Wyoming Wildscape

WYOMING WILDSCAPE

HOW TO DESIGN, PLANT, AND MAINTAIN LANDSCAPING TO BENEFIT PEOPLE AND WILDLIFE

Compiled by: Andrea C. Orabona

Wyoming Game and Fish Department Nongame Program 260 Buena Vista Lander, WY 82520

2016

TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION

Introduction Page 1 Benefits of Wildscaping 2 Designing Your Wildscape 2 Deciding What to Plant 4

Go for the Natives 4 Purchasing Trees and Shrubs 4 Wyoming is home to over 300 species of birds. Some are here year- Other Planting Considerations 5 round, while others only spend the summer or winter months in Planting and Wildscaping Guidelines 6 How to Plant Trees and Shrubs 6 Wyoming, or are found here only during spring and autumn migration. How to Plant Wildflowers 7 Nearly half of these are classified as Neotropical migratory birds. How to Plant Grasses 8 These are simply the species of birds that migrate between breeding How to Create a Water Source 9 grounds in Canada and the United States, and wintering grounds in How to Create a Terrace 10 Latin America south of the U.S. border with Mexico. How to Create a Wetland 11 How to Create Compost 11 Long-term Breeding Bird Survey data in North America show that How to Create Additional Diversity 12 populations of many species of Neotropical migrants have declined, as Other Wildscaping Considerations 12 Wildscape Maintenance 13 well as some resident species (those that don’t migrate or that migrate Watering 13 within the U.S.). These declines are due to a number of problems, Disease 13 especially habitat loss and degradation on breeding and wintering Nutrients and Fertilizers 13 grounds and along migration routes. In response to these concerns, Pruning 14 the international Partners in Flight (PIF) program began in 1990, and Pesticides 15 Wyoming Partners in Flight, our state working group, began in 1991. Other Maintenance Considerations 16 The goal of PIF is to conserve, restore, or enhance populations Wildscaping Do’s and Don’ts 17 Seasonal To-Do List 17 of landbirds and the habitats upon which they depend for survival, Need More Information? 18 while including the needs of humans in all programs and endeavors. For More Information on Plants Native to Wyoming 18 For More Information on Landscaping with Native Plants 18 With that goal in mind, something we can do to help populations of both For More Information on Backyard Wildscaping 18 resident and Neotropical migratory birds is to plant native wildscapes – For More Information on Creating a Healthy Yard 18 landscaping that benefits both people and wildlife. Wildscaping can be For More Information on Watering Efficiently 18 done on virtually any piece of land of any size if a wildscaping plan is For More Information on Water Conserving Landscape Methods 18 developed and followed. Use this guide to design, plant, and maintain For More Information on Trees and Shrubs 18 For More Information on Wildflowers and Grasses 18 your wildscape. In the back of the guide are some additional resources For More Information on Collecting Native Seeds and Plants 19 to help you find out more about wildscaping. While this list is by no For More Information on Creating a Wetland 19 means exhaustive, it does give you a place to start. Contact your local For More Information on Building a Terrace 19 Conservation District, greenhouse, or landscaping center to order native For More Information on Composting 19 plants, or obtain a permit to collect plants on state or federal lands. For More Information on Weeds, Pests, and Invasive Plants 19 For More Information on Bats 19 For more information about Partners in Flight, contact the Nongame Bird For More Information on Butterflies 19 Biologist, Wyoming Game and Fish Department, 260 Buena Vista, For More Information on Beneficial Insects 19 For More Information on Birds 19 Lander, WY 82520 (307-332-2688 or in-state 1-800-654-7862), or visit References and Resource Guides 20 the Partners in Flight website at www.partnersinflight.org. Table 1. Selected Native Plants Ideal for Wildscaping in Wyoming 22 Index to the Common Names of Selected Native Plants 94 Enjoy your Wyoming Wildscape! 1

