STEIN | THE HEGEMONY OF HERITAGE RITUAL AND THE RECORD IN STONE Luminos is the Open Access monograph publishing program from UC Press. Luminos provides a framework for preserving and reinvigorating monograph publishing for the future and increases the reach and visibility of important scholarly work. Titles published in the UC Press Luminos model are published with the same high standards for selection, peer review, production, and marketing as those in our traditional program. www.luminosoa.org. Publication of this book has been made possible through a generous gift from the Maharana of Mewar Charitable Foundation, City Palace, Udaipur, Rājāsthan, India. The Hegemony of Heritage SOUTH ASIA ACROSS THE DISCIPLINES Edited by Muzaffar Alam, Robert Goldman, and Gauri Viswanathan Dipesh Chakrabarty, Sheldon Pollock, and Sanjay Subrahmanyam, Founding Editors Funded by a grant from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation and jointly published by the University of California Press, the University of Chicago Press, and Columbia University Press For a list of books in the series, see page 317. The Hegemony of Heritage Ritual and the Record in Stone Deborah L. Stein UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS University of California Press, one of the most distinguished university presses in the United States, enriches lives around the world by advanc- ing scholarship in the humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences. Its activities are supported by the UC Press Foundation and by philanthropic contributions from individuals and institutions. For more information, visit www.ucpress.edu. University of California Press Oakland, California © 2018 by Deborah L. Stein Suggested citation: Stein, D. L. The Hegemony of Heritage: Ritual and the Record in Stone. Oakland: University of California Press, 2018. doi: https:// doi.org/10.1525/luminos.46 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons CC-BY-NC-ND license. To view a copy of the license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Stein, Deborah L., 1975- author. Title: The hegemony of heritage : ritual and the record in stone / Deborah L. Stein. Description: Oakland, California : University of California Press, [2018] | Includes bibliographical references and index. | Identifiers: LCCN 2017040579 (print) | LCCN 2017043073 (ebook) | ISBN 9780520968882 (ebook) | ISBN 9780520296336 (pbk. : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Hindu temples—India—Rajasthan. | Hindu architecture—India—Rajasthan. | Hindu sculpture—India—Rajasthan. Classification: LCC NA6007.R3 (ebook) | LCC NA6007.R3 S74 2018 (print) | DDC 720.954—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017040579 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 This book would not have been possible without my grandparents, my parents, and the influence of the late Alan Dundes. This book is dedicated to my husband, Laurent Goldsztejn, and my two sons, Ariel Goldsztejn and Aiden Goldsztejn. Contents List of Illustrations ix Acknowledgements xv Introduction: The “Hindu” Temple in Diachronic Context 1 1. Temple as Geographic Marker: Mapping the Tenth-Century Sectarian Landscape 22 2. Temple as Catalyst: Renovation and Religious Merit in the Field 52 3. Temple as Royal Abode: The Regal, the Real, and the Ideal in Fifteenth-Century Mewār 72 4. Temple as Palimpsest: Icons and Temples in the “Sultanate” Era 120 5. Temple as Ritual Center: Tenth-Century Traces of Ritual and the Record in Stone 149 6. Temple as Praxis: Agency in the Field in Southern Rājāsthan 186 . 