percent. The colour, smell and taste of the eggs underwent little change. The ability to form foam was much greater than by eggs conserved in lime- water. This is the cause of the small peptisation power of the water-glass. For the conserving of the eggs it was sufficient if they remained in ♦the water-glass for a fortnight. During the conservation the following changes took place: 1. The dry substance of the white of the egg changes more or less. 2. The dry substance of the yolk decreases considerably. 3. The fat-contents also decrease considerably. This decrease is independent of the duration of conservation. 4. The ash-content remains about the same, as the ash-content of the yolk increases just as that of the albumen decreases. Eggs, which have already been incubated for one week are not suitable for conservation. Iodine containing Eggs. Jodhaltige Hühnereier. Schmidt- Wewen. Deutsche Landwirtschaftliche Geflügelzeitung, Jg. 36, p. 807. 1931. By providing iodine calcium, the contents of iodine per egg is increased on the average by 0.5 m.gram per egg. By the test animals no detrimental consequences have been noticed. The manufacture of such like eggs would be great importance for the export to iodine-poor countries (Switzerland, Upper-Bavaria). Lecithine Contents in fresh and old Eggs. Lecithinerückgang im Ei. Dr. A. Schrempf. Deutsche Landwirtschaftliche Geflügelzeitung. 1932, p. 569.

— 96 ~ Great consîternation was caused in Germany, as it was believed that the lecithine disappeared in old eggs. In many institutes researches have been made and it has been proved that this it not the case. The writer has taken proofs with white Leghorn eggs and, on preserving them he could not detect any loss of the lecithine. The percentage of lecithine — phophoric-acid of the yolk remained nearly constant on about 1 %. Mangold and Lintzel could not detect any deterioration after 4 months preservation. Nor could Groszfeld after 6 months. Rewald drew the attention to the fact that lecithine was very lasting. In Chinese dryed yolks, which contain often much moults, the lecithine contents are normal, also in totally decayed yolks. Also when boiling or baking the eggs, the lecithine contents will not decrease.

Frozen Chinese Eggs. Gefrorene chinesische Eier. Prager Archiv für Tiermedizin, 1932, p. 35. The Hygienic Institute of the Medical Faculty of the Masaryk-university at Brunn, has drawn the attention of the Ministry for Public Health and Bodily Education to the fact, that use of frozen Chinese eggs for the making of pastry, sweets and délicatesses (especially for the preparation of Mayonaise) has gained great fields. In the confectioners journals of the present year there appeared notices recommending these kind of eggs for all purposes in the confection manufacture, for the making of different egg-creams, for beaten white of egg for the filling of tarts and rolls. For this purpose the whole of the eggt is naturally used in its raw state. The tests made on samples taken from the free trade, and after having been bacteriologically examined, yielded an exceptionally unsatisfactory result. The material contained a great amount of Saprophytes (especially the yolk) of Bacterium Coli and a great many kinds of the Paracoligroupe. Many of the ascertained kinds were decidedly anaerob. Already a short time after melting, the material was in an intensively decayed condition. The same result gave the research of the sample handed to the Hygienic Institute by the Victuals Research Institute at Brunn; also in this case the number of Saprophites was enormous, the greatest number of these have shewn proteolitic properties as well as the ability to reduce dye-stuffs. A great many kinds had not to be mistaken decay-causing properties and, also in these Bacterium Coli as well as numerous kinds of paracoli were ascertained. Many of them formed suspicious colonies in Paratyphoid B. This shows, that consignments of Chinese eggs are very tainted especially with kinds of Saprophytes, which descend from animal excrements, by which the fact, that the material not being sterilized, appears as a great evil, which is likely to cause trouble to the digestive organs by sensitive people. Also it is not impossible, that in the frozen egg-massa there may be found illness-causing germs, i.e. Cholera. (The German Professor KLnorr has reached similar results see: Archiv für Hygiene, 1931, No. 4). The Ministry for Public Health and Bodily Education requests, by decree of the 10th December 1931, Zi. 41. 766, that information be gather in this matter and measures be taken, that conserves which are not absolutely blameless (as well as goods manufactured therefrom) should be taken off the market and the use of them be prohibited. (Decree of the Ministry at Prag, 4th January 1932, Number 717.854/31-32-2833).

The Egg Imports in 1930 and Í93Í in Germany y according to official Statistics. Die Eiereinfuhren 1930 und 1931 im Lichte der amtlichen Statistik. Nimiber 1930: 2,638,906,000 Pcs. Weight 1930: 1,602,180 Dz. VALUE 1930: 227,983,000 Rmk.

— 97 — VII Number 1931: 2,326,979,000 Pcs. Weight 1931: 1,431,318 Dz. Value 1931: 169,654,000 Rmk. The import has decreased by 10 percent as regards the number and 25 percent as regards the value. We may, however, not have any great illusions, as the fourth quarter of 1931 has influenced the statistic extra- ordinarily unfavourable. If the import continues in this way also in the year 1932, as in the last quarter of 1931, we shall experience a dangerous catastrophe. It is already bad enough in the domain of the egg production, the poultry farms and the obtaining of foreign currency. In spite of all the warnings the public will still insist in buying foreign eggs.

Variability of Shell Porositij in the Hen's Egg, W. F. Hoist and H. J. Almquist. Hilgardia, A Journal of Agricultural Science California Agrie. Exp. Station, August, 1931. Summary. A new method for the study of egg-shell porosity has been suggested. The shell porosity in fresh eggs has been found to be low. Egg shells are subject to changes in porosity when the eggs are stored. Shell porosity may increase with duration of storage, more rapidly at higher temperatures, and approach a maximum which is nearly uniform for all eggs with regard to degree and distribution. Egg-shell porosity appears to be nearly uniform for the eggs of a particular hen, but shows differences for different individuals. Porosity in fresh egg shells is rather uniformly distributed. It is not generally greater in the air-space region of the egg.

Distribution of solid Matter in thick and thin Egg White, H. W. F. Hoist and H. J. Almquist. Hilgardia, August, 1931. Summary. The percentage of solids is the same in thick and thin whi'te from the same eggy whether the egg is old or fresh. The solids variation in fresh eggs was found generally in the range 10.7 to 12.9 per cent. Refractine index measurements serve as^ a rapid means of estimating solids in egg white. A rapid equilibrium with respect to water exists between thick and thin white in the same egg. The concentration of water remains the same in each regardless of losses to the yolk and through the shell.

Measurement of Deterioration in the stored Herís Egg. W. F. Hoist and H. J. Almquist. Hilgardia, August, 1931. Summary. Shrinkage has little significance as an index to egg quality. Thick white percentage as an expression of egg quality possesses several points of superiority over the yolk index. Liquefaction changes in thick white and yolk in stored eggs occur simultaneously or not at all. The intrinsic keeping quality of an egg is markedly a function of the individuality of the hen. Cold storage experiment with Mississippi eggs. G. R. Sipe, Miss., Sta. Rpt., 1931. The loss on Mississippi firstclass eggs after storage for nearly 6 months was insignificant.

— 98 — Multiple Shell Membrance Formation round Ovum. F. J. Dunning, Stellenbosch. The Journal of the South-African Veterinary Medical Ass., Vol. II, p. 40. A leghorn hen belonging to the Elsenburg School of Agriculture was destroyed because it had developed a very pendulous abdomen, a condition which was thought to be ascitic in nature. On the abdomen being opened, a large body was seen occupying a considerable part of the abdominal cavity. On dissection this was revealed as a diverticulum or pouch connected with an opening into the middle part of the oviduct and which contained a soft oval body of the size, shape, and colour of a duck's eggL Further dissection shewed that this body consisted of layer upon layer of complete shell membranes and in the very centre a dried out yellow, caseous yolk. Unfortunately for record purposes the number of membranes was not counted, but this would be in the neighbourhood of a score. It would appear as if a continuous shell membrane formation persisted as long as the ovum remained in the portion of the oviduct responsible for the secretion of that substance.

TABLE POULTRY.

In Roumania the largest Poultry Slaughterhouse of Europe. According to an article in the „Deutsche Landwirtschaftliche Ge- flügel Zeitung" Tome 35, p. 163, Roumania has erected, at New-Sulitza in the Bukovina, the largest and most modern poultry slaughterhouse of Roumania, which is perhaps also the largest of the whole of Europe. On an estate of V/z Hectares chicken runs have been built, in which about 90,000 animals can be crammed. The poultry delivered there for slaughtering will have to be fattened up for a short period i.e. 8 to 10 days. Furthermore a fattening installation for gees has been installed. On the whole of the concern are working about 350 men. A slaughterhouse with attached refrigerator has been erected. It is calculated to handle about 8000 pieces of poultry per day, not only slaughter them, but also prepare them, pack them, etc. All feathers are being collected, as much value is attributed to them. It is also the intention to work up the intestines of the slaughtered fowls; the plan haä been elaborated for instance, to use them for the fattening of pigs.

Canning Chicken. New England Poultryman, July 15, 1932. There are many methods used in canning chicken. The one given here is most commonly used with matured or nearly matured birds. The chicken is prepared the same as for roasting or baking, i. e., after picking and cleaning the head and feet are cut off. Chicken may be canned in the hot water bath, but the steam pressure cooker is strongly recommended since it gives a greater degree of safety. The preliminary cooking is by steam pressure or in kettle. 1. Place the prepared chicken in the pressure cooker with three to four cups of water or in the kettle with 2 to 3 pints of water, cover the kettle. 2. Process at 15 to 20 pounds pressure for twenty-five to thirty minutes or in the covered kettle until tender. Exhaust the pressure cooker by opening the pet cock. 3. Ilemove from the cooker and place on platter or in shallow pan. Remove the skin. 4. Disjoint the legs, thighs and wings and carefully remove bones, having the pieces of meat practically intact. 5. The white meat from the breast may be removed in the natural layers. Pick off all meat from neck and back.

— 99 — 6. Pack the jars with about equal amoxint of dark and light meat showing aroxind the outside and fill center of jar with the smaller broken bits. 7. Pack the jars moderately tight. Add half teaspoon of salt to each pint jar. Skim off the excess fat from the pot liquor and use that remaining to fill the jars to within one-quarter inch of top. 8. Wipe off the sealing surface, adjust a good rubber, place the cover in position and bring the top clamp into the notch in top of cover. 9. Process pint jars in steam pressure cooker for 50 to 60 minutes at 15 pounds pressure or for 3 hours in the water bath. 10. When pressure has fallen to zero in pressure cooker, open pet cock, remove the cover, lift out the jars and push the side clamp down. Set aside to cool before storing or remove jars from hot water bath seal by pushing down the side clamp.

Dressed Poultry Classes at the Bath and West Show, Journal of the Ministry of Agriculture, London, July, 1932. The Bath and West Show is the first to recognize up-to-date marketing methods by including, at the Show held at Yeovil from May 25-28, classes for market packs of graded dressed poultry that conform to modern commercial requirements. The classifications were as follows: Market Pack of 6 Cockerels, shaped for market but not drawn. Net maximum weight of Pack 33 lb. (overweight will be disqualified). Birds to be shaped in "Surrey" style, i.e., pressed and tied loosely around the hocks only. Market Pack of 6 Fat Ducklings. Birds to be shaped for market but not drawn.

Inspection of Poultry, Preventieve, gecentraliseerde keuring van Wild en Gevogelte een eisch des tijds, G. P. G. Dinkelaar van Egmond. Tijdschrift voor Diergenees- kunde, 1932, p. 320, Summary. The author draws the attention on the necessity of lawful inspection of game and poultry. This inspection should take place by veterinarians.

— 100 — GENERAL

Rats and Poultry, Rat Destruction, Das Rattenbuch. A collec- tive Report regarding the economical and hygienic Significance of the Rat-Plague and the Combating of the Rats. By Dr. med. vet. R. Koller, Hallein, Austria. Editor: M. & H. Schaper, Hannover, 1932. The damage caiised by rats to the poultry farmers is enormous in all parts of the world; 1) owing to the destruction of poultry food, eggs, chicks, 2) to the dying of many fowls of rat poisons, 3) because rats are transferring dangerous infectious germs. The writer has collected in this book, on 160 pages, and profusely illustrated, everything concerning the damages done by rats and the com- ba{ting of these rodents, in fact everything that can be gathered on this question. Consecutively he treats the natural history of the rat, the role of the rat by the transferring of different diseases and finally a summary of the numerous means to destroy rats, as well as the measures taken in different countries in Europe against these rodents. The book finishes up with an extensive summary of the littérature regarding the rat problems.

Laying Test in Hannover. Die Verbesserung der ländlichen Geflügelhaltung durch Herdenleistungsprüfungen. Dr. Breitfeld, Landwirtschaftliche Geflügelzeit., 4th March, 1932. In the Province Hannover, the breeding nations, officially recognized by the Government, are obliged to forward every year 7 hens to the laying test. These hens are being chosen by an inspector at the respective breeding stations. On the first laying test at Langenhagen 287 hens were controlled during the period from 1st November 1930 to 30th September 1931. Of these 56 % were White Leghorns, 22 % Rhode Island Reds. The death percentage was 16.3 %. The average egg production per hen was 170.7 eggs of an (average weight of 59.2 grams. The be^ hen laid 246 eggs of an average weight of 63.5 gram.

Scientific Poultry Breeders' Association Seventeenth Annual Register. S. P. B. A. Rudgwick, Sussex, 1932. CONTENTS. Calendar for 1932, Officers and Members of S.P.B.A. Council, Fore- word (P. Hedworth Foulkes, B.Sc), List of S.P.B.A. Permanent Committees, List of S.P.B.A. Presidents, The 1931 Annual General Meeting of the S.P.B.A., The Fifteenth Annual Report of the S.P.B.A. Council, The S.P.B.A. Accounts and Balance Sheet for 1930-31, "The Heated-Room System of Battery Broo- ding" (John Barker), "Battery Brooding, and after" (F. C. Bobby), "Elec- tricity in Poultry Farming" (R. L. Acland, M. Inst. E. E.), "Some Notes on

— 101 — One-Man Poultry Farming" (J. Prentice), "Some Notes on the Rearing and Management of Breeding Stock" (Dr. J. E. Helm), "Selecting the Breeders" (Wm. Hamnett), "Table Poultry. Figures for Small Fattening Plant" (C. E. Fermor), "Poultry on a General Farm" (John P. Harding), "Notes on Inves- tigations into Some Poultry Diseases" (T. Dalling, M.R.C.V.S., and G. H. Warrack, B.Sc), "Some New Factors in Nutrition" (Tom Newman), "Notes on the General Management of Ducks" (Violet K. Tallent, M.A.), "Turkeys" (T. D. Bell, N.D.P.), "S.P.B.A. Experiments" (Tom Newman), "Suitable Breeds for Table Purposes" (Mrs. Tom Newman), "Brooding by Electricity" (W. Gardner), Diagram showing Growth of the S.P.B.A., Activities of the S.P.B.A., Illustrations of Some Typical Birds, List of County Poultry In- structors, Analyses Tables of Foodstuffs, Mineral Salts in Feeding Stuffs, List of Firms giving Discounts to Members of the S.P.B.A., Table of Railway Freight Rates by Passenger Train, Useful Weights and Measures, Postal Information, Weights of Grains and Meals per Quart Measure, The Objects and Benefits of the S.P.B.A., Extracts from Memorandum and Articles of Association of the SP.B.A., Emendation of Articles, By-Laws and Regu- lations of the S.P.B.A., Local Branches of the S.P.B.A., Rules for Registration of Breeding Stock, The Register of S.P.B.A. Breeding Pens, Sectional List of Breeders' Names and Addresses, Names and Addresses of Members of the S.P.B.A., Index to Chief Articles, 1914-1932, Index to Advertisers, S.P.B.A. Notices.

Poultry-keeping on the Farm, J. Worthington. County Poultry Instructor. Journal of the Ministry of Agriculture, London, July, 1932. Notes on the two-year demonstration in poultry-keeping, using slatted-floor houses at Stanmore, Middlesex. The particulars cover the six months ending March 31, 1932. Description of: Egg Production, Culling, Health, Feeding, Housing.

Sun Yards for Chickens. D. C. Kennard and V. D. Chamberlin. Ohio Agricultural Exp. Station Bimonthly Bulletin, March-April, 1932. Description of the advantages of sun yards and the preparation of a cinder or slag sun yard.

Some Observations on caged Layers, D. C. Kennard and V. D. Chamberlin. Ohio Agricultural Exp. Station Bimonthly Bulletin, March-April, 1932. The Ohio Exp. Station began preliminary tests in 1924. These tests have been continued during the past 7 years and have yielded some interesting results. One of the original layers lived until Oct. 16, 1931, lackingi 3 weeks of having spent 7 years in the cage. The present work is being conducted with 254 layers in individual cages and 288 layers in groups of three in larger compartments. The caged layers laid somewhat better and the mortality was less than that of similar birds upon the same rations in laying houses. Fovir pullets confined in a cage could live a year on a 46.2 per cent protein ration. Confining the layers in batteries or individual wire cages affords new and promising possibilities for nearfuture accom- plishments in poultry keeping. Results secured thus far have been favorable.

Canadian National Poultry Record Association Blue Book 1932, A. G. Taylor. Experimental Farm, Ottawa. The Members of the Canadian National Poultry Record Association

— 102 — present herewith their fourth Annual Blue Book and Breeders' Catalogue. Canada's National Poultry Registration Programme has been in operation since 1923, and during nine successful breeding seasons has achieved wonderful success and established an enviable reputation. Registration poultry breeders in Canada are now entering upon the tenth breeding season under this plan and offer to the poultry buying public, breeding stock, hatching eggs or chicks of real high quality. The Canadian National Poultry Record Association is the only Poultry Association in Canada conducting a Federal supervised system of pedigreed poultry breeding. The organization constructed to accomplish poultry Re- gistration is unique. It consists of the standardization of all official Egg Laying Contests in Canada and then using these Contests as the basis for poultry Registration work, the registering of all birds which qualify, the breeding of registered birds under a system of Government inspection, and the following up of this Work with a Registration Progeny Test on the pullets from Registered matings. No country in the world can boast of a more advanced national poultry breeding policy. The undisputed reputation of the Canadian National Poultry Record Association is made possible because of the integrity of its individual members. Their skill in the science of poultry breeding, their sincerity in the cause of poultry advancement, and their business-like methods of dealing with the buying public, are all worthy of your confidence. The purpose of this publication is to disseminate, both at home an^ abroad, reliable information concerning Registered Poultry as bred by the foremost breeders in Canada. We take considerable pride in presenting to the poultry fraternity, this, our fourth Annual Blue Book.

Reduction of the Poultry Stock in Germany, Abnahme des Geflügelbestandes in Deutschland. Counted were in: 1930: 88,100,000 Chickens, of which 69,910,000 laying hens. 6,250,000 geese 3,880,000 ducks. 1931: 84,060,000 Chickens, of which 67,350,000 laying hens. 5,580,000 geese 3,540,000 ducks.

103 TOME V. f uoRAJwrfV-11-" ^"^ No. 3/4 WAR 2 5 ^933 INTERNATI0M*^1KEV!ßW OF POULTRY SCIENCE

OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE WORLDS POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOCIATION

Y/ ^^■ >^,# ^^>-' »^j^ ^ *Q>S^

Dr- B- J. C* TE HENNEPE ROTTERDAM (Holland) This Review is free to all members of the World's Poultry Science Association, All subscriptions should be sent to the Editor: Dr. B. J. C. te Hennepe, Rotterdam, or to the Secretary- Treasurer: Dr. G. F. Heuser, Cornell University. Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.

SUBSCRIPTIONS

$ 5.00 annually in advance. The personal membership of the W.P.S.A. amounts to % 5.00 For affiliated societies „ „ „ 25.00 J

ADVERTISEMENT RATES

One page, per issue $ 12.00 Half page, per issue ,, 7.00

Special attention is called for BREEDERS' ADVERTISEMENTS which are now fixed on $ lO^OO per full page^ during 1 year* TOME V. No. 3/4.

INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF POULTRY SCIENCE

OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE WORLD'S POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOCIATION

EDITOR: Dr. B. J. C* TE HENNEPE ROTTERDAM (Holland) PRINTED BY G. B. 'T HOOFT - ROTTERDAM (HOLLAND) CONSTITUTION

ARTICLE I — NAME.

The name of this organization shall be "The World's Poultry Science Association".

ARTICLE II — OBJECTS.

The objects of this Association are: (1) To facilitate in all possible ways the exchange of knowledge and experience among persons in all parts of the world, who are contributing to the advancement of the Poultry Industry by teaching, demonstration, investigation, or in any other constructive manner. (2) To promote the extension of knowledge in this field by the encouragement of scientific research, practical experimentation, the collection of statistics, the study of the economics of the Poultry Industry, of the problems of marketing and the world's markets, and in every other way possible. (3) The dissemination of knowledge pertaining to the Poultry Industry. (4) The promotion of World's Poultry Congresses.

ARTICLE III — MEMBERSHIP. (1) Proposals for membership shall be made in v^it- ing. Each proposal shall bear the signature of two members, who vouch for the candidate. A Certificate of Election shall require approval of a member of the Executive Committee. (2) Eligibility of active membership shall be based upon some one or more of the following considerations: (a) that the candidate be engaged in the teaching of Poultry Husbandry; or (b) that the candidate be engaged in the advancement of knowledge regarding poultry by scientific research or practical experimentation; or

III (c) that the candidate be officially connected with a Government in some capacity relating to poultry work; or (d) that the candidate is making a definite contribution, in any other manner not specified in the above clauses, to the advancement of the Poultry Industry. (3) The Council shall have the power of naming as Honorary Life Members such persons, whom it considers to have made a noteworthy contribution to the work of the Association or to the promotion of the Poultry Industry in any of its branches.

ARTICLE IV — OFFICERS.

(1) The Officers of the Association shall be a President, three Vice-Presidents or more, a General Secretary-Treasurer, not more than three sectional Secretaries, and a Council composed of not more than three members from each country represented in the Association, except such countries, which have an individual active membership of over fifty, in which case six representatives can be named to the Council. (2) The term of office of President, Vice-Presidents, and Secretary-Treasurer shall be three years. Each member of the Council shall be elected for nine years. (3) Foi' the election of the President, Vice-Presidents, and Secretary-Treasurer, a three-fourths vote of the Council shall be required. (4) One-third of the members of the Council shall be elected at the regular meeting every three years. Nominations for the Council may be made in w^riting by any member of the Association residing in the country, for which the nomination is made, at least six months before the date of election. If no nominations are received from such members, nominations may be made by any member of the Council. A majority vote of the Council shall be required for election. (5) In all votes of the Council the requisite majorities specified in the above clauses shall be construed as of those voting. (6) The President, Vice-Presidents, Secretary-Trea- surer, and sectional Secretaries shall constitute an executive committee, ex-officio. (7) The term of office in each case shall begin on January 1st, following election.

IV (8) Sectional Secretaries shall be appointed by the President. (9) The President shall have the power to appoint members to vacancies on the Council between regular meetings, such term of office to extend until the next regular meeting.

ARTICLE V — PATRONS.

The Council may designate as a Patron of the Associa- tion any Government Department, Association, or club, which shall contribute to the Treasury of the Association the sum of not less than Two Hundred Fifty doUalrs, or Fifty pounds, in one payment; or not less than Twenty-five dollars, or Five pounds, per annum.

ARTICLE VI — AFFILIATIONS.

Associations may become affiliated by the payment of an annual fee of Twenty-five dollars or Five pounds. This entitles the association to claim affiliation with the World's Poultry Science Association, to receive five copies of the Review, and to use for the benefit of its members anything contained in the Review. Affiliated associations are required to notify the World's Poultry Science Association each yeal* as to the number of members the association represents. These may be called Affiliated Members in the records of the World's Poultry Science Association. ARTICLE VII — MEETINGS.

General Meetings of the Association may be called by the President, Vice-Presidents, General Secretary, and Council, who shall determine the time and place of meeting. A regular meeting shall be held every three years, if possible, for the election of officers.

ARTICLE VIII - SUBSCRIPTIONS.

The subscription of each member of the Association shall be Five dollars or One pound per annum, payable at the beginning of the year to the Secretary-Treasurer or whom he may designate. Failure to pay the subscription before the end of the yeai* will remove the member from the active memibership list. BY-LAWS. Section 1. Six members of the Council shall constitute a quorum of that body. Section 2. Ten members of the Association shall constitute a quorum of the Association. Section 3. On a requisition signed by five members of the Council the Secretary shall communicate to all members of the Council any matter of business and ask for their vote on the question, either by mail or in Session. Section 4. On any postal vote of the Council or Asso- ciation the polls shall be considered closed at four calendar months after the date of the original mailing. Section 5. Membership in the Association may be for- feited because of: (a) lapse of éligibilité^ under the rules as set forth in the constitution (Article III) ; or (b) failure to act in full accord with the objects of the Association as set forth in the Constitution; or (c) two successive failures to pay the annual subscription. Section 6. A recommendation for the reconsideration of eligibility for continued membership may be made in writing to the Secretary at any time by any member, with a full statement of the facts believed to demand such reconsideration. Such recommendation shall be placed in the hands of the Council, who shall consider the case, and report to the Association, with a recommendation as to the action to be taken either in the direction of forfeiture or continuation of membership. Section 7. The Constitution and By-Laws may be amended at any time by three-fourths vote of the members of the Association voting. Such vote shall be taken by mail. Section 8. Any proposed amendment to the Constitu- tion or By-Laws shall be placed in the hands of each member of the Association at least six months prior to the time of voting on the amendment. Section 9. In all postal votes where a definite majority is specified in either Constitution or By-Laws such majority shall be construed as of those voting.

VI NOTICE TO MEMBERS OF THE WORLD'S POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOCIATION.

December 1, 1932.

Dear Members,

I wish to call your attention to the fact, that it will be necessary to elect certain officers at the time of the Fifth World's Poultry Congress in Rome next September. For your information I am quoting the following from the Constitution which is applicable: Article IV — Officers, (1) The Officers of the Association shall be a President, three Vice-Presidents or more, a General Secretary-Treasurer, not more than three sectional Secretaries, and a Council composed of three members from each country represented in the Association, except such countries, which have an individual active membership of over fifty, in which case six representatives can be named to the Council. (At the present time England and the United States of America are entitled to six members.) (2) The term of office of President, Vice-Presidents, and Secretary-Treasurer shall be three years. Each member of the Council shall be elected for nine years. (3) For the election of the President, Vice-Presidents, and Secretary-Treasurer, a three-fourths vote of the Council shall be required. (4) One-third of the members of the Council shall be elected at the regular meeting every three years. Nominations for the Council may be made in w!riting by any member of the Association residing in the country, for which the nomination is made, at least six months before the date of election. If no nominations are received from such members, nominations may be made by any member of the Council. A majority vote of the Council shall be required for election.

VII (8) Sectional Secretaries shall be appointed by the President.

At the present time the Council is composed as follows: Honorary Past Presidents—Dr. Sir Edward Brown, F.L.S., 60 Castellain Mansions, London W. 9, England. Mr. F. C. Elford, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, Canada. President—Mr. W. A. Kock, Sortedamsdossering 63a2, Copenhagen, Denmark. Secretary—Treasurer—Dr. G. F. Heuser, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y., U.S.A. First Vice-President for America. Prof. J. E. Rice, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y., U.S.A. First Vice-President for Europe—Prof. S. Castelló, Arenys de Mar, Bar- celona, Spain. Vice-Presidents—Mr. P. Francis, Ministry of Agriculture, 10 White hall Place, London. Mr. C. S. Th. van Gink, Voorburg, Z.-H, Holland. Prof. A. Ghigi, University of Bologna, Bologna, ItaHe. Mr. R. Römer, Hoheweg, Halle ayd. Saale, Germany. Prof. Chas. Voitellier, 89 Rue Erlanger, Paris 16ème, France. Secretary for Continental Europe—Dr. B. J. C. te Hennepe, State Serum Institute, Rotterdam. Holland. Editor International Review of Poultry Science: Dr. B. J. C. te Hennepe, Rotterdam.

MEMBERS OF COUNCIL AUSTRALIA Mr. J. B. Merrett. AUSTRIA Dr. Otto Hübner. BELGIUM Prof. J. F. Frateur. BULGARIA Prof. George S. Chlebaroff. Mr. Ivan Tabakoff. CANADA Mr. W. A. Brown. Prof. M. C. Herner. Prof. W. R. Graham. CZECHOSLOVAKIA Prof. F. Krai. Dr. J. Krizenecky. DENMARK Dr. J. Traberg. EGYPT Dr. M. Askar Bey. ENGLAND Capt. E. T. Hainan. Mr. T. Newman. Capt. the Hon. C. K. Greenway. FRANCE Prof. P. Lesbouyries. Mr. René Caucurte. GERMANS Dr. K. Bellen Dr. A. Schachtzabel. Dr. L. Weinmiller. HOLLAND Prof. Dr. L. de Blieck. Dr. B. J. C. te Hennepe.

VIII IRELAND (NORTH) Dr. J. S. Gordon. Dr. Scott Robertson. Mr. Sydney Smith. IRISH FREE STATE Miss Mary Hennerty. ITALY Prof. E. Giacomini. Prof. A. Pirocchi. JAPAN Prof. K. Kimura. NEW FOUNDLAND Mr. F. R. Clark. NEW ZEALAND Mr. F. Brown. NORWAY Mr. Kr. Grepstad. PALESTINE Mr. Alexander Livshutz. POLAND Dr. Laura Kaufman. SCOTLAND Miss. A. Kinross. Mrs. H. Maciver. SOUTH-AFRICA Mr. J. J. Jordaan. Miss. D. Pybus. Mr. L. A. van Rooyen. SOUTHERN RHODESIA ..... Mr. H. G. Wheeldon. SPAIN Mr. E. P. de Villaamil. SWEDEN Mr. M. de Wachenfeit. SWITZERLAND Mr. M. K. Kleb. TURKEY Prof. Cevat Rüstü. UNITED STATES Dr. M. A. Jull. Dr. B. F. Kaupp. Prof. W. F. Kirkpatrick. Prof. A. G. Philips. Dr. W. C. Thompson. URUGUAY Prof. E. Llovet.

The terms of the following members of Council termi- nate in 1933:

AUSTRIA Dr. O. Hübner. BULGARIA Dr. G. S. Chlebaroff. CANADA Prof. M. C. Herner. DENMARK Dr. J. Traberg. ENGLAND Mr. T. Newman. GERMANY Dr. L. Weinmiller. NEW ZEALAND Mr. F. Brown. NORTHERN IRELAND Dr. I. S. Gordon. SOUTH AFRICA Mr. L. A. van Rooyen. SWITZERLAND Mr. M. K. Kleb. TURKEY Prof. C. Rustu. U.S.A Prof. W. C. Thompson. U.S.A Prof. A. G. Philips.

The Secretary will be glad to receive nominations for the retiring members of Council or for members of countries

IX not represented at the present as indicated in the Constitution. Any othei order of business for the welfare of the Association or the poultry industry, which any member cares to suggest as b.eing appropriate to be placed before any of the meetings I shall be glad to receive and present at the piroper time. Sincerely yours,

GUSTAVE F. HEUSER, Secretary-Treasurer. OFFICERS Honorary Past Presidents—Dr. Sir Edward Brown, F.L.S., 60 Castelkin Mansions, London W. 9, England. Mr. F. C. Elford, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, Canada. President—Mr. W. A. Kock, Sortedamsdossering 63a2, Copenhagen, Denmark. Secretary—Treasurer—Dr. G. F. Heuser, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y., U.S.A. First Vice-President for America. Prof. J. E. Rice, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y., U.S.A. First Vice-President for Europe—Prof. S. Castelló, Arenys de Mar, Bar- celona, Spain. Vice-Presidents—Mr. P. Francis, Ministry of Agriculture, 10 White hall Place, London. Mr. C. S. Th. van Gink, Voorburg, Z.-H., Holland. Prof. A. Ghigi, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italie. Mr. R. Römer, Hoheweg, Halle al/d. Saale, Germany. Prof. Chas. Voitellier, 89 Rue Erlanger, Paris 16ème, France. Secretary for Continental Europe—Dr. B. J. C. te Hennepe, State Serum Institute, Rotterdam. Holland. Editor International Review of Poultry Sciencex Dr. B. J. C. te Hennepe, Rotterdam.

MEMBERS OF COUNCIL AUSTRALIA Mr. J. B. Merrett. AUSTRIA Dr. Otto Hübner. BELGIUM Prof. J. F. Frateur. BULGARIA Prof. George S. Chlebaroff. Mr. Ivan Tabakoff. CANADA Mr. W. A. Brown. Prof. M. C. Herner. Prof. W. R. Graham. CZECHOSLOVAKIA Prof. F. Krai. Dr. J. Krizenecky. DENMARK Dr. J. Traberg. EGYPT Dr. M. Askar Bey. ENGLAND Capt. E. T. Hainan. Mr. T. Newman. Capt. the Hon. C. K. Greenway. FRANCE Prof. P. Lesbouyries. Mr. René Caucurte. GERMANY Dr. K. Bellen Dr. A. Schachtzabel. Dr. L. Weinmiller. HOLLAND Prof. Dr. L. de Blieck. Dr. B. J. C. te Hennepe. IRELAND (NORTH) Dr. J. S. Gordon. Dr. Scott Robertson. Mr. Sydney Smith. IRISH FREE STATE Miss Mary Hennerty.

XI ITALY Prof. E. Giacomini. Prof. A. Pirocchi. JAPAN Prof. K. Kimura. NEW FOUNDLAND Mr. F. R. Clark. NEW ZEALAND Mr. F. Brown. NORWAY Mr. Kr. Grepstad. PALESTINE Mr. Alexander Livshutz. POLAND Dr. Laura Kaufman. SCOTLAND Miss A. Kinross. Mrs. H. Maciver. SOUTH-AFRICA Mr. J. J. Jordaan. Miss D. Pybus. Mr. L. A. van Rooyen. SOUTHERN RHODESIA Mr. H. G. Wheeldon. SPAIN Mr. E. P. de Villaamil. SWEDEN Mr. M. de Wachenfeit. SWITZERLAND Mr. M. K. Kleb. TURKEY Prof. Cevat Rüstü. UNITED STATES Dr. M. A. Jull. Dr. B. F. Kaupp. Prof. W. F. Kirkpatrick. Prof. A. G. Philips. Dr. W. C. Thompson. URUGUAY Prof. E. Llovet.

Editor INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF POULTRY SCIENCE: Dr. B. J. C. te Hennepe, Rotterdam.

XII PATRONS

AUSTRALIA. Commonwealth of Australia (Address) Official Secretary to the Commonwealth of Australia in Great Britain, Australia House, Strand, London, England.

CANADA. Department of Agriculture of Canada, Ottawa.

ENGLAND. The EngHsh Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, (Address) The Secretary, 10, Whitehall Place, London, S. W. 1, England.

IRISH FREE STATE. Department of Agriculture, Government Buildings, Dublin, C. 17.

NORTHERN IRELAND. Ministry of Agriculture of North Ireland, Belfast.

SCOTLAND. The Secretary, Department of Agriculture for Scotland, York Buildings, Queen Street, Edinburgh.

UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA. Office of the High Commissioner for the Union of South Africa, Trafalgar Square, London, England.

AFFILIATED SOCIETIES

CANADA. Canadian National Poultry Record Association, Department oi Agriculture, Ottawa. Poultry Science Association. Prof. W. A. Maw, Macdonald College, Quebec.

DENMARK. Danmarks Fjerkraeavler forening, Gl. Kongevej 31, Copen- hagen V.

ENGLAND. National Poultry Council, 20-21, Essex Street, London W.C. Scientific Poultry Breeders Association, Rudgwick, Horsham, Sussex.

FRANCE. Société Centrale d'Aviculture, 34 Rue de Lille, Paris.

GERMANY. Reichsinteressenverwertung der Geflügelwirtschaft, Beriin.

SWITZERLAND. Schweizerischer Gefltigelzuchtverein, Küsnacht, Zürich.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. International Baby Chick Association, 400—402 B. M. A. Building, 215 Pershing Road, Kansas City, Missouri. National Poultry Council, East Greenwich, Rhode Island. Poultry Science Assn. Prof. W. A. Maw, Macdonald College, Quebec, Canada.

XIII MEMBERS IN GOOD STANDING. JAN. 1st. 1933

Honorary Life Members—Prof. Salvador Castelló, Arenys de Mar, Barcelona. Dr. H. J. Lovink, Alphen aan den Rijn, Holland. Hon. H. R. Motherwell, Ottawa, Canada. DT; Raymond Pearl, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.

ALGERIA. Miss Jeanne Bernard, Ecole Ménagère agricole. Jardin d'Essaie, Alger.

ARGENTINA. Mr. C. A. G. Wessel, Asociación Argentina Criadores de Aves, Conejos y Abejas, Buenos Aires.

AUSTRALIA. Mr. J. Gloe, Narrogin, West-Australia. Mr. E. Hadlington, Dep. of Agriculture, Sydney, New South Wales. Mr. G. W. Lavender, Editor „Poultry", Sydney, N.S.W. Mr. J. McLachlan, Brisbane, Queensland. Mr. J. B. Leitch, Irymple P. O., Victoria. Mr. H. C. Mainwaring, Soldier Settlement, Campbelltown, Sydney, New South Wales. Mr. John B. Merrett, Box 4044, Melbourne. Mr. A. E. Powell, Govt. Poultry Expert, Hobart, Tasmania. Mr. H. \. Robertson, 78 Unley Rd., Unley, S.A. Mr. P. Rumball, Brisbane, Queensland. Mr. A. M. Whittenbury, Magill Street, Magill, South Australia.

AUSTRIA. Dr. Ing. O. Eckstein, Penzingerstrasse 107, Wien XIII. Dr. O. Hübner, Mitterndorf a. d. Fischa. Baron Koloinan Pfeiffer, Eckpergasse 31, Wien XVIII. Mr. Fr. Tritthart, Lassnitzhöhe. (Styria). Mr. Ing. R. Warton, Eierfarm Gut Edla, Amstetten.

BELGIUM. Mr. Carlo Boddaert, Rue du Pont de Malte 117, Gand. Ing. J. Caiherlinckx, Naamsche Vest 54, Leuven. A. Capron, Place 35, Russeignies, poste Amougies. Mr. F. K. Chrispeels, 35 Luchtvaartlaan, Stokkel-Woluwe. Mr. Achiel Comhaire, Asper. Jules Dujardin, Pâturages. Prof. J. L. Frateur, Minderbroederstraat 40, Leuven. Mr. W. P. van den Heuvel, Postbox 12, Merxem, Antwerpen.

XIV Mr. M. van Hollebeke, Hooglede. Mr. Alfred Keymeulen, Heide-Calmpthout, : f : : - :v Mr. Walter Koch, 94 Rue des Palais, Bruxelles. Dr. F. Leynen, Ecole Vétérinaire, Brussels. Mr. E. Magerman, St. Martens, Laethem'. Mrs. A. Poncelet, 76 Rue J. Wauters, Vivegnis, Herstal. Mr. K. de Rijcke, Station, Gávefe, Mrs. O. de Rijcke-Cornelis, Machelen, Deinze. ¡ : Dr. Geo Vandevelde, Gravenstraat 18, Nazareth, 0. VI. Mr. Joseph Verhaeghe, Vichte.

BERMUDA Mr. W. R. Evans, Department of Agriculture.

BULGARIA. Prof. G. S. Chlebaroff, Postfach 227, Sofia. Mr. Iv^an Tabakoff, Universität, Sofia. • - - . -: -•

CANADA. Prof. V. S. Asmundson, University of British Columbia, Vancouver. Mr. Jos. D. Barbeau, Department of Agriculture, Quebec. Mr. F. C. Elford, Experimental Farm, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa. Prof. W. R. Graham, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, Ontario. Prof. A. Gratton, Institut Agricole D'Oka, La Trappe, P. Q. . , Mr. J. H. Hare, 407 Blov^ery Henry Bldg., Edmonton, Alberta. . Mr. C. M. Harvey, 105 Symons Street, Mimico, Ont. . . Prof. M. C. Herner, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg. '' ' ." Prof. J. P. Landry, Agricultural College, Truro, Nova Scotia. Prof. F. N. Marcellus, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, Ontario. Prof. W. A. Maw, Macdohald College, Quebec. Miss Helen I. Milne, Poultry Department University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta. : Mr. H. F. Murwin, Experimental Station, Harrow, Ontario. * ' ' ': '■ ' Mr. Abel Raymond; 2 Chauveau Avenue, Postal Box 516, Quebec. Mr. George Robertson, Dominion Experimental Farm, Ottawa. Mr. G. A. Robertson, Box 275, St. Catharines, Ontario. Saskatchewan Department of Agriculture, Regina, Saskatchewan. Mr. A. G. Taylor, Experimental Farm, Ottawa. 't Mr. Garnet Taylor, R. No. 2, Bloomfield, Ontario. . Mr. E. H. Tooke, Manor Farm, Clarkson, Ontario. Mr. R. W. Wade, Live Stock Branch, Ontario Dep't. of Agriculture, Toronto, Mr. R. V. Wilcox, Salmon Arm, B. C. Brother Wilfrid, Oka Agricultural Institute, La Trappe, Quebec. Mr. H. F. Williamson, Box 675, Weston, - Ontario. Mr. Jas B. Woodyatt, 355 St. James Street, West Montreal, Que.

CHILE. Mr. Ernesto Eggers, Chief Animal Husbandry Division, Experiment Station, Casilla 537, Santiago.

XV CUBA. Colonel L. de la Tórnente, 17 esquina a 6, Vedado, Habana. CURAÇAO. Mr, A. G. Schotborgh, P.O. Box 109.

CZECHOSLOVAKIA. Prof. Antonin Hruza, Prarska 67, Brno. Mr. Josef Drabek, 4, Ulice Elisky Krásnohorské, Prague 7. Prof. Dr. Fr. Král, Brno (Brunn). Dr. J. Krizenecky, Cerna Pole, Brno.

DENMARK. Mr. E. Elm, Ishöj, Taastrup. Messrs. Eriksen & Christensen, Esbjerg. Mr. H. Folden, Ostbanagade 11, Copenhagen. Mr. Verner Hagerup, Brobyhus Poultry Farm, Snekkersten. Mr. E. Hansen, Vestervoldgade 7 and 9, Copenhagen. Mrs. Sören Hansen, St. Regis, Vesterbrogade 78, Copenhagen. Mr. Svend Hansen, Vetr. surgeon, Esbjerg. Mr. F. Henriques, Klarskov, Marslev. Mr. A. Högsbro Holm, Agricultural Council of Denmark, Copenhagen. Mr. Carl J0rgensen, Sm^kkegaardsvej 33, Gentofte. Mrs. E. Jörgensen^ SoUestedgaard pr. Sóllested St. Mr. A. Knudsen, Nr. Aaby. Mr. W. A. Kock, Sortedamsdossering 63A, Copenhagen. Miss Inger Larsen, Höjagergaard, Femhöj. Messrs. A. Lykke & Rendtoft, B0vlingbjaerg. Mr. K. Madsen, H0rve. Mr. H. Mortensen, Dansk Andéis Aegexport, Esbjerg. Mr. Oluf Nielsen, Clausens Allé, Fruens Böge, Odense. Mr. H. S0rensen, Brandholms Allé 8,. R0dovre, Valby. Dr. J. Traberg, Storehedinge. Mr. P. Ulrik, Trondhjemsplade 3, Copenhagen. Mr. G. Wedel, Svend Tr0stvej 4, Copenhagen, V. Mr. C. Wildner-Christensen, Tebbestrup Kaer, Randers.

EGYPT. Dr. Mohamed Askar Bey, Director Animal Breeding Section, Ministry of Agriculture, Cairo. Dr. Mahmoud Hossein, 30 Haret El Amir Hossein, Sh. Mohmed Ali, Cairo.

ENGLAND. Hon. Florence Amherst, 6, William Street, Knightsbridge, London, S.W. Mr. J. Amsden, Sevenoaks, Weald, Kent. Mr. A. Arbuthnot, Sinah Warren, Hayling Island, Hants. Mr. R. H. Axworthy, Poultry Pathological Research Laboratory, Goring, Reading. Mr. W. P. Blount, Poultry Pathological Research Laboratory, Goring. Mr. F. C. Bobby, Black Lake Poultry Farm, Egham, Surrey.