BENEFITS OF WILDSCAPING DESIGNING YOUR WILDSCAPE

 Wildscaping is attractive to people and it provides habitat for wildlife.  With a little planning and foresight, you can plant and enjoy a Native plants support up to 50 times as many species of native wildlife wildscape in your backyard; on school grounds; at businesses, as do non-native, or exotic, plants. churches, and golf courses; or in parks, greenbelts, and open areas.  Wildscaping increases the value of your property.  Plan to practice water-wise wildscaping, or xeriscaping (this uses less  Plantings can be used to provide privacy and reduce noise. water, reduces the time and cost spent on lawn maintenance, and  Proper placement of shade trees and shrubs reduces heating costs provides the best growing conditions for your plants). for homes and other buildings by 25 to 40%, and reduces cooling  Use water efficiently - water only when soil moisture is low. costs by 15 to 50%.  Avoid watering during the hottest part of the day (10 am – 3 pm)  Wildscaping can reduce water costs by up to 60% and water use by or in windy conditions to reduce water loss from evaporation. up to 70% because it saves water used in maintaining a non-native  Water thoroughly and completely, but not too often. lawn, which needs 36 inches or more of supplemental water per year.  Use native organic mulch (wood chips or shredded bark) to help  Wildscaping increases water infiltration into the soil, which reduces retain moisture. Mulch also reduces weed growth, prevents soil soil erosion, runoff of urban pollutants, and flood damage. compaction, adds nutrients to the soil, encourages extensive  Wildscaping with a diversity of plants will help guard against pests rooting, regulates soil temperature, and reduces plant damage. and disease, which have greater impacts on areas with only a few  Choose plants that are well adapted to your region, especially types of plants. drought tolerant plants.  Wildscaping protects human health, pets, and the environment by  Plan to use minimal or no pesticides. minimizing or eliminating pesticide use and reducing fossil fuel use.  Many insects and microorganisms are beneficial and can be  Lawn maintenance is labor-intensive and has hidden costs such as controlled biologically by the birds using your wildscape. equipment, fuel, lubricants, blade sharpening, repair, and storage.  If insect control is needed, practice Integrated Pest Management Wildscaping can reduce the costs and labor associated with lawn (see the “Wildscape Maintenance” section). maintenance by up to 60% because it requires less mowing, fertilizing,  Plan to create habitat diversity in your wildscape. and pesticide use.  All creatures need food; water; and cover in which to rest, escape  Wildscaping saves landfill space by composting food wastes and by from predators and weather, and raise their young. recycling or composting yard wastes.  To provide and improve habitat for wildlife and attract the most  Trees help clean the air we breathe and replenish it with fresh oxygen. species, include vertical, horizontal, and structural diversity.  Wildscaping creates living classrooms for nature study and enjoyment,  Vertical diversity - multi-layered vegetation including the and promotes awareness of ecology, biological diversity, and the canopy of tall trees; the understory of smaller trees, shrubs, integration of natural and human communities. and vines; and the layer of ground vegetation comprised of  With proper planning in appropriate areas, wildscaping can mimic low-growing shrubs, flowers, grasses, and ground-hugging natural ecosystems, providing a home for wildlife and a haven for you. plants. Vertical diversity increases the surface area for birds

and other wildlife to nest, feed, and rest upon.

 Horizontal diversity - create clumps of different plant types  Typical wind direction. and open space throughout your wildscape to produce “edge  Path of the sun, and daily sun and shade patterns. effects” (the interface between distinct vegetation types).  Moist and dry areas, water movement, drainage patterns, and  Structural diversity - include a large variety of plant species slope of the land. in your wildscape plan to create different sizes, shapes, and  Soil type – clay, silt, sand, or loam (an equal mix of all three). densities of vegetation.  Problem spots (areas that are difficult to water, areas with  While waiting for plants to mature and provide food and nesting poor soil, areas with extreme snow or ice build up, etc.). sites, place feeding stations and nest boxes in your wildscape.

 Place bird feeders close enough to cover to allow easy Open area (backyard property is owned by the city)

escape, but not so close that predators, including domestic N and feral cats, can hide and ambush unsuspecting birds. Clay soil; slight Wind direction slope to the N Property  Erect nest boxes and bat houses for specific species you wish line Snow and ice House and to attract (first determine what should occur in your area) and builds up; shady driveway place them at the appropriate height and aspect (direction). and moist area  The number of species you attract will increase if you provide a Shady and source of water, especially a moving source of water (see the moist area “Planting and Wildscaping Guidelines” section). Buried cable Existing tree  Plan to use adapted plants, and choose native plants whenever and shrubs possible.  Adapted plants are those suited to specific soil, moisture, and sun Dry areas; sunny Neighbors on the Arc of the sun environments, or “micro-climates”. east and west  Adapted plants are more disease resistant and are naturally Sidewalk attractive to wildlife. Street  Adapted plants require less maintenance, as well as less fertilizer, Figure 1. A pre-wildscaping blueprint.

