Quaternary International xxx (2017) 1e11

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Quaternary International

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Resilience and Cyclicity: Towards a macrohistory of the Central European

* Robin Peters , Andreas Zimmermann

Institute of Prehistoric Archaeology, University of Cologne, Weyertal 125, 50923, Koln,€ Germany article info abstract

Article history: In this paper estimates of the demographic trend are used as key variables to apply the concept of Received 29 April 2016 'adaptive cycles', derived from socio-ecological resilience theory, to Archaeology. The question how to Received in revised form operationalize resilience theory in an archaeological context is discussed and resilience thinking is linked 13 October 2016 to evolutionary theories. The development of two archaeological cultures is outlined as 'cultural cycle' Accepted 31 March 2017 and the long-term history of Central Europe is investigated from a resilience perspective. Available online xxx © 2017 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Resilience Adaptive cycle Neolithic Demography Cultural cycles Macrohistory Cultural evolution

1. Introduction The second case study is concerned with the Linear Culture (LPC) in the Cologne Bay (Peters, 2012). Before, we deal with the Since the introduction of socio-ecological resilience theory question of how to operationalize resilience theory and the diffi- (Gunderson and Holling, 2002) to archaeology by Redman and culties of defining key attributes of the adaptive cycle. Kinzig in the early 2000s (Redman and Kinzig, 2003; Redman, While the following chapters represent the mid-term perspec- 2005) the concept of resilience has sparked many fruitful archae- tive, in the last section of this paper we investigate the long-term ological applications (Delcourt and Delcourt, 2004; Nelson et al., demographic development of Central Europe and resilience 2006; Bradtmoller€ et al., 2010; Rosen and Rivera-Collazo, 2012; thinking will be linked to evolutionary theories. Weiberg, 2012; Widlok et al., 2012; Zimmermann, 2012; Doppler et al., 2013; Roder€ et al., 2013; Gronenborn et al., 2013; Sauer, 2015). A state has been reached now, however, where a merely meta- 2. Operationalizing resilience theory phorical use of the concept will not take the issue any further. The next step in the application of resilience theory in archaeology has Resilience theory attempts to identify similarities in the devel- to involve clearly defined parameters and measurable proxy opment of socio-ecological systems. According to this approach variables. every human-environment interaction system has a certain fourth- U In the first section of this paper, the concept of 'adaptive cycles', part trajectory. The system grows (r), peaks (K), collapses ( ) and a derived from socio-ecological resilience theory, is employed to possibly reorganizes ( ). In sum, this is what Gunderson and Hol- describe the development of two archaeological cultures in the ling call an 'adaptive cycle' (Holling and Gunderson, 2002, p. 50, € Central European Neolithic. In the first case study the Culture Bradtmoller et al. this volume). fi " of is outlined as a 'cultural cycle' (Peters in print). The rst issue that has to be dealt with is the resilience of what to what" question (Carpenter et al., 2001, p. 767). What are the entities under investigation, which different system states can be identified and how does a regime shift look like in the investigated * Corresponding author. E-mail addresses: [email protected] (R. Peters), a.zimmermann@uni-koeln. system? Archaeologists, applying resilience theory, commonly de (A. Zimmermann). equate archaeological entities like archaeological cultures or http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2017.03.073 1040-6182/© 2017 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA. All rights reserved.