XVI Mr. Frederick Bowers, Tanfield Tye, West Hannigfield, Wickford. Mr. Albert H. Brain, The Experimental Poultry Farm, Great Barr, Nr. Birmingham. Dr. Sir Edward Brown, F.L.S., 60 Castellain Mansions, London, W. 9. {Mr. Oscar Brown, Appleby, Scunthorpe, Lincolnshire. Mrs. T. A. Brown, Shrub Farm, Haughley, Suffolk. Dr. Ethel M. Cruickshank, School of Agriculture, Cambridge. Dr. Th. Dalling, The Wellcome Physiological Research Laboratories, Langley, Court, Beckenham, Kent. Miss Davidson Chisholm, Maisonette Mont Cochon, Jersey. C.I. Mr. John H. Dowden, Heydown Farm, Heathfield, Sussex. Major C. H. Eden, Cranborne, Salisbury. Mrs. A. K. Fawkes-Ansell, Burstow Bridge Cottage, Ardingly, Sussex. Mr. Percy A. Francis, 10, Whitehall Place, London, S.W. 1. Mr. C. E. Garner, The Lawn Poultry Farm, Weedon, Northants. Miss G. D. Godding, Aldingbourne, Chichester, Sussex. Mr. C. W. Goode, Department of Agriculture, The University, Leeds. Mr. Cyril Grange, Hillcrest, Chedburgh, Bury St. Edmunds. Mr. H. Gray, 1 Redfield Lane, EarPs Court Road, London S. W. 5. The Hon'ble C. K. Greenway, Stanbridge Earls, Romsey, Hampshire. Mr. F. H. Guernsey, 12 Prudential Buildings, 36 Dale Street, Liverpool. Capt. E. T. Hainan, Animal Nutrition Institute, School of Agriculture, Cambridge. Mr. H. P. Hamilton, The Laboratory, Streatley, Reading. Mr. Wm. Hamnett, Myrtle Poultry Farm, Peddars Lane, Blackpool. Mrs. Patrick J. Hannon, The Mount Farm, Farnham Royal, Bucking- hamshire. Mr. N. H. Isaacs, Sunshine Farms, Dunsfold, Surrey. Mr. H. M. Jelley, Heath Farm Villa, Brislington, Bristol. Mr. W. L. Jenkins, Cartref, Great Bartow, Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk. Miss K. Johnson, Conyboro Poultry Farm, Lewes, Sussex. Mr. Russell C. Kennedy, Somerset Farm Institute, Cannington, Som. Miss Eunice E. Kidd, County Hall Annexe, Kingston-on-Thames. Miss D. E. Kitchin, Saxlingham, Norwich. Mrs. M. Lifton-Head, 9 Great Charles Str., Birmingham. Mr. Eric B. Lomax, Barton House, Poulton-le-Fylde, Lanes. Mr. C. A. Longden, Draycott Lodge near Derby. Mr. J. B. Lunt, Meadowcroft, Hale Barns, Altrincham, Cheshire. Dr. Harold H. Mann, Woburn Exp. St., Aspley Guise, Bedfordshire. Miss Vera C. Milner, Midland Agricultural College, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough. Miss Mary Molyneux, Harper Adams Agrie. College, Newport, Salop. Miss M. R. McMurray, Nat. Inst. of Poultry Husbandry, Newport, Salop. Mr. Tom Newman, Pitfield, Rudgwick, Sussex. Mrs. T. Newman, Pitfield, Rudgwick, Sussex. Mr. C. B. Parish, Quaker Oats Co., 11 Finsbury Square, London. Mr. J. S. Parkin, Stanbridge Earls, Romsey, Hampshire. Mr. John R. Passmore, Aldingbourne, Chicester, Sussex. Mr. William Rice, F.L.S. British Poultry Club, 3, Ludgate Broadway, London, E.C. 4. Mr. T. R. Robinson, 53, Victoria Street, Westminster, London, S.W. 1.

XVII II Mr. R. Burt Shaw, Midland Agricultural & Dairy College, Sutton Bonnington, Loughborough. Mr. A. W. Sizer, Cornwall Street, Wilmington, Hull. Mr. M. W. Slade, Mallards Court, Stokenchurch, High Wycombe, Bucks. Mr. Maurice B. Smithson, Newton Rigg Farm School, Penrith, Cumberland. Mr. G. W. Spencer, 12 Howes Place, Cambridge. Mr. E. Stevens, County Offices, Walton St., Aylesbury. Mr. O. R. Stevenson, County Hall, Lcwes, Sussex. Miss V. Tallent, National Institute of Poultry Husbandry, Newport, Salop. Mr. Harold Walker, Marley Brow, Bingley, Yorkshire. Mr. Y. Watanabe, Suma Poultry Farm, Hatchford, Cobham, Surrey. Mr. Keith Wilson, Agricultural institution, Usk, Monmouthshire.

FINLAND. Mr. Enik Bruun, HämeenHnna. Prof. G. von Wendt, Animal Husbandry Department, University, Helsingfors.

FRANCE. Mr. G. Andrieu, Ferme d'Aviculture, Saints. (Seine et Marne) Mr. Raymond Boivin, Pontanevaux, Saone et Loire. Mr. René Caucurte, MouHn de la Madeleine, Samois-sur-Seine (S. & M.). Comte de Chaponay, 30 Rue de Berri, Paris, Vllle. Mr. H. Collet, 18 Rue Berlioz, Nice, A.M. Mr. Cournault, St. Chiebaut à Méréville par Flavigny sur Moselle. (Meurthe et Moselle) Mr. A. Chéron, Villers les Thilliers en Vexin. (Eure) Comte Delamarre de Monchaux, 6 Rue de Bellechasse, Paris. Mr. Achille Fould, 92 Avenue Henri Martin, Paris, XVI ème. Mr. M. Heubes, Institut Pasteur, La Faisanderie, Villepreux (Seine et Oise). Mr. E. Huault, Villers les Thilliers en Vexin (Eure). Prof. P. Lesbouyries, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, Alfort. Dr. G. Lissot, Vétérinaire, Pacy-sur-Eure (Eure). Institut Pasteur, Service des Vaccins Vétérinairs, 25 Rue Dutot, Paris. Mr. Pierre Rigaut, La Poulido-St. Antoine-Nice. Station d'Etudes sur la Pathologie des Animaux de Basse-Cour, Alfort. Prof. Chas. Voitellier, 89 Rue Erlanger, Paris, XVI ème.

GERMANY. Dr. O. Bartsch, Forsthaus Schönwalde Krs. Niederbarnim. Dr. K. Beller, Unter den Eichen 82/84, BerHn-Dahlem. Dr. Julius Beyer, Falkenberg O.S. Dr. von Burgsdorff, Garath bei Benrath a/Rh. Mr. Paul Coüignon, Koblenzerstr. 40, Bonn a. Rhein. Mr. J. Eickel, Landwirtschafts Kammer, Kuhstr. 28, Hamm (Westf.). Mr. H. Engel, Lohbrüggerhöhe, P.O., Bergedorf bei Hamburg. Mr. H. Esser, Neusserstrasse 56, M. Gladbach. Dr. R. Fangauf, Gefügelzücht—Lehranstalt, Kiel—Steenbek. Geflügel-Börse, Perthesstr. 5, Leipzig, C. 1. Mr. B. Grzimek, Sodener Strasse 30, Berlin-Wilmersdorf. Mr. Fritz Henze, Glockengiesserwall 6, Hamburg.

XVIIl Mr. W. Hoening, Nettelbeckstr. 25, Hannover. Hygienisches Institut der Tierärtzliche Hochschule, Berlin. Dr. Hans R. von Langen, Sedanstrasse 31, Köln. Prof. Dr. Franz Lehmann, Bürgerstr. 21, Göttingen. Miss Käthe Jacob, p.a. Haus Lötze, Rathenow, Provinz Brandenburg. Prof. Dr. med. Dr. phil. Ernst Mangold, Invalidenstr. 42, Berlin N. 4. Prof. Dr. H. Miessner, Hygienisches Institut der Tierärztlichen Hochschule, Hannover. Dr. Mühlberg, Klusstrasse 10, Osnabrück. Mr. Fritz Pfenningstorff, Steinmetzstr. 2, Berlin. Prof. Dr. R. Reinhardt, Zwickauerstr. 57, Leipzig. Mr. Richard Römer, Hoheweg, Halle a. S., Cröllwitz. Prof. Schachtzabel, Elisabthstr. 32, Berlin-Lichterfelde. Mr. F. C. R. Schünemann, Billbrookdeich 42, Hamburg. Mr. F. Skaller, Grimmstrasse 3, Hannover. Mrs. von Treuenfels, Damerow bei Karow, Mecklenburg. Dr. L. Weinmiiler, Erding bei München. Dr. Wagener, Priv. Doz., Luisenstr. 56, Berlin N.W. 6. Prof. Adolf Walther, Landwirtschaftliche Hochschule, Hohenheim bei Stuttgart Prof. Dr. W. Zwick, Frankfurterstrasse 87, Giessen a. Lahn.

GREECE. Mr. Jean Antoniades, 12 Phidiasstr., Athens. Mr. G. Arion, P.O.B. 228, Salónica.

HOLLAND. B. H. Berteis, Omval, Weesperzijde, Amsterdam. Ir. H. Blankenberg, Kennemerlaan 70, IJmuiden. Prof. Dr. L. de Blieck, Biltstraat 168, Utrecht. Mr. C. Dijkstra, Voorthuizen. Mr. Oscar Feigl, Hunnenweg, Voorthuizen. Mr. J. A. Gaymans, Schoonderlogt, Eist, Betuwe, Mr. C. S. Th. van Gink, Voorburg (Z.-H.). Mr. E. J. Groen, Weiszenbruckstr. 257, Den Haag. Mr. Corn. Grootveld, 't Huizerveld, Blaricum. Dr. T. van Heelsbergen, Centraal Laboratorium voor Volksgezondheid, Utrecht. Dr. B. J. C. te Hennepe, State Serum Institute, Rotterdam. Mr. K. von Henning, 't Heidehuis, Wezep. Mr. H. O. Köhler, Benoordenhoutsche weg 109, Den Haag. Mr. Koudijs, Brielschelaan 45, Rotterdam. Dr. Van der Plank, Utrecht University, Utrecht. Jhr. P. J. H. Röell, arts, Soest. Dr. H. W. J. Sannes, Hollandsche Rading, Maartensdijk (Utrecht). Ir. N. H. Siewertsz van Reesema, p.a. N.V. Mij. tot Expl. der Oliefabrieken Calvé-Delft, Delft. Mr. J. Sluis, Weesperkarspel. Ir. J. G. Tukker, Beekbergen. N.V. Veemesta, Coolsingel 79, Rotterdam. Dr. B. K. van Veen, fa. Misset, Doetinchem.

XIX Mr. J. Westrik, Burgomaster of ßarneveld, Voorthuizen. Mr. B. Wilton, Huize Eemwyk, Voorburg.

HUNGARY. Prof. Dr. R. Manninger, Veterinär Institut, Tabornok Utca 2, Budapest.

INDIA. Mr. H. Cooper, Imperial Institute of Veterinary Research, Muktesar, U.P. Mr. John H. Luke, Narayangange, E. Bengal. Mr. Yule, 2 Fancy Lane, Calcutta. Dr. S. V. Mudaliar, Veterinary Surgeon, Kodaikanal. Miss H. Shaw, c/o Thomas Cook & Son, Calcutta.

IRISH FREE STATE. Miss N. C. Byrne, Dublin County Committee of Agriculture 11, Parnell Square, DubHn. Miss Kitty Cassidy, Talavera House, Grange Road, Baldoyle, Dublin. Miss J. Costello, County Buildings, Tullamore, Offaly. Miss A. Cope, Dept. of Agriculture, Government Buildings, Dublin. Miss Jane Cox, Department of Agriculture, 13, Appian Way, Leeson Park, Dublin. Miss H. M. Mac Dermot, Meath County Committee of Agriculture, County Office, Navan, Co. Meath. Miss Angela Dillon, Cork County Committee of Agriculture, Courthouse, Cork. Miss Mary Doyle, Co. Galway Committee of Agriculture, Prospect Hill, Galway. Miss E. Doyle, Kerry County Committee of Agriculture, Courthouse, Tralee. Miss K. M. Doyle, Donegall Committee of Agriculture, Courthouse, Lifford. Miss J. Doyle, Monaghan County Committee of Agriculture Courthouse Monaghan. Miss Anne S. Fleming, Coolbrook Cottage, WilHngtonbridge, Co. Wexford. Miss J. M. Hanrahan, Meath County Committee of Agriculture, Co., Hall, Navan. Miss Mary Hennerty, Department of Agriculture, Upper Merrion-Street, Dublin. Miss E. M. Hackett, Temperance Hotel, Kilkenny. Miss M. A. Hickey, Court House, Rosscommon. Miss T. Irwin, Court House, Nenagh, Co. Tipperary. Miss Lizzie Jones, Department of Agriculture, Government Buildings, Dublin. Miss Ita O'Keeffe, Clare County Committee of Agriculture, Courthouse, Ennis. Miss Nellie Liston, Clare County Committee of Agriculture, Courthouse, Ennis. Miss Kathleen Long, Co., Galway Committee of Agriculture Galway. Miss Mary Mangan, Tipperary (D.R.-) County Committee of Agriculture, County Buildings, Clonmel. Miss J. Mangan, Co., Cork Committee of Agriculture, Courthouse, Cork. Miss Kate Morrissey, Jamestown, Piltown, Co., Kilkenny. Miss M. M. Mullins, Waterford County Committee of Agriculture, Court- house, Dungarvan. Miss Nellie Murphy, Wexford County Committee of Agriculture, Wexford.

XX Mrs. R. Murphy Newrath, Waterford. Miss M. T. Mac Nulty, Courthouse, Roscommon. Miss Agnes Nunan, c/o the Courthouse, Tralle, Co. Kerry. Miss Kathleen Nunan, Munster Institute, Cork. Miss Denis Philpott, Albert Agricultural College, Glasnevin, Dublin. Miss K. Sheil, Albert Agricultural College, Glasnevin, Dublin. Miss May Slattery, Cork County Committee of Agriculture, Courthouse, Cork. Miss E. A. Spratt, Limerick County Committee of Agriculture, 82 O'Connell Street, Limerick. Miss N. MacTiernan, Department of Agriculture, Government Buildings, Dublin. Miss Pearl White, Gortnafluir, Clonmel.

ITALY. Prof. Clementi Federico, Corso Vittorio Emanuele 287, Roma. Prof. Alexandro Ghigi, University of Bologna, Bologna. Prof. Ercole Giacomini, Via Belmeloro 4, Bologna. Prof. R. Guiliani, Firenze (Cascine). Prof. Alessandro Lanfranchi, Viale Q. Filopanti 5, Bologna. Prof. Francesco Maiocco, Alessandria. Dott. Mario Marani, Ravenna. Prof. Dr. Antonio Pirocchi, Place Leonardo da Vinci 28, Milano.

JAPAN. Prof. Kazunobu Kimura, Imperial Zootechnical Experiment Station, Chibishi. Mr. Jirohiko Kondo, Director Government Poultry Farm, Higo.

LETTVIA. Mr. V. Talce, Department of Agriculture, Kalpaka Culv. 6, Riga.

MEXICO. Prof. Francisco Beltran Jr., P.O. Box 270, Puebla, Pue.

NETHERLANDS-EAST-INDIA. Dr. C. Bubberman, Buitenzorg, Java. Mr. W. F. Gerhardt, Government Poultry Station, Buitenzorg.

NEW FOUNDLAND. Mr. F. R. Clark, P.O. Box 581, St. John's.

NEW ZEALAND. Mr. F. Brown, Department of Agriculture, Wellington. Mr. T- H. Evans, Box 7, Manurewa, Auckland. Mr. J. H. Kissling, Poultry Department, Massey Agrie. College, Palmerston North. '4

NORTHERN-IRELAND. Dr. Jas. S. Gordon, Department of Agriculture, Wellington Place, Belfast.

XXI Prof. J. P. Rice, Parliament Buildings, Belfast. Mr. Scott Robertson, Ministry of Agriculture, Belfast. Miss Mary J. Sheedy, Ministry of Agriculture for Northern Ireland, Belfast. Mr. Sydney Smith, Ministry of Agriculture, Belfast.

NORWAY. Mr. Ingebr Five, Ski, Oslo. Mr. Kr. Grepstad, Norsk Fjorfeavlslag, Raadhusgt. 9, Oslo.

PALESTINE. Mr. David Uri, Agrie. Exp. Station, P.O.B. 121, Tel Aviv. Mr. A. Livshutz, Dep. of Agriculture, Stud Farm, Acre. Mr. Fiat, P.O.B. 185, Tel Aviv.

PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. Dr. F. M. Fronda, University of Philippines, Agricultural College, Laguna.

POLAND. Department of Exper. Morphology of the Institute for Agrie. Researchj Pulawy. Dr. L. Kaufman, Gov. Institute of Agricultural Research, Pulawy. Miss Antonina Maslowicz, Al. 3-go Maja no. 14—59. Dr. Zygmunt Moczarski, The University, Solacka 10, Poznan. Mr. Albin Zacharski, 30 Kopernikerstr., Warsaw.

SCOTLAND. Miss Helen M. M. Dale, 16 Church Street, Castle Douglas. Mr. R. G. Emslie, 313 Clifton Road, Woodside, Aberdeen. Mr. Andrew Ewing, Buttercup Poultry Farm, Clermiston Mains, Clermiston Road, Corstorphine, Edinburgh. Miss Nan M. Fleming, Ravenscraig, Saline, Fife. Miss M. Shira Gibb, Wyndhead, Lauder, Berwickshire. Miss Margaret C. Graham, The West of Scotland Agri. College, Glasgow. Captain A. M. Holm, Hazelden Poultry Farm, Newton Mearns. Mr. Gordon S. Inglis, Loaningdales Poultry Farm, Peebles. Miss E. L. Ireland, East Balmirmer, Arbroath. Miss Agnes Kinross, West of Scotland Agricultural College, Kilmarnock. Miss Margaret Kerr, Mrs. Mc. Garrity, 57 Port St., Stirling. Miss P. Mc. Lennan, Balvelachlan, Callander, Perthshire. Miss Mary Mac Arthur, Ellerslie Noblehill, Dumfries. Miss Annie Mc. Clements, School House, Kildonan, Arran. Miss M. M. Macleod, The North of Scotland College of Agriculture, Ross and Cromarty, Mainland. Mrs. Hilda Maciver, Department of Agriculture for Scotland, York Buildings, Queen Street, Edinburgh. Miss Irene Mechan, The West of Scotland Agri. College, Glasgow. Miss H. F. Newbigin, East of Scotland College of Agriculture, 13, George Square, Edinburgh.

XXII Mr. A. M. Prain, Eastwood, 79, Colinton Road, Edinburgh. Miss Jenny Reid, Trösten, 33 Bellevue Rd., Ayr. Mr. Robert Tennant, 65 Hillhead Street, Hillhead, Glascow.

SOUTH AFRICA. Mr. H. S. Barnes, Box 7191, Johannisburg. Mr. W. A. Bartlet, Box 7499, Johannisburg. Mr. Reginald Bourlay, Box 27, Newcastle, Natal. Mrs. R. C. Bristow, Masbaba Ranch, P. K. Louis Trichardt, Tvl. Mr. H. L. Burgis, Box 7191, Johannisburg. Mr. J. J. Coetzer, Die Wolwas, P.O. Winburg, O.F.S. Mr. A. M. Gericke, Grootfontein, Landbouwschool, Middelburg, K. P. Mr. Griffilth, Director of Agriculture, Box 61, Umtata, Transkei. Mrs. J. H. Irvine, Mannamead, Tvl. Mr. J. J. Jordaan, Dep. of Agriculture, Union Buildings, Pretoria. Mr. H. R. Knowles, Glen School of Agriculture, Glen, O.F.S. Mr. M. S. Letty, Box 502, Bloemfontein. Mr. Malcolm Macfarlane, 35 Fortesent Road, Yeoville, Johannesburg. Mr. P. F. van der Merwe, School of Agriculture, Potchefstroom, Transvaal. Mr. R. Miller, 43 Wolmaran Street, Potchefstroom, Transvaal. Mr. C. I. L. Olivier, School of Agriculture, Glen, O.F.S. Mr. C. A. Péreira, School of Agriculture, Potchefstroom, Transvaal. Mr. E. F. Pitt, Box 35, Potchefstroom, Tvl. Mr. C. J. H. Pienaar, P.O., Box 758, Bloemfontein, O.F.S. Miss Dora Pybus, P.O. Box 286, Bloemfontein. Mrs. E. H. Rivett-Carnac, Brandeston, Fort Brown, Grahamstown. Mr. L. A. van Rooyen, Transvaal University College, Pretoria. Mr. F. L. Smith, Box 7191, Johannisburg. Mr. E. Southworth, Bloemfontein, O.F.S. Mr. G. J. Visagie, School of Agriculture, Cedara, Natal. Mr. C. S. Wills, 12 Sixth Street, Krugersdorp. Mr. F. J. Wilson, Box 7191, Johannisburg.

SOUTHERN RHODESIA. Mr. H. G. Wheeldon, Dep. of Agriculture, Salisbury. Mr. H. Le Garde Mercey, Bulawayo.

SPAIN. Prof. Salvador Castello, Arenys de Mar, Barcelona. Mr. Antonio Castello, Arenys de Mar, Barcelona. Prof. Enrique Castello, Arenys de Mar, Barcelona. Prof. Salvador Castello Jr., Arenys de Mar, Barcelona. Mr. Ricardo de Escauriaza y del Valle, La Coruna. Don Enrique P. de Villaamil, Hermosilla 77, Madrid.

SWEDEN. Mr. Axel Alegren, Districtsveterinär, Rimbo. Mr. Carl Hailing, Civil-Engineer, Asbro. Capt. Theo Näsström, Oesterede.

XXIII Mr. Nils OIsson, Poultry School, Hammenhög. Mr. M. de Wachenfelt, 27 Portland Place, London-England.

SWITZERLAND. Mr. L. Boiter, Geflügelfarm, Birkenau, Buchs (Kt. St. G.). Mr. K. Kleb, Küsnacht, Zürich. Mr. F. Kunath, Geflügelfarm, Aarau. Mr. G. Selleger, Parc Avicole „le Rossignol", Vandoeuvres, Genève. Mr. J. Ph. Stoeckli, Châteauneuf, Sion.

TURKEY. Mr. Cevat Rüstü Bey, Ingénieur agronome. Angora.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. Mr. C. L .Alexander, 327 Towne Avenue, Los Angeles, California. Mr. W. H. Allen, Acetol Products Inc. H. 260, West Broadway, New York. Mr. Samuel Althouse, Poultry Item, Sellersville, Penna. American Poultry Journal, 536 So. Clark Street, Chicago, Illinois. Mr. F. E. Andrews, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. Mr. G. E. Annin, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin. Mr. Fuller D. Baird, National Oil Products Co., Harrison, N. J. Mr. H. G. Barott, Poultry Technologist, U.S. Animal Husbandry Experiment Farm, Beltsville, Md. Mr. Earl W. Benjamin, Pacific Egg Producers Inc., 178 Duane Street, New York City, New York. Prof. H. E. Botsford, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. Mr. Benjamin Brown, 304 Greenwich Street, New York, N. Y. Dr. Theodore C. Byerly, Physiologist, U.S. Animal Husbandry Experiment Farm, Beltsville, Md. Prof. T. B. Charles, University of New Hampshire, Durham, N. H. Prof. Cora Cooke, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota. Mr. W. F. Dove, Maine Agr. Exp. Station, Orono, Maine. Mr. F. S. Gammack, Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute, Hampton Institute, Virginia. Mr. A. B. Godfrey, Junior Poultry Husbandman, / U.S. Animal Husbandry Experiment Farm, Beltsville, Md. Prof. J. C. Graham, Massachusetts Agricultural College, Amherst, Massa- chusetts. Mr. John. G. Hall, c/o Quaker Oats Company, New York City, N. Y. Dr. W. J. Hall, Veterinarian, U.S. Animal Husbandry Experiment Farm, Beltsville, Md. Mr. Dwight E. Hale, Lock Box 216, Glen Ellyn, 111. Prof. J. G. Halpin, Wisconsin University, Madison, Wisconsin. Dr. H. M. Harshaw, Assistant Biochemist. 7 U.S. Animal Husbandry Experiment Farm, Beltsville, Md. Mr. J. M. Hendricksen, School of Applied Agriculture, Farmingdale, L. I., New-York. Mr. W. A. Hendricks, Junior Biologist, /■ U.S. Animal Husbandry Experiment Farm, Beltsville, Md. Dr. G. F. Heuser, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.

XXIV 7" Mr. Burt Heywang, Poultry Experiment Station, Glendale, Arizona. Dr. Wm. R. Hinshaw, University Farm, Division of Veterinary Science, Davis, California. Mr. John E. Ivey, Alabama Farm Bureau Mutual Supply Association, Mont- gomery, Alabama. Prof. Roy E. Jones, Connecticut Agricultural College, Storrs, Connecticut. ^^ Dr. M. A. Juli, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Prof. B. F. Kaupp, Spartanburg, South Carolina. Dr. O. B. Kent, Quaker Oats Co., 80 East Jackson St., Chicago, Illinois. Mr. Roy A. Keute, Bellport, Long Island, New York. Mr. L. B. Kilbourne, 43-47 South Water Market, Chicago, Illinois. Prof. W. F. Kirkpatrick, Connecticut Agricultural College, Storrs, Connecticut. ^ Dr. C. W. Knox, Poultry Geneticist, U.S. Animal Husbandry Experiment Farm, Beltsville, Md. Mr. H. M. Lamon, Adams Center, New York. Mr. J. E. Layton, Rural Route 3, Seattle, Washington. Mr. Alfred R. Lee, Associate Poultry Husbandman, y" Bureau of Animal Industry, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washing- ton, D.C., U.S.A. Mr. H. R. Lewis, Davisville, Rhode Island. Prof. W. E. Lloyd, University of California, Davis, California. Prof. D. R. Marble, State College, Pennsylvania. Mr. Stanley J. Marsden, Associate Poultry Husbandman, ^ U.S. Range Livestock Experiment Station, Miles City, Montana, U.S.A. Prof. J. H. Martin, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky. Prof. Wm. C. Monahan, Massachusetts Agricultural College, Amherst, Mas- sachusetts. Prof. C. L. Morgan, Clemson Agricultural College, Clemson College, South Carolina. Mr. Edmund McNally, Junior Biologist, U.S. Animal Husbandry Experiment Farm, Beltsville, Md. Mr. Mariow W. Olsen, Junior Biologist, U.S. Animal Husbandry Experiment Farm, Beltsville, Md. Prof. L. F. Payne, Kansas Agrie. College, Manhattan, Kansas. Df. R. T. Parkhurst, National Oil Products Co. Harrison, New Jersey. Mr. L. J. Paries, c/o J. W. Eshelman & Sons, Lancaster, Pa. Prof. A. G. Philips, Allied Mills, 3400 Board of Trade Building, Chicago, 111. Mr. J. W. Pincus, Produce Exchange Building, 2 Broadway, Room A 24, New York City, N.Y. Prof. C. S. Platt, New Jersey Agricultural College, New Brunswick, New Jersey. Mr. C. A. Potter, 327 Towne Avenue, Los Angeles, California. Mr. J. P. Quinn, Chief Scientific Aid, U.S. Animal Husbandry Experiment Farm, Beltsville, Md. Prof. D. H. Reid, Texas Agricultural and Mechanical College, College Station, Texas. Prof. James E. Rice, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. Mr. W. H. Rice, University of Maryland, College Park, Md. Prof. N. W. Sanborn, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida. Mr. Craig Sandford, c/o Quaker Oats Company, 38 Prospect Avenue, Newark, Delaware.

XXV Mr. Carl H. Schroder, Larrowe Milling Co., Detroit, Michigan. Prof. Ross M. Sherwood, Texas Agr. Exp. Station, College Station, Texas. Mrs. George R. Shoup, Route 9, Box 744 L, Seatlle, Washington. > Mr. H. J. Shrader, U. S. Dep. of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Prof. A. C. Smith, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota. Mr. H. B. Steckel, American Incubators Inc., New Brunswick, New Jersey. Mr. L. W. Steelman, R. D. 1, Lansdale, Pennsylvania. Mr. H. O. Stuart, R. I. State College, Kingston, R. I. Mr. L. W. Taylor, Poultry Division, College of Agriculture, Berkeley, California. Prof. Wm. D. Termohlen, Iowa State College, Ames, Iowa. Prof. R. B. Thompson, Oklahoma Agricultural College, Stillwater, Oklahoma. Prof. W. C. Thompson, New Jersey Agricultural College, New Brunswick, New Jersey. Dr. Harry W. Titus, Biological Chemist, / U.S. Animal Husbandry Experiment Farm, Beltsville, Md. Prof. A. R. Winter, Poultry Department, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.

URUGUAY. Prof. Eduardo Llovet, Rue Paysandu No. 1196, Montevideo.

WALES. Miss M. P. Bally, County Offices, Haverfordwest. Capt. N. Bissett, Cathays Park, Cardiff. Mr. J. A. Caseby, Ministry of Agriculture, Welsh Dept., Little Darkgate St. Aberystwith. Mr. F. D. Phillips, The Dingle Poultry Farm, Haverfordwest. Mr. H. Powell Evans, Werna, Tregaron, S.O. Mr. Lester C. S. Ross, Llysfasi Farm School, Ruthin, North Wales. Mrs. Rhoda van der Lely, Pias Isa Private Hotel, Criccieth.

XXVI MEETING OF COUNCIL

NOVEMBER 2ND, 1932, AT 10 A.M., HOTEL FLORA, ROMA.

Agenda,

1) Report re: receipt of acceptances by the Italian Govern- ment to its invitation for Congress, 1933, from various countries and consideration thereof. 2) Steps, if any, to be taken to secure the participation of countries, which have not yet accepted invitations. 3) General Reports by the President and European Secre- tary. 4) Suggestions as to arrangements for the Congress and Exhibition for submission to the Italian Committee. 5) Report from the Secretary-Treasurer as to the Finances and general work of the Association. 6) Report of the Editor of the Review and consideration as to further issues. 7) Reports of Secretary-Treasurer as to issue of invitations for the 1936 Congress. 8) Reports as to present position of the Poultry Industry in countries represented. 9) Other Business.

At 10 o'clock the meeting was opened by the President with a word of welcome to those present. Present: DENMARK: President Kock; ITALY: Professor Ghigi; Professor Pirocchi; ENGLAND: Sir Edward Brown; Mr. Percy Francis; Capt. Greenway; Mr. Tom Newman; GERMANY: Mr. R. Römer; FRANCE : Professeur Voitellier ; HOLLAND: Dr. B. J. C. te Hennepe.

XXVII Some Members of Council had notified their being prevented i.e. Prof, de Blieck, Mr. v. Gink, Holland; Dr. Hübner, Austria; Prof. Krizenechy, Czecho-Slovakia; Prof. Castello, Spain.

(1) Professor Ghigi makes the following report: As a result of the formal invitation of the Italian Government, through its proper diplomatic representatives, the following countries have agreed to take part at the World's Poultry Congress and Exhibition, to be held in Rome in September 1933, i.e.: England, Germany, Spain, Roumania, Holland, Den- mark, Egypt, Canada, Greece, Poland, Uruguay, Gold Coast, Union of South Africa, Palestine, Sultanate of Johore, Fede- rated Malay States, Strait Settlements, Czecho Slovakia, United States of America, France. The following countries have reserved themselves the right to take a decision later on: Austria, Dominion of New-Zeeland, Japan, India, Por- tugal, New South Wales, Chile, Brazil, Bulgaria, Argentina. The following countries had not made known their decision, i.e.: Belgium, Switzerland, Jugoslavia, Norway. By reason of the above mentioned information the Council adopted the following decision: „The Council of the W.P.S.A., having took due note of „the report of Prof. Ghigi, decides to recommend the Italian „Government to hold the Congress."

(2) With regard to the countries, w^hich had not replied to the invitation of the Italian Government, it was, after some deliberation, decided as follows: 1) That the Italian Government should forward these countries a reminder; 2) That the W.P.S.A. shall request their Members of Council in the respective countries, to take the necessary steps by their Governments that a reply shall be sent to the Italian invitation. 3) That the W.P.S.A. shall, in those countries where there is no Member of Council residing, put herself into direct communication with the respective Governments.

XXVIII (3) General Report of President Kock. In connection with the decision taken at the meeting of February 1932 at Paris, with reference to the Marking of Eggs, the W.P.S.A. has been informed by Prof. Brizi, Secre- tary of the International Agriculture Institute at Rome, that two meetings had taken place, i.e.: 1) One meeting at Rome for preliminary discussions. 2) One meeting at Brussels, to which only official representatives of the different countries had been invited, i.e. persons who, in the name of their resp. country, were permitted to vote. The Members of the Council of the W.P.S.A. took due note of the tenor of this letter, at the same time pointing out that, according to their opinion, the W.P.S.A., at whose initiative these meetings were organised, ought to have been invited to participate. Prof. Ghigi promised that in future the W.P.S.A. should also be invited. This point of view shall be transmitted to Prof. Brizi. In connection with these discussions Mr. Francis asks if the W.P.S.A. should concern itself with such like trade transactions. Dr. te Hennepe stated as his opinion, that the W.P.S.A. is a Society to promote Poultry Science, but that it is also the only International Society, in which all Poultry keepers were united. It is therefore the most appropriate medium, in case of questions regarding commerce should arise, to unite the different parties. As this question arose quite unexpectedly, it was decided not to enter further therein at the present meeting, but to broach this subject the following year at a general meeting to be held during the duration of the Congress. The President further refered to a letter from Prof, de Blieck, Holland, who requested, that the Members of the Council of the W.P.S.A. should get their travelling costs for the meetings refunded them by the W.P.S.A. It was decided that the exchequer of the W.P.S.A., however, did not permit of such like expenses. Furthermore a letter was received from Dr. Landauer at Storrs, who is not a Member of the W.P.S.A., in which he proposes that the W.P.S.A. should compile a list of the

XXIX different technical terms regarding Poultry-affairs, to be edited in different languages. The meeting acknowledges the desirability of such a list, but had no one, who could undertake such a work. Dr. te Hennepe, in his capacity as Secretary announced that several members had handed in their resignations or were deleted owing to arrear in payments. But that, owing to some zealous trouble of some of the Members of Council and the propaganda made by the International Review, several new Members could be booked, so that the actual number of personal members remained about stationary at 500. He furthe^r pointed out, that several of the Members of Council regard their function only as being honorary, and that they do not co-operate with the others as regards propaganda. From some of the Members of Council, after having been written to three times, no reply has been i-eceived, and it was his opinion, that such Members of Council were of no value at all to the Society and ought to be omitted from the list. Their names on the list make it sometimes difficult for others, who may be of value to the W.P.S.A. to be elected as Members of the Council. He furthermore reported, that in October 1931 he organised an important meeting of experts in Poultry diseases at Hannover, in deliberation with Professor Miessner. At this meeting, which lasted for three days, there were 26 experts from different countries present and some interesting results regarding the combatting of Pullorum Disease were obtained (see International Review, Tom. V, No. 1, pag. 39 and 40). As the most successful means of propaganda for the W.P.S.A. he regards the personal contact of Members of the Council with the Members in the different countries. As far as it was possible, he has visited in the last few years several International Exhibitions for this purpose and attended the yeal-Iy meetings of the National Societies, amongst others: Denmark, England, Germany, Belgium, France. It is to be regretted that time and the conditions of the exchequer of the W.P.S.A. do not permit him to continue this propaganda in a successful manner. However, by means of the International Review, attempts to recruit members will not be relaxed. It was with pleasure he reported, that the Review is being read in a continually greater circle and in always more and more countries

XXX where it is received with open arms. The number of Poultry Periodicals, with which our Review is exchanged increases continually and at the present moment amount to more than 90. Owing to the fact that these Periodicals are copying more and more the summaries of our Review our labour becomes known to a larger circle and the W.P.S.A. can only profit therefrom.

(4) Dr. te Hennepe has compiled a long list with points, for discussion with the Italian Committee. One of these was the reduction for members of the W.P.S.A. for the Congress Membership, which he should like to see to be fixed at 10 %. This was appointed.*

(5) The financial report of Dr. Heuser is as follows: REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE COUNCIL OF THE WORLD'S POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOCIATION, NOVEMBER, 1932. The following is a financial statement covering the period January 1, 1932, to October 1, 1932:

Receipts: Balance January 1, 1932 $ 11.89 Members' Subscriptions 422.76 Subscriptions — Review 39.25 Advertising — Review ., 10.00 $483.90 Expenditures: Review — (te Hennepe) | 300.00 Printing letterheads and Members' cards 49.00 Exchange on Checks 11.54 Postage 11.00 371.54

Balance October 1, 1932 $112.36 The receipts from members' subscriptions are somewhat less than last year, but are very good considering the conditions at the present time. In spite of the fact that the subscription for the United States and Canada was left at I 5.00, most of the members in these countries have already paid. Besides its members who are two years in arrears, who, in most instances I believe will not pay up but will allow their membership to lapse, there are only ten members in the United States and eight in Canada, who have not paid for this year. The above statement does not include collections nor expenditures made by Sir Edward Brown. Sir Edward Brown has made the collections from the British Empire and, due to the unfavourable situation of the exchange, has not remitted the money to me as in the past but has kept it on account in London. As you will learn from the report of the Editor of the International

XXXI Review, one issue was printed in London and the bill for this paid in money collected by Sir Edward Brown. This arrangement has been to the financial advantage of the Association. I do not have the records at present to give you the balance in Sir Edward Brown's account but undoubtedly he can do so directly. The above statement also does not include the collections made from the European members. The subscriptions from these members are paid to Dr. te Hennepe, who will give a statement concerning the same. I wish to bring before the Council at this time again the suggestion concerning further consideration of the time, at which to hold the World's Poultry Congresses. I do this because the question has been brought to my attention a nimiber of times since the Meeting in London. I quote the following from a letter, which was received from a member of Council only a few days ago: „It seems to me personally, that the World's Poultry Congresses should „be put upon a five-year basis and I would like to have the matter brought „before the Council with the thought that possibly this change could be made „during the 1933 Congress in Rome." It is my feeling, that there is a growing sentiment, that three years between Congresses is too short a period and that five years would be better. If there is any possibility of a change, of course it will be necessary to know this when approaching coimtries for the next Congress. I believe the Association has come through this time of stressed conditions in a satisfactory manner and should be in a stronger position at the end of this year than it was at the beginning. I wish to express my apprecia- tion to all the officers and members who have been loyal to the Association and given their support. Respectfully submitted, GUSTAVE F. HEUSER, Secretary-Treasurer.

The financial report of Sir Edward Brown is as follows : Jan. 1st. To Cash in hand from 1931 £ 15.15.1 To Subscriptions received to date 147. 3.1

£ 162.18.2

By Printing Bills, issue of and postages on Review .. £ 99.8.9 By Sundry Expenses and payments to date 27.7.9 126.16.6

Balance on deposit in Bank £ 36. 1.8

XXXII Dr. te Hennepe submitted the following statement: Expenses. Receipts. Tom. IV No. 4. Int. Rev. IV, No. 4 .. .. / 155.— Translations, shipping, etc. /130.— Prof. Ghigi „ 438.— Travelling expenses to Dr. Heuser „ 350.— meetings and printing ex- Members „ 700.— penses „ 250.— Assistance „350.— /1643.- Stamps „ 56.—

/786.- Leaving thus a balance in favour of the W.P.S.A. of / 875.—. For the remainder of 1932 his calculations were as follows : Expenses for: Int. Review, Tome V /1700.— Assistance, meetings, etc „ 300.—

Total /2000.— To receive: from Prof. Ghigi / 430.— from members „ 600.— for advertisements „ 70.—

/llOO.- With the / 857.—, which are in hand, and the / 1100.-— to be received as indicated above, all expenses for the year 1932 will be covered. The financial position may thereof not be called unfavourable.

(6) Owing to the fact that several members did not pay in 1931 and many of the others deposited their contribution in Pounds Sterling, some delay was caused in the publication of the International Review. However in July last Tome IV, No. 4 was printed in England, and after this Tome V No. 1 and 2 was printed and issued in October last by the aid of the Congress Committee at Rome. The preparation, and getting ready for print, of the Review of which as a rule 1300 numbers are being distributed, demands an extraordinary amount of labour, but the results for which I aspired, i.e. : „To centralise the scientific publications and the distri- „bution therof in a concentrated manner over the world" made me persevere in the once taken road. As regards the printing and mailing expenses resulting,

XXXIII III the numbers 1 and 2 of Volume V have been published in one combined number, and the numbers 3 and 4 of the same Volume will therefore be published also in a combined form. As soon as the financial conditions permit same again, the 4 numbers will be published again separately. In some of the countries the members have received the Review in 1931, but in spite of my repeated reminders they did not forward their membership contribution. The names of these members have been communicated to the respective Members of Council, and I trust that in this manner it will be possible to obtain payment thereof.

As the meeting had been prolonged, it was decided to leave items 7 and 8 for future consideration. Dr. Heuser stated that the American Members of Council were of opinion that the Congress should be held at five year intervals instead of three. Contrary to the opinion expressed in this letter, most of the members present were of the opinion that the Poultry Science is advancing quite enough to warrant a congress being held every three years. A further important point in connection herewith is, that a period of three years stimulates and maintains the interest taken therein, and that several countries will have the opportunity within the near future to organise and arrange a Congress within their own respective frontiers. The question was left for consideration by the Association in 1933. The question of as in which country the 1936 Congress had to be held was finally discussed. Some countries expressed their respective wishes in connection therewith, but it was decided to await the meeting of the Members of Council at Rome in 1933, before a definite decision in this matter could be taken. In the meantime the Members will have the opportunity to negocíate with their respective Governments regarding, this matter. No further points being raised, the President closes the meeting, after Sir Edward Brown and Mr. Tom Newman expressed their thanks to Dr. te Hennepe, on behalf of the W.P.S.A. for all what he did for this Association.

XXXIV MEETING OF THE MEMBERS OF COUNCIL OF THE W.RS.A. TOGETHER WITH THE MEMBERS OF THE ITALIAN COMMITTEE FOR THE WORLD'S POULTRY CONGRESS AT ROME, SEPTEMBER 1933.

This meeting was held at the Ministry of Agriculture at Rome on Wednesday the 2nd November 1932 at 10 a.m. Members of Council présent: see report Council Meeting November 1st. Members of Italian Committee present: His Excellence Prof. Marescalchi, Deputy Minister of Agriculture; Prof. M. Mariani, Director General of Agriculture; Dr. E. Cortis, Chief of Department of Zootechnie and Secretary General of the Congress; Prof. M. Marinucci, General Inspector of Agri- culture; Prof. A. Pirocchi; Prof. F. Clementi, and Prof. V. de Simone, Commissionars of the Congress; Dr. A. Sinibaldi, assistant secretary of the Congress. The chair was taken by President Mr. W. A. Kock, President of the World's Poultry Science Association. Vice- Presidents: The Honorable Captain C. K. Greenway, Chair- man of the National Poultr>^ Club, England, and Prof. A. Ghigi, Director General of the Congress, Bologna. As Secre- tary Dr. te Hennepe, Rotterdam, acted. The meeting was opened by Dr. Marescalchi. He con- veyes the Greetings of the Minister of Agriculture, and expresses his thanks to the Members of the Council of the W.P.S.A., who have travelled from far away places to Rome in order to give their advice and co-operation to the Italian Committee in the work on hand. He points out, that these World Congresses are of great importance for the promotion of the Poultry Science and the bringing into closer connection of the different peoples. President Kock thanked His Excellence Marescalchi for his kind words and promises the full co-operation of the W.P.S.A. to make the Congress a complete success.

XXXV Prof. Ghigi then made a report regarding the countries, which accepted Itaty's invitation and gave information as to what has been decided concerning the countries, which have not yet rephed, adopted by the Meeting of the Members of Council. Furthermore he gave a report regarding his journey to the United States, Canada and Mexico and stated that in these countries there was great interest for the forthcoming Con- gress. It was hoped many visitors from these countries woukl attend the Congress. Japan, which up till the present time had only sent delegates to the Congresses, has now promised to send some exhibits for the exhibition. The question of the reports to be presented at the Con- gress led to an interesting discussion. The conclusions arrived at was that the General Reports should give a more general and popular outline as to the position with regard to the branch dealt with up to present time, whilst special reports would embody the results of tests which the reporters themselves had made. The time allowed for the General reports to be 30 minutes, for the Special reports 20 minutes. As the Congress was meeting for 6 consecutive days, there could, from 9 to 10.30 a.m. every morning, thus 6 times 3 general reports, 18 reports be read. For the special reports, from 10.30 to 12.10 every morning there would remain 6 times 5 reports or 30 for each section, a total thus for the 6 sections of 180 reports. It was decided to divide the general reports as follows over the sections: Section 1, 2 and 3 four each; Section 4, 5 and 6 two each. The subjects for the General Reports were discussed. Several National Committees have already named their speakers and subjects, and in conjunction with the subjects decided on at the meeting, the following list was finally approved: Section I: a) Inheritance of Fecundity; b) Sex Linkage; c) Influence of Inbreeding; d) Methods of selecting Rreeding Stock for Egg and Flesh Production.

XXXVI Section II: a) Endocrinology as applied to Aviculture; b) Nutritive Requirements for young Chicks; c) Ph3^siolog}' of Alimentation in the Fowl; d) Factors governing successful Incubation. Section III: a) Hygienic Measures to avoid Contagious and Para- sitic Diseases; b) Vaccination and Serum Therapy in Aviculture; c) State actions to control Poultry Diseases. Section IV: a) State and Volontary action to promote Poultry Education; b) International Organisation of Research and Expe- riments. Section V: a) Methods of collecting statistics relating to the Poultry Industry; b) International Trade in Eggs and Poultry; c) Work of the World's Poultry Science Association. Section VI: Possibilities for expanding the World's demand for Rabbit Furs. For the reading of these papers, the Italian Committee, will, in deliberation with the Council of the W.P.S.A. appoint several interpreters. There ui>on the division of the special reports over the different countries was regulated. As a rule ten to twelve reports will be assigned to the large countries, which have shown already great interest in former Congresses. To Hol- land were assigned 5, and to Denmark 2 reports. Finances. It is desired, that the members, direct on their application, will deposit their membership contribution namely an amount of 75 (seventy five) Italian Lires. As a rule the application for membership will have to be done through the National Committee. In countries, however, where no National Committee exists, the membership fees may be paid to the Members of Council of the W.P.S.A. or in countries, where there are no Members of Council, direct to the Secretary of the Congress at Rome.