pesticides, and water (this reduces urban runoff and pollution).  Determine how much lawn area is needed for recreation and other  Plan for the long term. uses (some open space is also good for wildlife). Wildscape the  Create a “blueprint” (to scale) of the area to be wildscaped, and rest, keeping in mind variety, density, and edge. include the following (see Figure 1).  Develop a budget and timeline for your wildscape. Don’t expect  Existing buildings, fences, sidewalks, driveways, and to plant everything during the first year. Decide how you want property lines. your wildscape to look in 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 years. (If needed, you  Existing plants, feeding stations, nest boxes, and water can update your plan.) sources.  Prepare a final wildscape plan using a transparent overlay that  Overhead wires and powerlines. shows the arrangement of new plants in relation to existing  Underground pipes and cables. features (see Figure 2 and the “Deciding What to Plant” section).

 Remember to: DECIDING WHAT TO PLANT  Place plants in the soil, moisture, and sun environments for which they’re adapted (see Table 1). Go for the Natives  Have your soil tested if in doubt about your soil type  Plant native vegetation whenever possible! Choose plants that (contact your local County Extension office for assistance). seasonally produce fruit, berries, nuts, seeds, or nectar for wildlife,  Place clusters of plants with similar water requirements and provide cover and nesting places (exotics don’t provide these). together in “water zones” to increase diversity and save water.  Native plants are acclimated to the soil, climate, altitude, and moisture  Place the tallest plants in back, descending to the shortest in Wyoming; they naturally attract and provide habitat for wildlife; closest to the house, school, business, or church. they’re generally easy to maintain; and they live longer than exotics.  Allow for the maximum growth of each plant in your plan  Exotic plants can become invasive and take over native habitats. including height, width, and overall shape (see Table 1).  Native trees, shrubs, and vines provide shade, make ideal hedgerows  Decide how you’re going to water your wildscape. and windbreaks, provide privacy, and are beneficial to wildlife for  Ask questions and complete any additional research before nesting and cover, and as a food source. you plant so changes can be made to your plan, if needed.  Native grasses and wildflowers will provide self-seeding food patches  Contact your local utilities company before you dig! for wildlife and can be incorporated into lawn areas or used in large,

Expand your wildscape – ask neighbors to join you in wildscaping adjoining property! open spaces bounded by lawn borders.  Ask your local greenhouse or landscaping center to stock native plants Leave snags (standing dead trees), fallen trees, and fallen branches whenever possible. They provide cover, nesting sites, and a source of food for woodpeckers, nuthatches, and small mammals. (if they don’t already), buy native plants from the Natural Resources Mature coniferous Mature deciduous Conservation Service, or obtain a state or federal collection permit and trees attract trees attract orioles, nuthatches, siskins, kingbirds, vireos, collect your own seeds or transplants. chickadees, owls, and squirrels. kinglets, and squirrels. Tall native grasses Purchasing Trees and Shrubs provide food, cover, Brush and rock piles and nesting sites house rabbits, for meadowlarks,  Bare Root – small, no soil around the roots (root mass should be chipmunks, lizards, ground-dwelling o and rodent-eating sparrows, rabbits, fibrous), plants are still dormant (inactive, leafless), store at 37 F or in snakes, while toads, lizards, decaying logs and insects that the shade, keep roots moist, plant within 72 hours. Easy to plant and create a food birds feed on. source for are the least expensive of the three, but have a poorer survival rate. thrushes, warblers, and towhees. Plant a section  Potted – mid-sized, in 1 to 15-gallon containers, normally leafed out. of sunflowers and leave them standing They allow more flexibility in planting time; plant when either dormant Plant flowers along for a winter food the inside edge of source for siskins or growing. May require daily watering; add water until it drains from your shrubs to and goldfinches. attract butterflies the container. Can become root-bound if left in the container too long. and hummingbirds. Shrubs and vines  Balled and Burlapped (B&B) – larger, normally leafed out. Size adds Shrubs and shorter provide cover and trees provide nesting sites for instant effect, but plants can be expensive and difficult to handle (use nesting sit es for, wrens, sparrows, robins, buntings, towhees, catbirds, hay hooks or several people to lift heavier plants). and grosbeaks. Figure 2. A final wildscape plan. and warblers.