7 Temple as Legal Body: Aesthetics and the Legislation of Antiquity 220 Conclusion: Heritage and Conflict: Medieval Indian Temple as Commodified Imaginary 243 Notes 251 Bibliography 287 Index 305 Illustrations 0.1. Installation ceremony at Ambikā temple, Jagat, May 2002 2 0.2. Śri Ekliṅgjī temple 4 0.3. Śri Ekliṅgjī icon 5 0.4. Pippalāda Mātā temple (c. 960), Unwās, Mēdapāṭa region 10 0.5. Kṣēmaṅkarī, Pippalāda Mātā temple, Unwās 10 0.6. Main icon at Pippalāda Mātā, Unwās 11 0.7. Old and new architecture and repairs comingle at the Śri Ekliṅgjī temple complex, Kailāśpurī, Rajasthan 12 0.8. Map of sites in modern Mewār and Dūṅgarpur 13 0.9. Ambikā temple, Jagat 14 0.10. Chapati dough ornaments for Daśamātāpūjā 18 0.11. Painting the sanctum gold, Ambikā temple, Jagat, May 2002 19 1.1. Lakulīśa temple (c. 971), Ekliṅgjī 25 1.2. Saraswatī, Lakulīśa temple, Ekliṅgjī 26 1.3. Śivēśvara temple (c. 950s–70s), Ekliṅgjī 27 1.4. Sūrya on his seven-horse chariot (c. 950–75), Ṭūṣa 28 1.5. Surasundarī, Ṭūṣa 29 1.6. Door to sanctum on each side for bidirectional circumambulation, Ambikā temple (c. 960), Jagat 35 .1.7 Durgā zoomorphic, side 1 (south), Ambikā Temple, Jagat 36 1.8. Durgā zoomorphic/anthropomorphic, side 2, (east/back), Ambikā temple, Jagat 36 1.9. Durgā anthropomorphic, side 3 (north), Ambikā temple, Jagat 37 ix x Illustrations 1.10. An icon cast aside inside the sanctum displays an emaciated form of Durgā killing the buffalo demon. Ambikā temple, quartzite (c. 960), Jagat 38 1.11. Ferocious Śiva (Andhakāntaka?) (c. 955–75), stone, Hita 40 1.12 Nateśa (c. 955–75), stone, Hita 40 1.13. Cāmuṇḍā, Nateśa temple (c. 955–75), stone, Hita 40 1.14. Exquisite śekharī architecture, Nateśa temple (c. 955–75), stone, Hita 40 1.15. Durgā-Mahiṣāsuramardinī in the identical artistic style of Jagat (c. 960), Hita 42 1.16. Guru and disciple on the temple wall (c. twelfth to thirteen century), stone, Gamari 43 1.17. Bestiality on the temple wall (c. twelfth to thirteenth century), stone, Gamari 44 1.18. Mandala in stone, with devotees ladling ghee over a fire (c. tenth or eleventh century), Nāgadā 46 1.19. Mandala made of legumes, Jagat, May 2002 47 1.20. Durgā-Mahiṣāsuramardinī (c. tenth or eleventh century), stone, Nāgadā 48 1.21. Jagat praṇālā, demon’s leg protruding out of the neck of the decapitated form 49 1.22. Toraṇa gate, Nāgadā 50 2.1. Kumbhalgarh fortress 54 2.2. Rampart, fifteenth century, Ekliṅgjī 55 2.3. Marble icon (stolen in 1998), Jagat 60 2.4. New marble image from Jaipur, May 2002 61 2.5. Śubhamaṇḍapa, archival photo showing building foundation (c. eleventh century) and brick layer (c. 1800s–1900s), Jagat 62 2.6. Śubhamaṇḍapa, Jagat 63 2.7. New icon, under worship in the Ambikā temple, 2009 65 2.8. Perishable maṇḍapa built for the goddess installation, May 2002, Jagat 66 2.9. Diagram of the social space of the goddess installation