XXXVII By request of Dr. le Hennepe there follows a deliberation regarding a reduction of fee for the members of the W.P.S.A. of the Congress membership subscription. After some debating it was decided to grant those members who had paid their membership for the year 1933 a reduction of 10 per cent. By request of Mr. Römer it was decided that the titles of the reports could be send in up to the 1st of March 1933. Further, by request of the forementioned gentleman, it was granted, that the names of the Breeders, who intend to send in animals to the Exhibition, can be communicated until the 1st of August 1933, whilst in this statements alterations could still be made, with a view to the several preliminary exhibitions, which will be held in different countries (Ger~ many, England) shortly before the opening of the World's Exhibition in Rome. It was also decided by request of Mr. Römer, that each exhibitor at the Exhibition should receive a small souvenir. After this followed a debate as to: Reductions on fares to Rome of the Members of the Congress and the transport of Exhibitions material. Prof. Ghigi stated, that he noted at former Congresses how very difficult it was to regulate the different customs conditions and the rates, and that Exhibitors had been dis- appointed as a result thereof. As a result, thereof, he stated it had been decided to investigate the question of customs facilities, transport rates and the reduction of rates and fares. He requested members of the Council to address any eventual questions regarding these matters to him personally. By the all round inquiry at the end of the meeting, Mr. Römer expressed his disappointment that nothing was known to him regarding the reduction in the fare to Rome and subsequent Hotel expenses, whilst this facts seems to have been known to other Members of the Council. He requests, that in future an information concerning such like facilities should be given in good time. Sir Edward Brown replies thereto that he, personally, had applied to the Travel-bureau in connection therewith and had been informed as to the reduction through them. It must therefore be put down to the Travel Bureau to which Mr. Römer applied, that it did not acquaint him as to the travelling reduction in Italy.

XXXVIII Owing to the journey of Prof. Ghigi to America, and the difficulties, which arose as a result thereof in connection with the accurate fixing of the date of the meeting, no time was left to inform all members of the existing Hotel reduction.

President Kock thereafter closed the meeting, at 6 o'clock, with a vote of thanks to the Italian Committee. The meeting was suspended during the afternoon in order to permit the Membersof Council attending the audience, His Excellency the Minister of Agriculture, Mr. Acerbo, had been pleased to grant. After termination of this Audience, a Tea was offered by the Ministry, at which was also present Dr. Lapenna, the Secretary of the Ministry of Agriculture.

VISIT OF THE MEMBERS OF COUNCIL TO THE FORUM OF TRAJANUS.

Under the guidance of Prof. Ghigi, Dr. Cortis, Prof. Mar- tinucci, Prof. Pirocchi, Prof. Clementi and Dr. Sinibaldi, a visit was made on the 2nd and 3rd November to the Forum Trajanus. The different exhibition spaces were inspected and on hand of the plans of the different floors, the plans for the exhibition were further discussed. One of the rooms had been fitted up for this occasion, so that an idea could be formed as to how the whole of the arrangement will look like when ready for the exhibition. As regards the sending in of the Rabbits, it was decided that these exhibits should be accomodated at the adjacent Forum of Augustus.

Entertainments,

The Members of the Council were treated during these three days in an extraordinary hospitable manner by the Italian Committee, and the time on hand, besides the different meetings and the visits to the Forum was spend profitably so as to obtain an idea as to what the Congress Members will be offered on excursions through Rome and its closer environments.

XXXIX On Tuesday, after termination of the meeting, an auto- trip was made through Rome, during which different interesting buildings were passed, and which trip was continued to the sea-port „Ostia", after which a dinner was offered in the well known "Ristorante Castello dei Cesari" in Rome. During this dinner Sir Edward Brown offered his thanks to the Members of Council for the very hospitable reception, pointing out, that a dream which he had cherished since 1912 was to be realised, i.e. that the World's Congress should meet in the Eternal City. Twenty years ago he came to Rome with the intention to discuss the holding of the first Congress in Rome, but owing to the outbreak of the Tripolitan War at the time^ an invitation could not at that time be given. On Thursday a splendid trip was made to Tivoli, where the renowned Villa of Hadrian and the Villa d'Este were visited. Lunch was taken at the foot of the Temple of Sybilles, during which every one was enraptured with the magnificent mountain-country around Tivoli, its many waterfalls and its view on the Campagna di Roma, with, in the distance, the cupola of St. Peter's.

XL IMPORTANT TO THE READER.

It has been brought to my knowledge, that many of the readers experience some difficulties in looking up the literature referred to in the different reports. This is mostly the result, that the reference to the respective periodicals, placed under the heading of each item has not been consulted. It would take too much space if the full title and address of each respective periodical would be indicated under each article, and it is for this reason, that I give the titles only in an abridged form, and can only refer the reader to the exchanging list for any further information. I shall allways be pleased to give any information the readers should like to get regarding the different periodicals referred to in this number, and am placing myself fully at the readers disposal in this respect.

Dr. B. J. C. TE HENNEPE.

EXCHANGINGLIST

THE INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF POULTRY SCIENCE IS EXCHANGED WITH THE FOLLOWING 96 JOURNALS. WHO FOLLOWS?

AUSTRIA. GEFLUEGELWIRTSCHAFT, Lichtenauergasse 5, Wien II. NUTZGEFLUEGELFREUND, Franz Josefs Kai 7-9, Wien I. OESTERREICHISCHE TIERARZT, Wallner- strasse 6, Wien.

AUSTRALIA. THE AUSTRALIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL, University of Sydney, Faculty of Veterinary Science.

— 41 — AUSTRALASIAN POULTRY WORLD, 78a Victoria Str., Melbourne. THE JOURNAL OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA, Victoria Square, Adelaide. POULTRY, Sydney, N.S.W. 32.

BELGIUM. AVISELECT, 35 Luchtvaartlaan, Bruxelles, Woluwe. BULLETIN OFFICIEL, Les Colombes, Heide Calmpthout. CULTURA, Dr. de Bisschop, 17 Hertogin Straat, Antwerpen. LAND, TUIN EN NEERHOF, Baliestr. 97, Gent. ^ PLUIM- EN KLEINVEE, J. Camerlinckx, Belg. Boerenbond, Leuven. HET VLAAMSCH DIERGENEESKUNDIG TIJD- SCHRIFT, Brusselschesteenweg 625, Gent. ~^ HET VLAAMSCH PLUIMVEEBLAD, 35 Lucht- vaartlaan, Brussel-Woluwe.

BULGARIA. DOSODIO PTITJEVDSVO. Organ des Bundes Bulgarischer Geflügelzüchter, Sofia. CANADA. THE CANADA POULTRYMAN, 618 Homer Street, Vancouver. THE CANADIAN POULTRY JOURNAL, 3 Blyth- wood Crescent, Toronto 12. THE CANADIAN POULTRY REVIEW, 184 Ade- laide Str., W., Toronto. SCIENTIFIC AGRICULTURE, Can. Society of Technical Agriculturists, 306 Victoria Building, Ottawa.

CUBA. LA GACETA AVÍCOLA, Malecón No. 16, La Habana.

CZECHO-SLO VARIA. PRAGER ARCHIV FUER TIER- MEDIZIN UND VERGLEICHENDE PATHOLO- GIE, Dr. K. Zaruba, Leitmeritz, Böhmen. SBORNIK CESKOSLOVENSKE AKADEMIE ZEMEDELSKE, Tlie House of Agrarian Culture, * Slezska 7, Prague XII.

— 42 — VESTNIK CESKOSLOVENSKE AKADEMIE ZEMEDELSKE, Dr. Eduard Reich, Prague.

ENGLAND. CHANTICLEER, Editor Chilworth, Surrey. EGGS, Rudgwick, Sussex. THE FEATHERED WORLD, 9, Arundel Street, Strand, London, W.C. 2. HARPER ADAMS POULTRY JOURNAL, Newport. THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRI- CULTURE, 10, Whitehall Place, London. LANCASHIRE UTILITY POULTRY SOCIETY'S REPORT, 22, Chapel Walks, Preston, Lancashire. MEMOIRS UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE, Department of Agriculture, Cambridge. NATIONAL POULTRY JOURNAL, Milford, Surrey. POULTRY WORLD, 4, Carmelite Street, London, E.C. 4. UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE MEMOIRS, The Librarian, School of Agriculture, Cambridge. UTILITY DUCK CLUB MONTHLY NOTES, St. Antony's, Swanley, Kent. UTILITY RECORD, Official Organ of the Nat. Utility Poultry Society, 53, Victoria Street, London, S.W. 1. THE VETERINARY BULLETIN, Veterinary Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Weybridge, Surrey.

FRANCE. LE PETIT JOURNAL AGRICOLE, 61 Rue Lafayette, Paris. LA REVUE AVICOLE, 34 Rue de Lille, Paris.

GERMANY. ARCHIV FUER GEFLUEGELKUNDE, Kaiser Wilhelmstr. 66, Berlin-Nieder Schönhausen. DEUTSCHE LANDWIRTSCHAFTLICHE GE- Á FLUEGEL-ZEITUNG, Steinmetzstr. 2, Berlin. EIER-BOERSE, Nürnbergerstr. 28, Berlin. GEFLUEGEL-BOERSE, Solomonstr. 16, Leipzig. GEFLUEGEL-FARMER, Lütznerstr. 29, Leipzig.

— 43 — GEFLUEGEL-WELT, Georgstrasze 38-33, Hannover. NORDDEUTSCHER GEFLUEGELHOF, Nord- strasse 5, Oldenburg i.Olbg. SUEDDEUTSCHE TIERBOERSE, J. Ebnersche Buchdruckerei, Ulm a.D. ZUECHTUNGSKUNDE, Nikolausberger Weg 9, Göttingen,

HOLLAND. AVICULTURA, Misset, Doetinchem. - BEDRIJFS-PLUIMVEEHOUDER, Doetinchem. SCHÄKELS, Maasstraat lOß-H, Amsterdam (Z,). TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR DIE:RGENEESKUNDE, Prins Mauritslaan 9, Den Haag.

HUNGARIA. STATISTIKAI HAVI KOZLEMENYEK, Keleti Kàroty, U. 7, Parterre 14, Budapest.

INÍ)IA. THE INDIAN POULTRY GAZETTE, Narayan- gunj, E. Bengal. THE INDIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL, P. Srinivasa Rao, Madras.

IRISH FREE STATE. JOURNAL OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, Dublin, C. 17.

ITALY. BASSA CORTE, Via Pellegrina Rossi 88, Milano- Affori. GIORNALE DEGLÍ ALLEVATORI, Corso Vitt. Emanuele, 287, Roma. LA TECHNIQUE AGRICOLE INTERNATIO- NALE, Via Vittorio Véneto 7, Roma. RIVISTA DI AVICULTURA, Via Aurelio Saffi,, 26, Bologna. RIVISTA DI ZOOTECNIA, R. Instituto Superiore Agrario e Foréstale, Cascine, Firenze.

JAPAN. JOURNAL OF THE JAPANESE SOCIETY OF VETERINARY SCIENCE, Prof. Naoshi Nitta, Faculti of Agriculture, Imperial University, Komaba, Tokyo.

— 44 — JUGO-SLAVIA. VETERINARSKI ARHIV, Savska Gesta 14a, Zagreb.

MEXICO. MEXICO AVÍCOLA, Apartado 270, Av. 3pte, 1911, Puebla.

NETHERLANDS-EAST-INDIA. LANDBOUW EN VEETEELT, Petjenongan 72, Batavia-Centrum. N. I. BLADEN VOOR DIERGENEESKUNDE, Bataviasche weg 54, Buitenzorg.

NORWAY. TIDSKRIFT FOR FJAERFAEAVL, Raadhus- gaten, 9 III, 10-3, Oslo.

NORTHERN IRELAND. THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE, Stormont, Belfast.

PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. PHILIPPINE POULTRY JOURNAL, P.O. Box 3002, Manila.

POLAND. DROB POLSKI, VI. Kopernika 30, W^arsaw. - THE POLISH ECONOMIST, Electoralna 2, Warsaw.

ROUMANIA. REVISTA AVÍCOLA, D-Iui Adrian Lazar CIuj, Str. Nemoranduliu 22.

SCOTLAND. THE SCOmSH JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE, Dept. of Agriculture, His Majesty's Stationery Office, Edinburgh.

SPAIN. ESPAÑA AVÍCOLA, Aperlado 155, Valencia. MUNDO AVÍCOLA, Arenys de Mar, Barcelona.

-- 45 — SWEDEN. SVERIGES FJÄDERFÄAVELS FÖRENINGS TIDSKRIFT, Garvaregatan 7, Stockholm.

SWITZERLAND. DIE TIERWELT, Zofingen.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. ALABAMA NATIONAL EGG LAYING DEMONSTRATION PROGRESS REPORT, Alabama Polytechnic Institute, Auburn, Alabama. CACKLE AND CROW, New England's Poultry Newspaper, Guilford, Conn. EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, U.S. Depart- ment of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. HATCHERY TRIBUNE, Mount Morris, Illinois. HINTS TO POULTRYMEN, Agrie. Exp. Station, New Brunswick, N.J. INTERNATIONAL BABY CHICK NEWS, 3223 Troost Ave., Kansas City, Mo. NEW ENGLAND POULTRYMAN, 4 Park Street, 2, Boston, Mass. NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURE, Rutgers Univer- sity, New Brunswick, N. J. THE NEWS LETTER, College of Agriculture, Moscow, Idaho. OHIO AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, BIMONTHLY BULLETIN, Wooster, Ohio. POULTRY ITEM, Sellersville, P.A. POULTRY PROJECT BULLETIN, Mich. State. College of Agriculture, East Lansing, Michigan. POULTRY SCIENCE, Dr. J. Holmes Martin, 730 Rose Street, Lexington, Ky. POULTRY SUPPLY DEALER, 1230 West Washington Boulevard, Chicago. POULTRY TRIBUNE, Mount Morris, Illinois! RELIABLE POULTRY JOURNAL, Dayton, Ohio. U.S. EGG AND POULTRY MAGAZINE, 110 North Franklin Street, Chicago.

— 46 — BREEDING

Poultry Breeding, Morley A. JulL Senior Poultry Husband- man. Bureau Animal Industry, U.S. Department of Agriculture. New York: John Willy and Sons, Inc. — London: Chapman and Hall, Limited. 1932. The purpose of this book is to convey to its readers some conception of the manner in which various characters possessed by the domestic fowl are inherited. The discussion of fundamental principles involved should stimulate further research concerning the problems raised. The results of various lines of research work are reviewed and an extensive list of literature references is given, so that the investigator, teacher, and student each has a ready reference for review purpose. The discussion of breeding practices to be followed should be of considerable value to extension workers, farmers, and commercial poultrymen. A "Foreword" has been very kindly contributed by Dr. R. C. Pimnett, of Cambridge University, where it was first determined that numerous characters of the domestic fowl are inherited along Mendelian lines. Contents: I. Breeds and Varieties and their Significance; II. Sex and Reproduction; III. Mendelian Inheritance; IV. The Inheritance of Color Cha- racters; V. The Inheritance of Morphological Characters; VI. The Inheritance of Physiological Characters; VII. The Inheritance of linked Characters; VIII. The Inheritance of Egg laying Characters; IX. The Inheritance of Egg Characters; X. Breeding Practice; XI. Poultry Breeding Improvement Plans; XII. The Purpose and Method of Pedigree Breeding.

The Sixth International Congress of Genetics. Ithaca, New York, August 24-31, 1932. G. O. Hall. Poultry Item, Oct. 1932. The Sixth International Congress of Genetics at Ithaca, New York, closed August 31st, 1932. Nearly 550 regularly enrolled members registered during the week. Numerous visitors, not members of the Congress, attended lectures and inspected the exhibits. Delegates came from many states in the Union, provinces of Canada and from foreign countries, particularly from Europe. Since Genetics is one of the youngest sciences, having its beginning slightly more than thirty years ago, many of the men who have made important contributions to its development were present at the Sixth Congress. The Congress covered all branches of heredity and variation, including Human Genetics, Animal Genetics, Plant Genetics, together with Cytological and Pathological papers, demonstrations and exhibits. One of the most interesting exhibits of the Congress was the extensive Poultry Exhibit in the Poultry Building. Three large rooms and one hallway were completely filled. The Live Bird îlxhibit consisted of about thirty pairs or trios of Standard bred fowls. These birds, for the most part, came from poultry breeders located as far west as Missouri, as far south as Tennessee, and as far north as Quebec, Canada. The poultrymen were very generous in cooperating with the Poultry Department at Cornell in making this exhibit a success. Some very excellent birds were received.

- 47 — Feather Growth by Sexes. D. C. Warren, of Kansas, had a very interesting exhibit consisting of more than thirty skins of adult fowls illustrating twenty-three different color varieties and chicks of eighteen different color varieties. Dr. Warren also had an exhibit of live chicks, which had been dipped in different color dyes in order that different rates of feathering might be illustrated. The little fluffy birds were real Easter chicks. Dr. Warren is very sure that the different rate of feathering in different breeds may be used as a means of determining sex at or very soon after hatching time. Dr. Warren also had albino chicks with eye color identical with that found in albino rabbits. This is a recessive mutation. A dominant mutation observed by Dr. Warren is that of a bird lacking primary or secondary wing feathers. Pure Frizzle fowls, Rumpless fowls and Creeper fowls (birds with extremely short legs) were exhibited by Dr. Landaur of Storrs, Connecticut. Dr. C. W. Knox, of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, had an interesting series of charts illustrating the origin and classification of Galius Domesticus, the ordinary fowl. The evidence indicates that perhaps more than one species has been responsible for the numerous breeds and varieties of standard bred chickens which we have today. A. Ghigi, University of Bologna, Italy, was at the Congress and exhibited more than sixty stuffed skins of Pheasants and Guineas. Some of these were between different species, the progeny showing intermediate characters, some being fertile and some being sterile. Sterility is a common characteristic of the progeny of wide crosses. One of the largest exhibits in the poultry group was that of W. B. R. Robertson, University of Iowa, Iowa City, consisting of whole skins of various pure races of turkeys and many inter-crosses. Taking the Bronze, Black, Bourbon Red and Narragansett, the genetic color factors involved were illustrated by specimens of various combinations. Some very peculiar and interesting color combinations were obtained. There were several exhibits on sex and secondary sexual characters. Of particular interest was the one from France by J. Benoit, which showed that if the left ovary is removed from a female chicken, the rudimentary right ovary develops into a testis which can produce seminal cells and sperm.atozoa. The comb attains male type, and the absence of the ovary permits the development of male plumage. This same observation was made and exhibited by Dr. L. V. Domm, of the University of Chicago. Sex Organs at Hatching. K. Masui, Tokyo, Japan, had illustrations showing the rudimentary copulation organ of male chickens and its use for determining sex at hatching time. We have not been able to use this method of sex determination very successfully in the United States. F. A. Hayes, Massachusetts State College, demonstrated five inherited characters affecting fecundity and the twenty-six combinations of these characters. He also showed that the Station flock now produces more than 100 eggs more per bird than was the case in 1916, where the birds have been selected on a genetic basis. A consistent improvement in egg size was also reported. The Low and High-Line birds at Cornell were on exhibit. These two lines after about fifteen years breeding — the one for low egg production and the other for high production — produce on the average 110 eggs and 215 eggs annually respectively under exactly the same environmental conditions. This indicates the value of breeding. Inbreeding. Dr. H. D. Goodale of Mount Hope Farm, Massachusetts, and Dr. N. F. Waters of Iowa State College, Ames, Iowa, both exhibited interesting lines of inbred Single Comb White Leghorns, some of which have been inbred, brother and sister matings, for seven generations. In most cases where such methods are followed the stock loses in vitality, has lower production and increased mortality, unless rigid selection is practiced for hatchability and vitality. Dr. F. B. Hutt, of the University of Minnesota, illustrated embryo malformations and chick abnormalities which were responsible for twenty- five percent of the embryonic mortality in the species studied. He also

- 48 - described congenital "loco" and congenital palsy in chicks, the former having been reported as a recessive character. Inherited Resistance. Reports on the problems and possibilities in heredity were not entirely confined to physical characters, egg production, and sex determination, but one of the most practical applications of the Science of Genetics is to that of disease resistance in fowls. In experiments with 28.000 chickens. Dr. E. Roberts of Illinois, concluded that if resistance and susceptibility to disease are hereditary, natural selection would tend to remove those susceptible to the disease and produce a group more resistant to a disease than a group which had not been subjected to natural selection. He found a breed of chickens in North China that had PuUorum Disease and another breed of chickens in Central China that did not have PuUorum Disease. When both breeds of chickens were inoculated with the disease, 50.3 percent of the North China chicks survived and 12.4 percent of the Central China chicks survived. At the University of Illinois, where Dr. Roberts bred chicks for seven consecutive years, 65 percent of the chicks selected for disease resistance survived, and 27.5 of the unselected chicks survived. In 1931, after breeding selections from established resistant strains, 69.4 percent survived the inoculation, whereas, of those bred to be susceptible, but eight percent survived. W. V. Lambert, Iowa State College, reported on the effect of five generations of selective breeding upon natural resistance to fowl typhoid, in relation to the control (Unselected) stock in each generation. The percentage livability observed in the selected stock from the first to the fifth generation respectively was 60.2, 70.7, 84.6, 85.0 and 90.6. In the control stock tested concurrently, the observed livabilities were 10.4, 6.8, 13.8, 13.6 and 15.0 percent. Many reports were given of genetic mutations in fowls, some of which may be valuable in producing new types and increasing the economic value of the present breeds.

Inheritance of Rate of Growth in domestic Fowl. L Methods and preliminary Report on Results obtained with two Breeds. I. M. Lerner and V. S. Asmundson. University of British Columbia. Vol. 12, July 1932. Summary: 1. Formulae representing rate of growth are discussed and reasons given (W5-WO 100 for adopting the formula R = T-/—7VV7~T\Y> ^ ^^^ *^^^ genetic study. 2. Data on the rate of growth of Light Sussex, Anconas and their hybrids (Fi, F2 and backcrosses) are presented. 3. The feasibility of reducing growth rates to arbitrary figures by suitable formulae is demonstrated. 4. The data point to inherent differences in the rate of growth of the two breeds used. Furthermore, they indicate a complex mode of inheritance of rate of growth. 5. Genetic differences in body weight and length of tarso-metatarsus at 12 weeks of age are also shown. 6. A close correlation between body weight and length of tarso-metatarsus at 12 weeks of age is observed, irrespective of rate of growth in the 8—12 week period. No correlation is found between rate of growth from 8—12 weeks on one hand and body weight and length or tarso-metatarsus at 12 weeks of age on the other. Sex-linked Inheritance. Masked by Ovarian Hormon. — Un Cas d'hérédité liée au sexe marquée par VHormone ovarienne» Station physiologique du Collège de France. La Revue Aireóle, Febr. 1931.

— 49 — IV Crossings of a silver-cockerel of the Ardennais breed and a gold hen of the same breed resulted in the Fl breed of gold cockerels and silver hens. If the cockerels are feminised by the transplanting of the ovaries of their sisters a black colour is the result. If the ovaries of the black hens are removed this results in a silver colour. This is a case of sex inheritance masked by the action of the ovary. The question is whether the ovary possesses the peculiarity of causing the black colour in gold and silver colours.

Lethal Factors and Insufficient Dominance in Tufted Ducks, Lethalfaktoren und unvollkommene Dominanz hei Haubenenten. W. Rüst. Archiv für Geflügelkunde, 4, 110. 1932. In the breeding of tufted ducks it is noticeable that there is always a certain percentage of tuft-less birds born and that the tufts of the remainder are always subject to strong variations. A cranium defect, the size of which is dependent on the size of the tuft, is observable, and this defect is accompanied by a thickening of the skin underneath. The cranium defect consists of a cavity in the cranium plate at the back of the head, which is especially large in birds with a big tuft. In ducklings which have died in the egg or during hatching this cranium defect is of greater dimensions sometimes showing a deficiency of the greater part of the cranium plate and the whole of the upper part of the bill; the brains are then completely visible. The writer disci;sses the part played by a lethal-factor in the formation of the peculiarity. The presence of a cranium defect in tufted ducks is especially interesting in an evolutionary-physiological connection; it reminds of the formation of a cranium protuberance (swelling of the cranium plate) and a brain hernia (blister-like convexity of the brains) in a tufted drake.

Egg-Production of White Leghorns in Neth.-India. - Gegevens inzake de Eierproductie van Witte Leghorns te Buiten- zorg. W. F. Gerhardt. Nederlandsch-Indische Bladen voor Diergeneeskunde, Vol. 44, 1932, p. 321. The investigation concerns White Leghorns the parents of which were imported from Holland. Conclusions: 1. The intensity of the lay shows two periods of high production in the first laying year. 2. The first is independent of the season and is connected with the age of the pullet. The second is independent of the age, but is connected with climatic conditions and takes place during the driest months July, August and September. 3. The smallest production is observed in the months of April and May following the year of birth. In these months a severe moult is observed and weather conditions change. After this depression the egg production increases again. 4. The total production during the first year is closely connected with the date of birth.

Comparative Investigations regarding the Laying Capacity of Hens of Light Breeds in the First and Second Laying Years. - Vergleichende Untersuchungen über die Leis- tungen V. Hennen leichter Rassen im ersten und zweiten Legejahr. H. Hoffa. Archiv, fuer Gefluegelkunde. 1932, p. 225. White Leghorns and partridge coloured Italians were used for the tests.

— 50 — The figures are taken from three sources: 1. Notes for the I, II and III Bavarian Laying Competitions; 2. The Erdinger Poultry Station; 3. Three Bavarian Poultry Farms. Laying capacity is in the first place influenced by ancestors, date of hatching, care, weather conditions. These factors should, if possible, be similar for comparative investigations regarding the laying capacity during the first and second laying years — but are in general not so. On reviewing defects which had arisen it was found that the laying capacity in the second year was smaller than in the first laying year. The better the conditions in the first year, the greater will be the difference in the second year. The difference is greater in good laying hens than in poor laying hens. The egg production in the first year is divided more regularly over the months than is the case in the second year. The winter production during the first year is, naturally, largely dependent on the date of hatching. It must be remembered that in spite of the large number of eggs laid the smallness of the eggs laid in the first year tends to lower the total value of the production. From January eggs have their full weight and are suitable for breeding.

The Acidity of Eggs during Incubation. - UEuolution du p H des Constituants de VOeuf de Poule pendant VIncuhation, M. Rubinstein. Comptes rendus de la Société de Biologie, Vol. III, p. 60 and 63. The returns regarding the pH of the yolk and the albumen show rather a divergence by the different authors. The returns of the albumen differ between 8 and 9.3 and those of the yolk between 4.5 and 6.6. The author has determined the pH by means of the electrode of Sb and the potentiometer of Chauvin-Arnoux. With non-incubated eggs, the values show a diversity for different eggs, also according to the spot in the egg on which the determination has been made. The diversities are greater by secundated eggs than by sterile eggs, probably according to the different carbonic acid-development. In the albumen the pH oscilliates between 8.5 and 9.4, and in the yolk between 5.8 and 6.3. In eggs, during the incubation, the pH of the albumen gets larger up to the 3rd day (pH 10) and decreases thereafter to 7.3—7.5 on the 9th and 10th day, while it remains then at about 7. The two different layers of albumen have a differing degree of pH, the most viscuous albumen contains the highest pH. The pH of the yolk increases up to the 12th day, to remain stationary after this. Towards the end of the incubation it will decrease. On the 9th day, the pH of the albumen is less than that of the yolk. At the end of the incubation period both are at about 7.

The Artifical Incubation of Duck Eggs. Captain H. F. Carter. Utility Duck Club Monthly Notes. Day: Action to be taken: 1 Temperature 101 degrees. Set eggs in the afternoon. Do not close the drawer, but let the eggs warm up gradually. Final temperature, with drawer closed, 102,5 (touching a fertile egg). 2 Merely trim lamp and refill water through (if required). 3 Turn eggs twice, changing their positions in tray at the second visit. Moisten once. 4 & 5 As for 3rd day. 6 As for 3rd day. Test for "clears", dead germs and addled eggs. 7, 8 & 9 As for 3rd day. 10 Turn eggs three times, changing their positions at alternate visits. Moisten twice. 11 to 17 As for 10th day. Refill oil-container if required. Test again on the 12th day. 18 Turn and change positions of the eggs four times. Moisten three times. Test again. 19 to 24 As for 18th day, but no fertile testing.

— 51 — 25 onwards Leave alone. Merely block up window to prevent ducklings crowding towards the light on hatching. The pipping may commence about the 26th day. Do not interfere with the process. Keep the lamp going and let everything else alone until the hatch is over. Leave the ducklings in darkness and quietude before transferring them — preferably in the evening — direct from the hatching tray to the brooder.

The Rearing of Chickens, Bulletin No. 54. R. T. Parkhurst. H. M. Stationery Office, London. 1932. The Bulletin describes the selection of birds for the breeding pen, selection of eggs for hatching, importance of sanitation; natural and artificial brooding; brooding equipment and operation (outdoor and colony brooders, the coal stove hover, blue-flame lamp or paraffin-burning and electric hovers, multiple unit and hot-water systems); preparation of the brooder, starting the chicks, and battery brooders; starting rations, hoppers and hopper space, mixtures recommended, and ingredients of the rations. The later management in colony 'brooders (weaning, treatment of pullets and breeding cockerels on range, summer range shelters, and disposal of surplus cockerels) is included, while a brief reference is made to diseases.

Experimental Errors in Chicken-rearing Experiments, - Ver- suchsfehler bei Kükenaufzuchtversuchen, R. W. Hale. (Ref. Züchtungskunde, Nov. 1932.) J. Agricult. Science, 1931, p. 716. Description of a number of experiments carried out on growing chickens over a period of two years on 45 groups of between 30—100 chickens. It was determined, that the weight of young cocks and hens, considered separately, will not ehow much greater standard deviations from the average weight of the group, as is the case with geese (15 ^/o), if the treatment of the birds during the experiment or under other circumstances has not seriously influenced the increase in weight. This shows that comparison between average weights and standard deviations might be erronneous if young cocks and hens are not considered separately. The smallest differences in weight as compared with average weights are given in table form for standard deviations of 15, 17.5 and 20 "/o and for groups of 10—100 birds.

The Brooding and Rearing of Chicks. E. van Manen, Cornell, Durban. Journal of the South African Veterinary Med. Association. Dec. 1932. Contents: Cold Brooding; Hot Brooders; The Coal Stove Colony Brooder; The Furnace Type Brooder; The Electric Brooder; The Battery Brooder; First Care of Chicks.

Assistance in Hatching, - Geburtshilfe in der Geflügelzucht. Der Oesterreichische Tierarzt, 1932, p. 349. It is often advisable to assist the hatching of chickens. Not all chickens which cannot free themselves after a normal brooding period are weaklings, but only those the eggs of which are not picked after two days. In the case of eggs which begin to show shell cracking assistance must be given. Owing to the small quantity of air in the egg a full grown chicken soon feels the lack of air. The consequent spasmodic movements results in a breaking of the shell thus giving a free airpassage. The chicken recovers, turns round and picks further on the inside of the shell. Meanwhile the yolk sack is drawn into the abdominal cavity and the emptying of blood-vessels of the egg membrane through the umbilical-cord. Then the chicken stretches itself,

— 52 — raises the upper half of the egg and pushes itself, tearing away the umbilical- cord from the lower half of the egg. If, however, the lower half of the egg is picked then the remaining albumen goes to the air-pocket, congeals, thus congesting the air-pocket, with the result that the chicken is suffocated. When picking has commenced the eggs should be controlled and those which are picked at the lower half should be turned so that the spot picked lies upwards or sideways. If the egg is directly too severely picked it often happens that a thickening of the albumen causes impediment of movement. If after 10 hours no further opening of the shell has occured then it is advisable to break away carefully a third part of the upper half; but only the completely empty part. The membrane enveloping the chicken must not be damaged! If the albumen appears then it must be ascertained, by the application of luke-warm water in drops, whether it is blood-speckled. If this is so then it is necessary to leave the eggs in the incubator or nest a few hours longer. If the blood vessels are empty then the chicken may be drawn out carefully. One must however first make sure that the yolk sack has been sucked in.

Breeding and Selection, J. S. Carver and D. Boucher. Poultry Studies at the Washington Station, Washington Col. Sta. Bui. 260, 1931, p. 50—52. In this study, covering the period from 1926 to 1929, inclusive, a signi- fificant positive correlation was found between maturity and weight of the first few eggs, and between mean age of maturity and body weight of White Leghorn pullets. No relationship appeared to exist between maturity and mean weight of eggs for the pullet year. Earlier maturing birds laid a larger number of eggs up to March 1. Best production was secured from pullets matured in from 155 to 175 days.

Effects of Outcrossing on Egg Production. Kentucky State Rpt. 1930. Outcrossing with White Leghorns resulted in an increase in the number of daughters laying 200 or more eggs and in average egg production. With Barred Rocks, however, the widest outcross did not bring about any improvement. The results indicated that the advantages of outcrossing were more than offset unless the unrelated male came from a strain that had long been bred and selected for the characteristics already established in the flock.

A practical Poultry Breeding Improvement Program. W. C. Thompson. New Jersey Stas. Bui. 527, 1931, p. 16, fig. 7. A system for the improvement of poultry flocks under practical conditions is suggested. This depends upon the separation of pullets according to age and development, trap nesting of pullets, and "blue-banding" those pullets which in December and April give external indications of production capacity, and the selection of breeding males from high-proáucing hens, also taking into consideration their individual characteristics as to health and general qualifications. In following this system only eggs which weigh 26 oz. or more to the dozen should be placed in the incubator. Suggestions are also given for a full and descriptive designation of possible future breeders.

The Métabolisme on Fat in the Embryo of the Chicken under Artifical Incubation Conditions. - // Metabolismo dei grassi nelV Embrione del Pulcino in Condizioni di In- cubazione artificíale. A. L. Romanoff, Biological Bull., 1932. (Ref. Rivista di Avicultura, Maggio 1932.)

— 53 — Romanoff has studied the quaUtative and quantitive modifications which happen in the fat during the embrional life of the chicken, fats, which are of great importance, constituting about 40 per cent, of the matter contained in the egg. The author who has always experimented on eggs of the White Leghorn, has found, that the fat contents in the fresh egg is sufficiently variable, depending generally on the general size of the egg. Nearly all the fat necessary for the nutrition and for the energetical exchange of the chicken for the formation and development, are derived from the yolk. Here is purely a clear correlation between the quantity of fat used up for the energetical exchange of the chicken and the progressive growth of the embryo. Finally Romanoff has found, that the physical and chemical character of the fat (saponification, various reactions, etc.) of the yolk and of the embryon sac remain constant during the period of the artificial incubation, whilst those of the fats contained in the embryo vary instead, especially during the last incubation period.

- 54 ~ NUTRITION

VITAMINS.

Vitamin D for Chicks. The Effects of an insufficient Supply of Vitamin D on Growth of the Skeleton and internal Organs of Chickens. E. J. Sheehy and K. Sheil. Royal Dublin Society, Proceedings Vol. 20, No. 16. In this paper the importance of supplying Vitamin D to chicks for the purpose of preventing leg weakness, imthriftiness, and crooked breast is emphasised. Direct light is the most potent source of this particular vitamin which is also supplied in concentrated form by cod liver-oil and to a lesser extent by green foods. The writers of the paper go a stage further and show that, even in cases where a pronounced rickety condition is not produced, the supply of Vitamin D may be insufficient to build up a frame and constitution of normal productive capacity. In that case the chest cavity of the adult is subnormal in size and abnormal in shape, and the organs of the chest and abdomen are incompletely developed. The result is a fowl, which while apparently not abnormal from external observation, in yet incapable of yielding up to the limit of her potentialities, no matter how liberally fed subsequent to the growing stage. Hence the necessity of flooding growing poultry with direct light, or alternatively, of supplying at least 1 per cent, of a potent form of cod liver oil, and of ensuring that the supply of Vitamin D may not constitute a limiting factor to growth of skeleton and internal organs.

Avitaminosis A in Poultry. - Das Nervensystem bei der A- Avitaminox der Hühner. O. Seifried. Institut für Tier- pathologie, Universität, München. Archiv für Tierheil- kunde, Vol. 65, 1932, p. 140. Conclusions: 1. Lack of vitamin A in the food results in attacks of fainting blindness, ataxia, leg-weakness and cramp. 2. The appearance of these nervous symptoms coincides with the appearance of other symptoms characteristics of A avitaminosis i.e. changes in the 3rd eyelid and other organs accompanied by a loss of weight. The symptoms are further dependent on the age and breed. 3. Microscopic examination of the nerves reveals certain degenerative changes of the ganglion-cells in various parts of the central nerve system and degeneration of the nerve fibrils in the brain, spinal vertebreae and périphérie nerve.

Avitaminosis in Chicks. - Ueber Mangelfütterungsversuche mit Kücken. E. Henninger. Archiv für Geflügelkunde, 1931, p. 137. It was possible to cause the symptoms of the disease described by Seipel and Schaaf by food without vitamin A. The addition of cod-liver oil prevented the disease. No harmful results were observed in chickens after being given large quantities of cod-liver oil during several months. It would appear therefore that the giving of large quantities of cod- liver oil to hens causes no harm.

Yeast as Chicken Food. - Gist als Bestanddeel van het Kuiken- rantsoen. Mededeeling van het Gouvernements Proef- station voor Pluimveeteelt. No. 11. Ir. W. F. Gerhardt. Buitenzorg, Java. The writer experimented on 88 chickens of the following breeds: White Leghorns, Partridge Leghorns, Rhode Island Reds and Barnevelders and crosslings of the native Kedoe-breed with Rhode Island Reds and Barne- velders. It appeared that: 1. dried spirit-yeast contains a factor which increases the appetite of chickens and leads to a more useful effect of the food resulting in a more rapid growth; 2. the influence of this factor is chiefly noticeable from about the first to the 36th day of life; 3. This influence was already apparent after the addition of 3 per cent, spirit-yeast to the chicken-meal; 4. the presence of 3 per cent, dried spirit-yeast in the chicken-meal prevented to a great extent, lameness accompanied by contraction of the toes. This abnormality, of a temporary nature only, was observed in 13 of the 14 cases (in the group in which yeast-free chicken-meal was given); 5. in all chickens in which this lameness occurred it was preceded a few day previously by retardation of the growth. In 8 of the 14 chickens mentioned above growth improved during the course of the test. This occurred in general during the period in which the chickens were recovering from the lameness. In view of the above the writer is of opinion that it is highly probable that the retardation of growth and the lameness arise from the same cause. Effects of Cod Liver Oil and Ultra-Violet Rays and how they are influenced by Oyster Shells during the period that Laying Hens are confined. Journ. of Agricultural Res., Washington, 1931, p. 517. The ingestion of codliver-oil or the exposing to ultra-violet rays of confined laying hens without direct access to sunlight or alimentation with greenfood, causes an increase both of egg production and the thickness of the shell at and the same time improves the general condition of the birds. These two supplements of vitamins have a tendency to increase the weight of the eggs and to improve the aptitude to lay. Codliver-oil is better than 5 minutes exposure to ultra-violet rays. If codliver-oil is not added to the food of hens which have not access to sunlight the addition of oyster shells increases the egg production and the thickness of the shell even when no mineral supplement has been added to the basic ration. Oyster shells, besides being a source of easily digested minerals, also contain a small quantity of some factor present in cod-liver oil.

Vitamin Content of Fishmeal. Maynard, Bender and Mc. Cay. Journal of Agricultural Research 1932, 44, p. 591-603. White fishmeal, dried in vacuum below 40° C. proved to be a very good source of Vitamin A. Menhaden-fishmeal dried in fire at 260—300° C. or by steam at 50—90° C. shov/ed a shortage of Vitamin A. In full agreerhent

— 56 — with this, white fishmeal dried in vacuum appeared to be more valuable in connection with growth than menhaden-meal dried by steam, while the latter showed better results than the meal dried at 260—^300° C. It is probable that it is just these drying temperatures that are responsible for the food-value of fishmeal as a result of the changes in the albumen.

GENERAL.

Iodine for Poultry, Prof. J. Schmidt, Leipzig. Berliner Tier- ärztliche Wochenschrift, 1932, p. 161. Where formerly iodine was used solely as a medicine it has of late been recognized as an indispensable necessity for organisms. It forms a lasting circle between man, animals, plants, earth, water and air. The quantity absorbed varies greatly in accordance with biological phases, climate, soil and season. Some organs act as store houses (the thyroid gland). Iodine does not harm hens even after they have been given iodine over long periods (several days or weeks) in big doses (0,1—4,0 potassium-iodide, iodine-natrium, Jodipin)! Neither is there any cumulative action. Afterwards a speedy and regular segregation can be observed. The influence was only noticeable in the laying capacity and this was more noticeable in hens which had just started to lay than in older hens. Average doses caused a decrease in the weight, larger doses a pauze in laying; no lasting harm is caused. On the contrary the inclination to broodiness is created and if this is already present it is increased. The iodine given is transferred to the eggs, even long after the experiment and the eggs are remarkable for the length of time they can be kept. This iodine is not in general harmful for human beings. The ad- Vantage of the feeding of iodine as given in literature (increase of appetite and growth, beautifying of the plumage, shortening of the moulting period, elimination of non-parasitical falling out of the feathers, increase of laying capacity and of weight) could not be confirmed by the writer but he attri- butes this to the big doses given by him and is making further experiments. The therapeutical utilisation of the inaction of the ovary (with increase of the inclination to broodiness) might also be taken into consideration in combatting diseases of the ovary, diarrhoea, coccidiosis and other diseases. Per- haps it would also be possible to remove in a similar manner, the nympho- many of mares and cows and the climacterical discomforts of women. Iodine for Hens, Scharrer and Schropp. Biedermans Zentral- blatt für Tiernahrung IV. (Ref. Vlaamsch Diergenees- kundig Tijdschrift, Oct. 1932, p. 135.) The following results were obtained after giving White Leghorns hens 2 m.gr. iodine per day in the form of K.I. Iodine appeared to have no unfavourable influence on the health of the hens, but hastened brooding and moulting, which lasted much shorter. The egg production of the hens which receive iodine was 3,5 per cent, higher than that of hens which received no iodine. There was no difference in the weight of the eggs. In two hatching tests the result for the control group was 84 and 76 per cent, and the iodine group 92 and 88. There was no noticeable difference in the growth of the chickens. In normal eggs (without the shell) there was only an unimportant content of iodine present. In the eggs of hens to which iodine had been fed the iodine content varied greatly. The maximum iodine content (0,3—0,4 mgr.) was reached after iodine had been fed for three weeks. When the feeding of iodine was stopped the iodine content in the egg fall slowly at first, but later very rapidly. In normal eggs of hens to which iodine was given, the yolks showed the highest iodine content; there was an increase of the iodine content of the albumen, but not to such an extent as in the yolks. The iodine content of the shells was comparatively small.

— 57 — Animal Protein in Chicken Food. - Sulla Importanza della Proteine animali nella Alimentazione dei Pulcini, La Clínica Veterinaria, Vol, 53, p. 432. Experiments were made on two groups of 39 chickens. Group I was fed with animal protein and buttermilk. Group II with vegetal protein and water. At the termination of the test the chickens of group I had an average weight of 451 grams and those of group II 231 grams. Other symptoms also proved the great value of animal protein. Poultry Mash in the Dutch East Indies, - Het P,P. Legmeel 8. W. F. Gerhardt. Ned. Indische Bladen voor Diergenees- kunde, Vol. 44, 1932, p. 33. A mash from native products was made which was considerably cheaper than the mash imported from Holland and comparative tests proved that the native mash was more satisfactory than the imported product. Rye in Chicken-Nutrition. - Roggen in Legehennenfutter. I. Zöllner. Geflügelleistungskontrollhof, Langenhagen bei Hannover. Deutsche Landwirtschaftl. Geflügelzeitung, 1932, p. 852. As rye is a native product it is well worth while to include it in poultry food. The value of rye in poultry food has been tested at various experimenting stations in Germany. 42 grams of rye were added to the food and for a period of 8 months the average egg production of the test birds amounted to 164 eggs. The weight at the beginning of the experiment was 1743 grams and at the end 1721 grams. Only two hens died during the experiment the cause being disease of the oviduct. The experiments proved that hens like food with a high percentage of rye (25 per cent, in mash and 50 per cent, in grains), it is not harmful to the health of the birds and produces good laying results. Potatoes in the Food for Fattening Poulardes. - Gedämpfte Kartoffeln hei der Poulardenmast. Görres. Deutsche Landwirtschaftliche Geflügelzeitung, 1932, p. 905. The experiment carried out by the writer consisted in the substitution of 23 grams of steamed potatoes for a part of the maize, barley meal and bran. The results were unfavourable: 1. the steaming and feeding of the potatoes cost more and entailed increased work; 2. the bird remained 36 grams per week behind the control birds; 3. 3 per cent, of the birds remained considerably behind other birds.