Other Planting Considerations  Low-growing evergreens planted near building foundations, especially

on the windy or sunless side, can help insulate during the winter.  If in doubt about what to plant, see what grows naturally around your  Plant shade tolerant shrubs and vines, like dogwood, buffaloberry, and county, and check the associated species on the U.S. Forest Service’s Virginia creeper, near large trees to create diversity and provide food website (see the “References and Resources Guides” section). sources, nesting sites, and cover for birds.  Match the plant’s purpose (food or cover for wildlife, shade, wind  Plant shrubby thickets next to fruiting shrubs to provide food, cover protection, privacy, color, etc.) to its characteristics. and nesting sites for birds. Plants like rose, juniper, hawthorn, and  Borders and edges that curve look more natural than straight ones. buffaloberry will attract birds but deter browsing by rabbits and deer. Arrange borders and edges to fit the size and curve of mature plants.  Plant shrubby hedgerows to create privacy screens or a small  Buy or collect plants and seeds that are produced no farther away windbreak, and provide cover and nesting sites for birds. than 200 miles north, 100 miles south, or 250 miles east or west of  Plant windbreaks 2 to 3 rows deep for a backyard, and 3 to 7 rows where you live to ensure plants will be well adapted to your climate. deep for larger areas (windbreak length is more important than depth). A change of 1,000 feet in elevation is equivalent to 175 miles. Once established, windbreaks reduce wind for a distance of up to  Collect plants from areas with growing conditions similar to your 10 times the height of the tallest plants, and improve air quality by wildscape. Consider shade, slope, aspect, soil type, and wind capturing dust. Use a variety of fast and slow growing trees and exposure when choosing plants to collect and transplant. shrubs to provide cover for a longer period of time and help prevent  When collecting seeds and transplants, gather only a few seed heads total losses to disease and severe weather. Include native wildflowers or plants from any one area, and only if there are plenty to begin with. and grasses along the edge to provide food for hummingbirds, bees,  Plants with underground stems transplant easily. Only young or small butterflies, ground-feeding birds, and small mammals. bunchgrasses and plants with a taproot transplant successfully, and  Plant nectar-producing, tubular flowers to attract hummingbirds. Their only when they are dormant (not actively growing). favorite colors are (in order) red, orange, pink, purple, blue, and yellow.  Choose plants with an adequate sized container or root ball to ensure  Plant nectar-producing blue and yellow flowers to attract bees. (Most that plants aren’t root-bound. Healthy root tips are clean and white. of the 5,000 species of native bees in the U.S. are solitary, non-  Trunks of balled and burlapped plants should not be loose in the soil aggressive, nest in holes in the ground or burrows in twigs and dead ball. Burlap should be tightly wrapped, and not loose or broken. tree limbs, and pollinate plants – including 30% of the plants we eat.)  Select trees and shrubs with a straight, strong form and well-spaced,  Plant nectar-producing red, orange, yellow, pink, and purple flowers firmly attached branches. Trunks and branches should be free of to attract adult butterflies. Flowers should be flat-topped or clustered, mechanical wounds, scars, insects, disease, and signs of stress. have short flower tubes so butterflies can reach the nectar, and be  Store all plants in a cool, shady, windless spot, and keep roots moist. planted in sunny areas protected from the wind.  Deciduous trees, shrubs, and vines drop their leaves in autumn, and  To keep butterflies in your wildscape, plant butterfly caterpillar “host” are best placed to the east, west, and south to provide shade to plants to provide them with food. Remember, very few of the 700+ decks, driveways, sidewalks, and buildings in the summer, while species of native butterflies in the U.S. are pests. allowing the sun to penetrate during the winter.  Use low-growing or ground-hugging plants as a lawn substitute in  Evergreen trees and shrubs keep their leaves or needles; plant these shady or hard-to-mow sites for additional color, texture, variety, and to the north and west of buildings to block the wind. areas of low maintenance.