ceremony, May 2002, Jagat 68 2.10. Mudbrick shrine, Āmjhara (near Dūṅgarpur) 70 3.1. Bappa Rāwal, by a French sculptor (c. second half of the twentieth century), Ekliṅgjī 75 3.2. Modern sculpture of Harit Rashi in a Sanskritic haṁsa vehicle (swan boat), Sri Ekliṅgjī temple 75 3.3. Harit Rashi on an exterior wall in Udaipur during Rath Yātrā 76 3.4. Painting of Harit Rashi’s apparition (c. 1850–1950) 76 3.5. Pratap, Rath Yātrā parade, Udaipur, 2002 79 3.6. Kīrtistambha tower (c. 1440–60), Chittorgarh 81 .3.7 Labeled sculpture of servants, interior of Kīrtistambha tower (c. 1440–60), Chittorgarh 83 Illustrations xi 3.8. Sculpture of Viṣṇu, interior of Kīrtistambha tower (c.1440–60), Chittorgarh 85 3.9. Deogarh, Madhya Pradesh 87 3.10. Narrative scene, Nara Narayana, Gupta Era, Deogarh 88 3.11. Harihara (Half-Śiva/Half-Viṣṇu), interior Kīrtistambha tower (c. 1440–60), Chittorgarh 89 3.12. Interior stairwell between floors 2 and 3, Kīrtistambha tower (c. 1440–60), Chittorgarh 90 3.13. Ardenareśvara (Half-Śiva/Half-Pārvatī), interior Kīrtistambha tower (c. 1440–60), Chittorgarh 91 3.14. Allah, Interior Kīrtistambha tower (c. 1440–60), Chittorgarh 92 3.15. Interior stairwell precedent, Jain Kīrtistambha tower, Chittorgarh 94 3.16. Ekliṅgjī temple roof (fifteenth century) 99 3.17. Roof of the Samiddhēśvara temple (fifteenth century), Chittorgarh 100 3.18. Mahārāṇā Mokal sponsors the Bhāghelā Tālāv, Ekliṅgjī 101 3.19. Jāwar Mātā temple 102 3.20. Keśeriyajī/Rishabdeo temple, Delwara 105 3.21. The Mīrabai temple, Ekliṅgjī 108 3.22. Mīrabai temple, rear view, Ekliṅgjī 109 3.23.i V ṣṇu icon, Mīrabai temple, Ekliṅgjī 110 3.24.i V ṣṇu icon in fifteenth-century temple wall, Mīrabai temple, Ekliṅgjī 111 3.25. Ramabai temple tank, Jāwar 112 3.26. Ramabai icon, Jāwar 113 3.27. Palace where the historical Rani Padmini resided within the fortress of Chittorgarh 115 3.28. “The Water Palace of HH Rani Padmawati, Chittorgarh”, Photographed by J. W. Caplain 116 3.29. Queen Elizabeth receiving the tower of “Victory,” Udaipur Palace 118 4.1. Trimūrti liṅgaṃ, Kumbhesvara temple, Chittorgarh 124 4.2. Inscription on the Chaturbhuj temple, Khamnor 125 4.3. Four-Faced Śiva icon (c. 975), Khamnor 126 4.4. Chaturbhuj icon in mirrored hall, twentieth-century mirrorwork, Khamnor 127 4.5. Śekharī-style temple (c. eleventh to thirteenth century), Talwara 128 4.6. Brahma temple (c. twelfth century), Chinch 129 4.7. Raisamand Lake (c. fifteenth/sixteenth century) 129 4.8. Ithyphallic Lakulīśa, Menāl 131 4.9. Mahanaleśvara temple (c. eleventh century), Menāl 132 4.10. Cāmuṇḍā, Menāl 132 4.11. Nateśa, Menāl 133 4.12. Andhakāntaka (?), stone, Menāl 134 4.13.a M ṭha (c. tenth century), Menāl 134 xii Illustrations 4.14. Column detail (c. eighth century), monastery in Menāl 135 4.15. Śiva temple (c. twelfth century), Bijoliā, Uparamāla 136 4.16. Cāmuṇḍā on south side of Śiva temple (like at Jagat), Bijoliā 136 4.17. Nateśa, Bijoliā 137 4.18. Sahasraliṅga (c. twelfth to thirteenth century), Bijoliā 138 4.19. Traces of ritual made permanent in stone, Bijoliā 138 4.20. Vindhyāvāsinī temple (c. twelfth century), Kailāśpurī 139 4.21. Ganesh, Ambikā temple, Jagat 143 4.22. Śri Ekliṅgjī painting (c. 1700), Juna Mahal, Dūṅgarpur 145 4.23.