Fattening Ducklings with Beer-draff. - Jungenten Mast mit Biertrebern. Dr. Macht and Maily. Kreisgeflügelzucht- anstalt, Schönbrunn. Deutsche Landwirtsch. Wochen- zeitung, 13 Oct. 1932. The experiment was carried out on 124 ten days old Peking ducklings. The feeding took place according to the formule of Professor Lehmann of Göttingen. Beer-draff, greenfood and buttermilk were mixed with the food. Ducklings fed with this mixture grew very quickly and much better than those fed without the mixture. This food proved to be cheaper and better than that of the control group which included fishmeal and meat-scraps. The cost of the food for the milk-group was 30 per cent, higher than that of the fishmeal-meat-scraps-groups.

— 58 — Intoxication by Eosinated Wheat. - S aponinv er giftung durch Verfütterung von eosiniertem Weizen. Dr. Schneider. Bakteriologischer Institut der Oldenburgischen Land- wirtschaftskammer, Deutsche Landwirtschaftliche Ge- flügelzeitung, 22 Sept. 1932. Numerous complaints have been voiced in Germany regarding the cheap eosinated wheat placed at disposal by the Government. Eosine poisoning was suspected. The cause however proved to be a high percentage of Agro- stemma Githago seeds. Experiments proved that if chickens up to 4 months old or adult hens ate more than 10 seeds they showed signs of being ill within 8—12 hours; sleepiness, rough feathers, hanging wings. If more than 10 seeds were eaten fainting fits and impediment in movement occurred. Blindness also resulted. If White Leghorn hens took from 30—50 seeds they practically all died within 24—36 hours. It was also observed that the hens ate the seeds voluntarily. Seeds 30 years old appeared to be still poisonous. The sensitiveness of adult hens to coccidiosis, paralysis and diphtheria was considerably increased and many deaths occurred after the feeding of the wheat.

Beetles in Fishmeal. - Ueber Käferschädlinge im Fishmehl. Dr. H. Asche. Zeitschrift für Fleisch- und Milchhygiene, 1932, p. 477. Description of two kinds of beetles found in fishmeal. One was the so-called bacon-beetle Dermestes lardarius — and the other the thief-beetle, Ptinus tectus.

Digestion of Fat by Hens. Kl. Güntherberg. Archiv für Tier- ernährung und Tierzucht. (Ref. Geflügelwirtschaft, 10 Oct. 1932.) The results of experiments in connection with the digestion of fat by hens which are of great importance, are published. The following are the results: 1. The degree of digestion of the fats in grains is larger when smaller quantities of foods are given than when a larger ration is given. 2. If the grain is split this increases the power to digest the fat content. 3. Sickness in hens interferes with the digestion of fat. 4. If animal products (meat-scraps, fishmeal, bloodmeal, milk, casein) are mixed with the grain the fat is more easily digested. Animal fat is completely digested when the quantity taken is rationed. 5. The higher the content of fat in the food the worst the digestion of fat. The most favourable content of fat is 4,7 grams per hen j)er day. 6. Hens can digest fat just as well as pigs and cattle. Pellets Versus Mash for Table Duck Production. V. K. Tallent. Harper Adams Conference, 1932. The experiment was undertaken to show whether pellets would save the immense amount of labour involved in wet mash mixing. Actually, it was found that the ducklings would not eat the pellets without damping until they reached the age of 5 weeks, and even then they required a considerably augmented water supply. The largest number of hatches showed most gain in weight on mash during the growing period, but during fattening the figures were reversed and pellet fed hatches showed the most gains. The final weights, however, were in favour of mash. Quality, with the exception of the last three hatches, when the mash fed were best, was uniform for both methods.

— 59 — It-would appear that if ducklings up to 5 weeks could be persuaded to eat dry pellets (there might be some saving, but as the moistening and feeding of extra water plus the slightly increased cost of pellets accounts for any saving on mash mixing, it does not at present seem to be worth while feeding pellets for this purpose.

Red Squill Not Harmful Poultry Tribune, January 1932, p. 26. The control of rats in poultry establishments is usually of prime importance as the abundance of feed in poultry runs almost invariably attracts large numbers of rats, with proportionate deprecations. To determine the effect of red squill on adult chickens, a number of tests were given in the laboratory and in the field in a number of instances, and up to the present time no record of adult poultry harmed with squill has been received. These tests included in one case two hens fed on a 10 per cent concentration of red squill rat bait to the exclusion of all other food for a period of six weeks without apparent injury. No experiment, however, had been attempted to determine the effect on baby chicks until the recent investigation conducted by Odom Stewart in co-operation with the North Carolina State College Experiment Station. In a series of feeding tests, baby chicks from 5 to 18 days old were fed varying quantities of 10 per cent, powdered red squill mixed with a standard chick-feed formula. As a result, Stewart came to the following conclusions: "In all experiments chicks shov/ed a distinct preference for feed that did not contain squill powder. Chicks are not likely to eat enough feed composed of 10 per cent, squill in one, two or three feedings to cause death even when given to the exclusion of other feed. A high mortality is not likely to occur when squill feed is exposed to vigorous chicks for five consecutive days when other palatable feed is available. "Since chicks show a distinct dislike for red squill powder, and since it is not highly toxic to them, it may be used with safety as a rat poison in places accessible to chicks if they are well supplied with palatable feed and care is taken to prevent them from feeding on squill feed for more than 48 consecutive hours."

Poultry Rations and how to mix them. Idaho College of Agri- culture, Extensia Circular No. 44, Moscow, Idaho. This publication has been worked out co-operatively by the poultrymen of the Extension Division and Experiment Station. The aim has been to present information that will assist in utilizing home-grown grains in poultry rations. The specific values of the various feeds are listed and the major problems explained relating to balanced rations. The circular gives the standard mash mixtures that have been used for several years and modifications in which ground peas has been in- corporated. The value of vitamin supplements, such as alfalfa, and codliver- oil is explained. Still other supplements, such as skim milk, meat scrap, and fishmeal are discussed from the standpoint of value, sources, and amounts to be used. In addition to this fundamental information, the publication contains formulas and feeding practices for laying hens, young chicks, breeding stock and turkeys. Delaware Experiment Station. Newark, Delaware. A. E. Tom- have. I. utilization of Ground Soybeans for Poultry. During the past few years we have carried on experimental work with both growing stock and laying hens to determine whether ground soybeans can be utilized as a protein supplement in rations for poultry. Soybeans are grown rather extensively in Delaware and the price has been rather low during the past few years which has brought many inquiries as to whether soybeans can be used in the poultry ration. At the present time we have* 400

- 60 - pullets divided into eight pens involved in this study. In connection with our soybean study, we have made a study of the keeping quality of eggs produced from soybean rations when placed in cold storage. Our results to date would indicate that soybeans do not produce eggs that will not hold up during the cold storage period. II. Rations for Growing Pullets. The object of this experiment is to determine the various factors that are involved in the production of a good growing ration. Various factors such as fibre content, ash content, scratch grains, green food, etc. are being studied to determine their influence in producing well-developed pullets that will give a good account of themselves during their first laying year. Our studies are carried on through the first laying year as well as the growing period as we feel that the value of the growing ration should not be determined by the results obtained at the end of 10 to 15 weeks, but that the test should be carried out to determine the quality of the laying bird which is placed in the laying house. This project is in its preliminary stages, but some rather interesting information has been obtained to date. m. Germinated Oats for Laying Birds. This experiment has for its purpose the study of the value of germinated oats when used to supplement a laying ration. The birds are being kept in confinement throughout the laying period and no green food in fed. Our results to date indicate that germinated oats are very valuable as a supplement to the laying ration. IV. Study of Rations for Laying Hens. This project has for its object the improvement of the laying rations used at the present time. V. Poultry Breeding. Four or five pens of pedigree hens are used each year in this study. The primary purpose of this study is to determine the mode inheritance of the various factors involved in fecundity. At the present time a special method of proving sires is being studied. The data obtained to date in this particular phase of the project is rather promising, but is not sufficiently conclusive to report to you in detail. Another phase of our breeding work is the study of the effect of the age of the breeding hen upon hatchability of eggs, the livability of chicks, and the livability of pullets. The age of the hens in the pen range from three to seven years of age. Another phase of our breeding project is to determine whether the ability of birds to produce a hard shell egg is inherited or whether it is entirely a feeding problem.

Protein Requirements of growing Chicks. J. S. Carver, D. Brazie and S. A. Moore. Washington Col. State Bui. 209, 1931. Chicks were fed in 4 lots on rations containing 12.1, 14.8, 17.9, and 22.9 per cent of protein, respectively, furnished in the form of herring fish meal protein. At 8 weeks of age the chicks in the respective lots weighed 378, 528, 608 and 629 gm. Chicks fed for 12 weeks on a ration with 2 per cent of oyster shell flour and 2 per cent of steamed bone meal added weighed 951 gm. Another lot having 6 per cent of bone meal added to the basal ration weighed 936 gm, or almost twice as much as the check lot receiving no minerals. All the check lot received the same amount of biologically tested cod-liver oil as the other lots, but made poor growth and 100 per cent of the birds had crooked keel bones, while this defect did not appear in any of the other lots.

Self-selection of Feeds by Hens. A. E. Tomhave and C. W. Mumford. Delaware Sta. Bui. 174, 1931, p. 24. This study was undertaken to determine whether yearling Leghorn hens could select the feeds necessary for maintaining health and production

— 61 — and whether they would vary their choice of feeds according to the rate of production. The birds were divided into two lots of 100 each, and the check pen was fed an all-mash laying ration supplemented with germinated oats, oyster shell, and limestone grit. The other lot had access to 21 feed and mineral ingredients in separate containers during the 168 days of the test. The birds fed the mixed mash ate from 8 to 78 per cent more feed at various times during the test than did the birds allowed to select their own feed. The lower consumption of the latter lot was reflected in lower egg production, which was a little over half as much as the check group, and in some loss in body weight. Self-fed birds consumed a large proportion of carbonaceous feeds and did not eat enough protein or mineral feeds. An increase in production in the selective-feeding pen did not stimulate consumption of high-protein feeds, but did increase mineral consumption. Mortality was high, molting slow, and average egg weight low in the self-fed lot as compared with the check lot. Eggs from the self-fed lot showed a sUghtly higher fertility and hatchability than did those from the check lot. Changing the birds to a mixed ration increased egg production and food consumption and decreased mortality.

Digestibility by Chickens of the Constituents of the Nitrogen- free Extract of Feeds. G. S. Fraps. Texas Sta. Bui. 437, 1931, p. 15. The material used in this study was secured from work previously noted. The coefficients of digestibility were obtained in 122 individual tests with 24 feeds, the results of which are given in table form. It was found that sugars and starches were highly digested by chickens, while pentosans and residual nitrogen-free extract had a low digestibility. The pentosans of roughages or roughage materials were digested to a smaller extent than those of concentrates. On the average chickens digested sugars and starches to the same extent as sheep. The residual nitrogen-free extract was a little less digestible for chickens than for sheep, while the pentosans were only half as digestible for chickens as for sheep.

The Feed Required to produce a dozen Eggs. O. S. Willhani. Oklahoma. Panhandle Sta., Panhandle Bui. 35, 1932, p. 3—7. Based on figures accumulated in connection with the five egg-laying contests held at the Panhandle Agricultural and Mechanical College, the amount of feed required to produce 1 doz. eggs was calculated by months. The average feed required to produce 1 doz. eggs per year for the 5 years was 2.4 lbs. of grain and 2.1 lbs. of mash.

Experiments with Poultry in Kentucky. Kentucky Sta. Bpt. 1930, pt. 1, p. 15—20. The results of several experiments, some of which have been continued, are noted. Metabolism in the Chicken. A basal ration consisting of skim milk, yellow corn, wheat middlings, salt, and cod-liver oil was fed to six lots of chicks. In addition the respective lots received tricalcium phosphate; tricalcium phosphate with calcium carbonate; tricalcium phosphate with magnesium carbonate; calcium carbonate; magnesium carbonate; and magnesium carbonate with calcium carbonate. At the end of 6 weeks the chicks in lot 1 were heaviest, while those in lot 2 were smaller, less vigorous, and more unevenly feathered than those in lot 1. In lot 3 the chicks grew slowly, were nervous, weak, had swollen leg joints, most of them were unable to stand erect, moved only when disturbed, their toes turned outward, and they walked on the distal ends of the

— 62 — tar somet atar sus. The chicks in lot 4 were normal in weight, but were less vigorous and more nervous, while those in lots 5 and 6 did not grow as well as those in lot 1. Most of the chicks in the last two lot shad swollen leg joints, but not as severe as in the case of lot 3. The largest percentage of ash was found in the leg bones of lot 1, the smallest in lot 3, and approximately the same amounts in the other lots. The percentage of calcium was distinctly lower in the ash of birds receiving carbonate, but there was little difference in the percentage of magnesium and phosphorus. Another test showed that calcium lactate could not be used as a sub- stitute for tricalcium phosphate or calcium carbonate. Equal parts of calcium carbonate and disodium hydrogen phosphate could Ibe adequately substituted for tricalcium phosphate when fed at the same calcium level. Vitamin D Studies with Chickens, Pullets were divided into three groups of two lots each. Lots 1 and 2 were confined, lots 3 and 4 were permitted to run on a screened porch, and lots 5 and 6 were allowed yard range. Lots 2, 4 and 6 received 2 per cent of cod-liver oil in addition to the basal ration. The cod-liver oil was effective in increasing both the winter and 10 months' egg production of pullets, regardless of the system of housing. Cod-liver oil did not increase the fertility of the eggs, although the hatchability of fertile eggs was increased when it was added to the ration of the confined pullets and the pullets on yard range.

— 63

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

Why there is not a Difference in the Appearance of Cocks and Hens in Guinea Fowls and what is the Nature of the so called secondary sex Characters in the Fowls in generally? J. Krizenecky and L. F. Kamenicek. Sbornrk Cesko&lavenské Akademie, Zemedelske, Vol. VII No. 2-3. 1. Five cocks and five hens of the same stock of guinea fowls were castrated in order to answer the question whether the sexual uniformity in feathering in guinea fowls is of the same nature as that of the Sebright bantams according to Morgan's findings. 2. The castration was performed at the animal age of 5 months. One week after castration certain feathers of left neck, back and tail were pulled out; corresponding feathers on the right side served as control. After five months the animals were killed. 3. Complete castration had been obtained in 3 cocks and 1 hen. In one cock small spherical regenerates on both sides, and in another cock a similar regenerate of testicular tissue on the left side were found. One hen regenerated on the left side an ovarian tissue with 7 macroscopically identifiable follicles; a second hen had a spherical regenerate with typical testicular tissue (see fig. 8), containing spermatozoa (sex reversion); a third hen showed a tissue histologically resembling an embryonic sexual indifferent gonad (see fig. 6) ; the fourth hen had a hypertrophied right ovary likewise showing the structure of a sexual indifferent gonad (see fig. 7). 4. The removed plimiage regenerated in all cases in 1 montli and showed no change in the shape, pigmentation and pattern even in complete castrates (fig. 1 and 2). The plumage of guinea fowls is thereafter develop- TTientally independent in its sexual uniformity of "Ihe gonads. Hence, the sexual uniformity of the guinea fowls is of a different nature as that of the Sebright bantams. 5. Head furnishings of the castrates v/ere compared w^ith measurement (fig. 3) obtained on 5 normal cocks and 5 normal hens from the same stock: and age. 6. Dimensions of the comb were not different in normal and castrate cocks (see tab. HI and fig. 5). Hens with ovarian regenerates had only slightly smaller combs than the completely castrated hen. The comb -therefore, like the plumage, is developmentally independent of the gonads. 7. The wattles are smaller in castrates than in control, but here also is no pronounced difference between the completely an incompletely castrated animals (see tab. HI and fíg. 5). The percentage reductions of the dimensions Off the wattles of the castrates see table HI. A diminution of wattles occurs in the castrates of both common fowls and guinea fowls. 8. The non-influence of castration on comb size in guinea fowls, in contrasts with the diminution found in common fowls, can be explained by an anatomical difference in the nature of the combs in guinea fowl and in common fowl: in the latter the comb caiEsists «mainily of connective tissue, while in guinea fowl this is mainly a spongious bony tissue (fig. 9), which gives no response to gonadal hormones.

-^»65 — V 9. A comparative consideration of the plumage types in fowls, in Sebright bantams and in guinea fowls and other species of poultry and its response to the gonads gives the results that the sexual differentiation of the plumage in various poultry can be arranged in 3 types: (a) Primary sexual uniformism (guinea fowls, pigeons, turkeys); pure "henlike" plumage, independent of gonads, of genotypical nature. (b) Sexual dimorphism (common fowls, ducks, pheasants etc.) a richly differentiated colored "cock-like" plumage, depressed in females by ovarien hormone to a "hen-like" plumage. (c) Secondary sexual uniformism (Sebright bantams); here, as in group sub (b), genotypically a richly differentiated, colored and "cock-like", plvimage which, in both sexes, becomes depressed to a uniform hen-like type by hormones of ovary and test is. One may also consider these three types of sexual differentiation as different degrees of phylogenetic evolution in birds. 10. An analysis of the nature of the sex differences in the plumage and in the head furnishing is given with the result, that both groups of sex differences cannot be considered as real sex characters, like in mammals, but as differences only produced in females: in the plumage by certain limitations given to the ontogenesis by the general metabolic changes under the influence of ovarian hormone and in the head furnishing by different level of stimula- tion through both the sex hormones. The same limitation and the same difference in the level of stimulus can also be produced by sexually unspecific agencies. 11. A further analysis of consequences of this results for the theory and praxis of selection and breeding is given.

Studies on the Anatomy of the Domestic Hen. - /. The Mus- culature of the Thigh, W. P. Blount. Veterinary Record, Vol. XII, March 12th, 1932. After separating the various muscles of the thigh and ascertaining their points of origin and their places of insertion it was found that five muscles not described by Kaupp in his textbook: "Anatomy of Domestic Fowl" were present, and in addition some notes were added concerning other muscles which had previously been described inadequately. The new muscles were given the following names: (1) M. glutaeus superficialis; (2) M. glutaeus accessorius; (3) M. piriformis; (4) M. quadra tus femoris; (5) M. medio- lateralis latae.

The Air-Sacs of Birds. S. Erdös. Allatorvosi Lapok. (Ref. Wiener Tierärztliche Monatschrift, 1932, p. 567. Extensive description of the ventrobronchi and cellae which enable birds to absorb oxygen into the lungs both by in- and by outbreathing.

How many Feathers has a Hen? Deutsche Landwirtschaft!. Geflügelzeitung, 15 Dec. 1932. Some time ago a prize of $ 100.— was offered by a poultry food manu- facturer in the U.S.A. for a correct answer to the above question. Entrants had to estimate the number of feathers on a hen which was held in front of them. The answers varied greatly and numbers reaching over the 100.000 were given. The correct number appeared to be 8120.

Wing Claws. - Flügelkrallen. B. Grzimek. Geflügel-Börse, Leipzig, Vol. 53, No. 92. A claw grew on the rudimentary second finger of a Leghorn cock.

— 66 — Tissue Cells of Embryo Fowl function Days after Removal. Rockefeller Institute. Announces wonderful Results of Series of Experiments nearly all automatic. New Eng- land Poultryman, Dec. 15, 1932. Results of investigations of Dr. R. C. Parker with fibroblasts. When these cells are in a living body, there is present a master control causing the cells to make progressive changes. But left to themselves the cells have no such inherent powers. It is erroneous to suppose that cells removed from the master organism revert to an embryonic or indifferent type. Each cell retains indefinitely the properties possessed at the moment of isolation.

Independence of the Development of the Amnion and the Embryo. - Sur Vlndependance du Développement de VAmnion et de VEmbryon chez le Poulet. E. Wolff. Comptes rendus de la Société de Biologie, Vol. III, p. 740. Experiments proved that the amnios developed nine days after the embryo had died.

Mucoid Substance of Comb and Horn. - Substance Mucoide des Crêtes et Substance Analogue des Comes. A. Berd- nikoff and Ch. Cliampy. Comptes rendus de la Société de Biologie. Vol. 110, 1932, p. 261. The writers examined the chemical composition of the mucoid substance of the comb. A fresh comb contains 0,18 per cent, of dry mucoid substance. The substance contains phosphorus and belongs to the núcleo- albumins. The tissue of the comb is similar to that in the place where the horns of cattle and deer grow. The substance agrees chemically with that from the comb.

Corpuscles of Herbst and Grandry in the Bills of adult Birds. La Disposition des Corpuscules de Herbst et de Grandry dans le Bec des Oiseaux adultes. A. Krogis. Comptes Rendus de la Société de Biologie, Vol. 108, 1931, p. 742. The corpuscles were determined in various breeds. Conclusions: 1. The number of corpuscles of Herbst and Grandry per 1 mm2. varies according to the kind of duck. 2. The corpuscles of Herbst lie at a more variable depth than those of Grandry. 3. The number of corpuscles of Herbst decreases from the point of the bill to the base and also from the edge of the bill to the centre. 4. At the point of the bill the corpuscles of Herbst are dominant and at the base those of Grandry. Each have apparently a different physiological function.

Glutathion in the Blood of Cocks and Hens. - Teneur en Glu- tathion réduit du sang du Coq et de la Poule domes- tiques adultes normaux. L. R. Chanton. Comptes Rendus de la Société de Biologie, Vol. 110, p. 556. Conclusions: 1. Glutathionaemie is much lower in hens than in cocks.

— 67 — 2. Crosslings have a lower glutathion than pure breds. This difference also exists in ducks. Glutathion in the Blood of Capons. - La Teneur en Gluthation réduit du Sang du Chapon. L. R. Chanton. Comptes Rendus de la Société de Biologie, Vol. 110, p. 665, 757. Experiments have proved that there is a close relation between the working oí the sex glands and glutathionaemia. If these glands are removed the content of glutathion in the blood changes considerably. The average content is 60 mgr. per 100 ccm. blood. A similar difference is noticeable in ducks. If the sex glands of the opposite sex are implanted in castrated birds then the content of glutathion changes in accordance with the sex of the implanted glands. Does the Folliculine act on the Fealhering of the Pigeon? - La FoTHculine agit-elle sur le Plumage du Pigeon? A. Lip- scliütz. Comptes Rendus de la Société de Biologie, Vol. 108, 1931, p. 690. Folliculine, even in big doses, does not act on the feathers of pigeons, either male or female. Doses, which in comparison are 30 times stronger then those which act on the feathers of capons, have no effect. The feathers of pigeons are therefore quite different to those of hens, pheasant, ducks etc. Action of Prehypophysar Substances of Mammals upon the Testes of Ducks. - Action de Substances Préhypophy- saires de Mammifères sur le Testicule du Canard impu- bère. J. Schokaert. Comptes Rendus de la Société de Biologie, Vol. 108, 1931, p. 429. The writer made tests on 63 young drakes the ages of which varied between 20 days and 4 months. Injections of extract of prehypophysis caused the testicles to develop strongly. The development of sperma is hastened. The interstitial cells were not enlarged. Influence of Sex, Maturity and Castration upon the Retina of Birds. - Influence du Sexe, de la Maturité et de la Castra- tion sur la Rétine des Oiseaux. Variation de la Propor- tion des Boules colorées. A. Pézard. Comptes Rendus de la Société de Biologie, Vol. 108, 1931, p. 722. The retina of birds contains coloured and non-coloured balls. The role played by these balls is still unknown. It is certain that the distinguishing of colours is influenced by this. As some birds have deep colours the influence of castration of the balls has been studied. Experiments were carried out on cockerels and ducks. Through castration the relation between yellow and red balls was changed. The difference in instinct noticeable in castrated birds can also be explained by this. In night-birds too the red balls disappear simultaneously with the colour and the dimorphism of the feathers.

The Regaining of Hen-type by Hens after Capoizing. -Au Sujet de la Reprise, tardive par la Poule ovarinctomisé de Caractères sexuels secondaires femelles. J. Benoit. Compter Rendus de la Société de Biologie, Vol. 108, 1932, p. 1193, 1195.

— 68 — A long time after the hen has been caponized and has taken on male quaUties, she may regain female qualities. The two hormons (male and female) do not act parallel. As soon as the male character has reached its maximum the female hormón begins to act again. The birds then regain their original sexual character. In a review the writer gives a hypothèse regarding the origin of the female hormón.

Influence of Urine-hormone on the Combs of Chapons. - Quelques faits relatifs à VAction de Chalone des Glandes génitales des Oiseaux. Ch. Champy and M. L. D^may. Comptes Rendus de la Société de Biologie^ Vol. 109, p. 855. Description of the action of sexual hormons on the feathering of cocks and drakes. In the case of a White Leghorn capon the comb became normai again after injections of a hormón from urine. The comb degenerates again when the injections are discontinued.

Effect of Bull-Serum in Chapons. - Dissociation de VHormone Ambasexuelle et de VHormone unisexuelle male dans les Effects du Sérum de Taureau sur le Chapon. H. Bus- quet. Comptes Rendus de la Société de Biologie, Vol. 109, p. 628. By the administration of injections of bull-serum into a capon the writer succeeded in causing the bird to crow normally and to regain its normal sexual inclinations. The serum had however no effect on the development of the comb. The experiments plead therefore in favour of the plurality of the sexual hormons.

Feathering of Rouen Ducks. - Conditionnement de la Farme et de ta Pigmentation des Rémiges secondaires de la Cane de Rouen. F. Caridroit and V. Réqwier. Comptes Rendus de la Société de Biologie, Vol. 109, p. 1347. The cause of the season variations of the plumage of the wings must be ascribed to the variations in the action of the ovary. There is synchronism between the action of the ovarian hormón aaid the moult.

Another Factor in Calcium Metabolism. The Parathyroid. C. Melzer. The Poultry Item, Nov. 1932. (Dr. Ch. Sheard and Dr. G. M. Higgins, The Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, in the American Journal of Physiology, Vol. 85, p. 303, 1928.) An article describing the experiments of Sheard and Higgins CoUip isolated the active principle of the parathyroid. It is published under the name of parathormone. Injected into animals the calcium level of the blood rises rapidly. Hens fed on a calcium-poor diet developed enlarged parathyroids. In the experiments of Sheard and Higgings with chicks behind four different types of glass with and without cod liver-oil, the results were as follows: Where no codliver-oil was fed, the chicks behind the btue and amber filters showed 20 to 30 per cent, loss in weight, sonit would seem that not only the shorter ultra violet rays but also the longer visual rays were necessary. In the absence of codliver-oil, the parathyroid became almost 5 times larger in the chicks shut off from the shorter wave lengths behind the blue and amber filters.

Composition of the Cropmilk of Pigeons. - Sur la Composition chimique de la Sécrétion lactée du Jabot du Pigeon par Rapport au Taux d'Occroisement des Pigeonneaux. W. Dabrowska-Pulawy. Comptes Rendus de la Société de Biologie, Vol. 110, p. 1091. Crop milk is not formed when the pigeon has been castrated. The forming of this substance is dependent therefore, just as the formation of milk in mammals, on the presence of sexual hormons. The young pigeon grows very rapidly during the period that it receives this food. (The pigeon doubles its weights in 48 hours, the hen in 9 days and the duck in 6 days). Crop milk contains a high percentage of albumen and fat and is somewhat similar to rabbit milk on which young rabbits grow very rapidly. Crop milk contains no carbon-hydrates. The composition is as follows: Crop milk Rabbit milk Moisture 0,00 0,00 Proteins 57,41 50,95 Fat 34,19 34,26 Ash 6,51 8,39 • Carbo-hydrates 0,00 6,39

Function of the Crop of Pigeons. - Die Funktion des Tauben- kropfes. Kosmos, 1932, p. 396. During the first days after hatching, pigeons feed their young with a porridge-like substance, the so-called crop-milk, which is segregated in the side-pockets of the crop in the form of a lumpy, white mass which smells like rancid butter. Recent investigations, especially those of Niethammer, have proved, that the Epithel of the crop begins to swell from about the eighth day of brooding; on the 14th day, roughly about 4 days before hatching, the first crop-milk is segregated, about the 9th or 10th day after hatching the segregation of crop-milk ceases and on the 26th day the changes in the crop are completely ended. In order to ascertain whether the crop is absolutely necessary for rearing the young pigeons the experimenter took away both crop pockets of a pair of pigeons. After recovering from the operation the pigeons began directly to pair. Of the two young pigeons one died directly after hatching, the other, in spite of contrary expectations, was reared on a porridge-like substance taken from the stomach glands. The crop therefore appears to be an organ which is vital neither to the life of the pigeon nor to the rearing of the young. Investigations regarding the crops of other kinds of birds such as finches etc., which feed their young from the crop in the same way as pigeons, led to the remarkable discovery that the crops of these species do not change in the least during the brooding period. From this it would appear that of all birds only pigeons have a crop capable of segregating the so-called crop-milk.

Theory regarding Hunger. - Neue Beiträge zur Zwei-Kompo- nenten-Theorie des Hungers. Versuche mit Hühnern. Beck Gallus. Zeitschrift für Psychologie, 1930, p. 283. (Ref. Deutsche Tierärztl. Wochenschrift, 1932, p. 158.) The manner in which food is taken is not decided only by the sub- jective psycho-physiologic condition, but also by external conditions. This

— 70 — so-called two-component-theory was controlled in hens at the physiological institute at Rostock. The manner in which the food is given influences the intensity with which it is taken. More is eaten from large than from small piles. The approach of one or more hungry hens is of influence. More is eaten, when the birds are fed together, than when they are fed separately. A hen which has to watch two other hens eat first, takes 42 per cent, more food than normally. More food is eaten from a soft surface than from a hard surface (pain when picking). Large grains are preferred to small. Less is eaten in semi-darkness, in green light and in blue light than in red or yellow light.

The Duration of the Effect of Winter Sunlight on Bone Formation in the Chicken, W. C. Russell and C. H. Howard. Jour. Biol. Chem. 91, 1931, No. 2, p. 493—496, fig. 2. In this study at the New Jersey Experiment Stations, three lots of chicks were fed a ration consisting of 99 per cent of yellow corn and 1 per cent of salt and liquid skim milk, both feeds fed ad libitum for about 7.5 weeks. Lot 1 was exposed for 1 day (February 19) when 11 days old to sunlight through Cel-O-Glass. Lot 2 was exposed for 2 bright, sunshiny days (February 19 and 20) and 1 partly cloudy day (February 21), while lot 3 was not exposed to sunlight. After the exposure period the chicks were kept in pens where they received only sunlight which had passed through window glass. During the course of the test and at the end of the period, analyses were made of the pooled bones of 8 or 10 individual birds from each lot. The test showed that 1 day's exposure to winter sunshine transmitted through Cel-0-Glass resulted in a duration of effect on bone formation and delayed the onset of leg weakness. A 3-day exposure resulted in a longer duration of effect on bone formation and still further delayed the onset of leg weakness.

DISEASES

INFECTIOUS DISEASES

PULLORUM.

Value of Agglutination-Test. - Der Wert der Agglutinations Methode bei der weissen Ruhr. Dr. Sachweh, München. Berliner Tierärztliche Wochenschrift, 1931, p. 845. A number of chickens were subjected, every three months, to the agglutination test. During this test it appeared that the agglutination titer varied considerably. All animals, of which a great number reacted positively at the beginning of the test, reacted negatively at the end thereof. This made it possible to comprehend the strongly varying results of the different tests. A group of 400 positive reacting hens gave healthy chicks. The wide advertising of the rapid blood test results in the poultry farmers making their own researches, and owing to the varying results obtained, it forces them to attach no value thereto.

Various Agglutination Methods. - Serologische Hühnertyphus- Untersuchungen. Dr. K. R. Hove and Dr. R. S. von Born- stedt. Institut für Tierhygiene der Preussischen Land- wirtschaft!. Versuchsanstalten, Landsberg (Warthe). Tierärztliche Rundschau, 1932, p. 701. Four different methods have been examined. Serum-slow-test, serum- rapid-test, Dry-blood-method, Blood-drop-rapid-test. Several antigens have been tried thereby. For the slow test, 4 per cent. NaCI-formaline-antigen appeared to be the best, whilst for the rapid test 4 per cent. NaCl antigen appeared to be the best. The rapid test, by low temperatures, will work slowly. For the dry blood test, the dry blood may not be older than 48 hours.

Comparison of Slow and Rapid Blood Test. - Vergleichende Untersuchungen über die Agglutinationsmethoden zur Feststellung der Kückenruhr hei Hühnern. J. Schaaf, Giessen. Deutsche Tierärztliche Wochenschrift, 1932, p. 342. The rapid method is not as reliable as the serum slow-test as only strongly positive animals react clearly. The method with dry blood or filterpaper gives much less positive results. The serum rapid test is reliable when properly applied, the serum slow method is the most reliable.

-73 — Varions Agglutination Methods. - Vereinheitlichung der Ag- glutinationsmethoden, insbesondere der Frischblut- Schnellmethode zum Nachweis der Pulloruminfektion des Huhnes. Prof. H. Miessner and G. Sdiütt. Hygieni- sches Institut der Tierärztlichen Hochschule, Hannover. Deutsche Tierärztliche Wochenschrift, 1932, p. 497. Conclusions: 1. Only living cultures will be used for the preparation of the antigen. 2. To conserve the antigen the following can be used: Formaline 0.1 per cent., yatren 1 per cent., chinosol 0.5 per cent. 3. The density of the antigen is determined according to a definite standard. 4. The reaction becomes clearer by the addition of 3 ccm 1 per cent, cry stall violet solution to 100 ccm antigen. 5. The object glasses must be free of grease and good dry. 6. The blood has to be taken from the comb with a spoon-lancet. 7. The blood drop must be of at least the same size as the drop of antigen. 8. Each test has to be controlled with coloured physiologic Nail solution. 9. The blood has to stay with the antigen for at least 30 seconds. 10. The temperature must be 10—20° C. 11. The examination has to be done by daylight, within one minute.

Rapid Blood-Agglutination Test. - Sur F Hémo-agglutination rapide dans VInfection pullorique des Poules. C. Cer- naianu and J. Popovici. Laboratoire de bactériologie vétérinaire, Chisinau, Painiania. Comptes rendus de la Société de Biologie. Vol. 108, 1931, p. 996. The rapid blood agglutination test had very good results by tests undertaken by the writer. A positive reaction corresponds to a reaction of 1 : 100 by the slow test.

The Agglutination-Method for Combatting Pullorum. - Das Agglutinations-Verfahren zur Feststellung der B. Pull.- Infektion. Dr. W. Weber. Veterinärpolizeiliche Anstalt, Oberschleissheim, Bayern. Thesis, 1931. The agglutination reaction takes place the quickest by a temperature of 37° C, but can also be done by 20° C. By centrifuging during 10 minutes by 1000 revolutions per minute the reaction can be speeded on. After four hours the reaction can be read off. Higher salt-solutions favour the reaction. As a means of conservation of the antigen 1 per thousand formaline is to be preferred above 0.5 per cent, carbolic acid, which decreases the agglutinability considerably. The titre decreases, according to the increase in the density of the antigen. The older the antigen gets, the less agglutination capacity it will have. Decay in the blood does not influence the titre, but interferes with the possibility to read off the reaction. By fowls the titre varies considerably. The season seems to have some influence, in September and January the titre is at its highest. Starving does not seem to influence the titre. It was remarkable that after a long railway journey the titre was considerably raised, and that it remained high for nine days longer. The best results gives the point-method by the judgement after centrifuging.

— 74 — A simplified Agglutination Test for Pullorurn Disease. H. Bunyea, W. J. Hall and M. Dorset. Bureau of Animal Industry, Washington D.C. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 1929, p. 408. Description of a rapid test. A drop of blood is spread out over a pane of glass, sothat a thin film of whole blood is obtained. One drop of antigen is then added to the blood film and mixed with it. The blood reaction of an infected fowl consists of a clumping or flocculation of the bacteria suspended in the antigen. In some cases the blood is collected by placing 4 or 5 drops on strips of filterpaper. These samples in the laboratory are permitted to soak for at least 30 minutes. Five drops of the dissolved sample are placed on a glass plate and mixed with a drop of antigen.

Comparison of repeated rapid Whole-Bloody rapid Serum, and Tube Agglutination Tests for the Diagnosis of S. Pullorurn Disease, J. Biely and W. Roach. University of British Columbia, Vancouver B.C. The Journal of Com- parative Pathology and Therapeutics, Vol. 45, p. 228. Summary: 1. Four tests for puUorum disease were made at monthly intervals on 110 yearling fowls by the whole blood, rapid serum and tube agglutination tests. 435 diagnoses were made with each agglutination test. 2. The percentage of agreement in diagnosis between the different agglutination test was as follows: 91.3 per cent, by all three agglutination tests; 93,8 per cent, by the whole blood and rapid serum agglutination tests; 94.7 per cent, by the rapid serum and tube agglutination tests; and 93.6 per cent, by the whole blood and tube agglutination tests. 3. The percentage of agreement of the four repeated tests by the same agglutination tests was as follows: whole-blood agglutination test 94.5 per cent.; rapid serum agglutination test 97.5 per cent; and tube agglutination test 97.7 per cent.

Short Interval Testing as a Control of PuUorum Disease. R. S. Dearstyne, R. E. Greaves, H. C. Ganger. Agrie. Exp. Station, North Carolina State College of Agriculture, Raleigh. Technical Bulletin No. 40, April 1931. Summary: 1. PuUorum disease is transmissible from adult carrier to negative adult through cohabitation although the actual means of transmission are yet to be determined. Such transmission is probably slow and there undoubtedly are supposed negative birds in various stages of infection at all times where adult carriers and negative adults are living in cohabitation. 2. Contact cases in adults rarely show such symptoms as would cause their elimination as a sick bird. Mild bacteremias possibly exist in such birds. 3. In a study of 116 chicks from known reactors, 26 of 22.4 per cent proved negative up to six months of age. The agglutination test applied to the ninety remaining birds at thirty-day intervals from the second month on detected all of the carriers in the five tests conducted from the second to the six month. The dilutions used were 1 : 25 and 1 : 50. 4. Experimental tests on three flocks of reactors showed 44 per cent of 27 birds in flock 1; 73.1 per cent of 27 birds in flock 2; and 69.2 per cent of 26 birds in flock 3 as intermittent reactors. The short-interval testing of birds in the field showed 1,859 pr 26.8 per cent of 5,053 reactors as being of the intermittent type.

— 75 — 5. No constant genetical factor could be found as active in breeding of constant and intermittent reactors. 6. No relationship could be determined as to serum titre and the delivery of infected eggs. Bacterial analysis showed 940 or 16.9 per cent of 5,560 eggs laid by intermittent reactors to be infected, while 664 or 16.1 per cent of 4,412 eggs from constant reactors proved positive. 7. No relationship could be established as to duration of intervals of positive test and of negative test in intermittent reactors. 8. Application of the short-interval test made on 280 breeding flocks containing 37,893 birds supplying hatcheries in North Carolina showed 44 or 15 per cent accredited wihout reactors on the first two tests; 68 or 24^ per cent were accredited on three tests; 89 or 31.8 per cent on four tests; 29 or 10.5 per cent on five tests; one or 0.4 per cent on six tests and a residue of 49 or 17.5 per cent remained unaccredited at the termination of the sixth test. Of these 49, 33 had one negative test at the time the work was discontinued. 9. Figures cited indicate that as flock size increases, the per cent, infection decreases. 10. Progressive reduction of infection in flocks from the time of initial test imtil the work was terminated was noted in 189 or 80.1 per cent. 11. Age or sex apparently exerted no influence on the per cent of intermittent reactors as determined by field studies. 12. The output of the hatcheries under test indicated the short-interval method of testing was effective in a great reduction of pullorum disease in this state. Present Position of the Knowledge of the Pullorum Disease. Der gegenwärtige Stand unserer Kenntnisse über die Pullorumseuche. J. Schnürer. Wiener Tierärztliche Monatschrift, 1932, p. 124. Description of the Pullorum disease, which, according to the remarks of the author can be combatted by hygienic measures and the removal of positive reacting hens. Combatting Pullorum Disease. - Wege zur Erkennung und Bekämpfung der Pullorumseuche. J. Kasser. Infektions Krankheiten der Haustiere. (Ref. Geflügelwirtschaft, 10. Okt. 1932.) The rapid blood test is better than the serum te&t. The number of latent infected animals is smaller on hygienic exploited concerns than by bad housing. Hens born in March and April are less exposed to Pullorum Infection than those of very early or very late hatches. February and July hatches are to be excluded from the breeding. If the hygienic conditions are good, laying will not be influenced by latent infection. Hens, which have been weakened by high production are the most sensitive. In infected hens, the fertility of the eggs is bad if the laying production during the breeding season remains at a good height. The hatching results and the livability of the chicks is bad. Combatting Pullorum Disease. - Die bakterielle Kückenruhr. Dr. E. Saxer. Bakteriologisches Laboratorium Dr. E. Gräiib, Bern. Schweizer Archiv für Tierheilkunde, 1932, p. 290. CaiiclusioHs: 1. Breeding flocks must be inspected at least twice a year. Positive reacting cocks must be slaughtered, hens, if severely isolated can be used for egg production. 2. Special attention is to be paid to hygiene in breeding and rearing. ^ re — 3. The rearing of chicks from an infected breed is dangerous, as virus carriers can be developped as a result thereof. 4. Through desinfection of the incubators and runs is absolutely imperative. 5. Hatching eggs and chicks must be obtained only from controlled concerns. 6. The rapid agglutination test, in the hand of an expert, is of great value as an orientation test. By one inspection only, a concern cannot be cleansed. By employment of the rapid test method, together with hygienic means the damage done can be considerably lessened. To make a concern completely pullorum free, it is advisable to use the serum slow test. This test must be repeated so long, until there are no more positive reacting animals to be encountered. By reason of the rapid blood test alone no concern may be declared free of pullorum. 7. The research must be supported by the bacteriological inspection of the hatching eggs, not developping normally, and of chicks which die and from adult hens. Pullorum Disease in Chili. - Infection des Poules à B. Pullo- rum au Chili. H. Vaccaro. Comptes rendus de la Société de Biologie. Vol. 110, p. 629. Description of the properties of five strains of B. pullorum bred from chickens in Chili. Chicks, fed with broth cultures of infected in the conjunctival sack died within three days. Pullorum Disease in Chili. A. Henke & J. San Miguel. Wiener Tierärztliche Monatschrift, 1931, p. 730. The disease exists since 1927. In 1929 it was identified at Santiago. At the farms in Central Chili 8 to 30 per cent, of the birds are infected. All the breeding stock emanated from the U.S.A. or the Argentine. Pullorum Disease in Denmark. C. O. Jensen. Maanedschrift for Dyrlaeger, 15th June 1931. (Ref. Revue Générale de Medicine Vétérinaire, Vol. 41, 1932, p. 488.) 131387 samples of blood from 767 poultry farms were examined in 1930, whilst 205662 samples were examined in 1930-'ol, of which 3,1 per cent, reacted positively. Exhibitions only award prises to animals of farms where the infection was controlled by the Government laboratory. At highly infected farms, the test must be repeated several times. It is desirable that Government supervision be exercised on hatcheries and all sellers of baby chicks. The sale of chicks from concerns which are not controlled should be prohibited. Bacillary White Diarrhea. Poultry Experimental Work, Stormons, Northern Ireland. W. R. Kerr. Eggs, August 24th, 1932. Any agglutination in 1—25 is regarded as indicating a reactor. The total number of tests carried out last year was 72000. In a recent attempt to obtain some useful information a questionnaire was circulated. Analysis of Questionnaire. Of 415 replies received: 149 were from farms where B.W.D. had been prevalent before blood-testing commenced. 266 were from farms where the incidence of B.W.D. had not been confirmed. In 156 of these farms the whole stock had been blood-tested; in the remaining 259 only breeding pens were tested. Testing had been carried out on: 101 farms for 1 year, 146 farms for 2 years, 102 farms for 3 years, 29 farms for 4 years and 17 farms for 5 years.

^77 --- B.W.D. No chicks B.W.D. present. chicks. Breeding Pens only tested 156 15 141 Whole Flocks tested 259 7 252 Out of twenty-two cases where B.W.D. was stated to have appeared amongst chicks hatched from eggs from blood-tested stock, in: 6 of the cases testing had only been done once, 15 of the cases happened on farms where B.W.D. had been confirmed prior to blood-testing. On examination, 2 supposed cases of this kind were obviously attributable to hatching trouble and not to B.W.D., 13 were directly traceable to imported eggs, chicks, or adult stock, while 7 have yet to be examined. Asked whether blood-testing had helped successful chicken rearing, of the 149 farms where B.W.D. had been prevalent before testing commenced, 146 expressed the opinion that blood-testing had helped appreciably. 1 reply indicated insufficient experience to justify an expression of opinion, while 2 replies in the negative were found to be based on one test only, and that only in the breeding pens. 266 replies were received from farms where B.W.D. had not been confirmed before the commencement of testing. 167 expressed confidence in the value of blood-testing. 61 replied to the effect that their experience was as yet too limited to enable them to form opinions of value. 34 had noted no difference in their results, and 4 declared against the test having any value. Questioned as to the immediate effect in egg production of the blood- test at present made at any time throughout the year, opinion was very evenly divided on the matter. Of 376 replies on this point received, in 194 cases no effect had been noticed and in 182 cases a temporary reduction in egg yield immediately following the sampling had been noted. This was characterised as slight in 61 of the 182 cases. The suggestion was frequently encountered in the replies that the sampling should be confined to the three months August to November, to minimise this drop in egg production.