Please cite this article in press as: Peters, R., Zimmermann, A., Resilience and Cyclicity: Towards a macrohistory of the Central European Neolithic, Quaternary International (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2017.03.073 2 R. Peters, A. Zimmermann / Quaternary International xxx (2017) 1e11 cultural groups with such social-ecological systems. A regime shift Leuzinger, 2000, 2007; Schlenker, 1994; Schlichtherle, 1990a; at this level of analysis is equivalent to cultural change. 1990b, 1997, 2009). As a general basis for our study we were able According to Gunderson and Holling the key attributes of the to refer to a database on all lakeshore settlements in Baden- adaptive cycle are 'resilience', 'connectedness' and 'potential' Wuerttemberg that has been developed in the course of the by (Table 1). In the reorganisation phase potential and resilience are now successful candidature for UNESCO World Heritage. high and connectedness is low. Potential declines during the To reconstruct the demographic trend between 4000 and 3350 exploitation or growth phase leading to the systems peak in the calBC the number of contemporaneous sites is estimated using an conservation phase. High connectedness results in low resilience aoristic analysis (Mischka, 2004, 2007,p.58e72). Aoristic analysis and the system becomes prone to disturbances. Sooner or later a takes into account the dating accuracy of different dating methods disturbance will lead to a release or collapse. Gunderson and Hol- (typology, dendrochronology, radiocarbon) and estimates the ling use four letters to abbreviate the adaptive cycle phases. The probability for the existence of a site in a certain time frame. The letter r e growth rate of a population in ecology - is used as a results of the analysis show very roughly an unimodal distribution shorthand for the exploitation phase, the letter K e carrying ca- (Fig. 1a). Starting with the Hornstaad Group there is an increase of pacity in ecology e for the conservation phase. The Greek letters sites since 3920 calBC. From c. 3870 calBC onwards the Hornstaad alpha and omega refer to the beginning (reorganisation phase) and Group has been replaced by the and around 3700 end (release phase) of the adaptive cycle (Gunderson and Holling, calBC a maximum in the number of settlements is being reached. 2002). The number of sites then declines until 3500 calBC and it is only Resilience is defined as "the ability of the system to return to the after 3390 calBC that there is again evidence for settlements at the original state after disturbance" (Gunderson and Holling, 2002,p. shores of Lake Constance. The well-known settlement of Arbon- 202). Like most social scientists we are not able to measure resil- Bleiche 3 and the onset of the Culture fall into this time ience directly in our case studies, but it is clear that resilience and frame. These findings are in accordance with results from the demographic trend are somehow related. Therefore the de- dendrochronology and archaeobotany. During the hiatus mographic trend will be used as an indicator for resilience. The (3500e3390 calBC), there is evidence of a woodland regeneration, parameters connectedness and potential are intentionally very that is also attested by less evidence of human impact in pollen general to allow many different applications (Holling et al., 2002,p. records (Billamboz and Koninger,€ 2008, p. 323; Rosch,€ 1989). 33). A translation of connectedness in an archaeological context In the following the development of the Late Neolithic at Lake might be a bipolar factor with vertical and horizontal social dif- Constance will be traced with reference to the three-part typo- ferentiation on the one axis and social integration on the other. logical division into Hornstaad, Pfyn and Early Horgen represented Potential on the other hand seems to be a variable that is hard to by the settlement Arbon-Bleiche 3. Developmental trajectories will operationalize in archaeology. Therefore, the potential/connected- be outlined by investigating changes in the different dimensions of ness distinction is not useful here. Without the parameter potential material culture and by paying special attention to the aspects of the iconic representation of the adaptive cycle loses its third social integration and communication. dimension (Table 1). But the three-dimensional model is as well Our investigation starts with a review of the Hornstaad, Pfyn valid for some special cases in archaeology (Zimmermann, 2012,p. and Arbon-Bleiche 3 (Early Horgen) pottery. The Hornstaad pottery 256). has been referred to as a "conglomerate of various cultural in- fluences“ (Schlenker, 1994, p. 209, translation by the authors). There 3. The Pfyn Culture at Lake Constance are elements of Lengyel and Schussenried Culture as well as links to the in Central and Western . More- Our first case study is the Late Neolithic (“Jungneolithikum”, over, there is also ample evidence for ceramic imports from the according to Lüning,1996) at Lake Constance, which is characterised Lutzengüetle Group as well as Schussenried and the Michelsberg by lake shore settlements consisting of pile dwellings that are Culture (Dieckmann and Hoffstadt, 1989, Fig. 36; Mainberger et al., investigated using methods of wetland archaeology. Due to the fact 2005, Fig. 6; Matuschik, 2010, p. 14). The Pfyn Culture evolves out of that most sites are excavated underwater or by using caissons the Hornstaad Group but seems to be more self-centred. While fl techniques large-scale documentation is difficult. But this is there are some in uences and pottery imports of the Michelsberg fl compensated by extraordinary good preservation for organic ma- Culture in Early Pfyn those in uences peter out in Classic Pfyn terial. Construction timber of some pile dwellings is preserved and (Schlichtherle, 1998, p. 170, Matuschik, 2010, p. 17). The pottery can sometimes be dated by dendrochronology to the exact cutting record of Arbon-Bleiche 3 shows Pfyn and Horgen features and year. Lake Constance has been a focus of Neolithic research since the there are also pottery imports from the Boleraz-Group (Early discovery of the first pile dwellings in the mid-19th century (Keller, Baden) and the Altheim or Cham Culture in . There are even 1866). Of great importance for the more recent history of research is true 'cultural melting pots', Horgen-style vessels made using the German Research Foundation's (DFG) priority program 'Sied- typical Boleraz tempering and Boleraz-style vessels with tempering lungsarchaologische€ Untersuchungen im Alpenvorland' and the that is common in the Pfyn and (Capitani,2002,p. work of the Offices for Archaeology in Frauenfeld (Canton , 216; Leuzinger, 2007, p. 179). Schlichtherle summarizes these de- " " Switzerland) and Hemmenhofen (district Konstanz, Germany) velopments by referring to multicultural traits in Hornstaad and (Matuschik et al., 2010; Dieckmann et al., 2006; Capitani et al., 2002; Early Horgen (Schlichtherle, 2008, p. 80, translation by the au- thors). But these multicultural traits seem to be missing in classic Pfyn. Table 1 There are other domains where Hornstaad and Arbon-Bleiche 3 Properties of the Key Variables during the four phases of the adaptive cycle ac- proof to be truly innovative and communicative. For example, the cording to Gunderson and Holling (2002). copper disk of Hornstaad-Hornle€ IA which belongs to a group of Phase Potential Connectedness Resilience very early copper finds from Southern Germany, can typologically a Reorganization high low high be linked to the Transdanubian Balaton-Lasinja-Culture while the r Exploitation low low high cooper raw material originates from Northern Italy (Matuschik, K Conservation high high low 1997; Klassen, 2010). Moreover, a new grain type, triticum durum U Release low high low is cultivated during Hornstaad using the probably previously

Please cite this article in press as: Peters, R., Zimmermann, A., Resilience and Cyclicity: Towards a macrohistory of the Central European Neolithic, Quaternary International (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2017.03.073