Marked Decrease in Pulloruin Infection in Massachusetts. H. van Roekel. Aniherst., Mass. New England Poultrynian, Dec. 15, 1931. Bulletin No. 58. Mass. Agrie. Exp. Station. During the season 447 flocks with 356.810 birds were tested. The number of positive tests was 5908 or 1.47 per cent, of the total tests. The number of non-reacting flocks was 328. Testing summary by years: 1926—1927 total tests 127,327 reactors 4.03 «/o 1927—1928 232,091 6.52 1928—1929 304,092 4.25 1929—1930 386,098 2.17 1930—1931 402,983 1.47

Pnllorum Control in Alberta, Canada Poultryman, Oct. 1932. Breeders having their flocks tested are required to subscribe to the following control measures: In the event that the number of reactors exceeds 20 per cent, they are required to either dispose of the birds entirely or to house them in a separate building where they will be completely isolated from the rest of the flock. Where the number of reactors is under 20 per cent, the breeder is required to dispose of the reactors immediately the results of the test are made known. As far as possible, eggs from blood tested flock were hatched in separate hatcheries were nothing but eggs from blood-tested hens were set.

Alberta B.W.D, Control. Canadian Poultry Review, Nov. 1932. Comparative Statement 1930 and 1931 PuUorum Test.

-- 7S — Results tabulated below are for flocks with two consecutive tests. Per Cent. No. of No. of Birds Per Cent. Decrease in Breed: Flocks Tested Reactors Reactors Year: 1930 1931 1920 1931 S.C.W.L 15 3,485 3,746 20.6 2.9 86 'Vo B.P.R 33 4,567 5,874 19.9 7.9 60 /() B.0 16 1,159 1,424 25.1 10.7 57 "/(. Totals 77 1,203 13,123 20.8 7.3 65 «/ü

A Study of the Influence of B. PuUorum Infection upon some organic and inorganic Constituents of the Blood of S.(.. Wliitf Leghorns. C, E. Hayden. E. L. Brünett. Annual Report of the State Veterinary College, Ithaca. Conclusions: 1. The serum of the blood of infected hens gave a refractive index and protein per cent higher than that of normal hens and males. 2. Blood sugar was lower in the infected hens than in the normal. The males gave the lowest reading of the three groups. 3. The high sugar reading in the blood of the normal hens may be normal for birds having normal active ovaries. It is necessary to determine whether this is true for the blood of normal laying hens. 4. Uric acid is highest in the blood of the normal males. It is next highest in the infected group. It is difficult to see any relationship between the uric acid content and the infection, for the males were normal birds. 5. Total non-protein nitrogen is not greatly influenced by the infection if compared with the normal male. It is higher in the infected group of hens than in the normal hens. Urea nitrogen is highest in the infected group. The infection may have a tendency to increase the nitrogen in the blood of hens. 6. ' Determinations for preformed creatinine indicate a somewhat lower level than for the blood of other animals but it does not appear to be influenced by the infection. 7. Calcium, inorganic and acid soluble phosphorus are highest in the serum from the blood of infected hens. The product of the calcium average by the inorganic phosphates or of the inorganic phosphates by the acid soluble phosphates is decidedly higher in the infected group. The figures suggest that of these inorganic substances, the phosphates may be definitely increased by the infection and a possibility that the same may be true for the calcium. 8. Enough variations from the normal have been met to indicate the necessity of knowing that birds, used in establishing further normals for the constituents and factors studied, are free from puUorum disease. Bacterial Endotoxin. Search for a specific intracellular Toxin in S. PuUorum. J. H. Hanks and L. F. Rettger. Journal of Immonology, 1932, p. 283. (Ref. Journal Am. Vet. Med. Ass. Vol. 82, p. 685). The cell bodies of S. pullorum cultures contain, and by appropriate extraction methods yield, a relatively, heat-resistant poison which is highly toxic for rabbits and is capable of killing guinea pigs and mice. This toxin does not cause noticeable symptoms in chicks regardless of the route by which it is introduced. The toxic principle was fairly stable in hydrogen-ion concentration ranging from pH 3.0 to 12.0, and did not deteriorate during exposure to direct sunlight for 24 hours. It was destroyed by the prolonged action of the trypsin or pepsin. It was not dializable through purchment bags, and

— 79 — could be precipitated with ammonium sulfate or acetic acid alcohol. Immuni- sation with toxin filtrate induced tolerance to the toxin, but did not afford protection against subsequent injection with live cultures. Growth or toxin production was not materially increased under tensions of carbon dioxid and oxygen which approximated those of animal tissues. Pullorum disease appears to be a septicemia rather than a toxemia. Incubator Fumigation Lessens Pullorum Disease, Dr. Robert Graham. University of Illinois Animal Pathologist. The Baby Chick, Febr. 1932. The relative humidity of the air inside the incubator should be approximately 68 per cent (a v/et bulb reading of 90^ F. when the dry bulb reading is 100^ F.). Proper humidity reduces the circulation of dust particles and down, favors hatching, and facilitates the germicidal action of formalin. During the time hatching chicks are being fumigated the ventilating fan should be kept running. Avoid using old solutions of formalin which have been allowed to stand exposed to the air or in bottles insecurely stoppered. A. Potassium Permanganate Method. 1. Material and Equipment: a. Potassium permanganate crystals. b. Formalin (Commercial solution, 40 per cent, formaldehyde in water). c. Measuring cylinder. d. Deep enamel pan. 2. Procedure: a. Compute the number of 100 cubic feet of air space in the incubator (length times width times height, divided by 100). b. For each 100 cu. ft. of incubator space, 35 cc. formalin (11/6 oz.) and 17.5 grams (6/10 oz.) potassium permanganate should be used. If more than 17.5 grams of potassium permanganate is used it will simply be lost — the chicks will not be injured. However, if more than 35 cc. of formalin is used the chicks may be injured. c. Place the calculated amount of potassium permanganate in an enamel pan large enough to hold about ten times the quantity of material used. Do not use glass or earthenware containers, for the heat generated by the chemical combination of formalin and potassium permanganate may be great enough to break them. d. Set this pan into the central compartment of the incubator under the fans. For large incubators more than one pan may be necessary. With the Smith incubator the fumigating materials may be placed in a broad, shallow pan which is set in a cabinet under the intake pipe. The slide in the intake pipe should be wide open so that the gas can pass into the incubator. e. Pour the computed amount of formalin over the permanganate crystals and close the door of the incubator as quickly as possible. The formaldehyde gas is liberated immediately. f. Do not open the incubator until 2 hours after the release of formalin, if maximum germicidal results are desired. At the end of this time the chicks should be removed from the incubator. g. Three fumigations, 12 hours apart, may be made during the course of the hatch. The first fumigation should be given shortly after the first chicks have come out of the eggs. Occasionally a few chicks in a hatch subjected to 3 fumigations have shown transitory symptoms of formalin irritation. How- ever, the number that died from the effect of fumigation has been an unimportant factor, and largely confined to subnormal chicks. B. Formolized Cheesecloth Method. 1. Material and Equipment a. Formalin—(Commercial solution, 40 per cent formaldehyde in water). b. Measuring cylinder. c. Clean cheesecloth. d. Small rod (preferably glass) for Buckeye incubator; wire hooks for Smith incubator.

— SO — 2. Procedure—Buckeye Incubator: a. Compute the number of 100 cubic feet of air space in the incubator (length times width times height, divided by 100). b. Cut cheesecloth into pieces approximately one yard square. c. Place a glass rod in such a position that when the cheesecloth is hung over it the cloth will be as near the fan as possible without interfering with its movement. If the incubator has more than two fans, one piece of cheesecloth should be used for each fan. d. Measure out 20 cc. (2/3 az.) formalin for each 100 cu. ft. of incubator space. e. Dip the cheesecloth into the formalin, using enough cloth to absorb all the formalin without becoming wet enough to drip. f. After all the formalin is absorbed by the cloth, promptly hang it over the rod and close the door of the incubator. g. Only two fumigations during each hatching period are necessary with the cheesecloth method. The first should be given when 1/10 to 1/5 of the chicks are out of the eggs, and the second twelve to fifteen hours later. h. The formolized cheesecloth should not be removed from the incubator before 2 hours after the release of the formalin. 3. Procedure—Smith Incubator: Subdivisions a, b, d, g, and h same as for Buckeye incubator. Subdivisions c, e, and f modified as follows: c. Use one piece of cheesecloth for each fan. Hang the cloth under the fan by means of small wire hooks so that the cheesecloth is spread out as much as possible. e. Turn off the fans and dip the ends of the cloths into the formalin while they are still hanging under the fans. If the formalin is measured into a separate container (shell vials, etc.) for each fan, this part of the manipu- lation is made easier. f. As soon as all cloths have been formolized, close the door of the incubator and turn on the fans. Incubator Desinfectipn in the Control of Salmonella Pullo- rum. F. N. Marcellus, J. S. Clover, R. Gwatkin. Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph. The Canad. Poultry Review, Nov. 1930. Summary: 1.—A forced-draft incubator was satisfactorily disinfected by the use of 1.5 cc. formalin to 1 gr. K MnO per cubic foot of space, (outside measurement) . 2.—Exposures of from fifteen minutes to one hour were employed, and it was found that the shortest period was as efficient as the longest. A ten- minute exposure sterilized only fifty per cent, of the infected shells. The air ports were left open during the fifteen and ten-minute exposures. 3.—All exposures showed an advance of 2° F. in the dry bulb thermometer in the first three minutes, after which the temperature receded. The wet bulb thermometer showed an advance of from 4 to 14 degrees F. according to the quantities of the reagents used. 4.—Embryonic mortality was increased during the period from the twenty-fourth to the ninety-sixth hour of incubation with the lowest concentration which proved efficient for disinfection with an exposure of one hour. The mortality rate on the shorter periods of exposure during this period has not been determined. Disinfection of incubators by this method should not be practised during this period. 5.—No harmful results were observed in chicks gassed while pipping the shells. Gassing three to five hours later produced heavy mortality. Pullorum in adult Turkeys. - Chronische Pullorum-Infectie bij volwassen Kalkoenen. Dr. J. Jansen. Tijdschrift voor Diergeneeskunde, 1932. p. 1047.

— 81 — VI Summary: After the dissection of an adult turkey deviations were seen that pointed to a puUorum infection, namely chronical oophoritis, salpingitis, chronical peritonitis and small spots on the myocardium. From the ovary, bacilli were cultured which appeared to be bacillus puUorum B (no evolution of gas in the culture-media with dextrose; agglutination 1 : 5000). The turkey had been bought together with 3 other ones; the blood of one of them gave a positive agglutination with pullorum-antigen during its life. After dissection an oophoritis was found again. Chickens infected per os with the culture got puUorum.

Combatting PuUorum Disease in Italy. Per la Lotta contro la Diarrea Bianca Bacillare dei Pulcini. Sezione Aviculturi della Federazione dei Sindicati Fascisti degli Agricultori di Torino. Rivista di Agricultura, Dicenibre 1932. The Avicultural Section of Turin in order to impede the spread in Italy of this grave disease, which has already presented itself in various localities with great frequency, has organised a special service, for the benefit of the breeders in this Province, for the serological examination of its repro- ductors, which so as noted, can be the carriers of germs, and which, by means of the eggs can be transmitted to the chicken. In accordance with this proposition, the notions of the contagious infection cyclus have been collected in a propaganda pamphlet, together with a particularised description of the technic for the taking of blood samples on which the diagnostical tests have to be taken. The taking of the blood, is operated by a person entrusted therewith, whilst the examination will be executed at the Experimental Zooprophylactic Station for Piedmont and Liguria, standing under the supervision of Prof. Iginio Altara. The breeders and those who periodically wish to submit their breeds to a control will receive a form, which duly filled in, will then be returned to the Propaganda Office of the Section and they must pledge themselves to execute all the necessary practics or councels in case of the presence of the disease, whilst they also can demand certificats of the control taken place.

TUBERCULOSIS

Avian Tubercle Bacillus Infection, with special Reference to Mammals and to Man, Its reported Association with Hodgkin's Disease. A. Branch. Boston. Archives of Path., Vol. 12, August, 1931, p. 253. Résumé: The avian tubercle bacillus is known to infect certain mammals, notably swine and more rarely cattle. Rabbits, rats and mice may be infected experimentally. There are also in the literature reports of a few cases of infection in man. Cases of tuberculosis of the skin and kidneys, as well as of tuberculosis of septisemy type, due to this organism are on record certain. Authors have reported as also due to this organism certain dyscrasias of the blood (polycythemia rubra and myeloid leukaemias). L'Espérance recently raised the interesting point of the possible association of this organism with Hodgkin's disease. One anxiously awaits further detailed studies of her organism, reproduction of the disease with it in monkey's a larger series of cases and confirmation of her work by other observers. One would like to stress again the precautions that Van Es requires to be taken to minimize the change of encoutering spontaneous tuberculosis in chickens (precautions that are being followed in this laboratory). 1. Use of chickens of an age at which the incidence of spontaneous tuberculosis is relatively small — that is 4 months;

— 82 ~ 2. selection of birds in which the disease can be excluded; 3. housing of birds off the soil during observation; and 4. a negative reaction to a known potent avian tuberculin in 50 per cent, dilution when a drop of it has been injected intracutaniously into the wattle, and the result read in forty-eight and seventy-two hours. A positive reaction consists of a marked swelling of the area. Should I'Esperance's observations be confirmed, it would open up the possibility of treatment of patients with this known fatal disease by the injection of a vaccine or of an extract of avian tubercle bacilli and it vrould rank as one of the outstanding medical contributions of the period. Finally, it may be said, that the avian tubercle bacillus rarely infects man and that the etiology role of this organism in Hodgkin's disease cannot be accepted as proved.

Tubercle Bacilli in Eggs. - Zum Vorkommen von Tuberkel- bakterien in Eiern. M. Klimmer, University, Leipzig. Berliner Tierärztliche Wochenschrift 1932, p. 737. By reason of researches the author supposes that about 3 per cent, of the trade-eggs and about 10 per cent, of the eggs of tuberculose chickens contain tubercle bacilli. Owing to insufficient research, differing results are often obtained. Beller reached different results than Klimmer, but the method used by Beller was critizised by Lichtenstein as insufficient. Lichtenstein discovered tubercle bacilli in 1.9 per cent, of trade-eggs and 11.9 per cent, in the eggs of tuberculous chickens. Tests indicated that tubercle bacilli remained alive in eggs for J/^ year. Taking all the different tests together, 1.4 per cent, tubercle bacilli have been found in 1081 trade-eggs. Furthermore 1333 eggs of tuberculous chickens have been tested and tubercle bacilli have been found in 5.7 per cent.

The Danger of Tubercle Bacilli in Eggs. - Die Gefahr der Ei- infekfion bei tuberculösen Hühnern und ihre Verhütung. K. Beller, Arbeiten aus dem Reichsgesundheitsamte, Vol. 65, p. 211. The author did not find more than 1 per cent, tubercle Bacilli in the eggs of tuberculose chickens. The author considers the data, on which Klimmer bases his warning against the use of eggs, as unjust, and proves by study, that Klimmer's opinion regarding the danger of the eggs, is highly exaggerated. Tests have proven, that chickens of varying age are considerably in- sensible to infection with tubercle bacilli. After infection with Avian Tubercle Bacilli, symptoms of the disease showed itself only after 18 weeks. Only 0.6 per cent of the eggs from chickens suffering from tuberculosis appeared to be infected with tubercle bacilli. From two flocks, amongst which tuberculosis was raging, 822 eggs were examined and 500 trade-eggs.

Tubercle Bacilli in Eggs. - Ueber das Vorkommen virulenter Tuberkel-Bazillen in Handelseiern. Prof. Dr. A. Eber. University, Leipzig. Zeitschrift für Fleisch- und Milch- hygiene. 1932, p. 297. On the examination of 525 trade-eggs, Eber could only discover twice (0.38 per cent.) virulent Tubercle Bacilli of the Avian type. In nine of these eggs microscopic acid resisting germs were found, whilst the cultures remained sterile. Besides these 216 eggs, emanating from chickens from tuberculose flocks were tested. Only in one egg (0.46 per cent.) virulent avian tubercle bacilli were found. A second egg, laid 17 days later by the same hen, did not contain

— S3 — any tubercle bacilli. By the section of this animal, extensive tuberculose changes were found in the intestine, liver, spleen and lungs; the ovary and the oviduct, however, were free from any microscopic perceivable change. In 21 eggs (9.7 per cent.) microscopic acid resisting germs were indicated, whilst the cultures from these eggs remained sterile. In order to investigate as to how long the tubercle bacilli in desinfected eggs were still indicated, 38 eggs were inoculated with avian tubercle bacilli. Up to the 108th day after the infection, the injected bacilli could still be observed in these artificially infected eggs, i.e. microscopical as well as cultural. The microscopical test of the eggs went on up to the 108th day after the injection, during which time tubercle bacilli were still observable, though in a very small number of the last examined eggs. The tubercle bacilli does not find a favourable medium in these eggs. The number of positive experiences, which are reported by Eber, is considerable lower than that of Kiimmer, who found 3 per cent, of the trade- eggs and 10 per cent, of the eggs, which emanated from tuberculous hens, infected with tubercle bacilli. Eber therefore comes to the conclusion, that the danger of hen eggs containing virulent tubercle bacilli, regarded from a hygienic point of view, must not be rated too highly. The origin and the significance of the acid resisting small germs, which in 1.71 resp. 9.27 per cent, were microscopically indicated, but could not be brought into culture, is not clear. The higher percentage in the eggs of tuberculose hens proves, that real, no more vital avian tubercle bacilli, are occurring amongst them.

Combatting Tuberculosis by B.C.G. Zverolek Rozpr. 1931, p. 179. (Ref. Zentralblatt f. Bakteriologie, Vol. 106, p. 380.) Description of immunisation experiments on 84 chickens with avian B.C.G. after 141 passages. The chicks stood the administration of the vaccin, either in their food or subcutaneously administered, very well. Those, subcutaneously vaccinated reacted positive to tuberculosis, the others negative. The chickens were infected 114 days after vaccination. The animals infected from their food appeared free of tuberculosis, whilst controlled chickens contracted tuberculosis. The chickens which were vaccinated subcutaneously displayed all symptoms of tuberculosis.

Combatting Tuberculosis by Friedmann Vaccin. - Entfaltet das Friedmannsche Heil- und Schutzmittel bei Hühnern zur Bekämpfung der Geflügeltuberkulose, ausreichende, schützende und heilende Eigenschaften? Prof. Dr. A. Eber and E. Malke. Tierseuchen Institut, University, Leipzig. Deutsche Tierärztliche Wochenschrift, 1932, p. 625. From extensive tests of the authors, with hygienically treated poultry flocks, no favourable results could be obtained with the Friedmann vaccin. At the hygienically most unfavourable concern, the vaccination has hardly a favourable effect on the general condition of the animals, whilst at the hygienically more favourable concern no effect at all was noticed. In agreement with Beller and Henniger it appeared, that contact infection by the hen takes place very late and under difficulties. From this follows, that owing to hygienic measures and the removal of diseased animals tuberculosis can easily be combatted. This will also be promoted by keeping the hens not longer than one, at the utmost two years. When employing these methods the Friedmann vaccin becomes unnecessary.

Immunisation against Tuberculosis. - Entfaltet das Fried- mannsche Heil- und Schutzmittel bei Hühnern zur Be-

--. 84 kämpf ling der Geflügeltiiherkulose ausreichende, schüt- zende nnd heilende Eigenschaften? Prof. F. F. Fried- nianii, Univ., Berlin. Deiilsche Tierärztl. Wochenschrift, 1932, p. 718. Eber and Malke, by reason of their researches reached the conclusion that the remedy of Friedmann has no value for the combatting of the tuberculosis by poultry. Friedmann now states, that results had been obtained in the practice with his vaccin by many veterinaries and that the tests of Eber and Malke, which were partly made on laboratory animals, have not been made correctly. Besides this, by vaccinating the animals with tuberculine, they have disturbed and hampered the immunity process. Test of Different Preventive Vaccination Methods against Fowl Tuberculosis. - Prüfung verschiedener Schutzim- pf ungsv erfahr en gegen die Tuberkulose des Geflügels, Dr. K. Beller and Dr. G. Gaggermeier. Aus der Velerinär- abteilung des Reichsgesundheitsanits, Zweigst. Dahlem. Münchener Tierärztliche Wochenschrift, Vol. 84, No. 2. p. 18. Conclusions: The results of the tests are being compiled into the following summary: 1. The existence of a latent disease of tuberculosis without clinical or anatomical symptoms by chickens has been confirmed. 2. This sleeping infection permits an explanation for a part of the seem- ingly unsatisfactory results of the tuberculine wattle test. 3. On the other hand, the entrance of tubercle bacilli in the organism of the chicken does not produce a regular sensibility as a result thereof. 4. The vaccination with the Friedmann-method and the Katebin did also in our tests have no sensibilising effect, whilst the subcutane and the intramuscular injections of the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin produced a positive allergia. 5. A preventive action, after prophylactic use of the Friedmann-method, the Katebin and B.C.G. (aviary) vaccin against the controls could not be established neither against artifical infection nor in the contact- infection test. The circumstances, under which the contact tests were executed, were fitted as much as possible to those usual in the practice. 6. For the favourable opinions concerning the three referred to methods, to be found in the literature, a trial is made to give a reasonable explanation on the up till now not sufficiently considered epidemio- logical particulars of the fowl tuberculosis. Sensibility for Tuberculosis. - Die Empfänglichkeit des Huhnes für Tuberkulose unter normalen Haltungs- bedingungen. K. Beller and E. Wenninger. Archiv für Geflügelkunde, 1930. p. 453. Conclusions: A great quantity of tubercle bacilli and a repeated infection possibility are necessary for the infection of chickens, independent of their age. The tubercle bacilli remain sometimes in the body without showing any development of tuberculose changes, alone the tuberculine test is positive. Only fowl tubercle bacilli cause a specific disease by chickens. Even the administration of a greater quantity of bacilli caused, after four months, tuberculosis only in three cases. From six chickens, after infection, typus humanis could be bred in two cases, whilst typus bovinis could be bred in five cases from six other chickens.

— 85 — The depositin:^ of the tubercle bacilli in the manure takes place very _rc u ar-y aad J:an in lumps, wliic>i indi: ales that intestinal abcesses have been dis^har in> Out of 620 e^gs from 30 infected chickens only 2, z=z 1/3 per cent, appeared to be infected.

Tuberculosis in'Ducks. - Untersuchungen über die Tuberku- lose der Enten. Dr. J. Schaaf. Tierseuchen Institut, University Giessen. Berliner Tierärztliche Wochenschr. 1932, p. 350. Conclusions: 1. On two poultry farms, where besides ducks also chickens were kept, tuberculosis was diagnosed by 8 ducks. The tuberculosis showed little tendency to spread amongst the ducks. A natural infection from the ducks to chickens was stated in only one case. 2. The symptoms of the disease resembles that of chicken tuberculosis. A good means of recognition is the increased number of pseudo- osinophil cells and m.onocysts in the blood. 3. In comparison with the tuberculosis by chickens, ducks are more exposed to contract lung tuberculosis. 4. Owing to microscopical and cultural experiments on chickens, pigeons, guinea pigs and rabbits, it can be ascertained, that the duck bacillus is the same as the chicken bacillus. 5. Duck and chicken tuberculosis are therefore aetiologically identic.

Tuberculosis in Ducks. - Tuberkulose bei einer Ente. R. Berge, Deutsche Tierärztliche Wochenschrift, 1932, p. 101. The greater resistance of the waterfowl against the much spread tuberculosis in chickens, is shown by the fact, that by the mixed keeping of geese and ducks with chickens in rural concerns, no epidemic appearance was described in the literature. The author could only once diagnose tbc in a duck in all his numerous poultry examinations. Already, when still alive, the animal shewed disturbances in its growth, repeated appearances of paralysis, decreased mobility, and* fatigue; finally the animal was unable to walk and crept along by the help of its wings, stopped laying completely, took only little food and died. On dissection, the liver attracted attention owing to its great enlargement with vague and swollen edges and half firm cocsis- tency. It was completely streaked with round, well deposited, greyish-white nests of hempseedsize, up to the size of a pfennig; the largest were sharply distinguished from their environment, whilst the more numerous and smaller ones were so thick together, that the liver looked mottled. The diameter of the nests shewed enlargements in the form of a creamy, yellowish and regular mass. The spleen of the size of a hazelnut and of greyish-red tint shewed the same changes, whilst the other organs had their usual appearance. Owing to bacteriological tests typhus gallicus was diagnosed. The manner of infection could not be explained; the poultry stock was free from tbc and remained so. Fowl Tuberculosis. - Die Geflügeltuberkulose. Fritz Schmidt- Hoensdorf. Deutsche Tierärztliche Wochenschrift. 1932. p. 145. The bacteria of the fowl tuberculosis are well differentiated and well to differentiate bacteria of the tuberculosis group and easily distinguished through the culture method from the two types of mammals. Morphologically and dye-technically they show no special peculiarities, only, that contrary to the other types they to be found more numerous in tuberculous tissues. A transmission of the fowl tuberculosis to the pig is easily possible, but has also been observed in single cases in horses, cattle, sheep, goats, deer, rabbits,

— »6 — in rats and mice and in man; the dog, however, is absolutely immune. Against this, the transmission of mammal-tuberculosis to chickens is difficult and will yet have to be cleared up. The main source of the infection is the excrements, whilst the infected eggs are practically of no importance, as young chicks are very rarely tuberculous. That the heavier breeds are more exposed to the disease is explained by the fact, that owing to their limited mobility their excrements is deposited in a smaller area, than is the case with the lighter breed. In-breeding and high-breeding seem to have no influence, which is proven by the tbc free farms. The disease may be introduced by newly acquired animals, by boots, cages, infected eggs and in certain circumstances by mice and rats. Consider- ing the frequency of the organ infection, the liver takes the first place, followed by the spleen and the sceleton, gizzard and intestinal canal, finally the lungs, seröses and the remaining organs. Special attention is drawn to the infection of the thymus gland, also to the fact that the fowl tbc bacilli cause bone and kidney tbc in man. The intestinal tbc deserves the greatest importance owing to the extension (excrements); it shows the well known abcess formations at the connection of the appendix with the intestine as one of the favourite places, but also in the appendix changes of the size of a chickens egg can take place. The tbc is very difficult to diagnose from a clinical point of view because of the little developped symptoms. Jacob proposes the testlaparotomy for the inspection of the organs. The tuberculine test (injection of tuberculine into the wattles and comb) is a very valuable and sure means for the diagnosis. Its advantage is, that it does not influence the laying and that a repetition, after a short time, will be without damage. At the same time the tuberculine test does also good services by the combatting of the disease, as the earliest stadium of the infection can be ascertained therewith (on the second, at the utmost the 11th day after infection). A repetition after three to four weeks and eventually every half year is to be recommended. Of special advantage, according to the author, are examinations on a large scale, as the common runs etc. in rural districts make the com-batting in single stocks very difficult. Besides this hygienic keeping, desinfection, right feeding (automat feeding), light and sunny houses are required. As it is mostly old chickens that are tuberculous their separation is recommended. Preventive vaccinations have been without success so far. The yearly damage caused by the tbc is calculated by the author at Rmk. 433.000.— only for the province of Saxony.

Fowl Tuberculosis. - La Tuberculosi Aviaria. Dr. E. Seren. Instituto Patología Spéciale e Clinica Medica Veterinaria délia R. Universitá di Bologna. Rivista di Avicultura. July 1932, p. 123. The author discovered, that 3.5 per cent, of the chickens sent to his institute for examination suffered from tuberculosis. The percentage taken from all kinds of poultry amounted to 6.45 per cent. The article gives a detailed summary of the modern insight into the question of the tuberculosis, also in connection with the tuberculosis of mammals and man.

Tuberculosis of the Fowl. H. P. Hamilton, A. A. Mackay and R. H. Axworthy. Report of the Poultry Pathological Research Laboratory, Goring, Reading, England. June 1932. In this article the authors have endeavoured to treat the subject of avian tuberculosis in such a manner as can be understood by the poultry farmer. It is not intended to be a scientific dissertation on the subject and many points have been dealt with briefly as it was not considered advisable to try the reader^s patience unduly.

— 87 — Filtrability of Tubercle Bacilli. G. Micchioni. La Clínica Vete- rinaria, Milano, 1931, p. 508. The author employed for his test avian tubercle bacilli from various sources. Chamberland L2 and L3 was used as filter. Vaccinated were 32 chickens, these were partly fed. The results were absolutely negative.

Researches on the Course of the Intradermal Tuherculinc Reaction of Van Es on tuberculous Chickens. - Unter- suchungen über den Verlauf der van Es'sehen intra- dermalen Tuberkulin Reaktion bei tuberkulösen Hühnern. K. Révèsz. Inaug. Diss. Budapest, Közlenicnyek az osszehasonlitó élet-és kórtan körebol, 1932, XXV, 78. (Ref. Prager Archiv für Tiermedizin, 1932, p. 260.) After the examination made on 29 animals, the injected tuberculine causes in the first place a local non specified swelling of the wattle. This swelling reaches its height at the earliest within 30 minutes, and at its latest within 6 hours after injection, i.e. at an average within 13^ hours. The reaction swelling setting in later on reaches its highest degree at about the 36th hour, after which it decreases slov/iy, to disappear completely after 96 to 228 hours. According to this, the judging of the reaction takes place most opportunely at the 36th hour or somewhat later. In case of a positive reaction, the reaction swelling will be at least 2 mm. It is quite exceptional that the reaction ends within 36 hours, by which, if only judged once, a negative ending of the reaction will be the erroneous result. But also in these cases a decision is possible through the injection of glycerine- and carbolic acid containing thickened broth into the opposing wattle, where, by comparison of the swelling on the two wattles an early terminated specific reaction is to be recognised. By the use of an intradermal tuberculine reaction the sensitiveness of the tissues of the wattles brought into contact with the tuberculine will be reduced at least for the duration of 35 days; tl\erefore a repetition of the test on the same wattle should not take place until 6—8 weeks have elapsed, by which the opposite wattle may be used at any desired time for a repetition of the test. In general, a reaction capability of the animal will take place at its earliest about 4 weeks after infection.

Desinfection in Fowl Tuberculosis. - Desinfektionsversuche bei Geflügeltuberkulose. R. Helm and F. Moser. Reichs- gesundheitsamt, Berlin-Dahlem. Zeitsch. für Infektions- krankheiten. Tome 43, p. 1. 1. Of the used desinfectants, carbolic acid, bacillol and tusputal it appeared that a 5 per cent, carbolic acid solution was the best. It kills the bacilli within 1 minute. 2. No favourable results were obtained with cresol-sulpheric-acid, formaldehyde and a lye of carbonate of soda. 3. The housedesinfectiontests were fruitless, as no success was attached to the trial to instill the disease into chickens either in a natural or artifical manner. 4. Young cultures are more resistant than others. General Tuberculosis in a Goat, due to Avian Tub. Bacillus. M. Christiansen. Maanedskrift for Dyrrlaeger, 15th May 1931. (Ref. Revue Générale de Medicine Vétérinaire, Vol. 41, 1932, p. 209.) Description of the tuberculous infection of the liver and the spleen

— S8 — of a goat. The other organs showed no alterations. The body was in a well fed condition. From the diseased organs avian tubercle bacilli were grown. The goat, which was 8 years old, had lived in surroundings where it came into contact with tuberculous chickens. In 1919 Magnussen described a case of avian tuberculosis in a goat. Also in sheep has the bacillus been found. Stanley Griffith has cultivated it from a sheep. Schalk, in North Dakota, describes two cases in sheep.

Fowl Tuberculosis in Cattle. - Vogeltuberculose bij het Rund, Dr. T. van Heelsbergen. Tijdsclirift voor Diergenees- kunde, 1932. p. 1093.' Summary: This article gives a review as the avian tuberculosis in the cow, sheep and goat. Attention is drawn to the fact, that the chance of contamination must be very great, as tuberculosis in birds often occurs. In different cases, it has appeared, that the cow is sensible to the avian tubercle bacilli, so that avian tuberculosis will occur much more, than generally is diagnosed. The lesions are mainly seen in the lymphatic glands of the digestive tractus but the lungs, liver and other organs too may be affected. A very remarkable symptom in the cow, caused by avian tubercle bacilli is abortion (uterine affections). Important to man is the fact, that an infected animal is able to excrete avian tubercle bacilli with the milk. As the infection occurs much more than we can show, it will not create surprise, that already different times avian tubercle bacilli have been found in mixed milk. In the article affections as "skin- and subcutaneous lesions" Röckl's granuloma-paratuberculosis are noticed shortly as the aethiological connection between these diseases and avian tuberculosis may not be considered an impossibility.

Recent Research throws some new Light on the Tubercle Bacillus. A. F. Schalk. College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, Ohio. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, Vol. 80, p. 436. Pursuing the single-cell method of culture, Petroff and his collabora- tors succeeded in demonstrating from among both the avian and bovine types of the organism two rather distinct genetic strains of bacilli. The one strain (S. strain) invariably develops into smooth, round colonies, simulating moth-balls. The colonies produced by the other strain (R. strain) are dry, rough and granular in nature. This strain is much less virulent than those encountered in the S. colonies. Various workers inoculated chickens and rabbits with definite numbers of "S" and "R" colony organisms. They were able to isolate the respective bacilli in pure culture from various organs of the animals injected experimentally. The chief chemical constituents of the organism can be classified into three general groups: the tubérculo-lipoids, tubérculo-proteins and tubérculo- polysaccharides. Anderson has fractionated the lipoids into (1) wax, (2) glycerides and (3) phosphatides. In blood studies in tuberculosis it is the monocy te-lymphocyte ratio which is significant in determining the course of this disease. (The M-L index.) Rogers summarizes his investigations about the fate of avian tubercle bacilli in the liver of birds with the following conclusions: 1. Intravenous injections of tubercle bacilli into pigeons result in rapid and extensive localization of the bacilli in the liver. This localization is accompanied by the phagocytic action of the vascular endothelium constituting the intima of the venous sinusoids. 2. The great bulk of the bacilli thus localized are digested within the

— 89 — phagocytic cells very rapidly, there being no evidence that tubercle bacilli are more resistant to digestion than other bacteria, notably pneumococci. 3. Except in those instances in which enormous numbers of bacilli are injected, no morphological changes result in the liver other than those displayed by the hemophages. 4. When large doses of virulent avian bacilli are injected, permanent tissue changes do occur, which include the formation of tubercle and giant celles.

CHOLERA.

SENSITIVENESS FOR FOWL CHOLERA BY MAN. Dr. B. J. C. te Hennepe. In connection with a question, addressed to me, by a Dr. Med. regarding the above, I consulted the literature appeared up till now on this subject. As I noted, that the modern books on Avian Diseases took over the old reports verbally without stating the year of publication nor the source of origin, it seemed to me appropriate to look up once more the older literature and to refer thereto. The name of Willach is mentioned in several articles. This refers to the following article from 1895: Fowl Cholera of Water Fowl in Schwetzingen. -Eine Cholera unter dem Wassergeflügel in Schwetzingen. By Willach. Deutsche Tierärztliche Wochenschrift, 1895, No, 5L At Schwetzingen 20 ducks, 3 swans and 2 geese died of fowlcholera. No chicken died, though the chicken were in constant contact with the ducks and their excrements. The author states furthermore that the oval bacilli found by him are not identical with those of the duck cholera ( Cornil- Toupet) as these are harmless for chickens and pigeons, whilst the bacilli found by him are virulent for chickens and pigeons. He continues: "The flesh of the animals had to be judged very carefully, because a septuagenarian, who had partaken of the meat of a diseased duck, became seriously indisposed with cholic, which was accompanied by vomitting and diarrhoea". In 1917 there appeared a publication of v. Boer, entitled: An Intestinal Infection of Man, caused by the Fowl Cholera Bacillus. - Eine Darminfektion, verursacht durch den Hühnercholerabacillus. Dr. W. v. Boèr. Pathologisches- Anatomisches Institut der K. Ungarischen Universität zu Budapest. A Russian prisoner of war became suddenly ill, showing the symptoms of cold shivers, repeated vomitting and heavy diarrhoea. Temperature 39.4°. Owing to the symptoms of the illness, paratyphoid was at once thought of. In his stool an exceedingly large quantity of oval bacilli was found, which had nestled in chains of from 8 to 10 links, or together in small groups. The bacilli were provided with a large capsula. Rabbits and pigeons which were vaccinated with pure cultures of the bacilli died under the symptoms typical of cholera. The illness stopped suddenly after the 4th day, and after the lapse of a week no more avian cholera bacilli could be discovered in his stool. As the man had cleaned out chicken houses, where cholera was prevailent, the first thought was that he had been infected during the work. The serum of the patient agglutinated cholera bacilli cultivated from a goose, the serum of normale beings did not do so. Rigler, KoUe & Hesch state in their text books that veterinaries had

— 90 -- infected themselves with the pure cultures of fowl cholera bacilli, after which diarrhoea and vomitting resulted. As regards the last literature-statement, I now give the following report from: The Experimental Bacteriology and the Infectional Diseases. Die Experimentelle Bakteriologie und die Infektions- krankheiten. Dr. W. Kolle and Dr. H. Hetsch. Vol. 1. In the 6th edition of the year 1922 the following passage appears under the heading: "Pathogenity for Man": Tests, which veterinaries have taken on themselves with the pure cultures of fowl-cholera-bacilli, prove conclusively, that the bactéries, once they reach the gastric canal in great quantities, loose their harmlessness also for man. This can lead to dispepsia, gastric catarrh and diarrhoea. Meat from animals which died of fowl-cholera is, under all circumstances, to be excluded for human consumption. In the 7th edition of 1929 however this heading is omitted and in the text, on page 484, only the following reference is made: "The consumption of animals, died of avian cholera, can lead to gastric catarrh and diarrhoea by man". In 1919 we find an article from Jahn, entitled: Results with ^'Galloserin'' with Cholera in Rumania. - Erfolge mit ''Galloserin" hei Geflügelcholera in Rumänien. By Jahn, Veterinary in Krojanke Berliner Tierärztliche Wochenschrift, 24th July, 1919, page 261. Described are favourable results by vaccinations and finally Jahn remarks: "After consumption of fowls, suffering or died from cholera, I could not diagnose any disturbances in the health of man". From the newest literature I refer to the following: Fowl Cholera. - Geflügelcholera. Prof. Dr. Manninger, Buda- pest. Handbuch der Pathogenen Mikroorganismen, W. Kolle^ R, Kraus, P. Uhlenhuth. Verlag Gustav Fischer. Jena, 1929, Vol. VI, p. 544. Man does not seem to be sensitive to the infection with avian cholera bacilli. Not a single case is known, where the avian cholera bacilli can safely be taken as the cause of illness in man. According to Jahn, man can eat the meat of died birds ^vithout danger. According to Zürn and Willach, the consumption thereof will be followed by diarrhoea and according to Marchiafava and Celli, abcess forming resulted after contamination of skin-wounds with the infectious matter. A proof of the etiological connection of the referred to illnesses with the avian cholera bacillus has not been proved bacteriological. Also the case, described by V. Boer, does not remove the doubt, as the description of the respective bacillus is not sufficient to show that it was a cholera bacillus. The remarks of Marchiafava and Celli rely on the following publication in 1883: Una epizoótica di colera dei poUi nella Campagna di Roma. Bull, délia Commissione d'Igiena, Roma 1883. This report belongs therefore also to the old literature. Fowl Cholera in Man. - Icterus gravis infolge Infektion mit Hühnercholerahazillen. H. Schlecht. Med. Klin. 1931, 27, 30, 1100. (Ref. Tijdschrift voor Diergeneeskunde, 1932, p. 1293.) Description of a patient who suffered from exceptionally heavy icterus for about 3H months, eosinophyly up to 10 per cent., fever-free course, large liver, bradycardy, acholian, very fatty faeces, a lot of urboline and urbolinogene in the urine and bilirubine in the blood. From the duodenal liquid a pure culture of Pasteurella was repeatedly cultivated. After 108 days the patient could be dismissed as recovered. The treat-

— 91 — ment consisted in diet, duodenal rinsings, administration of insuline and auto-vaccination. As an confirmation that the Pasteurella found, were really fowlcholera bacilli, the article make only mention of the fact that the patient, before his illness, had partaken of a badly tasting chicken.

Infection with (Jiolera by the Air, - Transmission da Choléra des Ponies par Voie aériennen, - Influence de la (^composition de VAir, A. Trillat. Presse Médicale, 1931, p. 1699. (Ref. Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie. Referate, Tome 106, p. 135.) In a space having a capacity of 50 liters a culture of Pasteurella avicida was blown away. Chickens, brought into this space, were infected by the dry air. In damp air, the infection takes place much quicker. The fowlcholera can therefore be transmitted by the air, for which reason an excellent ventilation of the houses is recommended.

Infection and Vaccination per Os with Pasteurella Cholera, infection et Vaccination des Ponies per Os avec la Pastenrelle dn Cholera Aviaire. A. Urbain et P. (ioret. Annales de l'Institut Pasteur, Avril 1932, p. 170. Though infection per os with cholera cultures is very difficult, the authors have succeeded to produce the disease in this manner by their animals. By means of administration of cholera culture, weakend by heat, and of live cultures of pasteurella bovine, the authors could make chickens immune. These animals could resist an infection per os which killed controlled animals. The local immunity was not sufficient to protect the animals against intramuscular infection.

The Epidemiology of Fou)l Cholera. VI: The Spread of Epide- mic and Endemic Strains of Pasteurella Avicida in Lab. Populations of normal Fowl. J. W. Pritchett and T. P. Hughes. Journal of Experimental Medicine, 1932, p. 71. (Ref. Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie. Referate: Vol. 106, p. 135.) Fowl cholera cultures, which were cultivated from spontaneous epidemics, were very virulent by intranasal instillation. The surviving fowls became no virus-carriers and extension of the disease did not take place. Strains cultivated from endemics did not cause any deadly disease. The infected animals were however bacilli carriers and often spontaneous infection took place by contact with other fowls.

Immunisation against Cholera. - Perorale Immunisierung von Hühnern gegen die Geflügelcholera. Prof. Dr. Plasaj. In Diss. 1929. (Ref. Deutsche Tierärztliche Wochenschrift, No. 51, 1930.)

- 92 -- Plasaj and Kordasch expressed, at an earlier opportunity, the opinion, that pigeons, by the peroral administration of killed cultures of B. avisepticus, would become immune against cholera. They based their opinion on the course of experiments. Hiraschilva and Lurye reported later on, that it was also possible to make chickens immune against chicken cholera in this simple manner. Plasaj repeated these experiments. He gave the chickens peroral twice great or four times small doses of dead bouilloncultures of the cause of the chicken cholera. The administration was done in different manners (in the food, in drinking water, with the aid of pipettes, etc.). No immunity seemed to make itself felt, neither against peroral administration of virulent avisepticus-bacterias, nor against subcutaneous infection. The following even appeared at his experiments: some fowls, treated in advance by the administration of dead cultures and afterwards fed with a food mixture containing virulent bouillon cultures, became diseased but withstood the infection. Though these animals did not seem to resist against a subcutane injection of virulent avisepticus-bacterias administered afterwards. The experience gained by Plasaj and Kordasch, that pigeons could be immuned perorally against avian cholera by the use of dead cultures, is therefore not valid for chickens. A-Typical Fowlcholera. - Beitrag zum atypischen Verlauf der Geflügelcholera. Rudolf. Münch. Tierärztliche Wochen- schrift, 1931, p. 546. After vaccination against cholera, an atypical form of cholera manifested itself. This was characterised by swelling of the infraorbital sinus. Such like animals can transmit the infectious matter to other places. Atypical cholera manifested itself also in a goose and the deaths on the poultry farm stopped only after the virus carrying goose was removed. From the knob on the bill of the goose, which was in connection with mouth- and nose-cavity, fowl cholera bacilli were cultivated in pure culture. The Effect of Radiation on the Resistance of Chickens to Fowl Cholera. D. D. Donahue. American Journal of Hygiene, 1932, p. 206. The chickens were irradiated for about one month and infected with cholera bacilli at the same time as some non-irradiated controlled animals. Irradiation with 29—49 Zn S units decreased the resistance against subcutane infection. Irradiation with 54—203 Zn S units increased the resistance against endonasal infection. Röntgen radiation of 15—30 minutes duration decreased the resistance against endonasal infection.

PARATYPHOID.

Salmonella Infections in Ducklings. N. Hole. Ministry of Agriculture, London. The Journal of Comparative Patli. and Therapeutics, Vol. 45, p. 161. Conclusions: 1. The cause of epizootics occurring in ducklings has been investigated. In one case an organism apparently identical with B. enteritidis, in the other two organisms closely allied to B. Aertrycke were isolated. 2. A very thorough investigation of the possibilities of egg transmission of these organisms is being prosecuted as the question is one of importance. The results of investigations described in this article point to a distinct possibility of egg transmission. 3. In the author's opinion B. anatum or keel disease has not yet been identified in England. — 93 — Investigations with Vaccinated Hens. - Cytologidi es serologai vizs gálatok a baromtyphus eilen veccinával ojtot tijs- koknál. St. Barabas. (Ref. Berliner Tierärztl. Wochen- schrift, 1932, p. 681.) The author examined the blood of several chickens which were vaccinated beforehand against fowl-typhoid. About 4—6 days after vaccination, agglutinins are forming themselves against the typhoid bacilli. These were present in the blood for 126 days after the vaccination, thus much longer than was supposed by Runnels & Thorp. The vaccination against Klein's disease is valueless and in view of the long lasting agglutination not to be recommended. Bact. Gallinarum in Hen and Turkey. F. Vidovic. Zagreb, 1930. (Ref. Zentralblatt f. Bakteriologie. Referate: Tome 103, p. 472.) From tests it appeared that 2 strains of B. gallinarum were not pathogen for hens and turkeys. Nor were 2 strains B. puUorum pathogen. Two strains B. gallinarum from turkeys were pathogenic for hens and turkeys. One strain B. gallinarum from a Guinea fowl was pathogenic for hens and turkeys. Conclusions: Strains from turkeys are more pathogène than strains from hens, and strains from turkeys are again more pathogen for turkeys themselves than for hens. Aggresins of Bac. Gallinarum. - Le Agressine del Bact. gallinarum. G. Pegreffi. Giorn. Batter. 7, 1931, p. 477. (Ref. Zentralblatt f. Bakteriologie, Referate: Vol. 105, p. 140.) In the pleura and peritoneal exsudate of dogs and rabbits which had injections of B. Gallinarum, specific aggressins were observed. With these aggressins and artificially prepared aggressins, according to Wassermann and Citron, the 1st Bail's test, could only partly be repeated, as they are not containing any antigen-properties. Mixed Infection of Paratyphoid and Coccidiosis in Pigeons. Ulnfezione mista da Paratifo e Coccidiosi nei Piccioni. Dr. C. Vianello. Stazione Sperimentale per le Malattie Infettive del Bestiame di Milano. La Clinica Veterinaria, 1932, p. 717. It is well known, that parasites in the intestines can clear the way for bacterial infectious. The pigeon coccidiodis, caused by Eimeria Pfeifferi is spread by virus carrying adult pigeons. Ruppert and NÖller found coccidii in the faeces in 54 per cent, of 200 healthy pigeons. The paratyphus is also spread by paratyphoid carrying pigeons. In young pigeons the disease is acute, in adults chronic. WoUak discovered in 50 per cent, of pigeons examined by him a positive agglutination reaction. The author discovered with two pigeons breeders, where there was a great mortality, a mixed infection of coccidii and paratyphosis. These cases are elucidated. Vaccination with aggressin vaccin prepared in guinea-pigs gave good results. The method for the preparation of the vaccin is described in detail. By tests made on pigeons of varying age, which were more or less infected with coccidii, the writer observed, that the mixed infections took a more serious course than the pure infections. The symptoms in pigeons correspond with those in chicks, where the coccidiosis takes also very often a more serious course, if they have first suffered from puUorum.

— 94 — Spontaneous and Experimental Infection of Pigeons with B. Aertyke. J. R. Cash and C. A. Doan. Proc. Soc. exper. Biology and Médecin, 1930, p. 235. In underfed pigeons, a spontaneous disease occurred, which took a deadly course within one week. Through feeding with the organs of diseased pigeons, the disease was transmitted to healthy pigeons. In two of three pigeons which recovered, agglutinins could still be observed one month afterwards.

Paratyphoid Infection of Pigeons, - Enteritiserkrankung hei Tauben (B, Enteritidis Breslaviense). Dr. R. Berge. Hyg. Institut der Tierärztlichen Hochschule, Hannover. Deut- sche Tierärztliche Wochenschrift, 1929, p. 247. The infection with paratyphoid bacilli is one of the most important infectious diseases in pigeons. The author discusses the literature concerning this disease and reports after this his own examinations. It concerns 103 pigeons, which were forwarded for examination, and of which 22.6 per cent, suffered from infection with B. enterit. breslaviense. A description is given of the acute and chronic form, diagnosis and combatting methods.

Paratyphoid of Pigeons, - Paratyphose du Pigeon. Lesbouyries et Verge. Bulletin de l'Académie Vétérinaire de France. Vol. V, p. 294. The authors have, during the years 1930 and 1931, examined about 700 cases of wing-lameness. Nearly all these cases are due to paratyphoid infection. The discovered bacilli appeared to be of the Aertrycke type, and of a type which is between the Aertrycke and Schottmöller type.

Paratyphoid Infection of Pigeons. E. L. Brünett. Cornell Univ. Cornell Veterinarian, 1930, p. 169. Summary: A localized infection of the ovary and wings of pigeons was found to be due to a paratyphoid organism, Aertrycke type. The ovarian infection with the appearance of the infection among squabs indicates an egg born disease. This fact is essentially proven from a practical standpoint. The finding of the •organism in the egg; however, will substantiate this statement and it is hoped that other workers will give some time to it. The demonstration of agglutinations in the blood stream suggests a way for the eradication of the disease. It seems that we have here a disease similar to puUorum disease of chickens. If the ovarian infection is the primary source of the disease, these individuals can in all probability be eliminated from the flock by the agglutination test. Further work, however, is necessary before this can be accomplished.

Meat-Poisoning-Germs in Goose-Flesh. - Untersuchungen auf Fleischvergifter bei aus Polen und Litauen eingeführten Mastgänsen. S. v. Bornstedt, K. Fiedler. Zeitschrift für Fleisch- und Milchhygiene, Vol. 43, 1932, p. 92. Bact. enteritidis breslaviense occurs saprophitic in geese. Under certain circumstances they can become virulent.

- 95 — Meat-Poisoning after Consumption of Smoked Goose-Breast. Fleischvergiftung nach dem Genuss geräucherter Gänse- brust, Baars. Zeitschrift für Fleisch- und Milchhygiene, Vol. 41, p. 521. Baars recounts the interesting illness of a meat poisoning, caused after consumption of a smoked goose-breast. The goose, from which the breast was emanating, was bought by a family shortly before Christmas, in one of the largest shops, and had been consumed, with exception of the breast, in roasted and cooked condition, without any disagreable results. The breast was pickled for 8 days and smoked afterwards. Within 24 hours after consumption thereof, the husband, wife and daughter were seriously indisposed (high fever, diarrhoea). After all three had recovered, the wife and daughter went on a visit, the man alone stopped at home, about 10 days after the first illness, he ate again from this breast and became ill again. He then suspected that the goose breast was the cause of the illness, and after his recovery he ate once more from the breast, again with the same result. After examination at a laboratory it appeared that the breast was infected with Bacilli bresla- viana. How did these bacilli get into the goose breast? After information by the poultry farmer it appeared, that already earlier a goose coming from the same farm was the cause of a poisoning. According to the information of the district-veterinary, intestinal disease was discovered under the birds, showing somehow the symptoms of avian cholera. Several laboratories had than already diagnosed a paratyphoid kind of bacilUus as the cause of the enteritis epidemis. How is it possible to prevent such like meat poisonings in the future? Not by simple inspection and approval of all slaughtered poultry, as this breast seemed quite normal and would thus by a macroscopical inspection escaped attention. The only manner, according to Baars, would be a control of all poultry-fattening farms, with, besides this, the obligation of the poultry farmer to report all cases of diarrhoea under the geese. After this all animals will have to be examinated for an eventual infection, by means of a blood test, and the slaughtered geese may only be brought on the market for consumption, if a bacteriological examination of the meat has been made.

Bact. Enteritidis Breslaviense in Slaughtered Geese. - Zum Vorkommen des Bact. enteritidis hreslaviensis bei ge- schlachteten Gänsen. Dr. H. Hüsgen. Berliner Tierärztl. Wochenschrift, 1932, p. 673. During four months, 1534 geese have been confiscated at the Central Market in Berlin, of these 85 have been minutely examined, and it appeared ' that 47 per cent, had died of cholera whilst in 14 per cent, bacilli of the paratyphoid have been found. In 11 cases this appeared to be Bact. enteritidis breslaviense and in 1 case bact. enteritidis Gärtner. The bacilli can get into the meat because they enter the organs from the intestinals, through illness or fatigue. Sometimes the bacilli are found in the organs and the meat of geese, which did not show any symptoms of disease. Furthermore some cases are described, where after the consumption of goose liver and goose breast some people fell ill.

Infection with B. Gärtner in Turkeys. - Gärtnerinfektion bei Truthühnern. Dr. E. Saxer, Bern. Schweizer Archiv für Tierheilkunde, Vol. 74, p. 351. Concerning the infection of turkeys with Gärtner bacilli no case is known in the literature. The author discusses a case, where an infectious disease broke out among a flock of turkeys, which appeared to be caused by the B. Gärtner. The symptoms of the diseased animals, the post mortem

— 96 — results as well as the different reactions for the distinguishing of the bacterias are described. A short time before the disease broke out. The meat from a calf suffering from navel inflammation was fed to the turkeys. Paratyphoid of Birds. Ubertini. La Clinica Veterinaria, Febr. 1931. The author found, in the province Brescia, among canaries and pigeons, diseases which were caused by B. paratyphoid type Breslau and Gärtner. In black-head of turkeys he also diagnosed infection with the type Breslau. An Epidemic Disease of Domestic Fowl caused by a Hitherto iindescribed Organism of the Salmonella Pullorum Type. W. W. Plastridge and L. F. Rettger. Storrs. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 1930, p. 334. The discovered organism behaved itself serologically and biochemically as S. pullorum. Morphologically there was a difference, also in the growing media and in the pathogenity. Spontaneous Infection of Chicks by Bacillus Suipestifer. - Sur une Infection spontanée des Poussins causée par le Bac. Suipestifer. C. Cernaianu. Laboratoire de Bactériologie Vétérinaire, Chisinau, Rumania. Comptes rendus de la Société de Biologie. Vol. 108, 1931, p. 996. The author has in France and Rumania cultivated Bac. Suipestifer (dog-cholera-bacillus) from chicks only a few weeks old. This bacillus seems to be dangerous for chicks and causes spontaneous infection in these animals at the age of from 2 to 4 weeks. Use of Organic Acids for the Differentiation of Salmonella Pullorum and Salmonella Gallinarum. W. L. Malimann. Proc. Soc. exper. Biol. and Médecin, 1931, p. 501. The sodium salts of mucin-acid and wine acid can be used. S. gallinarum forms therein acid, S. pullorum not. Shigella jefersonii behaved itself similar to S. gallinarum. This points to the justness of the opinion of St. Johns-Brooks and Rhodes, that both kinds are identic. DIPHTHERIA AND CORYZA.

Excretion of Pox Virus on the Throat Mucous Membrane in Fowl after Vaccination. - Die Ausscheidung von Pocken- virus auf der Rachenschleimhaut bei Hühnern nach der Geflügelpocken-Schutzimpfung. K. Beller and M. Stylia- nopoulos. Deutsche Tierärztliche Wochenschrift, 1932, page 1. In human beings, after having been vaccinated against pox, is the vaccine, already some hours later, excreted on the throat mucous membrane. The authors have found these symptoms also in chickens, which were vaccinated with various vaccines. The excretion begins already 5 days later, stops after some days to reappear on the 15th day and to last up to the 18th day. Owing to this virus excretion a light diphtheria attack can make its appearance in vaccinated animals. Sometimes the excretion took place already after 24 hours.

— 97 — VII Fowl Pox and Mosquitoes, - Uebertragung von Geflügelpocken durch Mücken. C. Stuppy. Institut für Schiffs- und Tro- penkrankheiten zu Hamburg. Deutsche Tierärztliche Wochenschrift, 1932, p. 260. Conclusions: 1. Culex pipiens and Stegomyia fasciata can, after sucking once from a diseased hen, transmit the pox to a healthy chicken still after 12, 19 and 39 days. 2. The incubation period is 6 to 8 days. 3. The infected mosquitoes can transmit the disease still after 39 days. Most probably they will remain virus carriers for their whole life. 4. The bite of an infected mosquito causes an infection, which resembles absolutely that occurring in nature. It is sufficient to cause immunity against pox. 5. The pox virus is being taken up by the mosquito with the blood, remains stored in the mosquito and enters into the wound made by the mosquito when sucking again and in this manner causes a local disease. 6. It is to be taken, that the manner of transmission of the virus is not only a simple mechanical action.

Infection with Mosquitos, - Overbrengingsproeven van Hoen- derpokken door Anapheles Maculipennis, Theobaldia Annulât a en Stomoxys calcitrans. A. Bos. Tijdschrift voor Diergeneeskunde, Febr. 1932. Conclusions: The transmission of the infection by mosquitos was still effective after 70 days. The mosquitos, after having sucked twice, are still able to transmit infection. By the use of stomoxys the transmission was still effective 15 days after the infection. Infection of Birds with Pox Virus. - Ueher die Empfänglich- keit verschiedener Vogelarten für eine Infektion mit originärem Hühner- und Taubenpockenvirus. G. Tietz. Tierärztliche Hochschule, Berlin. Archiv für Tierheil- kunde, Vol. 65, p. 244. Conclusions: 1. Monopathogen fowl- and pigeon-virus is non-pathegenic for: canaries, finches, siskins, sparrows, starlings and thrushes. 2. Geese and ducks could not be infected with fowl- or pigeon-virus. 3. Turkeys and guinea fowls are only susceptible to fowl-pox virus but not to pigeon virus. 4. Both kinds of virus are, however, pathogenic for crows.

The Virus of Fowl Pox. R. E. Glover. Institute of Animal Path. University of Cambridge. Report of the Director, First Report, 1929-30, p. 1—16. The contagious epithelioma virus of the pigeon has been cultivated in symbiosis with live embryonary tissues by the plasma method and the embryon extract of the fowl. The blood serum and the emulsions of the liver, more than the filtrates of skin wounds, represent a conveniable place as virus carrier; the virulent emulsion, obtained from foUicular wounds free of bacterias must be used,

— 98 — and which must be prepared according to the Glover method. The virus did not multiply itself in different solid or liquid media. The brain and the skin of the embryon of the fowl favour the development of the virus, the intestines were less favourable; the liver and the heart are not at all suitable therefore. The origine of the plasma is without influence to the development of the virus.

Pox of Pigeons. - Pocken am rechten Auge einer Brieftaube. Dr. W. Laue. Wiener Tierärztliche Wochenschrift, 1932, p. 715. On the right eye of a pigeon appeared a swelling in the size of a pea, through which the eye was closed up. The swelling was removed by an operation, and on examination it appeared that pox were the cause thereof. The swelling consisted of heavily increasing of epithet cells with fatty degeneration of the nucleus.

Similiarity of the Virus of Fowl Pox and Coryza Contagiosa. Contributo alla Studio délia unitd Eziologica délia In- fezione Diphtherico. - Epitelio-matosa e délia Corizza contagiosa dei Polli. G. C. Sparapani, Bassa Corte, Marzo 1932. Conclusions: 1. Diphtheria, fowl-pox and coryza contagiosa are three symptoms of a single virus. 2. It is possible to cause with any one of these viruses the other one. 3. The filtrable virus of the fowl-pox and the bacillus of Saceghen, which is regarded as the cause of the coryza, are two forms of the same virus. 4. For all three of these diseases the same remedy is applicable. 5. The symptoms observed by chickens owing to infection with the bacillus of Kampmann resembled very much those of diphtheria and coryza.

Jenerisation against Diphtheria. - Le Jennerizzazione dei Polli contro il Diftero-Vaiolo (con Virus del Vaiolo dei Pic- cioni). Prof. L. Cominotti and Dr. V. Pagnini. R. Instituto superiore di Medicina Veterinaria di Messina. La Chnica Veterinaria. Nov. 1932, p. 862. The virus of the pigeon pox is a valuable material for the vaccination against fowl diphtheria. In healthy chickens, the vaccination causes a local reaction, which is not followed by generalisation. In diseased animals the heterolog virus can cause an exsudation of the mucosa of the mouth, and the homolog virus can again become active through the condition of the anergy. These cases of disease, however, lead mostly always to a speedy recovery. The immunity, caused through the homolog virus, lasts longer than one year. In an infected house, the virus can be conservated for more than a year.

Vaccination against Diphtheria. - Praktische Winke für die Geflügelpocken (Diphtherie) Impfung. Dr. Schneider. Bakteriologisches Institut der Oldenburgischen Land- wirtschaftskammer, Oldenburg i. O. Tierärztliche Rund- schau, 1932, p. 776.

— 99 — The author treats a number of points which presented itself in the practice of the vaccination. The author is of the opinion, that by natural infection, the virus will spread quickly through the whole body, and will give an earlier immunity than by cutaneous vaccination. On infection through the mouth, the laying of the animals will stop quickly, as the virus will also attack the ovary. By cutané vaccination, the laying capability will not be influenced. Blood test taken from infected animals, proves, that a very strong irritation of the blood building organs is taking place. The number of big lymphocyts and monocyts increases quickly. The symptoms in the blood correspond with those with variola vera by man. In healthy animals the laying capability will not be influenced. If the laying capabilities are decreasing after the vaccination, this must be regarded as a proof that the animals were already infected. By mixed infections (roup, tracheitis), vaccination is always to be dissuaded.

Determination of the Value of Pox-Vaccin. - Auswertung von Geflügelpocken Virus. E. Gildeineister and K. Beller. Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie, Originale, Vol. 121, p. 313, The virulence of the pox-vaccin can be determined by intracutane injection of decreasing quantities of virus on the inside of the wattles of the hens. This method was alto tested with trade virus, not consisting of pure fowl-pox-vaccin. This method proved itself also servicable for this kind of virus.

Results with Pigeon Pox Virus for the Immunisation of Fowls against Chicken-Pox. S. T. Michael. Division of Veteri- nary Science, Berkeley, California. Journal of the Am. Veterinary Medical Association, Vol. 81, 1932, p. 319. Pigeon-pox virus, in the form of fresh lesion tissue and desicated scabs suspended in glycerin and physiological salt solution, was used for the vaccination of fowls by the "feather follicle infection method". Reactions resembling mild chicken-pox lesions were produced on the comb and in the follicles. Increased resistance of fowls vaccinated by the "feather follicle" infection method to artificial or natural exposure to chicken-pox virus however could not be demonstrated. These results are not in agreement with those of Doyle, Zwick, Seifried and Schaaf, previously mentioned, nor v/ith those that have been reported by Johnson since these experiments were completed.

Vaccination against Fowl Pox, Results of Field Trials extending over three Years. H. R. Seddon, J. K. Hutchinson, W. J. B. Murphy. Veterinary Research Station, Glenfield. The Australian Veterinary Journal, 1932, p. 172. An account is given of the elaboration of a vaccine the method of preparation of chick is given and of field trials carried out during two subsequent seasons. Following an account of these results various aspects of such vaccinations are discussed in the light of laboratory and field experience expending over this period. Contents: Production of Virus; Standardisation of Vaccine; Dilution of Vaccine for Use; Manner of Vaccination; Laboratory Tests of Vaccine; General Observations on Natural Infection; Field Vaccinations during 1929- 30, 1930-31, 1931-32. The optimum age at which to vaccinate birds is between 12 and 16 weeks. It is found that more than half of the pollicles exposed to vaccination

— 100 — do not "take" the vaccine would be considered too weak. If a large member of feathers are plucked a severe systemic reaction may follows. No difference in development has been observed between vaccinated and unvaccinated stock, provided birds are vaccinated at the most suitable age and that they are in a favourable condition for vaccination. Hexamethylen-Tetramin Injections against Fowl-Pox, - Hexa- methyleen-Tetramine bij Diphtherie en Pokken van de Kip. A. Klarenbeek, H. Veenendaal, J. Voet. Tijdschrift voor Diergeneeskunde, Maart 1932, p. 402. In agreement with some investigatore the authors were of the opinion that good prophylactic and therapeutic results might be obtained against fowl-pox by intramuscular injections of a 43 per cent, solution of hexa- methylene-tetramine. In order to determine whether this view is correct authors carried out experiments in which cocks were artificially infected with fowlpox. Of these birds 14 were injected intramuscularly with 5 cc. of a watery solution of above mentioned drug before and after unset of symptoms, while the others were serving as controls. Treatment proved to be of no prophylactic or therapeutic value. The course of the disease in cocks which had received injections and in the controls did not differ. Authors beleave that the favourable effects reported by some investigators may result from an (accidental) decomposition of the preparation in solution, which gives off formaline. Combatting Roup with Snifoliquid. - Bekämpfungsmittel bei Pocken (Diphtheroid) und ansteckendem Schnupfen des Geflügels. Dr. Schneider, Bakteriologisches Institut der Landwirtschaftskanimer, Oldenburg. Norddeutscher Ge- flügelhof, 17. Nov. 1932. It was reported from Rumania, that good results have been obtained by the appliance of hexamethylen-tetramin against roup. By tests> taken at the institute in Oldenburg on 9200 diseased animals this remedy remained absolutely without results. Through desinfection of the poultry houses and mixing 1—2 per cent, sulfoliquid into the drinking water, very good results have been obtained. Also by diphtheria. very good results were obtained, and it appeared that the egg production was improving by the administration of sulfoliquid.

Sulfoliquid in Diphtheria and Roup. - Diphtherie und Schnu- pfen der Hühner. Hageraeisier, Deutsche Tierärztliche Wochenschrift, 1932. No. 36. In a poultryfarm, v/ith a flock of 1500 hens, fowl-dii^theria and infectious roup had been diagnosed in spite of the diphtheria preventing vaccination had been applied. The diseased animals were, in the first place, isolated, treated locally and everywhere hygienic measures were applied..By avoiding metal utensils, all the animals received 2 per cent. Sulfoliquid DS in their drinking water. Result: the laying capacity, in spite of the presence of the disease, showed a considerable increase towards the spring. According to the opinion of the author, Sulfoliquid exercise a strong inducement on the laying capacity and has a therapeutical and prophylactical value against fowl- diphtheria and roup. Experiments with Remedies against artificial Pox. - Ver der e Proeven bij experimenteele Pokken. A. Klarenbeek and J. Voet. Tijdschrift voor Diergeneeskunde, 1932, p. 1226.

-4. 101 Summary: The author carried out experiments in order to ascertain whether prophylactic or therapeutic administration of formol, naganol and stovarsol exerted a favourable effect on the development of local pox eruptions in fowls artificially infected with diphtheritic virus. The results were negative. Dangers on Treating Diphtheria with Paraffin. - Ueber Ge- fahren und Wert der örtlichen medikamentösen Behand- lung bei Geflügeldiphtherie, Dr. Schneider. Bakteriol. Institut, Oldenburg. Deutsche Landwirtschaftliche Ge- flügelzeitung, 17 Dec. 1931. A poultry farmer treated about 300 chickens against diphtheria by giving them a head wash with petroleum. In connection therewith an acute ear-inflammation of these animals was the result, during which scabs piled themselves on the ears and swellings took place, which sometimes took the form of horns. The author refers furthermore to the fact, that often by diphtheria, the disease of the internal organs is not diagnosed and that most of the chickens die from this. Milk against Diphtheria. J. J. Iwanow. Belorusskaya Weteri- narija, Witebsk. Vol. 3, p. 16. (Ref. Schweizer Archiv für Tierheilkunde, Vol. 74, p. 456.) Fresh milk has the cream taken off, and afterwards has to be sterilised, after which 5—9 com. will be intramuscular injected into the diseased chickens. In some cases this will be repeated five times. In new cases good results were obtained. Combatting Diphtheria and Roup by the Acid Therapy of Prof. Dr. V. Kapff. - Die Original Säure-Therapie Prof. Dr. V. Kapff. Mitteilungen des Instituts für experimentelle Tierphysiologie, Altona-Stellingen, 1929. The acid therapy is founded on the inhaling of air which contains acid in the form of gas. The acid will be taken up by the respiration organs and distributed in the body. Catarrhal infections of the respiration organs (roup) can be cured in this manner. The author obtained very good results by diphtheria and roup. The apparatus is placed in the house where the chickens are kept and three times per day the acid-damp will be forced into the house by means of an electric fan. By diphtheria, an improvement could be noticed already three days later. In the cases where it concerned roup, 30 per cent, had completely recovered. Conclusions: 1. The acid-therapy of Prof. v. Kapff is indispensable for the poultry farmer. 2. Diseases of the respiration organs can be prevented and cured in this manner. Vaccinated Chicks. A new Sales Idea. Prof. R. M. Sherwood. Texas Agricult. Experiment Station. Hatchery Tribune, Dec. 1932. Author studied the effect of early vaccination on the percentage of chicks which reacted, the severity of the reaction and the length of the immunity from such vaccination. Author feels free to recommend that most chicks and poults may be vaccinated at an early age (one day to ten days with chicks, and two weeks with poults.

— 102 --- Infectious Coryza, - La Corizza Infettiva dei Polli. Dr. S. Pal- trinieri. Instituto di Patologia e Clinica Medica Veterin. délia R. Università di Bologna. Rivista di Avicultura. Dicembre 1932. The disease is contagious but it is very difficult to transmit it by- means of experiments. The symptoms which de Blieck diagnosed according to experiments are not the real roup, but a lighter form of nasal catarrh, which, 6 to 8 days after the infection will again disappear. This disease is liable to occur on concerns which are managed under good hygienical conditions as well on those less hygienically managed. The true cause of the disease has not yet been discovered. The authors are able though, with certainty, to make a difference between diphtheria and roup. They do not agree with de Blieck, that the cause of the disease is the B. Haemoglobinophilus coryza, but that it is to be found in most of the cases in a bacillus, which corresponds with the bacillus of the fowl-cholera.

Experiments regarding the cause of Roup. - Untersuchungen über die Aetiologie des sog. ansteckenden Schnupfens des Hausgeflügels. Medveczky. Inaug.-Disc. Budapest. Közlemen^^ek az összehasonlito elet-és kórtan körebol, 1932, XXV. 78. Ref. Prager Archiv für Tiermedezin XII. 1932, p. 224. In a Government research station 46 cases from 22 different poultry farms were examined in total. Among 30 examined cases the germ of the fowl cholera could be ascertained, once already by breeding and four times by the animal test, without simoultaneous changes and germs in the internal organs, as is usually the case with fowl cholera. In 8 other cases, the animal tests indicated the aetiological participation of the virus of the fowl-pox besides catarrh-like changes in the nose- and intestinal mucous membrane, as well as a slimy, yellowish cheese-like appearing coating on the mucous m.embrane of the nasal-cavity and its auxiliary cavities, furthermore, in most of the cases a croupious-diphtheroid inflammation of the crop and trachea mucous membrane. In the remaining 17 cases neither cultivation nor animal- tests gave a reason for the contagious nature of the roup. After this the author was not successfuU to prove the occurrence of an indépendant contagious roup by poultry, as far as its really contagious forms represent a special form of appearance of the fowl pox and the fowl cholera, and which have to be indicated accordingly, whilst the other also diseaselike occurring cases without participation of microorganisms are usually occurring simply under the influence of chills, avitaminosis and other weakening influences, and which more rightly have to be indicated as epidemical roup.

Roup in Birds. M. Mihailescu. Archiva Veterinaria, 1926, p. 61. (Ref. Revue générale de Médecine Vétérinaire, Vol. 41. 1932, p. 292.) This disease appears in chickens and turkeys. It is caused by a coceo- bacillus, described by Vallillo.

Roup in Birds. W. Wynohradnyk. Archiva Veterinaria, 1926, p. 148. (Ref. Revue Générale de Médecine Vétérinaire, Vol. 41, 1932, p. 350.) The virus is filtrable and passes through the chandle Berkefeld No. 12. Injection with the virus causes roup in 61 per cent, of the cases and diphtheria in 53 per cent, of the cases.

— 103 — PARALYSIS.

The Pathogenesis of Neurolymphomatosis Gallinarhim and similar Forms of Fowl-Paralysis, H. P. Bayon. Molteno Institute for Research in Parasitology, University of Cambridge. Veterinary Record, April 23rd, 1932. Summary and CoHclusions: 1. Neuro-lymphomatosis gallinarum occurs more frequently in the progeny of fowls of some definite strain, whose chicks in early life or during the growing period have not been fed with sufficient palatable green food. 2. That where following the recognition of neurolymphomatosis in some fowls, the mortality of the remainder rises superior to 10 per cent, of the stock liable to disease in four to six months, it is to be suspected that some complicating disease or parasitic infestation is present. 3. Even where, neuro-lymphomatosis, has developed in a strain notwithstanding the presence of whole some green-feed, then the mortality due to paralysis does not rise above 5 tot 7 per cent. 4. Neuro-lymphomatosis is not easily communicable and whilst frequently aggravated by the presence of different parasites, such as coccidia, cestodes, etc., yet can develop without their aid. 5. Similarly, the lack of vitamins A and possibly also C, particularly at an early stugs, influences the development of neuro-lymphomatosis, but cannot cause it. 6. That treatment and prevention based on what has been learnt about the pathogenesis of neuro-lymphomatosis has enabled the disease both to be cured in some cases and prevented in others. 7. That whilst the majority of the fowls which develop neuro-lymphomatosis are undersized for their age, and whilst the presence of spostic paralysis and a infiltrated iris must awaken suspicion as to the nature of the disease, yet the differential diagnosis between the various ailments which may simulate neurolymphomatosis requires specialized microscopical examination.

Fowl Paralysis, Poultry Experimental Work, Stormont, Northern Ireland. W. R. Kerr. Eggs, August 31st, 1932. Up to 1930 fowl paralysis was not recognised as such in N. Ireland. Obviously the disease is infectious, even highly infectious, but the results of experimental inoculations suggest that some factor or factors as yet unknown are very intimately concerned with the process of infection in natural outbreaks. The comparative failure of experimental transmission of the disease must hinge on the failure to reproduce some condition essential to the natural process of infection. In all, 69 birds have been inoculated and 24 additional birds were kept as controls. Only 2 of the inoculated birds actually became affected with Fowl Paralysis. 64 healthy birds have been housed with 24 affected birds. Only one of the birds has developed the disease. Seven healthy birds were fed on droppings from affected birds, and one showed typical symptoms of paralysis after 38 days of this treatment. Affected hens were mated with healthy cockerels and healthy hens with affected cockerels, the eggs being hatched out and the offspring kept under observation. Some of these experiments have lasted over two hatching seasons. Until last month results had failed to confirm the findings of other workers who have described transmission by the egg under controlled experiment. But now five birds show definite iritis, these having been hatched out 14 months ago. These are the progeny of parents both affected. Conclusion: I have summarised, very briefly, experiments already tried and -rJ04 ~- others still in being. Apparently neither the causal agency nor the mode of transmission are to be recognised without much further work, nor are the usual simpler methods of attack likely to be of much service in this case. One suggestive characteristic in the history of observed outbreaks remains to be mentioned as possibly opening up a new approach. When a new strain is introduced on a farm where the disease exists, the new-comers apparently remain immune even where they have access to the same ground. This practice has been advised with very good results, although the underlying reasons remain obscure. One condition for its success seems to be essential. Intercrossing between the new strain and the old must not take place. Where this has been known to occur the progeny have become affected. Thus there is here a suggestion that immunity or susceptibility or predisposition to the disease are hereditary in nature. The egg transmission experiments already described would appear at first sight to confirm this possibility, but cannot be regarded in the light of a test of true hereditary transmission since the progeny have not been exposed to infection and, accordingly, nothing is known of their possible hereditary qualities of immunity, susceptibility, or predisposition to'the disease. Since the preparation of this résumé one of the eight chickens, described in the passage experiment, has developed typical symptoms. This bird was inoculated in the breast muscles on April 27th last, and is the fourth in the series. Thus the disease has been transmitted artificially by inoculation from a naturally affected bird to an originally healthy bird which developed typical symptoms, from that again to another healthy bird which developed typical symptoms, and from that to the originally healthy bird, which is now also affected. Is Fowl Paralysis hereditary? W. P. Blount. Report Poultry Pathological Research Laboratory, Goring, Reading. 1932. Summary: 1. An hereditary, latent factor as the nucleus for the disease appears essential. 2. An hereditary specific factor, disease resisting in character antago- nistic to the above also appears probable. 3. Secondary factors (not necessarily specific) reducing (2) and allowing (1) to apérate seem to exist in natural outbreaks of the disease. Fowl Paralysis. Bulletin No. 1 of Poultry Disease Investigation Fund, initiated by The Poultry Pathological Research Laboratory, Goring, Reading, England. Introduction: Author states that there is a strong possibility that more than one disease is being termed Fowl Paralysis. During the preliminary anatomical investigations it was found that there were several muscles in the thigh of a hen, which had not previously received sufficient description and in addition, five muscles hitherto underscribed were encountered. The results of these anatomical researches were published in the Veterinary Record. Author encountered cases in adult birds, sometimes over two years of age and also in chicks aged four weeks. Two features of the digestive system are common: (1) swollen crops, (2) passage of undigested food. Kidney lymphomata are quite common. The symptoms suggest that some kind of slow poisoning of the body, particularly of the nervous system is in action. Other investigators, including author, adopting the methods of attack of Bailing and Pappenheimer have failed to achieve any but negative results. A critical survey of a great lot of questionnaires sent by poultrymen, combined with the study of numerous post mortem reports carried out at this laboratory make it possible to give following explanation. Fowl Paralysis can undoubtly occur without the presence of parasites-like coccidia, worms but in the majority of cases one or more of these different creatures are present

— 105 — in abnormal numbers. There is a great deal of evidence to show that instead of initiating the symptoms of Fowl Paralysis such parasites are secondary to the disease, being merely an affect and not a primary cause.

So called Ranch Paralysis of the Chicken. F. D. Patterson, H. L, Wilcke, Ch. Murray, E. W. Henderson. State Coll. Ames, Iowa. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, Vol. 81, p. 747. Summary and Conclusions: 1. The manifestations found in the eyes, nerves and central nervous system of cases of so-called range paralysis are expressions of a complex disease process, which is by no means confined to the above locations, but may manifest itself in practically any organ or tissue of the chicken. When the bone-marrow and other hematopoietic organs are involved, manifestations of myeloid leukemia and erythroleucosis often occur. These two expressions seem to be largely dependent upon the involvement of the bone-marrow. 2. The lesions may be confined to one or more types of tissue in some cases and to some other type or types in others. 3. The lesions may be localized in one area or more or less generalized. All stages betv/een these extremes may be observed. Almost any con- ceivable combination, in regard to location of lesions, tissues involved and pathologic types, may be found if a comparatively large number of cases are examined. 4. The disease was transmitted by the injection of suspensions made from the lesions found in birds affected with this disease. It was transmitted also by pen contact. Evidence has been obtained to indicate that it may be transmitted through the egg. 5. The injection of a suspension made from one type apparently produces practically all the types that are considered as expressions of this disease. A different suspension was used in each of three groups of chickens. Practically the same results were obtained in each group. 6. There is some evidence to indicate that the transmissible agent of this disease may be a filtrable virus. 7. No definite etiologic agent has been isolated as the cause of this disease. 8. Cocoidia and other intestinal parasites apparently do not cause this disease, although they may possibly open up avenues for the entrance of the causative agent and may act as incidental carriers of it. ,9, It is not a deficiency disease. 10. In general, the incubation period seems to be long; according to our studies it was usually about two months or longer. 11. The clinical course is very variable, usually extending over a period of weeks or months, in some cases for a year or more, while in others it is comparatively short. Rarely, if ever, does a complete recovery occur in positively diagnosed cases. Occasionally temporary improvement or arrested progress of the disease may be noted. 12. The disease seems to spread slowly in affected flocks. As a rule only a few birds become affected at a time, but new cases usually continue to occur for a considerable length of time. The losses over a period of six months or a year, after the first evidence of the disease is noted, are often high. 13. The disease is likely to reappear on the same farm from year to year. 14. No preventive or curative therapeutic treatment for this disease in chickens has been found. 15. Practically all of the principal breeds are susceptible, although certain strains may possibly be more susceptible than others. This applies either to the disease as a whole or to some special type. 18. Both sexes seem to be equally susceptible. 17. The frequent, extensive involvement of certain naturally affected flocks should be given due consideration in experimental transmission studies. 18. The bone-marrow and blood should be considered on the same basis

— 106 — as that of any of the other tissues that have been found involved in this disease. That is, they may or may not be involved in positively diagnosed cases of this disease. 19. In general, the pathologic manifestations resemble that of a malignant neoplastic process very much, although their close resemblance to an inflammatory one is very striking at times. 20. The different expressions of this disease apparently show the same general tendencies in regard to clinical course, long incubation period, modes of transmission, different degrees of involvement, difficulties in securing transmissible strains, irregularities in transmission, final results and flock and individual variations. 21. Variabilities in different strains of the causative agent, or different strains of chickens, or both, may possibly be factors causing the variations in result of different workers. 22. This disease is one of the most important diseases of chickens in sections where it is prevalent. Its occurrence seems to be very widespread. We fully realize that the deductions, enumerated in this paper, are by no means final and are subject to radical changes at any time. We have merely tried to draw as accurate and unbiased conclusions as possible from the results obtained from our studies as we saw them. This disease presents many complex problems, and the combined work of many investigators over a long period of time is necessary to settle the many questions now existing.

Polyneuritis in Fowls: A Note on the Occurrence of the Disease in Northern Nigeria, G. Norman Hall. Veteri- nary Research Laboratory, Vom, N. Nigeria. The Vet. Journal, Vol. 88, 1932, p. 337. The disease was diagnosed for the first time in Nigeria towards the end of 1929 amongst an imported pen of fowls from England, while recently a second case was observed in a native bred fowl. This indicates that the disease exists in Nigeria. Author gives a description of both cases.

A new Poultry Disease, Fowl Paralysis-Neurolymphomatosis Gallinarum. G. C. Mc Lennan. Journal of Agriculture, Adelaide, Australia, 15 Febr. 1932. This disease has made its appearance in South Australia. Hitherto it has not been reported in Australia. Poultry breeders in Australia, who have birds showing symptoms similar to those in this article described are earnestly requested to communicate with the Veterinary Pathologist, Laboratory, Adelaide Hospital.

Paralysis of Domestic Fowl, E. F. Thomas, Florida Agricult. Experiment Station. State Project No. 119. Gainesville, 1932. As in previous years, the major part of the work on this project has consisted of attempting to transmit the disease to healthy birds and to birds known to be infected with coccidiosis. Bacterial cultures taken from the intestinal tract of paralyzed birds have been grown and injected intraperitoneally, intramuscularly, and subcutaneously into healthy birds, but no cases of paralysis have been produced. Further, such cultures have been introduced in large doses into the gizzards of birds known to be infected with coccidiosis with negative results. Macerated brain and nerve tissues taken from paralyzed birds have been injected intraperitoneally, intramuscularly, and subcutaneously into birds of susceptible age with no cases of paralysis resulting. All these studies will be continued in an effort to determine the cause of the disease.

— 107 — Fowl paralysis has been diagnosed in 32 counties representing every section of the state. Post-mortem examinations and detailed records have been made on 111 cases. These records show that all the paralyzed birds were affected with an enteritis in the duodenal portion of the intestine; 63 were infected with coccidia; 41 had roundworms (Ascaridia lineata); 52 showed tapeworms present; and 18 showed some enlargement of the femoral nerves. Numerous other lesions were encountered, but they occurred so inconsistently that they were not considered important. Since coccidia have been found in a large number of the paralyzed birds, and since the control of these protozoan parasites is apparently very important in the control of paralysis, experiments are being conducted to determine how long coccidia oocysts will live in the soil under natural conditions for this state. It is impossible to draw any definite conclusions at this time since work has been in progress for only a short period of time.

LARYNGO TRACHEITIS.

Infectious Laryngotracheitis of Fowls. - Infektiöse Laryngo- tracheitis heim Huhn auch in Deutschland. Priv. Doz. Dr. Lerche, Breslau. Berliner Tierärztliche Wochen- schrift, 1932, No. 10, p. 145. This epidemic, until now only observed in America, has also been diagnosed by the author within the last years in Germany i.e. amongst two separate flocks. This disease excels in conjunctivitis collection of watery or slimy secrets in the nasal cavity, exceptionally heavy asthma and quick decrease of strength. It appears in the spring and autumn, terminates mostly deathly and attacks preferably young animals. The post mortem indicated laryngitis and tracheitis. The swollen mucous membrane of the wind pipe and of the crop was shiny, greyish-red troubled and speckled with fine bleedings. In the crop appeared sometimes a greyish-yellow fibrin prop, in the windpipe a slimy, with blood grooves moddled secret. These changes had advanced as far as the bronchies and singly also as far as the air-sacs. The hystiological image showed degeneration and repulsion of the epithelics, heavy infiltration of the mucosa and submucosa with small round-cells, as well as bleedings in the tissues and on the mucous membrane. Differential-diagnostically the contagious roup comes under consideration, which is very similar and which distinguishes itself chiefly hystiological, further the A-avitaminosis and the fowl-pox. By transmission tests, which succeeded only through transference of the windpipe contents in the tracheas, and not by subcutane or intravenal injections, the author could prove the heavy infectious capacity with an incubation of from 6 to 7 days. The cause was microscopically and cultural not visible and passed only partly the Berkefeld filter; in the blood and in the organs no germs were found. The opinion, that the latter are identical with those of the fowl-pox the. author repudiates by reason of his tests. The combatting consisted of hygienic measurements (separation, protection from cold, dust free houses) and immunisation by means of injections with windpipe contents; regarding the value of this can no final decision be taken, as yet. From médecins, i.e. by repeated injections of 0,2 ccm. Trans- pulmin (resp. the cheaper Transpul vet) favourable results could be obtained, viz. the asthma decreased speedily.

Infection of the Clooca with the Virus of Infectious Bronchitis. C. B. Hudson and F. R. Beaudette. Science, 1932, p. 34. (Ref. Journal Am. Vet. Med. Ass., Tome 81, p. 682.) Cotton swabs injected with the virus of infectious bronchitis have been introduced into the cloacae of birds with the result that after three days an acute inflammation developed in the proctodeumal portion of this structure. The virus was carried through four generations (from cloaca to- cloaca) by

— 108 — means of infected cotton swabs. Birds inoculated intratracheally by swabs from the cloaca of these birds showed typical symptoms of the disease. Tests of immunity showed that birds previously attacked in the cloaca resisted trachéal infection and those recovered from trachéal inoculation resisted cloacal infection.

Chronic Carriers of infectious Laryngotracheitis. Ch. S. Gibbs. Agrie. Exp. Station, Amherst, Mass. Journal of the Am. Vet. Med. Ass., Vol. 81, p. 651. Summary: 1. Chronic carriers of infectious laryngotracheitis have been found eli- minating virus up to 467 days. At the end of this period, two fowls were still transmitting the disease to susceptible chickens at regular tests. 2. Four of the chronic carriers had laryngotracheal rôles and seventeen did not show this symptoms. 3. Four other birds recovering from infectious laryngo-tracheitis and having persistent laryngo-trachéal rôles did not eliminate the virus as indicated by intratracheal swabbing into susceptible chickens. 4. In the 21 chronic carriers studied, the virus seemed to be confined to some portion of the larynx or trachea and lesions such as inflammation, hyperplasia, ulcération and pseudomembrane appeared to be associated with it. 5. The results of these observations and experiments indicate that laryngotracheal rôles are not a reliable means of detecting chronic carriers.

FOWL PEST.

Fowl Pest Virus in Tissue-Cultures. - Ueber das Verhalten von Hühnerpestvirus in der Gewebekultur, C. Hallauer. Kaiser Wilhelm Institut für Biologie, Berlin-Dahlem. Zeitschrift für Hygiene und Infektionskrankheiten, Vol. 113, 1931, p. 61. Conclusions: 1. Author was successful to cultivate fowl-pest-virus in tissue cultures from poultry-tissues. 2. In cultures with killed tissue no increase of the virus can be obtained. 3. For the production of the virus only certain organs can be used (skin, brains, iris-epithelium). The virus contains epitheliotrop and especially encéphale trope properties. 4. In tissue cultures from pigeons, geese and ducks increases the virus just as well as in chicken tissue. 5. Mice and rat tissue are refractory in tissue cultures. 6. The virus increase occurs in proportion with the massa of the tissue. 7. In cultures infected with virus characteristic morphological alterations are to be noticed.

Experiments with Fowl Pest Virus. - Untersuchungen über das Virus der Hühnerpest. VH: Mitteilung; Zur Virus- adsorption in vitro. VHI: Mitteilung; Entwicklung der Septikämie des infizierten Huhnes. R. Doerr and S. Seidenberg* Zeitschrift f. Hygiene und Infektionskrank- heiten, 1932, p. 269, 276.

— 109 ■— Through the addition of adsorbents (erythrocyts, animal coal, fowl- brain-emulsion) the virus becomes more virulent. The symptom is however not constant and depends on the starting material and the adsorbent. In intramuscular infected chickens the virus can be distinguished after 6 hours in the erythrocyts of the flowing blood. The central tissue system can still be free of virus, the septichaemia is therefore the primary symptom. The blood serum, is still avirulent 6 hours after the infection, though the blood cells contain already the virus. The increase of the virus takes place therefore in the blood corpsules. If the virus has once reached the brains it will increase very quickly.

Fowl Pest in Egypt, - Etudes sur la Peste Aviaire d'Egypte. E. Lagrange. Annales de l'Institut Pasteur, Vol. 48, 1932, p. 208. A very detailed publication, comprising the following four main points: (1) the properties of the virus; (2) Immunity; (3) Auto-sterilisation; (4) Epidemiology. Conclusions: 1. The Egyptian Fowl-pest is of a special type, which must be distinguished from the classical Fowl-pest (slow development, very contagious by contact and ingestion, crossed immunity between the two virus). After death all the organs are virulent. The virus is contagious for sparrows; pigeon, duck and goose are refractory. 2. Natural immunity does hardly exist. Artificially a good immunity can be generated. With formalysed spleen complete immunity can be obtained, but not with liver tissue. 3. Sometimes the brains are avirulent after death, whilst the other organs are virulent. 4. If an immunised chicken is being heavily infected, it can get ill and die. In this case the virus is only to be found in the brains. 5. Virus carriers occur which are not inmiune. These play a great role by the transmission of the infection. 6. Artificial epizootics cease by themselves after a nimiber of passages without the virus loosing its virulent action. 7. The Egyptian pest prevails only from December up to June. 8. As to whether lice can transmit the infection has yet to be investigated.

Immunity in Fowl Pest. - Ueber die Immunität gegen das Virus der Hühnerpest. S. Seidenberg. Hygienisches Institut der Universität, Basel, Zeitschrift für Hygiene u. Infektions- krankheiten, Vol. 114, p. 462. Conclusions: An infection with the virus of the Rous-sarcoma does not result in immunity of chickens against fowl-pest.

Newcastle Disease and Fowl Pest. - Ueber die Beziehungen der Newcastle-Krankheit zur Geflügelpest. Prof. Dr. R. Manninger, Veterinärhygienisches Institut, Budapest. Archiv für Tierheilkunde. Vol. 65, p. 256. Conclusions: There is no reason to suppose that the Newcastle virus differs from the fowl-pest virus. The Newcastle disease is a very interesting, subacute persuing form of the fowl-pest, which is caused by an extraordinary weak virulent virus.

— 110 — Investigations with Pest Vims. - Vebertragung des Geflügel- pestvirus auf Mäusegehirn und Rattenhoden. - Ueber Immunitätserscheinungen bei der Hühnerpest der weissen Ratte. W. A. Collier. Zeitschrift für Hygiene, Vol. 113, p. 751. On the transmission of the virus to the brains of mice it looses tempo- rarily its virulence for canary birds. Speedily however the original virulence will be restored. The virus can also be transmitted to the testes of rats and so be able to be cultivated further. After three days can the virus, which disperses itself from the testes into the blood, be observed in the brains. After the virus has disappeared from the testes, it can still be observed in the brains. After pulling through an infection, the rat will be immune. By intra-testiculare injection of rats with the virus of the Rous-sarcom and the rabbit-my xoma, clear immunity of the testes will originate in 80 per cent, of the cases, against an infection with fowl virus, administered from 9 to 45 days later.

Ranikhet Disease: A new Disease of Fowls in India, due to a Filterpassing Virus. H. Cooper. Muktesar-Kumavn. Ind. Journal of Veterinär}^ Science. 1931, p. 107. This disease was discovered in India for the first time in 1927. The incubation period amounts from 3 to 5 days. The duration of the disease is very short (V/i day). 95 per cent, of the fowls are susceptible. Only 10 per cent, of the diseased animals got over it, alive. The virus remained virulent in the ice-chest for 169 days. Serum of chickens which got safely over this disease, protects other chickens from infection. Serum, obtained from donkeys, has no protective quality. Experiments undertaken to prepare a vaccine, did not succeed. The disease is identical with the Newcastle disease and the Avian-Pest in the Philippines.

OTHER INFECTIOUS DISEASES.

A new Duck Disease. J. M. Hendrickson and K. F. Hilbert. Poultry Disease Laboratory, Farniingdale, N.Y. The Poultry Item, Sept. 1932. During the summer of 1931 a new disease of ducks was diagnosed at the Poultry Disease Laboratory. This disease was found to be the cause of large losses among the ducks on three separate ranches on Long Island. In each of the three outbreaks several thousand ducks died before the disease was brought under control. On one ranch 1500 to 2000 ducks died during the first ten days of the outbreak. A total of between 12000 to 15000 ducks died on this ranch. The losses first appeared in the ducks from 7 to 10 weeks of age. In all cases the old breeder ducks and ducklings younger than 3 weeks were not affected. The first symptom was depression with ruffled feathers and a sleepy attitude. A green colored diarrhea appeared. Nervous symtoms were manifested by a continual bobbing and jerking of the head. In some cases ducks would be found lying on their backs with the neck curved and wings and legs jerking. A watery discharge, which was often foamy come from the eyes. As disease progressed, complete pratration occurred and the ducks would lie with their beaks resting on the groimd. The course of the disease was rapid and death usually resulted in 6 to 12 hours, there were no recoveries. The lesions found on autopsy were essentially those of an acute blood poisoning.

— Ill — The causative agent of the disease was found to be a specific micro- organism that as far as authors are able to determine has never previously been described. Chickens and rabbits were highly refractory to infection authors have named this organism Pfeifferella anatipestifer.

Feeding of the Brucella Organism to Chickens and its Effect on Egg-Production of Pullets and on Growth of young Chicks. S. H. Mc Nutt and P. Purwin. Iowa State College, Ames, Iowa. The Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, Vol. 81, p. 641. Conclusians: Feeding of Brucella cultures to laying pullets was followed by a temporary, sUght decrease in egg-production. Feeding of Brucella to 10-day-old chicks had no effect.

Leucaemia in Birds. Santagostina. La Clinica Veterinaria, August 1928, p. 519. The disease occurs in Lombardy. The symptoms during the life and after death are being described. Treatment with atoxyl had no results.

Infectious Leucaemia of Fowls. - Bericht über einen neuen Stamm Hühnerleukose. J. Engelbreth-Holm. Zeitschrift für Immunitätsforschung, 1931, Bd. 73, Heft 1-2, p. 126. Author studied a strain of the virus of infectious leuchaemia of fowls occurring in Plymouth Rocks. Passages were made through ten generations, using 183 birds, of which 97 developed the disease. Author considers that the disease occiu's in two forms: (a) myeloid and (b) erythroleucotic. The lymphatic type described by EUermann is considered to be a separate and nontransmissible condition; and a lymphatic disease of this type was found by Mathews and Walkey in 2 % to 30 % of birds in ordinary flocks. In the affected bird from which the strain studied was derived, the blood presented a picture of mixed myeloid and erythroleucotic types, with enlargement of liver and spleen, and dark red semi-fluid bone marrow. Microscopic examination of liver and spleen showed myeloid hyperplasia and marked leucostasis. After the first passage, the blood picture was of the pure erythroleucotic type. The initial period of incubation of several months is greatly decreased by passage, and with reduction of the period of incubation is associated a higher percentage of successful transmissions.

Studies on the Nature of the Agent Transmitting Leucosis of Fowls. - /; Its Concentration in Blood Cells and Plasma and Relation to the Incubation Period. II: Filtration of leucémie Plasma. Ill: Resistance to Dessication, to Gly- cerine, to Freezing and Thawing; Survival at Ice-box and Incubator Temperature. J. Furth, Philadelphia. Journal Exp. Medicin, Vol. 55, p. 466, 479, 495. (Ref. Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie, Ref. Vol. 107, p. 92.) The concentration of the virus of the leucosis is in blood corpsules and celfree plasma about the same. The smallest working plasma-quantity was 10—6 ccm, that of the blood corpsules 10—5 ccm. The nimiber of positive plasma inoculations is lower than that of the blood corpsules. The duration of the incubation-period increases with the diminution of plasma, this is less

— 112 — the case when vaccinating with bloodcells, probably because the cells are increasing. The virus of the leucosis passes all types of Kieselguhr-filters. The incubation period is being increased by the filtrating. Owing to the filtration through coUodium-membranes it appears that the virus corresponds, as regards its size, with the bacteriophage, as it passes 1.5 % coUodium membranes easily. The virus may be stored dry, but looses now and again its effectiveness. In glycerine it will keep its effectiveness for at least 104 days. The incubation period is considerably longer by virus which has been kept in glycerine. Freezing in liquid air does not kill the virus. It looses its effectiveness by a temperature of 37° C. for the greatest part within 7 days and completely within 14 days. In the ice-box it looses its effectiveness only after 21 days by a temperature of 4° C.

Swine-Erisipelas in Ducks. - Ein Beitrag zum Geflügelrotlauf bei Enten. Dr. F. Werner. Landtierzuchtamt, Graz. Deutsche TierärztUche Wochenschrift, 1932,.p. 148. The author gives in the first place a literature summary of the cases which are already described and reports after this three cases which he diagnosed. In all three cases inflammation of the ovidyct was also occuring. After removal of the drakes and vaccination with swine-erysipelas serum no further cases of inflammation of the oviduct and erysipelas occured.

The Psittacosis under special Consideration of the Veterinary Differential Diagnosis. - Die Psittakose unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Veterinären Differentialdiagnose. G. Elkeles and B. Grzimek. Tierärztliche Rundschau, Vol. 38, No. 44 and 49. The authors are giving an extended account of the momentary position of the Psittacosis research, with numerous literature indications. Grzimek adds for the first time a compilation of all; up to the present, differential- diagnostically parrot-diseases, which have been observed by parrots. The diagnosis can, under the following provisions, be taken as certain: If the one attacked by the illness or especially if more then one person of the same family falls iU from the above referred to, very characteristic pneumonia, if no other cause of illness of the parrot can be diagnosed, and if through bacteria free or-freed human (blood, sputum) or animal material (grinding up of organs, especially liver and spleen) parrots or mice are infected in series, and the deceased or within a certain time killed test animals, by the absence of bacteria in the organs, indicate certain hysto- pathological alterations, especially in the liver. The discovery of the corpuscles, more detailed described by Coles, Levinthal, Lillie, Rivers, can in the positive sense be helpfully made use of.

Streptococci in Fowl. - Zur Biologie einiger tierpathogener Streptokokken aus Ferkel und Huhn. Dr. F. Oehme. Tierärztliche Rundschau, 1932, p. 207. The streptococcaemia in fowl can be caused, besides by those by Dammann already described encapsulated streptococci, also by non-cap- sulated streptococci. These bacterias can sometimes cause great mortality on certain poultry farms. Most probably it concerns here harmless streptococci which are becoming virulent through some unknown cause.

-^ 113 -- VIII Mycosis of Poultry. - Ueber Mykosen beim Geflügel. Dr. E. Seren. Deutsche Tierärztliche Wochenschrift, 1932, p. 276, 294. The author gives first a concise literary summary and afterwards discusses 7 cases, which he himself has examined in hens, ducks and geese. The infection took place with Aspergillus fumigatus. By tests it appeared that these fungi could cause a disease quite independently. Feeding of great quantities of fungi to chicks did not cause any illness. The culture of the fungi had the most success on Plant's fruitjuice- agar.

Enjthroleucosis in Hens. - De VErythroleucose (Erythrose) chez la Poule. J. Engelbreth-Holm. Comptes rendus de la Société de Biologie. Vol. 109, p. 1222. The writers have taken tests with the virus of leucosis of hens, which support in a certain sense the hypothesis that the leucosis of hens has really a tumoral character.

Transmission of the Leucosis of Hens to Chicks. - Transmis- sion de la Leucose des Poules a des Poussins. J. Engel- breth-HoIm and A. Rothe Meyer. Comptes rendus de la Société de Biologie, Vol. 109, p. 1219. With blood, originating from the 12th passage of hens, the disease could be transferred to chicks, whilst this blood had hardly any influence on grown up hens.

Paludism of Birds. - Paludisme des Oiseaux^ Caractères spec, des Plasmodium Aviaires. Et. Sergent and A. Catanei. Archives de Tlnstitut Pasteur, Algérie, 1931. p. 399; 1932, p. 34. Description with indication of the literature and prints of the different types of Plasmodium in avian malaria. Attention is drawn to the importance of the study of the avian malaria for the knowledge regarding the malaria in man. During 1909—1930 a great number of blood examinations have been made on 342 canary birds which were artificially infected. At the beginning of the spring and in the middle of the summer the blood-infections are exceptionally heavy. During these periods the body of the canary birds seems to be especially susceptible.

Treatment of Palludism with Ichtargan. - Essai de Traitement du Paludisme des Oiseaux (Plasmodium relictum) par richtargan. E. Sergent and A. Catanei. Arch. Institut Pasteur, Algérie. Vol. 10, p. 1932. (Ref. Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie, Ref. Vol. 107, p. 294.) The toxical dosis is 0.002 grams ichtargan by subcutane injection. Therapeutical dosis of 0.002 grams, 0.001 gram and 0.0002 gram had no curing capacities. Ichthargan is therefore absolutely ineffective for avian malaria.

— 114 — Immunity in Malaria. - Zur Frage der Malaria-Immunität. Z. W. Jermoljewa and J. S. Bujanowskaja. Z. Immun- forschung, Vol. 73, Î3. 276. (Ref» Zentralblatt für Bald., Ref. Vol. 107, p. 294.) No real immunity exists by fowl-malaria, but only an infection- immunity. As long as canary birds are no more infected after having under- gone one infection plasmodias will remain present in the organs for anot.ier 10 months. By treatment with killed plasmodias no immunity can be generated. Results of the NucleaUreaction in Fowl-Malaria. - Die Ergeb- nisse der Nuklealreaktion hei Vogelmalaria. Dr. O. Jiro- vec and Dr. W. Cerny. Zoologisches Institut der Karls- Universität in Prag. Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie, Ori- ginale, Tome 126, p. 181. In the nucleus of Proteosoma praecox prevail Thymonucleinacids which give in the schozogoniae a positive nuclealreaction. In the chromatin- poor gamets and young schizonts the reaction is negative. The composition of the nucleus of the Proteosoma is the same as that of other nuclei of Protozoa. Piroplasmosis due to Aegyptianella Pullorum. M. Carpano. La Clinica Veterinaria. August 1929, p. 475. The disease appears in Egypt in geese. The disease follows either an acute or a chronic course. Argas persicus seems to transmit the spirochaets and the piroplasmes. Infections with filtrable virus can cause the latent piroplasmosis and the latent spirochaetosis to break out. Fowl-Spirochaetosis. - Hoenderspirochaetose. Dr. W. K. Picard. Veeartsenijkundig înstituut, Buitenzorg. Nederl.- Indische Bladen voor Diergeneeskunde, Vol. 44, 1932, p. 287. Summary: In 1915 Sohns detected the presence of Argas persicus on a Java poultry-farm and described the tick as the transmitter of fowl-spirochaetosis. Though the spirochaete was seen in the motile bloodsmear and could be succesfuUy inoculated into experimental birds, it could not be recognised in the stained smear. In 1927 the author started a systematic study of the frequency of Argas persicus and spirochaetosis in Netherlands India. In the course of 5 years only one farm could be found as heavily infested with the tick, although strangely the birds showed to be free of the spirochaete. Finally in 1932 on a tick-free farm the first case of spirochaetosis was definitely diagnosed in a single hen, which showed the typical alterations of the internal organs (spleentumor, fatly liverdegeneration) and the presence of several spirochaetes in a smear of the spleen (the bloodsmear was negative). Though the tick and the spirochaete are here¥/ith definitely stated to occur in Netherlands India, there remains to demonstrate the aetiological relation between the two. Spirochaetosis. - Die Spirochaetose der Hühner in Azerbaid- schan (Trans-Kaukasien). W. L, Yakimoff, M. K. Polio- noff, E. F. Rastegaieff. Zeitschrift für Immunitätsforsch. 1932, p. 355.

— 115 — The spirochetosis in Trans Caucasia seems to be identical with that in North Caucasia, Saratow and Brazil. As médecins the following are usefuU: Atoxyl, spirocid, osar sol and arrhenal. The question concerning the identity of spirochaeta gallinarum and spirochaeta anserina has not yet been solved.

Culture of Spirochetes. - Culture de Formes invisibles des Spirochètes des Poules, E. Marchoux et V. Chorine. Cps. rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, 1932, p. 917. With a culture which does not contain any visible spirochets the disease can be transmitted to healthy chickens.

Culture of Spirochetes, - Sur la Culture du Spirochète des Poules, E. Landauer. Annales de l'Institut Pasteur, 1931, p. 667. The virulence of the spirochetes remains present in the cultures. During the first passages a growth of the spirochetes can only be obtained by the addition of fresh blood, whilst later on haemoglobin will be sufficient.

Spirochetosis, - Spirochetose indéterminée de la Poule. R. Boisseau. Bull. Soc. Path. Exot. 25, 130. (Ref. Zentral- blatt für Bakteriologie, Vol. 107, p. 429.) From the blood of a chicken spirochets were cultivated, which had 8—^15 very regular, narrow spirals. The spirochets appeared also in the liver. Vaccination on other chickens and guinea pigs remained without results. The disease was cured with atoxyl injections.

Spirochaetes in Cellular Cultures. - Spirochaeta gallinarum et Cultures Cellulaires, C. Levaditi and G. Stoel. Comptes rendus de la Société de Biologie, Vol. 107, 1931, p. 1528. Spirochaeta gallinarum and spirochaeta pallida remain virulent for a certain time in the tissue cultures. Spirochaeta gallinarum, however, remained never virulent for more than three days.

Fowl Spirillosis, - Contribution à VEtude de la Spirillose Aviaire dans les Etats du Levant, L. Chaillot and L. Saumie. Bulletin de l'Académie Vétérinaire de France, Vol. 5, p. 112. The authors reached the conclusion that the spirillosis and the „Bodies of Balfour" are two different parasites.

Plasmodium of the Owl, - II Plasmodium delta Civetta (Ath. noctua), G. Raffaele, Roma. Riv. Malariol. Vol. 10, p. 684. (Ref. Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie, Ref. Vol. 107, p. 295.) A Plasmodium is described which was discovered in an owl. The development-cyclus progressed in Ciilex pipiens within 12 days at 22° C. Other kinds of birds were not susceptible for this Plasmodium.

— 116 -^ Artificial Infection with Proteosoma in Birds, - Die künstliche Proteosomainfektion der VögeL 3. Mitteilung. Ein Bei- trag zur Frage der Therapie bei Vogelmalaria. Dr. H. Lotze. Hygiene-Institut der Universität Greifswalde. Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie, Originale, Tome 124, p. 932, 161. For the treatment of avian malaria, the therapy with blood from the same bird seemed to be inefficient from technical reasons. Better results were obtained with intra-muscular injection of fresh blood or serum from infected animals and this with addition of plasmodia containing blood corpuscles in physiological salt solution. By the last method the parasites disappeared completely from the organisme.

Purified (Protein-free) Virus of Chicken Tumor No. Í. Lewis, M. Reed and W. Mendelsohn. John Hopkins University. American Journal of Hygiene, 1931, p. 421, 639. A Berkefeld filtrate of tumors was ground with animal coal and centrifuged afterwards. This was repeated so long until the above mentioned liquid gave no more suring proof of biuret or H N 03. The vaccination with these filtrates caused tumors in chickens in 29 out of 32 cases. A filtrate of the tumors in physiological salt-solution was filtered through coUodium membranes. The filtrate of a 3 % membrane was always, and that of a 5 % membrane only in exceptional cases pathogen for hens. The size of the virus is therefore less than 50 m. microns.

Incubation of Infected Eggs. - Sulla Incubazione sperimentale di Uova a vario grado infettate. Prof. O. Rook. R. Inst. Superiore di Veterinaria, Perugio. Rivista di Avicoltura, 1932, p. 336, 383. Conclusions: On examination of just hatched chicks, the fowl cholera bacillus was found in some cases in the blood of the chicks. The infection was evidently caused already by the mother-hen. It may be that the infection took place from the mother or that the egg was infected later on, in both cases the chick can develop itself and can hatch. Many chicks also remained dead in the shell. The development only takes place if the bacteria in the egg do not taint the contents of the egg. The virus of the fowl-pox can also penetrate through the shell, but in this case the egg contents will become tainted by the germs in the pox- crusts. PARASITES COCCIDIOSIS.

Experiments to Distinguish the Coccidiosis in Water-Fowls. Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Kokzidiose beim Wasser- geflügel (Ente, Gans). A. Kotlàn. AUatorvosi Lapok 1932, No. 7, p. 103. (Ref. Prager Archiv für Tiermedizin 1932, Vol. 3, p. 243.)

— 117 — --,:,-.,,^ ^£ -.,^,^^-. ^1-,^, ^■■^.r. j, ,^ -Tosea'^chos the author comes ' '.'--.'-. 'n ^va'3r~fowl is bôu^ht o' by cpoc'.il k'n:l3 of E nir:.'a, L'.íÍ2 n:^ ". en C':G k'nds occuring by chick-^^s îcC':^"rc! n * t'^ ^ •".' v:-!!^ b 'îi'îi'i; JT. - i '?. cf iê duck some fur-her resea^c'ies aro 3t 11 'o be recommer ded, \v!ii's,, as regards the goose it can already be regarded as certain that two independent Eimeria kinds can be considered as the ge.ie:a.';ors of the n 33t'na ccc2'd*o3"s. The one was recognised as a new sort for which the d. iicm'na Ion ,.E'm3:;la anseris" has been proposed, whils': t-ê other has much s mikirl y w h the Eimeria truncata which occurs in the kidney of the goose. Feeding t^sts will, hov/ever, have to decide as to whether the coccidiosis appertaining to the truncata type is really similar (o tha': of the Eimeria t unca a The last mentioned kind of Eimeria brings on also macroscopically clearly discernible changes in the intestinal mucous membrane.

Coccidlos's in Russia. - Zur Hiihnerkokzidiose in Russland (U.d.S.S.R,). Prof» Dr, W. L. Yakimoff and E. F. Raste- gaicff. Tierärztliche Hochschule, Leningrad, Zentral- blati für Bakteriologie, I. Abteilung. Originale, Vol, 123, 1931, p. 1, In Russia this disease is sp.>;ad very much, the Russian literature, however, possesses u^ to nov7 not one description of this disease. The authors diagnosed this disease for 'he firs' time in 1925. An extensive summary of the literature is made mention off, after which personal researches are described. It concerns material, v/hiveh was bought on the market at Lenin- grad and such forwarded from Pjatigorsk (North Cucasia). The authors found the following types: Eimeria tenella and some new types, which were named after researchers who had worî^ed the hardest in the researches for coccidiosis, i.e.: E. beachi, E. johnsoni, E. tyzzeri. These new types are accurately described.

Combatting Coccidiosis. - Zur Frage der Bekämpfung der Kokzidiose der Kücken. Dr. H. Eickmann and Dr. P. Karniann, Bakteriologisches Institut d, Landwirtschafts- kammer für die Rheinprovinz. Zeitschrift für Infektions- krankheiten, Vol. 43, p. 41, Three methods for the combatting are examined. Conclusions: 1. By the installation of wire floors and other hygienic measures the best results were obtained. The Jodium-milk-method according to Kerr gave minor results and the method with only grain-feeding satisfied the least. 2. In some chicks, paralysis was diagnosed. Most probably, after careful examination, many cases of Marek's disease will be recognised as a result of coccidiosis.

The Influence of Diet on the Development of Experimental Coccidiosis in Chickens kept under Sanitary Conditions. E. A. Allen. Zoological Division, Bureau of Animal In- dustry. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Washington. Vol. 15, p. 163. Three groups of chicks were infected with oocysts of Eimeria tenella. Half of each group was under an ordinary diet, the other half was on a diet with albumen and vitamine A and B. In the chicks on the last mentioned

— 118 -^ diet the mortality was considerably lower than in those on the ordinary method (5 % against 25 %) also the disease had a lighter course. The disadvantage of this diet was, that more chronic cases were developped by the surviving chicks and as a result thereof a minor increase in weight. For the practice it seems therefore that the food rich of albumen is less favourable than the ordinary diet.

Combatting Coccidiosis. G. E. Lewin. Chanticleer, March '32, p. 36.^ Description of a trial to test the value of iodised milk in reducing the losses from coccidiosis. About 240 chicks were used divided in four lots. A chick mash containing 15 % dried milk was used. Resultsî For the purpose of resisting coccidia it is possible to overdose growing chicks with iodine. Such an overdose is at any rate as bad as no iodine. It is possible that this may account for the variability of the results of Kerr's treatment as reported from different people. A very mild dose of iodine, given in milk from day old, will reduce the losses from coccidiosis. At five months old the poor condition of the lot receiving a high dose of iodine (6.6 oz. per cwt.) was so marked as to raise serious doubts about the correctness of the generally accepted belief that no ill effects will be obtained in poultry from an overdose of iodine. On the other hand, the condition of lot D at five months (0.3 oz. iodine per cwt.) old confirms the opinion, formed at three months, that a small dose of iodine is beneficial when fed in milk from day old.

A preliminary Note on the Use of Bacteria in the Treatment of Coccidiosis. W, P. Blount. Report of the Poultry Path, Research Laboratory, Goring, Reading, June 1932. Description of a micro-organism, obtained by author which gave good results in the treatment of coccidiosis. The micro-organism has the following char acter ist i es : 1. Production of organic acid from mono-sacharids, 2. Non production of gas, S Non-pathogenic, but capable of aiding digestion, 4 Ability to acclimatise itself to the alimientary canal of the fowl, 5. Non production of acid from the di-saccharides, lactose and maltose, 6. Capable of reproduction, without difficulty, at the body temperature of the fowl, namely, 107" F.

Sour Milk in Avian Coccidiosis. J. D. W. A. Coles, Onderste- poort. Journal South African Veterinary Medical Ass., 1932, p. 198. Coccidiosis has been one of the most widespread and fatal diseases of poultry in the Union for many years. Until recently its appearance often meant the ruination of the poultry plant concerned. With the introduction of the sour milk treatment, however, a simple, inexpensive, yet very effective method of controlling the disease has been placed at the disposal of all poultrymen.

OTHER PARASITES.

Blackhead. Schlotthauer and Essex. The Cornell Veterinarian, July, 1931. Tyzzer and Fabian, have never diagnosed this disease by very young

— 119 -- tiirkeys. The authors have noticed death in turkeys being 5 to 7 days old, owing to blackhead. This lifetime is shorter than the incubation period of the disease, so that the virus must already have been present in the eggs.

X Blackhead in Turkeys. A new Treatment. E. Burr. Eggs, Nov. 30th, 1932. Dr. W. C. English got good results by injecting intravenously the turkeys with neo-salversan. The dose is 0.005 gram per pound body weight. Mrs. Elce, secretary of the Bronze Turkey Club informed author that several complete cures have occurred with this treatment.

Manual for Helminthology. - Lehrbuch der Helminthologie. Eine Naturgeschichte der in den deutschen Säugetieren und Vögeln schmarotzenden Würmern, unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Helminthen des Menschen der Haustiere und wichtigsten Nutztiere. C. E. W. Sprehn, Leipzig, 1932. Minute description of the Helminths in different kinds of birds, in man and domestic animals.

Two new Kinds of Nematodes. - Ueber zwei neue Arten von Nematoden im Vogel. Dr. I. A. Ssolonitzin. Tierärztl. Institut, Kasan. Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie, Originale, Vol. 124, p. 36. Description of two Nematodes, which were discovered in birds in 1930 during an expedition to the Ssewan Lake in Armenia. The parasites received the following denominations: 1. Rusguniella transcaucasica no v. sp. and 2. Desmidocercella incognita nov. sp.

Ascaridiosis. G. Giusti. La Clinica Veterinaria, Milano, 1931, p. 562. The author obtained good results by the following method: Fasting for 24 hours, after this a third part of the food with 1 gram of tobacco powder, and after two hours the rest of the food with 4 grams magnesium sulphate. This was repeated after 8 days.

Resistance to Parasitism in Chickens Effected by Vitamin B. (Ref. The Australian Veterinary Journal, August 1932, p. 159.) J. E. Ackert and L. C. Wolf. Amer. Jour. Hygiene, Vol. XIV, 1931, p. 337. Experiments in 225 chickens carried out to ascertain if vitamin B complex is a factor in the resistance of chickens to Ascaride lineata. Groups of chicks given the same number of embryonated eggs had more worms when their diet lacked vitamin B than did similar groups of chickens whose rations contained adequate amounts of this vitamin. Larger worms were found in those chickens whose diet contained yeast than in the groups whose rations lacked it. It is suggested that the yeast may contain a factor which is favourable to the growth of worms.

^ 120 -. Trichomoniasis in Pigeons, - Over Trichomoniasis bij Duiven. II: Localisatie van Trichomonas columbae in spontane gevallen, A. Bos. Tijdschrift voor Diergeneeskunde, 1932, p. 1336. Summary: The author investigated the localization of Trichomonas columbae in the organs of pigeons which were suffering from or had died of a disease characterized by the appearance of necrotic foci. He did so by making cultures from these foci, using as medium the Locke-egg-serum medium of Boeck and Drbolav (1925). The flagellate was encountered in typical foci of liver, pancreas, heart, pericardium, pleura and peritoneum, but it also was seen in foci in lungs, blood vessels (vena cava) and in the wall of the oesophagus and surrounding muscular tissue, even in the covering skin. Not only in the tissues Trichomonas were found, but they also occurred in preparations taken from the mouth, throat and craw, and occasionally in the intestine. Loss amongst Chickens caused by the Florare of Sodium used for the Treatment of Feather Parasites. Neumüller. Deutsche Tierärztliche Wochenschrift, Vol. 34, p. 166- 167. 1931. The breeders have often reported consecutive losses after the use of sodium florure on chickens infected with feather parasites. NeumuUer reports the damages owing to a wrong application of this product, which has been vigorously rubbed into the skin instead of sprinkling it on and between the plumage. Combatting Ectoparasites. - Beitrag zur Verhütung und Be- kämpfung der Ektoparasiten des Geflügels, insbesondere des Huhnes. Dr. Seidel. Leutenberg (Thüringen). Archiv für Tierheilkunde, Vol. 65, p. 294. Conclusions: 1. The Mallophages and the mite Dermanyssus play a special role amongst the Ectoparasites. 2. The Streu-Mianin of Dr. Fahlberg appeared to be a good exterminator against these parasites. Killing Mites by Means of Shell-Tox. - Die Vernichtung von Dermanyssus avium auf dem Wege der Zerstäubung des flüssigen Shell-Tox. Prof. Dr. Pfeiler. Archiv f. Geflügel- kunde, 1931, p. 292. Practice proved that Shell-Tox appeared to be a specially useful expedient against bird-parasites. To kill the mites it is necessary to do the spraying in the night and to fill the house with a fairly strong fog. Over day, the mites are hidden in cracks and corners. Every night's spraying kills a good number of mites. Continuous spraying will finally rid the house of the mites. It is recommended to examine the working thereof also as far as fleas are concerned. GENERAL Properties of the causative Agent of a Chicken Tumor. Ill: Attempts at isolation of the active principle. IV: Associa-

— 121 — tion of an inhibitor with the active principle. V: Anti- genie properties of the chicken tumor. J. B. Murphy, E. Sturon, A. Claude, O. M. Helmer. Journal Experimental Medicine, 1932, p. 91, 107, 117. (Ref. Journal Am. Vet. Med. Ass., Vol. 81, p. 686.) By two methods a protein fraction can be separated out from a chicken tumor-extract, which carries all of the tumor-producing agent. The precipitate can be dissolved and reprecipitated a number of times without causing loss of activity. The agent can be dissociated largely from the protein, as shown by the fact that aluminium hydroxid will adsorb the protein from an extract and leave the agent behind. This purified material has a very low protein content, if any, shown by both clinical and biological tests. The presence of an inhibiting substance in the chicken tumor is shown by the fact that a desiccate of the tumor is more adtive after it has been washed two or three times v/ith water, and that an extract of the tumor is more potent after some factor is removed by adsorption with aluminium hydroxid. When the tumor producing factor in an extract of a slow-growing tumor has been destroyed by heating at 55° C. it is found to have the property of neutralizing a highly active tumor extract. This inhibiting property is destroyed by heating over 65° C. The injection of tumor extracts and their active protein fractions into rabbits induced the formation of precipitins and neutralizing antibodies. When the major portion of proteins in the tumor extract had been eliminated, it induced the formation of neutralizing antibodies, but not of precipitins. The tumor agent, more highly purified by removal of the viscous fraction, did not induce precipitins, and only two out of the fifteen sera gave any evidence of neiitralizing bodies. After the removal of the major portion of the protein, the extracts showed insufficient interaction with the sera to fix complement. Anaemia and Erythroleucosis occurring spontaneously in the common Fowl. L. E. Stubbs and J. Furth. Veterinary School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Journ. of the American Veterinary Medical Association, Vol. 81, 1932, p. 209. Summary: Three instances of severe chronie spontaneous anemia, one spontaneous erythroleucosis and one that appeared intermediate, were observed in a flock of fowls in Pennsylvania. Pallor with a progressive disturbance of health were the most conspicious symptoms. Simple anemia follows a more or less chronic course, whereas erythroleucosis seems to be relatively acute but some times of considerable duration. The blood smears in erj^hroleucosis in contrast to simple anemia show relatively large numbers of very young basophile erythroblasts. The gross postmortem changes were paleness of the internal organs, in some cases an intense yellowish coloration of the body fat, skin and most of its appendages, emaciation, petechial and ecchymotic hemorrhages. The spleen is only slightly enlarged. In most cases of anemia the bone marrow is replaced by spongybone formation, with no hyperplasia of marrow, whereas in erythroleucosis there is extensive accumulation of basophile erythroblasts which show little or no tendency to undergo maturation. The liver in anemia may show little change but in erythroleucosis it is moderately enlarged and reddish brown or grayish brown in color. Navel III in Chickens. F. G. Gilman. Eggs, Dec. 16th, 1931. Navel ill or umbilical inflammation causes a far greater deathroll in chick rearing than is generally realised.

^ 122 — Symptoms are a blue inflammatory area, which quickly becomes gangrenous and offensive. Chicks, showing the signs of an undried cord, the navel is painted with tincture of iodine, which usually results in a cure and the chick is saved. Cinnamic aldehyde for catarrhal Colds. An improved Method of Using the Cure, D. Kay. Poultry, Febr. 6, 1932. Succès from the cure comes only when the shed or coop is small -^nd caabJe of being well closed uo. Large, half-open sheds do not permit the atmosphere to become properly impregnated with the antiseptic vapor and much aldehyde is lost by diffusion. By means of heat the medicament is volatilised. A teaspoonful of cinnamic aldehyde seems sufficient for 216 cubic feet of air space, but the best method is to use just sufficient to provide a strong odor of cinnamon. Report of the Poultry Pathological Research Laboratory. H. P. Hamilton. Goring, Reading, England. June 1932. Contents: General Survey. Post-morteur Department: adult examinations; Routine examination of chicks; a case of melanosis in a Fowl. Serological Department: the blood agglutination test; a rare mode of puUorum transmission; Liaison. Research Department: Is fowl paralyses hereditary; puUorum disease; anatomy, interesting clinical cases; the use of bacteria in the treatment çf coccidiosis; Tuberculosis of the fowl. Chemical Department, Statistics. Summary of serological and pathological specimens examined: Blood agglutination Test: 1.133.547 samples. Chicks examined: 8260; adults examined: 2131. Interesting clinical Cases met with in Poultry Practice. W. P. Blount. Report Poultry Pathological Research Labora- tory, Goring, Reading, England. June 1932. Description of: Amputation of the Leg, amputation of the wing, bumblefoot, crop binding, impaction of the oviduct, impaction of the proventriculus, ovariectomy, perforation of the gizzard of a hen. Medical: carbon mononide poisoning, fowl pox in pheasant chicks, impaction of the ureter, malformations, richets, pullorum disease. Bacteriological. Pus formation in the abdominal air sacs. Outline of Diagnosis & Control of Common Poultry Diseases. Fr. Rreed, Lincoln, Nebraska. The Indian Veterinary Journal, Oct. 1932. The following outline is intended to assist in the diagnosis of the common poultry problems. The descriptive matter gives the clinical symptoms together with the mode of discrimination and some of the means of control, while the tables contain summaries of the outstanding clinical symptoms and autopsy findings. It must be remembered that this is only a working outline, showing only the salient symptoms and pathological changes encountered in these conditions. Author gives a description of: Fowl Cholera—Avian Hemorrhagic Septicemia, Fowl Typhoid Klein's Disease, Antaminosis, Polyneuritis, Rachi- tis, Coccidiosis, Entero-Hepatitis. Diagnostic Laboratory Report. Florida Agricultural Experi- ment Station, 45th Annual Report, 1931. University of Florida, Gainesville.

^ 123 — During the year 750 diagnoses were made of animal diseases, the majority of cases being poultry. Some of the unusual findings in poultry are given. One infestation of the Northern feather mite, Liponyssus syl- viarum (Can. & Fanz.) was diagnosed and the parasite's identification confirmed by Dr. H. E. Ewing, United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology. Caspillaria retusa, the small thread-like worm found in the intestinal tract, was encountered in several birds and from all indications this parasite is on the increase in poultry of Florida. An infestation of Ascarides was found in wild quail. The following seven species of poultry tapeworms were encountered: Hymenolepis carioca, Davainea cesticillus, Davainea tetragona, Davainea proglottina, Davainea echinobothrida. Taenia infundibulum and Amoebotaenia sphenoides. Birds affected with small blood tumors of the skin have been presented for diagnosis from three flocks in the state. These tumors were diagnosed as cavernous angiomas. One of the birds held for observations showed periodic transudation hemorrhage from the comb and wattles.

Sanitation Points. Indiana Outlines Ten Items. International Baby Chick News, August 6, 1931. Below is given the ten point sanitation program outlined by the extension department of Purdue University and presented by Leon Todd, Poultry Extension, at the meeting of the Indiana Poultry Association. 1. All mature birds are to be confined to a limited area by the double yarding system, and not allowed to range with the young stock. 2. Houses for mature birds will be equipped with concrete or board floors. 3. Houses for mature birds will be equipped with dropping boards; one inch mesh wire attached to bottom of perches. 4. Houses for mature birds will be cleaned regularly, and dropping boards cleaned twice a week. 5. All mature birds will be allowed outdoors in direct sunlight on all afternoons during fall and winter. 6. All mature birds on the farm will be tested for Bacillary White Diarrhea by the agglutination test. Reactors are to be removed immediately on identification, and the poultry house and yards given a thorough cleaning. A new yard is preferable. 7. Eggs from blood-tested stock should not be hatched in the same incubator with eggs from untested stock. 8. All brooder houses are to be thoroughly cleaned before placing chicks in them, and cleaned at least once each week thereafter. 9. All chicks will be grown on ground where no chickens of any age were allowed to run the previous year. A three-year rotation is preferable. 10. Droppings and litter removed from all poultry houses will be placed on ground that will not be used for poultry for at least three years.

Experiments with Triorthokresylphosphate. - Toxicologische proeuen met Triorthokresylphosphaat. A. Klarenbeek and J. Voet. Tijdschrift voor Diergeneeskunde, 1932, p. 1325. Triorthokresylphosphate has caused in North-America 15000 intoxica- tions in men, while it was mixed in gingerale. Author made experiments with fowl. Summary: The oral or subcutaneous administration of Triorthocresylphosphate to fowls, produces after a state of latency of a few daj'^s, polyneuritic symptoms and paralysis. The syndrome much resembles that in man. In dogs alteration in voice which becomes husky and ceases after a time, is characteristic. In fowls the syndrome much resembles that of spontaneous paralysis

— 124 — in that species. In the rabbit the disease runs an acute course, as a violent intoxication. In the cat 200 mG. per kg. bodyweight administred per os or subcutaneously failed to produce intoxication.

Diseases in small Animals. - Malattie dei Piccoli animali. Dott. Prof. Iginio Aliara. New Italian Agrarian Encyclopaedia. Unione Tipográfica Editrice Torinese., Vol. 3. This is a book, the necessisity of which was felt for a long time in Italy. The treatment of the diseases in Poultry, Pigeons, Rabbits, etc. was up till now constrained in a short ten pages, or attached to technical or scientifical books, but specially those concerning the breeding, and for this reason it had a limited extension. The greatest part of the breeders had up till now no other possibility to obtain notices of the vaste and complete works of which the foreign literature is so rich. Now, however, that the exigencies of to-day's aviculture, which is also in Italy taking on a purely industrial and technical character, freeing itself of all the empireal ballast which has constrained for such a long time, demand that a book, in which the diseases of these small animals are being extensively and profoundly treated with competence, and which is not only usefuU to those making a study of these arguments but also to the breeders who desire to raise their breeds. This work has therefore an interest, that it comes straight from the scientific quarter, and will be of great use to the practice. It is impossible to resume the contents of this book, owing to the extension of the matters treated therein, and which are arranged in eight parts: Notices on the anatomy and physiology of the birds; Hygieny of the housing and feeding; illness of the organs, infectious and parasitical; necro- scopia and therapy. The eight part is reserved for the principal diseases of rabbits and hares. The book contains 360 pages and profusely illustrated.

State Institute for Research in Poultry Diseases. - Eine Reichs- forschungsstelle für Geflügelkrankheiten. Dr. K. Beller and B. Dunken. Archiv für Geflügelkunde, 1919, p. 595. At the Reichsgesundheitsamt at " Berlin-Dahlem, a department has been founded for the study of poultry diseases. The equipment thereof is described and illustrated with photos. To begin with, Leucaemia and Paralysis shall be taken under special study.

The principal Poultry Diseases. - Die wichtigsten Geflügel- krankheiten. Dr. E. Schürniann. Tierärztliche Hoch- schule, Berlin. Verl.: Fritz Pfenningstorff, Berlin. 1932. In the general part, the prevention of disease by means of different hygienical applications and the establishing of the diagnosis at special research institutes is being discussed. In the special part, the most important contagious diseases, besides diseases in the metabolism, poisonings and organical diseases are discussed. The booklet is richly illustrated.

Combatting Poultry Diseases. - Beitrag zur Bekämpfung der Geflügelkrankheiten. Dr. Seidel. Emiichheim, Hannover. Deutsche Tierärztliche Wochenschrift, 1932, p. 372. Conclusions: 1. It is desirable, that information regarding diseases should be collected at a central point.

-- 125 — 2. It is desirable to instal researches during the breeding on the resistance of the breeding animals. 3. The houses and appliances must be continually be desinfected. The chickens can be desinfected, without high costs, with chloramine preparations.

Concerning the Combatting of the most important Poultry Diseases in Germany. - Ueber die Bekämpfung der wichtigsten Hühnerkrankheiten in Deutschland. Dr. H. Schroeder, Berlin. Tierärztliche Rundschau. 1932, p. 430. PuUorum-disease, leads to a loss of 8—100 % of the chicks, 10 % by older animals. Its great spreading is believed to be due to the artificial incubation and hatching methods. Transmission is carried on by hatching eggs, one day's chicks and chronically infected chickens. From infected hens, 50 to 95 % of the eggs can be infected. For the diagnosis, the blood drop rapid agglutination test is exceptionally good. Therapy has little chance, and can, perhaps, only lead to the preservation of virus carriers. It is therefore requested to detect diseased animals and virus carriers by means of blood examinations and to exterminate them. The examination should be repeated after one year because of the virus carriers. Eggs of such like hens are not to be used for hatching purposes. By means of systematic examinations of the eggs during the hatching season, infected eggs and thereby undiscovered virus carriers are to be ascertained. For the increase of the power of resistance it is recommended not to leave too many chicks in a narrow, badly ventilated space; no overheating or too quick cooling down. Too highly concentrated food, which causes dispositions for intestinal diseases is to be desisted from. Regular cleaning and disinfection of the incubators and coops is indispensable. Faults in the feeding lead very often to diseases of the ovary and oviduct, as well as to damage to the male-and female sexual glands. Consequences therefrom are: smaller number, even complete absence of eggs, hatching of weak, little vitality possessing chicks. Too intensive feeding of albumen can lead to inflammation of the kidneys, and to gout, unfit food to gizzard- and intestinal diseases. Vitamin-D- absence with insufficient mineral containing food leads to rachitis, which has to be combatted with cod-liver oil. In connection with the great activities of the organism additional calcium feeding is required. Vita-calcium is specially mentioned, which gave special advantageous results. In case of Ektoparasites the following have shown good results: Flores Pyrethri, Pul vis Anisi, Sulphate of Nicotine, baths in Natrixmifluorid, (o. 5 percents) also Anisi Oil, Cuprex, Sulpholiquid, and Naphtaline.

Poultry Diseases in Germany. - Andere Zeiten, andere Krank- heiten, auch in der Hühnerwelt. Dr. S. v. Bornstedt. Deutsche Landwirtschaftliche Geflügelzeitung, 25 Aus^. 1932. The diseases from an older stadium of the Poultry-keeping are now nearly surmounted (tuberculose, cholera, pullorum, diphteria). Science has found different methods of combatting these diseases. Amongst the newer diseases appear: Laryngo tracheitis. This disease has been elucidated in 1932 by Lerche in Germany. Leucosis is still increasing. Of the material sent in, to the institutes in Prussia, Leucaeunia has been discovered by 11.7 % of the animals during the year 1930. The infection danger by this disease, is according to Jarmay very slight. Also range-paralysis makes more and more an appearance during the last few years. Concerning the cause and the means of combatting this disease is still uncertain.

— 126 — Report of the Work, done by the Government Veterinary Laboratory at Uzhorod during the Year 1931. - Tätig- keitsbericht des staatlichen Veterinärlaboratoriums in Uzhorod über das Jahr 1931. Dr. Norbert Weidlich, Uzhorod. (Ref. Prager Archiv für Tiermedezin, Vol. XII. Juli 1932, p. 187—188.) During the year 1931, 1490 samples were examined (against 1125 in 1929 and 1243 in 1930). Of these 123 refer to complete sections (17 horses, 2 calves, 18 pigs, 6 dogs, 7 geese, 2 turkeys, 1 pea-cock, 5 ducks, 53 chickens, 10 rabbits, 1 guinea pig and 1 doe) the remainser was samples of organs and different other samples. The examinations were divided under the following animal diseases! Diseases of Poultry (87 cases). Poultry cholera (35 positive, 3 negative). Poultry tuberculosis (10), Pullorum (3), Leucosis (2), Diphteria (2), Contagious roup (4), Colibacillosis (1), Aspergillose (1), Tapeworm-enteritis in a young goose (1), Parasitory liver inflammation in a young goose (1), Heart-burst in a cock (1), abcesslike windpipe inflammation by a peacock (1), peritonits (4), bloody small intestine inflammation (1), Fibrom in the subcutis (1), Ovary carcinom (1), Sarcomatose of the peritoneum (1), Carcinomatose (2), poisoning (5), no definite diagnosis (5), examination was impossible (1).

Annual Report Veterinary Research Station, Buitenzorg, Java, during the Year 1931. - Verslag van het Veeartsenij- kundig Instituut over het jaar 1931. Dr. G. Bubberman, Buitenzorg. From material sent in was diagnosed: Pseudo-Fowl-pest. Against this disease immunisation tests were taken, of the results whereof further informations will be published. Fowl-pox-vaccin was distributed for 28000 animals, also coryza contagiosa was diagnosed. Davainea proglottina was discovered on Java for the first time and described accordingly. Against worms an areca cure had the best results. Coccidiosis occurred, but by means of Kerr's remedy the disease was arrested in some cases. A disease, unknown so far, has been diagnosed in chicks, which expressed itself in blindness, probably as a result of unsuitable feeding. Pullorum disease was not diagnosed. Under the tumors, Rous' Sarcoma also occurred. The remedy, called "Plumofene" of Italian make appeared to be absolutely valueless against pseudo pest.

Lymphangioma Cystica in a Fien. - Sopra un Linfangioma cistico del plearo peritonea di Polio. Prof. D. Monari. R. Instituto superiore di Medicina Veterinaria di Sassari. La Clinica Veterinaria, Dicembre 1932, p. 973. Description of a case by which a socket of blisters filled with blood formed itself around the intestine of a chicken. The consistency of these small blisters is accurately described. The author, in divergence with the diagnosis of others reached the conclusion that this concerns a case of Lymph- angioma.

Fibrous Osteitis in Hens. - Lésions d'Ostéite fibreuse chez la Poule avec Hypertrophie des Parathyroides. Ch. Ober- ling et M. Guerin. Comptes rendus de la Société de Bio- logie. Vol. 108, p. 932, p. 1134.

— 127 -^- In chickens, which are kept in cages, occur often bone-alterations, which are often put down to rhachitis. The authors examined such like bones and diagnosed fibrous osteitis. The symptoms and the anatomical alterations are described. Rhachitis and osteomalacy was encountered. These three forms occured also mixed. By all animals suffering from this disease enlargement of the parathyroid occured. These reached sometimes the size of a rice-grain. The anatomical alterations are described.

Diffuse Osteo-Periostitis in Birds. L. P. Pugh. The Veterinary Record, 1927, p. 189. (Ref. Revue Générale de Medicine Vétérinaire, Vol. 41. 1932, p. 348.) During the summer 5 % of the cockerels suffered from augmentation of the bones of the legs, and wings. This was cured after some months. The disease appeared only in cocks born in March and April and manifested itself from August to October, thus in the sixth to seventh month. The leg- and wing-bones increased enormeously in diameter. The motion capability was not interfered with. The weights did not alter. The blood showed anaemic, but never leucaemia. The periost is thickened. The testicles are smaller than under normal conditions. If the disease is cured, the testicle will again become normal.

Concerning the Occurrence of Visceral Gout in Chickens. Ueber das Vorkommen der Viszeralgicht (Eingeweide- gicht) bei Junghühnern u. Hühnerkücken. H. Hartwick, Halle. Tierärztliche Rundschau, Vol. 46, p. 812—814. Several cases of visceral gout in young chickens, at the age of 8 to 12 months, and in chicks in the age of 12 to 14 days are described. For the originating of the visceral gout it wants the influence of many months of a one-sided feeding and keeping (specially without grass-run). Besides this the disease can develop itself in a short time after a cold or after a damage to the kidneys by means of poisonous substances. The visceral gout in the chick is, as in. the case of adult chicken, a disease of the metabolism caused probably through incubation faults (too wet incubation) or through a cold. By the older chick it can also be caused, now and again, through cleavage of the after with excrements, and a consequent urine- and faeces stowage.

A Contribution to the Rhachitis in young Ducks and Combat- ting of same. - Ein Beitrag zur Rhachitis der Jungenten und deren Behandlung. Dr. F. Werner, Graz. Tierärztl. Rundschau, Vol. 38, No. 4, p. 54—55. Rhachitic diseases in chicks of water-fowls come very rarely under notice. Besides the lack of Vitamin D they are favoured by a long breeding on wire-floors, super-heating and colds of the animals. Theurapeutically it is to be recommended to add to the mash of the duck-chicks, from the 10th day, especially if it concerns artificially hatched animals, one percent of codliver oil. If, in spite of this, rhachitic diseases still occur, the use of Vigantol will lead to a quick and certain cure. The immediate employ thereof is also recommended if it concerns acute cases of disease. Young chicks of ducks, up to 4 weeks old, should receive 1/20—1/10 drops per diem, young- ducks, 4—8 weeks old 1/4—1/8 drop of vigantol. This mixture is obtained by dissolving 1 drop vigantol in a tea-spoon full of oil and administration of the corresponding quantity.

Very large Ovary. Terbrüggen. Deutsche Tierärztl. Wochen- schrift, 1929, p. 632. Description of the ovary of a hen which was weighing 690 grams and which consisted of one normal follicle and 90 cysts.

Development of the right Oviduct in Domestic Fowl, Th. C. Fitzgerald and F. Volkniar. Ohio State University, Co- lumbus. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, Vol. 81, p. 388. In a group of nine Black Giant hens, purchased for use in the course of topographical anatomy of domestic animals, two of these hens revealed, during dissection, the presence of a persistent right oviduct. Authors give a brief presentation of the findings.

Concerning Oviduct Cysts of the Hen, - Ueber Eileiterzysten des Geflügels. Dr. B. Reinus, Tierärztliche Hochschule, Berlin. Berliner Tierärztliche Wochenschr., 1932, p. 235. Conclusions: 1. Amongst 482 post-mortems cysts in the abdominal cavity was diagnosed in 8.29 percent, especially in female animals. 2. The cysts have mostly a stalk and are placed in the right side of the abdominal cavity near the cloake. 3. Hystologically the wall of the cysts shows a great similarity with the mucous membrane of the oviduct. 4. The cysts originate especially from the remaining tests of the right oviduct and very rarely from discharged parts of the left oviduct.

A Case of Status Erectus Temporarius in the Domestic Fowl. Ein Fall von Status erektus temporarius heim Haushuhn. Dr. Rudolf Boetz. Crailsheim. Berliner Tierärztliche Wochenschrift, 1932, No. 12, p. 182. A case of perfectly erect, pinguin like carrying of the body a three year old hen of the Leghorn breed which was only adapted during the laying periods, according to the owner, is being described, and the terminus tech- nicus indicated above, for this carrying of the body, without thorough examination of the causes thereof is stencilled out.

Deviation in the Carrying of the Wings of Toulouse Geese. La Deviation de VAileron chez VOie de Toulouse. M. Sausseau. Bulletin de l'Académie Vétérinaire de France. 1932, p. 336. Toulouse geese show often a deviation in the carrying of the wings, by which, in place of being pressed against the body, they protrude hori- zontally. (I have noticed this symptom also often in ducks in Holland, te Hennepe). It was thought that it was an hereditary question while the deviation in the geese occurs at the age of 7 weeks, when the great pri- maries of the wings are being developped and the heaviness thereof cause the abnormal position of the wings. With these geese occurs also the symptom of a crooked tail. The deviations are probably a sign that the animals have been weakend too much by the breeding. Does high Production cause Disease? Dr. C. H. Weaver, Toronto. Poultry, 30 May 1931. During a period of five consecutive years, egg-laying contests conducted at the Experimental Farm at Ottawa, Canada, have been used to

— 129 — IX make a study of this question. Two breeds of fowls were used for this study, White Leghorn and Plymouth Rock. In a study of the tables and graphs occurring in the paper (World's Poultry Congress, London) it is fairly clearly demonstrated that as production goes up, mortality rises and as production drops, so the mortality decreases.

Mycosis by Canaries. - Flechienkrankheit bei Kanavien. Dr. Sustmann, Dresden. Berliner Tierärztlichen Wochen- schrift, 1932, No. 8, p. 116. Besides the epidemics and the epidemic like diseases. Canaries are also subjected to a disease which is accompanied with the part or complete loss of the feathers, during which the animals are designated by the breeders as "Bald-heads" or "Nacked birds". The acuteness of the disease only reaches the consciousness of the proprietors after the usual treatments have refused to act and the spreading continues and several deaths have already occured. By reason of his 20 years experience with room-birds the author describes his experience. The symptoms start with standing on end of the small feathers on the bill corners, falling out of same and a getting red of the featherless places. The itching expresses itself by rubbing on the perch, feeding pots, cage bars etc. The falling out of the feathers extends over the head, neck, wings and body up to complete nackedness. By this the general health may yet be good, appetite and song still present; later on, owing to the continuous chillying effect and loss of energy a loss of flesh, fatigue, somnolence and finally death will take place. The microscopical examinations of the skin scales shows in the epithel very small, mostly quite free, thread-like formings, rarely joined to an incomplete root layer; an accurate description is impossible, as it concerns here Fungi imperfecti. Under a strong magnification conidia-like divisions in the interior and broader, conical ending, spur-like cupolas can be seen at one end. In the faeces and the contents if the intestines these formings can also be noticed. The sources of transmission are to be looked for in the unclean and with mites infested food, in connection with which the author draws the special attention to the cole-seed. In order to distinguish this plumage disease from others, he has given it the name of "Mycosis", because the denomination "Skin Mycosis" does not coincide. Differential- diagnostically the infection with mites comes under consideration (v/hich causes great unrest and presence of mites), furthermore the perch moult (a more than normally protracted and disease like proceeding moulting) but by which no bald spots are appearing and which has as its cause either a bad keeping and care or a vitaminosis. The treatment consists in desin- fecting, isolation, change of food and sparse feeding, to remove as soon as possible the feces painting of the bald spots every third day with a mycosis tincture (watery solution of iodine, salicylic acid and sol. resorcini), administration of feather growing salts (Moulting salts) and Ovolan (an organ, preparation of the milk-gland).

-- 130 — EGGS AND TABLE POULTRY

EGGS

The Grading of Eggs. Journal of the Ministry of Agriculture, 1932, p. 757. When the National Mark Egg Scheme was introduced in 1929, the requirement that the minimum weight of each egg must be guaranteed emphasized the need for mechanical grading apparatus. Difficulties had to be overcome in handling, with speed and accuracy, so fragile a product, but it was not long before there were invented improved machines that, besides grading with accuracy, worked and more than double the speed of the original models. No fewer than seven different models have been produced, and of these five were invented and are being manufactured in this country. There are now 132 mechanical graders — most of which are power driven — in use in the 145 stations authorized to pack eggs under the National Mark.

Reorganisation of the Polish Egg Export Trade. Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Vol. 31, No. 2, Dublin, 1932. The Polish Government are planning the reorganisation of the export egg trade in that country. Regional unions are to be set up in every province, and these will be equipped with special powers which will enable them to remedy the defects of the export trade as now carried on. The principal matters which will have to be dealt with are dishonest competition, coales- cence of small export firms, and standardisation of eggs. The work of drafting a Bill which will embody the existing rules for standardisation of the egg export trade is to be hastened.

Report of a Survey of Graded Egg buying in Iowa, W. D. Ter- mohlen, Cir. No. C135. State College of Agriculture, Ames. In 1931, 629 places in Iowa were buying eggs on grade. These represented 8.4 per cent, of the licensed egg buyers in the state. In only a few areas would a farmer find it necessary by 1931 to drive more than 15 miles to sell his eggs on grade. Wide variation was found among dealers in their practice of grading. Of the 629 buying on grade, 414 or 65.82 per cent, were using the 2-way grade, 170 or 27.03 per cent, were using the 3-way grade; 41 or 6.5 per cent, the 4-way grade; and 4 or 0.63 per cent, the 5-way grade. The 281 firms which answered a questionnaire giving names of grades reported 50 different groups of names. The terms No. 1 and No. 2 were used

— 131 — by 47.6 per cent, of the dealers. The dealers using these grades, however, used a great variety of specifications for these grades. The most common expression of opinion by dealers of the weakness in the egg grading program were: (1) "Too many different ways of grading and no set standard"; (2) "Loose grading, lead pencil grading, customxer grading" etc., referring to improper or dishonest grading.

Determination of Freshness of Eggs, - Versuche zur Frische- bestimmung von Hühnereiern. G. Gaggernieier. Archiv für Geflügelkunde, 1930, p. 469. During the first days the pH figure rises to a maximum and then remains at this point. Eggs, the albumen of which do not show a higher value than 9,2 with phenophtaline, cannot be considered to be older than 5 days. The colorimetric method is not suitable for practical tests.

Determination of the Freshness of Eggs. - Versuche zur Frischebestimmung von Hühnereiern. H. G. Gagger- meier. Arbeiten des Reichsgesundheitsamte, Vol. 65, p. 221. Conclusions: 1. Eggs which do not clearly show red fluorescence under the quartzlamp are not more than 10 days old. 2. If often happens that eggs which are not 10 days old show a reddish- violet or blue fluorescence. 3. The more eggs are washed with water the more the fluorescence decreases. 4. Thirty eggs, which have been cleaned for trade purposes, are easily distinguishable under the quartzlamp owing to their "spotty" appearance.

Detection of old Eggs. Resultaten van een Onderzoek van Eieren. J. J. J. Dingemans, Keuringsdienst van Waren, Arnhem. Chemisch Weekblad, 1932, p. 138. Besides the fluorescence of the albumen the catalase content is also an indication of the age of eggs. The catalase content of fresh eggs is much higher than that of cool- stored eggs. Of 45 fresh eggs examined (8—14 days old) 80 per cent, had a catalase figure above 3, while 90 per cent, of the cool stored eggs had a catalase figure of less than 2,5. The catalase figure of preserved eggs is very low and amounts usually to 0,5 or less. Freshly laid eggs and eggs up to three days old, may also have a low catalase figure, about 1,3.

Detecting Fresh, Cool-stored and Preserved Eggs. - Het Aan- toonen naast elkaar van Versehe-, Koelhuis-, Kalk- en Waterglaseieren. J. E. Heesterman, Warenkeurings- dienst, Maastricht. Chemisch Weekblad, 1932, p. 134. A method of distinguishing various kinds of eggs is described. Pre- served can be detected by the silic-acid reaction in distilled water in which the eggs had lain for an hour. Preserved eggs can be distinguished from fresh and cool-stored eggs by the reaction to fuchsine-solution which has been acidified with acetic-acid.

— 132 -. Fresh eggs can be distinguished from cool-stored eggs by the fluorescence in ultra-violet light.

Measures for the Protection of the health of Human Beings. Dr. Klimmeck. Deutsche Tierärztliche Wochenschrift, 1932, p. 172. The danger of disease from eggs is very small. There is danger of tuberculosis in the eating of raw eggs. There is danger of tuberculosis and parathyphus in the eating of table poultry. The writer gives an oversight of the deviations in eggs which make them unsuitable for consumption. The various diseases in table poultry which make the flesh unsuitable for consumption are also mentioned.

Eggs and Egg Substitutes. Supplement to „Eggs". October, 19th, 1932. Comparison between the composition of custard powders and eggs and description of the nutritive value of eggs. Discussion about: Proteins, Minerals, Vitamins, Digestibility, General value of eggs in the diet, recommendation for infants, growing children, adolescents, adults, older persons and convalescent.

Skin Disease in Children as a Result of eating Eggs. - Ekzema Infant urn. Dr. E. Moro. Nederlandsch Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde, 23 April 1932, p. 1963. Some albumens in cow milk and the albumen of hens eggs, which the feeding mother likes to use as strengthening food, pass the intestinal wall of the mother unchanged and are taken up in the blood and milk. In cases where a mother bears various children afflicted with exzema infantum, he advises, in a following pregnancy and feeding period, that the mother should not consume cows milk and eggs.

Eggs against pernicious Anaemia. - Eiertherapie f. perniziöse Anämie. Dr. W. Gutmann. Neue Freie Presse. Ref. Der Nutzgeflügelfreund, 5 Oct. 1932, p. 4. It is not so long ago that the liver-treatment of pernicious anaemia, a disease which up to that time it had been considered impossible to influence, made its triumphal entry into the world. The work in connection with the investigation of the principles causes active in this connection did not cease and this principle cause has thus far also been found in other organs than the liver, although not in such large quantities. Castle proved that gastric juice from meat could liberate this substance so that both became inactive. There is therefore a fermentative substance active in gastric juice which liberates the curative substance from the meat. According to the "Klinischer Wochenschrift" Dr. Singer of Vienna could show that an egg-therapy for pernicious anaemia had the following result: eight to ten raw hens eggs were mixed with gastric juice and given together with milk, soup and spinach during the day. After eight days the appearance was observed in various cases of certain blood corpuscles characteristic of the beginning of improvement and the treatment was completed with liver. A certain anti-pernicious principle, which is preformed in hens eggs is introduced and through the influence of Castle ferments in the stomach freely liberated. As long as this principle is present in the liver and the treatment of pernicious anaemia remains within the territory of the liver-therapy, the determination of anti-pernicious substance in hens eggs is of great interest. It will certainly be necessary, in order to make the egg-

— 133 — therapy of pernicious anaemia active in a greater measure, to get a pure preparation of Castle ferments. Cholesterol in the Yolk, Teneur comparée en Cholestérol du Jaune d'Oeuf des Oiseaux de Basse-cour. E. Gaujoux et A. Kryanowsky. Comptes Rendus de la Société de Bio- logie, Vol. 110, p. 1083. There is twice as much cholesterol in the yolk of a duck egg as in that of a hen egg. A hen egg of 50 grs. contains 0,271 gr. of cholesterol and a duck egg 0,503 grams. It is therefore advisable to give yolks to patients who are suffering from a too small content of cholesterol (hypocholesterol aemia). Iodine-Eggs. - Ueber Jodeier. Dr. G. Zickgraf, Bremerhaven. Der Nutzgeflügelfreund, 5 Oct. 1932. The feeding of hens with iodine salts, thus anorganic compositions, has no object as the iodine in the eggs laid also consists of from 80—^90 per cent, anorganic composition which are not assimilated in the body of a human being. In order to increase the iodine content in eggs the hens must be fed with organic compositions drawn from plants. The test for iodine composition in eggs is very difficult and it often happens that loose compositions between iodine and albumen are confounded with organic compositions. The Iodine Egg. Hungarian Poultry Farmer's Success. The South African Poultry Magazine, 1 Sept. 1932. Budapest, January 15. — For some time attempts have been made in American and German poultry farms to produce eggs containing a high amount of iodine, which can be assimilated far more easily by the human organism in this way than when the drug is administered direct. Mrs. Janosi, a poultry farmer living in Zuglo, near Budapest, has now succeeded in producing eggs which contain 0.169 milligramme of iodine without any unusual taste being perceptible, and her achivement is regarded as so important that it was recently made public in a special edition of a German medical journal. Iodine eggs cures will now be available, and persons who are unable to digest the medicament may benefit from it without dis- comfort. — (The "Observer", 17th January 1932.) Egg Industry at Port-Said. Eier-Börse, 10th. Oct. 1932. A large factory was opened recently at Port Said for the preparation of eggs. Machines will be used which are driven by 80 h.p. motors. V/z million eggs per week will be handled. The yolks will be parked in tins made by the Shell Company, which resemble the well known petrol tins. The yolks will be exported, chiefly to cake factories in Europe. The factory is the property of the United East Co. of London. The firm has established a number of buying centres for eggs in Egypt. Average Consumption of Eggs in various Countries. Eier- Börse, 1932, p. 767. Recent statistics show the consumption of eggs per head of the popu- lation in the following countries to be: Canada 340, New Zealand 300, Ireland 266, U.S.A. 250, Belgium 212, Holland 200, Denmark 145, England 143, France 133, Switzerland 129, Germany 118, Roumania 97, Spain 96, Czecho Slovakia 90, Austria 86, Russia 75, Poland 72, Jugoslavia 56, Finland 31. Watery Whites. J. S. Carver and D. Brazie. Washington Col. State Bui. 260, 1931.

_ 134 _ Eggs collected three times daily, dipped immediately in cold mineral oil, and stored under ordinary room conditions at an average temperature of 65° F. were in the same condition after 7 days as when placed in storage. Eggs that remained in the hen house at from 80 to 90° for 5 hours became watery. Individual hens laid eggs that were watery, while other hens under similar conditions laid eggs with normal whites.

The nutritive Value of Eggs as affected by various Vitamin D Supplements given to the Hens. Kentucky State Report, 1930. In this test two lots of hens were kept in confinement and all sunlight except that which passed through ordinary window glass excluded; two other lots were confined but had the run of a screened porch; and two other lots were on the open range. One lot in each pair received 2 per cent of cod-liver oil. The pH value of the whole whites and yolks of 982 eggs were only slightly higher in lots receiving cod-liver oil than in lots receiving no supplement. The percentage of calcium, inorganic phosphorus, and iron was significantly higher, while the percentage of ash in the yolks was practically the same in the lots receiving cod-liver oil as in the lots not receiving it. The percentage of ash, calcium and acid-soluble inorganic phosphorus was lowest in the confined groups and highest in the groups on open range. The pH value of the whites was lowest in the confined lots, and the pH value of the yolks was lowest in the lots on open range. TABLE POULTRY. Detection of Table Poultry unsuitable f. Human Consumption, Schneider. Deutsche Landwirtschaft!. Geflügelzeitung, 1931, p. 490. The age of poultry is of great importance as regards its suitability for consumption. In all kinds of birds the bones during the first weeks of life are soft and pliable. In young birds the breast-bone-comb, the rear part of the breast-bone, the pelvis-bones are always soft and elastic. In older birds the bones are hard and break if one tries to bend them. In young ducks and geese the trachea near the entrance to the chest can be easily compressed, in older birds the rings are completely hardened. The head bones in front of the eyes and the under bill of geese and ducks are easily compressed. The breaking of the upper bill by tradesmen is done in order to make it appear that the bird is young. The development of the comb and the condition of the covering scales on the legs also betray the age of birds. The spurs of cocks and hens also indicate the age. Up to six weeks old pigeons have a white breast musculator; this is pink in birds a little older and in old pigeons bluishred. Old pigeons have red legs, in young pigeons the colour is lighter and the legs are soft and smooth. In old water fowl the feet are rough, the nails blunt and the web leathery. In young geese the cloaca is narrow, the breast hide softer than in older geese so that it can easily be punctured by the head of a pin. The feathers also shov/ distinctive characteristics. Up to six weeks old pigeons have long, tender ivory-coloured down feathers which remain after moulting and so become visible. The spindles of the guiding feathers in the tails of young pigeons are soft, filled with an orange coloured substance, sometimes with blood, while in old pigeons they are hard and filled with air. In young turkeys and guinea-fowl, as in wild birds, the points of the wing-bones are united at the end. In older birds this point is rounded. The helmet is visible in two months old guinea-fowl chickens and is full grown in a year. At the age of V/2 years the helmet, turns lead-grey and finally colourless. Young turkeys have greyish-black legs, later these become greyish-red and finally red. Old turkeys which have laid, have a so-called laying-ring, i.e. a red ring roimd

— 135 -^ the cloaca. A grey discolouring of the hide on the abdomen, the cloaca and the crop betrays internal rotting in table poultry. Later a putrid stench can be detected in the deeper muscle layers and the body cavities. Uneatable Pigeon Flesh, - Desinfektionsmittel und Motori- sierung als Gefahren für den Geschmackswert von Fleisch und Fleischwaren, besonders von Fischen und Vögeln. Dr. M. Junack, Deutsche Schlachthof-Zeitung, 1932, p. 122. (Ref. Tijdschrift voor Diergeneeskunde, 1932, p. 1295.) The writer states that in London a large number of pigeons were shot which were uneatable, because they tasted so strongly of oil and petrol. Even the unemployed could not eat them. Misleading overweight of Table Poultry. Deutsche Landwirt- schaftliche Geflügelzeitung, 15 Dec. 1932. English poultry dealers discovered that water had been injected into the veins of table poultry, which had been imported abroad. Within a comparatively short time the cases showed a decrease of 10 per cent, in weight. Fattening Table Poultry. - Gewinnbringende Geflügelmast und Verwertung. J. Berkmann. With 96 illustrations. Editor: Fritz Pfenningstorff, Berlin. 1932. Contents: Rearing of Table Poultry: Turkeys, Guinea Fowl, Geese, Ducks; Fattening Table Poultry: Chickens, Turkeys and Guinea Fowl, Geese and Ducks; Killing, Plucking, Dressing; Shipping; Trade of Feathers, Manure; Conservation-methods. Grading helps Poultry Exports. Co-operation and Markets News, Department of Agricult., Regina, Saskatchewan. Journal of the Ministry of Agriculture, 1932, p. 760. The Government grading of dressed poultry (referred to in the Market- ing Notes in the September issue of this Journal), combined with the general development of poultry raising in Canada, has resulted in a large increase of exports, particularly to Great Britain. Four years ago, no poultry was sent to Great Britain from Canada, but in May of this year 17,771 lb. were exported as compared with 35,661 lb. during the whole of 1931. Exports to Bermuda and Newfoundland are also steadily increasing. The Consumption of Poultry and other Yard Animals at Buenos Aires in 19SÍ. - II Consumo dei Polli e Animali da Cortile in Buenos Aires nel 1931. Bassa Corte, Die. '32. According to a summary of the Propaganda Section for the Industry of the Ministry of Agriculture, the consumption of Poultry and other domestic animals in the Federal Capital, has, notwithstanding the bad times, taken a notable upwards tendency, which places it in relation with the highest expectations of the relative encouragement, which the Ministry has always promoted. — The data of the increase in each type are as follows: Augmentation 1930 1931 in 1931 Poultry 7.802.589 9.137.204 1.334.615 Pea-cocks 535.869 583.214 47.318 Geese 194.590 193.412 822 Ducks 209.746 976.605 629.791 Rabbits 209.746 260.476 50.730

— 136 ~- GENERAL

Practical Poultry Keeping, - Note pratiche di Pollicoltura. Prof. F. Clementi, Direttore del PoUaio provinciale di Roma. Casa Ed. Tip. „Le Massime", Via Gaetano Sacchi, 6, Roma. 1932. A clear, concise treatment of various subjects in connection with poultry husbandry, containing numerous illustrations. Contents: 1. Origin of poultry; 2. Different breeds; 3. Selection; 4. In- cubation; 5. Rearing; 6. Housing; 7. Nutrition; 8. Trade in poultry products; 9. Diseases.

The Origin of Poultry, - Die Abstammung unseres Haus- geflügels, A. L. Hagedoorn. Archiv für Geflügelkunde, 1931, p. 73. In general it may be said that with the exception of the peacock and guinea-fowl the majority of our domestic poultry breeds are of polyphyletic origin. We can assume however that (with the exception of the goose) in every group only one kind was first made tame and that this was the kind that was most suitable to live in a half wild state xmder the rule of man.

Gallus Varias, Gehört auch Gallas Varias zu den Ahnen des Haushuhnes? R. Grzimek, Berlin. Archiv für Geflügel- kunde, 1932, p. 272. Conclusions: 1. With the ordinary hen GalUus Varius produces fertile crossings. 2. The Varius-qualities show a clear inclination to disappear. 3. It may, with great probability, be assumed that besides Gallus Bankiva, Gallus Varius also belonged to the ancestors of the domestic hen. A Collection of Poultry at the Veterinary University in Berlin. Eine Geflügelsammlung an der Tierärztlichen Hoch- schule Berlin, R. Grzimek. Tierärztliche Rundschau, Jahrg. 38, No. 49. At the request of the Government the writer made a collection of poultry at the Berlin Veterinary University for the purpose of supplementing older collections of a similar nature at Agricultural Universities. He has also undertaken, with the help of the trade press, to form a collection of stuffed pedigree birds which have been highly awarded at exhibitions. The report is illustrated by photographs. Poultry'Keeping in the Philippines, F. M. Fronda. College of Agricult., University of the Philippines. The Feathered World, Oct. 23, 1931.

— 137 — Summary: In closing, the following brief statements will give in a nutshell the present states of poultry-keeping in the Philippines: 1. Poultry-keeping in these Islands is an old, old industry, but, with the exception of duck-raising, it has never been developed to any extent in the past. 2. The Cantonese fowl is the only imported chicken that is strong enough to stand the Philippine climate. 3. The native Philippine ducks are small, but they are fairly good layers. 4. The mammoth hatcheries for duck eggs in the Philippines are a feature of the duck industry, in which the Filippino takes a pride. 5. Although there is a large demand for both turkeys and pigeons, very few of these are raised. 6. The marketing of poultry and poultry products is not yet developed in the Philippines. 7. The Philippine importation of eggs and poultry amounts to a considerable amount a year. 8. The Philippine public is now fast turning its attention to poultry- keeping. 9. There is still plenty of room for the development and expansion of poultry-keeping in the Philippines. (Note. — Since this paper was written, the plans mentioned in the last paragraph have already materialised. The Philippine Poultry Association was formally organised on March 2, 1930, the writer of this article being the present secretary. The first Philippine egg-laying contest was inaugurated on Sept. 1, 19^. This ended on Aug. 31, 1931. The second Philippine egg-laying contest started on Sept. 1, 1931, and will end on Aug. 31, 1932. Detailed information regarding both of these may be had from Dr. F. M. Fronda, Agri- cultural College, Philippine Islands.)

The Position and Prospects of the Poultry Industry in Scot- land. W. H. Senior. The Scottish Journal of Agriculture, Vol. 5, No. 4. Edinburgh, 1932. The Agricultural Statistics for 1930 show that in that year the total number of poultry in Scotland (including ducks, geese, and turkeys) was 6,664,000 birds, of which 6,317,000 were fowls. Statistics are available for 1913, 1921, 1922, and from 1926 onwards to the present time. Throughout the whole of the period since 1913 there has been a continuous increase in number.

The Poultry Industry in Germany, Journal of the Ministry of Agriculture, Vol. 31, No. 2. Dublin, 1932. The poultry industry in Germany has made great strides in recent years. The number of fowls has increased by 20 million since pre-war times. In 1931, their total had risen to 84 millions, of which 67.3 millions are used for egg production. Notwithstanding this great increase in home-produced eggs, 2,300 millions of foreign eggs had to be imported. The number of eggs laid per hen in Germany varies from 90 to 160 per annum. Hens kept on the state farms and subjected to test, lay from 150 to 160 eggs per annum, but the general average for the whole country is 90. Compared with other lands, we find that Poland's egg-laying average is only 70 eggs per annum, while Denmark has an average of 150, Holland 135, Belgium 110 and Norway 110. Many poultry-breeding associations have been formed in Germany, and these have been doing much to further the industry by improving breeds and enforcing the grading of eggs for market. The Belgian Poultry Industry. Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Vol. 31, No. 2. DubHn, 1932. Of all branches of agriculture, poultry rearing has perhaps made the

— 138 -^ greatest progress since the war. In the year 1913, upwards of 200 million eggs were imported into Belgium; in 1929, 700 million were exported, and this in spite of the fact that home consumption of eggs has increased during the same period by over 60 per cent. Not only has the number of birds increased from 11H to 23 million, but the laying quality of the strains has improved considerably. In pre-war days the average production was 85 eggs, and it is now 110. The total production of eggs is well over 2,400 million a year. Until very recently five-eights of the total production was exported to Great Britain and Germany, and the balance to France, the Netherlands, and Switzerland. There are some 350 exporting firms. Belgium's chief competitors in the egg trade are Hungary and Bulgaria, which are able to underquote her on the market. The geographical position of Belgium enables her, however, to ship economically to Great Britain and also to Western Germany. Within a radius of 150 miles, she commands fine markets: London, Paris and the towns of Northern France and the Rhine valley, totalling more than 20 million inhabitants. Belgium is strictly enforcing the new marking regulations, which took effect as from 15th February, 1931, and which prohibit imports of eggs which do not show the name of the country of origin plainly marked on the shell. Inspectors are also very strict in the application of the law which prohibits the sale of eggs the airchamber of which is more than 6 mm. high.

The Poultry Census of England and Wales. The Feathered World. September 23, 1932. The figures in the following table, which has been compiled by the Ministry of Agriculture from the returns furnished as on June 4, 1932, by occupiers of holdings exceeding one acre in extent, reveal an increase in each class of poultry: Thousand head — OOO^s omitted. Fowls Fowls under 6 over 6 Total Year. months months Fowls. Ducks. Geese. Turkeys, old on old on 4th Jun e. 4th June. No. No. No. No. No. No. 1908 13,235 15,014 28,249 2,669 868 628 1913 15,291 13,735 29,026 2,188 577 652 1921 13,114 11,702 24,816 2,391 517 445 1924 15,632 15,123 30,755 2,516 535 638 1926 19,901 16,662 36,563 2,742 646 668 1927 21,172 18,319 39,491 2,797 653 604 1928 20,344 19,572 39,916 2,507 620 593 1929 22,424 20,333 42,757 2,243 616 696 1930 26,460 21,441 47,901 2,383 604 667 3931 29,006 23,558 52,564 2,494 551 529 1932 32,123 25,611 57,734 2,632 573 553

The artificial Lighting of Poultry Houses, R. T. Parkhurst. The Scottish Journal of Agriculture, Vol. 15, No. 4. Edinburgh, 1932. Results. — From these results, it would seem that the morning and evening system is the best. In addition to the increased production and income, this system provides absolute regularity from autumn to spring, a reasonable working day, divides the discharge of the batteries between night and morning, which may lighten the load in a home generator and battery. The "evening lunch" system is economical in the use of light, and breaks the time between evening and morning feeds. It is, however, less convenient and less effective than the morning and evening lights, and requires a more expensive regulating device than the morning lights.

139 — The "morning. lights" system has been most popular in England, primarily because a cheap switch of home-made construction can be used to bring on the lights. It is neither so convenient nor so stimulating as the morning and evening lights. The "allnight" lights pen gave rather disappointing results in this experiment. An experiment at Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station indicated that the "all night" lights system was superior to the "morning lights" method. The experiment was continued, and the results of the methods of lighting on hens indicates that to date the "all night" lights method is superior to all others for hens, which is in agreement with the results from the United States. During the first six months of the second year of the experiment (4th August 1931 to 18th January 1932), the "all night" lights pen has laid 2,211 eggs, and given a margin over food cost of £ 10, 3s., as compared with 871 eggs, and a margin of £\, 8s. lOd. for the control (no lights), 1,392 eggs and £ 4, 18s. Id. margin for the 14-hour day, 1,334 eggs and £ 4, 2s. 9d. for the "evening lunch", and 1,082 eggs and £ 2, 16s. 4d. for "morning" lights. There are 30 birds in the "all night" lights pen, one having died during the six months. The Production of Kiln-dried Poultry Manure. R. Sayce and F. Hanley. Journal of the Ministry of Agriculture. Lon- don, 1932, p. 656. Conclusion: It has been demonstrated that poultry manure can be satisfactorily dried in a kiln similar to that used in makings. It is hoped that these investigations, having shown that the problem of drying poultry manure is not incapable of solution, will encourage further efforts to devise a simpler and more efficient process. Poultry Housing. J. S. Carver. Washington Col. State Bui. 209, 1931. The results of two years' work showed that it was impossible to provide dry litter in houses under the climatic conditions at Puyallup by the use of an insulated control ventilation house or by the use of an uninsulated roller curtain house. The moisture on the floor was believed to be due to conden- sation brought about by the difference in temperature of the moisture-laden air in the room and the cooler temperature of the floor. Artificial Heat in Poultry Houses. C. G. Card. Michigan Sta. Rpt. 1930, p. 228, 229. A study was made of the use of artificial heat for increasing winter egg production of pullets. Single Comb White Leghorn pullets were divided into 6 lots of 90 birds each. In 3 of the pens 1-in. pipes were placed 30 in. apart in the concrete floor, and hot water at 100° F. was forced through these pipes, keeping the floor at about 60°. This method of heating kept the litter dry, so that it could be used in the pen as long as it remained unbroken. The second method of applying heat was by an electric fan placed above the dropping board, which drove the air past electric heating elements. One pen was held at 35° and another at 45°. While the egg production in the second pen was somewhat larger than in the pen maintained at 35°, the difference was not great enough to warrant the extra expenditure for electric power.

CALENDARS. - ANNUAL REPORTS.

(Calendar for Poultry Husbandry. - Kalender für Geflügel- wirtschaft Í933. R. Römer and A. Reimer. Verlag: Foch- ner and Fischer, Leipzig. 1.20 Mk.

— 140 -^ The calendar for 1932 was a great success and the writers' plan for a tear-off calendar for poultry husbandry was enthousiastically received. This calendar will again contain a page for each Sunday with photographs and articles and another page for the other six days. The photographs are especially interesting, while about 90 articles on the back of the pages treat all kinds of interesting subjects in connection with poultry husbandry. On the page for the 7th May is an autographed photo of Signor Musso- lini in which the Duce invites poultry keepers to attend the congress at Rome in September.

Calendar for Poultrykeepers for the Year 1933, - Kalender für Geflügelzüchter für das Jahr 1933, 35. Jahrgang. Editor: Fritz Pfenningstorff. Berlin W. 57. Contents: Breeds and their utility Value; The German Reichshuhn; The White Leghorn; Breeds of Ducks; Selection of Cocks; Annual Reports of eightteen German Experiment Stations; Figures in Poultry Keeping; Incu- bation, Artificial Incubation; From Chick to Hen; Nutritional Value of various Ration Components; Fresh Blood, Bonemeal and Fishmeal; Greenfood; Good and bad Feeds; Diseases; Organisation; Results of Laying Tests 1931-1932; The new Egg-marketing Regulations; Shipping Eggs and Poultry; Poultry- Rings.

Poultry Division. Report for the Year 1929, F. C. Elford. Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, Canada. Table of Contents: General conditions; The Division; World's Poultry Science Association; Breeding. — Experimental work: Hatching summary; Hatchability from large and small eggs; Influence of shell texture on hatching results; Ultra violet rays in incubation; Costs of incubation; Brooding and rearing experiments; Rations for brooding and rearing chicks; Starvation period for chicks; The effect of sunlight upon growth of chicks; Battery brooders vs ordinary brooding methods; The value of milk products in the prevention of coccidiosis; Capon fattening experiment; Experiments for egg production; Methods of feeding layers; Fishmeal vs a combination of animal feeds; The influence of ultra violet rays on egg production; Vitamin feeds for egg production; The need of iodine in poultry feeds; A study of range of egg weights; Best kind of litter; Heated vs unheated houses; Experimental work on the branch farms. — Canadian National Egg Laying Contest: Re- gistration; Breeders' Catalogue; Inspection. — Work with poultry disease: Routine laboratory service; PuUorum disease control; Black head of turkeys.

The Department of Agriculture and the Poultry Industry in South Africa, The South African Poultry Magazine, Dec. 1932. The report of the Secretary for Agriculture for the year ending June 30th last is now published. The report states that of the £ 1,502,736 paid out in subsidies to farmers up to June 30th, 1932, ,£27,835 were paid on eggs, whilst in discussing the depressed st§te of agriculture it is stated that "it is difficult to visualize what would have happened to our export trade had it not been for the substantial assistance afforded by the export subsidy". Egg Levy. — The details of the accruals and expenditure of the Egg Levy are given. Imports and Exparts. — With regard to imports and exports the report shows that during the year imder consideration eggs in the shell to the value of £959 were imported and liquid and crystallized eggs to the value of £ 552; whilst eggs in the shell were exported to the value of £ 330,246 and liquid crystallized eggs to the value of £ 16. Poultry Diseases. — The report further states that poultry diseases are receiving increased attention at the Laboratory, Onderstepoort, with the aid

— 141 — of the grant of £ 1,000 donated from the Egg Levy Fund at the instance of the South African Poultry Association. Part of this money is being used in erecting a portin of a poultry plant and acquiring the necessary equipment and the balance will be used for the actual work. As soon as the plant is completed the work will proceed at a much more rapid pace. During the past year five poultry diseases were diagnosed for the first time in South Africa, three of these of considerable economic importance. Studies on the keeping qualities of eggs are in progress, whilst post mortem examinations for poultrymen were made on 400 birds during the year under review. Government poultry officials visited 1928 farms and poultry propo- sitions and classed and graded 193,270 birds. They gave 409 lectures and demonstrations with a total attendance of 9,070.

Annual Report of the Belgian Farmers Union for 1931. Klein- en Pluimvee, Nov. 1932. 698 head of dead poultry were examined at the laboratory, the cause of death being in most cases attributed to paralysis, diphtheria, coccidiosis, pullorum and diseases of the oviduct. 16 different kinds of poultry food were placed at the disposal of the members. At two experiment stations, Heverlee and Bokrijk, tests were made in connection with the improvement of poultry. 283 herdbook cocks were supplied from these stations. The average production of the hens amounts to 190 eggs. White Leghorns and Gold Braeckels are the chief breeding materials. All the hens are examined for pullorum.

Chanticleer Annual 1933. Southern Counties Poultry Society. E. Hugh Hudson, Chilworth, Surrey. Contents: Some of the Jobs worth doing during the year, by H. Howes; The seven Ages of the Fowl, by A Kirsch; General Information of Use to Poultry Keepers; Southern Laying Test; Annual Report, 1931-32; List of Members.

The Utility Duck Club Yearbook 1932-3. Secretary. J. K. Lips- comb, St. Antony's, Swanley, Kent. Contents: Officers and Council; Rules; List of Members; The Profit Possibilities in commercial Duck-Egg Production; Infectious Diseases of Ducklings, by G. H. Warrack and T. Dalling; Geese; The Size of Duck Eggs; How to breed the standard Khaki Campbell Duck? ; Feeding and Management of Egg-laying Ducks; Why more People do not keep Ducks?; Table Ducks; The Possibilities of the Buff Orpington Duck, and how to realise them; The Buff Orpington Duck Club, 1932; Laying Trials for Ducks.

The Rhode Island Red Club of the British Empire, 1933 Annual. Hon. Secretary Mr. F. H. Page, Woodlands, Great Horkesley, Colchester. Contents: President's and Secretary's Letter; England's First Rhode Island Red Show; Club and Breed Matters in 1932; Movable Pens for Pedigree Breeding; Hints on Feeding, by E. T. Halman; R.I. Reds in Canada; Colour Problems in R.L Reds; R.L Reds in British Guyana; Fifth World's Poultry Congress, Rome; The R.L Red Bantam; Harpar Adams Laying Test 1931-32; Malpas Laying Test 1931-32; Show Reports; Compliments and Critisms; Rose Combs; Proposed Standard of Perfection; R.I. Reds in South Africa; Why the Standard requires the Beetle green Tail in the Red?; List of Members; Reds for the small Poultry Keeper.

-^ 142 — Stud. Book of the Official Pedigree Breeding Station. Lan- cashire Utility Poultry Society. Vol. 4, 1932. Society's Office: 22 Chapel Walks, Preston, Lanes., England. Breeding season 1932. This year there were 6 pens of W.L., 6 pens of W.W., 4 pens of R.I.R. all mated to registered cockerels. Summary: One hundred and sixty hens were entered. Cripples Rearing Total and losses Chicks Eggs Un- Dead Number Weaklings and passed Set fertiles in Shell hatched killed Culls out White Leghorns .. 2219 340 183 1616 80 265 1351 White Wyandottes 1654 435 185 891 143 146 745 Rhode Island Reds 1479 228 138 1061 52 113 948 Buff Rocks 307 40 29 227 11 37 190 Totals 5659 1043 535 3795 286 561 3234 Cost to Owners. — The Entree Fee was £ 6 for each pen of six birds, the owner providing his own registered cock. The Entree Fee for one of two birds was 30s. per bird, the Society providing the cock. The charge for each chicken wingbanded with the sealed N.P.C. Ring, tattooed, and entered in the Stud Book was 5s. Arrangement of the Stud Book. — The Breeds are arranged in Sections with the names of owners in alphabetical order. The name and full address of the owner appears at the head of each mating of hens entered by him. Then follows each individual hen's number in the Register of the National Poultry Council and her registered pullet year record of first and second-grade eggs, her breeder's name, and the weight of eggs incubated. Alongside is the sire's registered wingband number. Volume of the Stud Book in which it appears, his dam's record and her registered number in the Register of the N.P.C, the Grand Sire's Record, and the Great Grand Sire's Record. Underneath is the list of chickens, wingband numbers, and sex. Registration of Sales. — The Society will register sales of "Registered Birds" and issue a certificate to the purchaser on receipt of one shilling registration fee. The bird's sealed wingband number and the tattoo mark must be sent with the fee.

— 143 —