 Plant native bunchgrasses to create low maintenance accent areas. PLANTING AND WILDSCAPING GUIDELINES  Red, orange, and yellow are warm colors that attract attention; blue, green, and purple are cool colors that recede from view. Choose color How to Plant Trees and Shrubs combinations that are complimentary – like red and orange, or blue and purple – or contrasting – like yellow and blue, or purple and red.  From: The Best Way to Plant Trees, USDA Forest Service Technical  Use compost from homemade or ready-made bins in wildscape Update (see the “References and Resource Guides” section).

plantings, garden beds, and lawn areas. Spread a 2- to 3-inch layer The New Way to of well-aged compost (it should look like soil) over the planting area Plant Trees and and till to a depth of 6 to 8 inches. Shrubs  Join the campaign against invasive plants! Learn which plants in your area are invasive (see the “Need More Information?” section). Never choose invasive plants for your wildscape, and remove existing invasive plants. Volunteer for “weed-pulls” in your community.  While food plants are maturing, use different types of bird feeders (tube, platform, suet, fruit) to appeal to birds with different feeding habits. Avoid feeding generic seed mixes; black oil sunflower seeds are a good overall choice. Make your own suet cakes – melt 1 cup of crunchy peanut butter with 1 cup of lard; add 2 cups of oats, 2 cups of cornmeal, 1 cup of flour, and 1/3 cup of sugar; form suet to fit inside feeder; cool completely. Clean all bird feeders weekly with a solution of 1 part chlorine bleach to 10 parts hot water. Remove feeders if disease is suspected or to discourage use by undesirable species.

 While nesting plants are maturing, buy or build nest boxes for the The Old Way of exact species you want to attract. House Sparrows and European Planting Starlings are aggressive non-natives that will overtake nest boxes if they can get inside, so proper entrance hole diameter is critical. Nest box style and size are also important. Ventilation holes near the top, drainage holes in the floor, and a roof overhang are essential. Nest box wood should not be painted or chemically treated. Proper nest box placement – height above ground and direction the box faces – can mean the difference between a nest box that’s used and one that isn’t. Clean out old nesting material in the autumn; hinges on one side of the nest box allow for easy entry and cleaning.  If soil is compacted, of poor quality, or extremely alkaline or acidic, use raised planting beds and walking paths to create your wildscape. Figure 3. The best way to plant trees and shrubs.

1) Plant trees and shrubs in spring for best results, or in late summer, 10) Staking, bracing, or tying trees is not recommended. If wind is a autumn, or late winter. Never plant trees or shrubs in mid-summer! problem or the tree starts to lean, use 1 or 2 flexible ties or stakes, 2) Mark out an area that is 5 times the diameter of the planting ball make sure the trunk can still sway in the wind (this builds strength), around the roots of potted or balled and burlapped plants, or at least and remove the supports after a few years to avoid killing the tree. twice as wide as the spread-out roots on bare root plants. 11) Wrapping the tree with protective tape is not recommended. This 3) Loosen and mix the soil in this entire area to a 12-inch depth and, will slow the tree’s ability to adapt to the site and will provide a refuge if needed, add organic matter evenly throughout. for insects. Remember, tree bark needs air and sunlight to build a 4) In the center of the planting area, dig a shallow hole that will allow healthy, protective sheath. If needed, use a tree shelter made of a the root ball to sit on solid ground (not on loose soil) with its upper translucent material that allows oxygen and sunlight to enter. surface level with the existing soil. 12) Keep young tree and shrub roots moist during the growing season. 5) For bare root plants, prune out damaged roots. For potted plants, Water during the winter, too, if there’s been little or no precipitation slide the plant out of the pot while carefully keeping the roots and soil during the season, there’s no snow cover, and the soil isn’t frozen. together. For B&B plants, cut and remove the bottom half of the  Questions? Contact the Natural Resources Conservation Service or twine or wire around the root ball, leaving the top intact. one of the other resources in the “Need More Information?” section. 6) Position the tree or shrub so it’s perpendicular to the ground and the

trunk or main stem is growing straight up. For bare root trees and shrubs, set the plant in the soil at the depth of the soil-stained area on the trunk. For potted plants, set the root ball in the hole at the How to Plant Wildflowers

same level it originally occupied in the pot. For B&B plants, set the  From: Wildscapes: Growing Wildflowers, Trees, and Shrubs in root ball in the hole so the top of the ball is level with the soil surface, Wyoming, and Landscaping with Wildflowers and Other Native Plants and remove the remaining twine or wire and as much of the burlap (see the “References and Resource Guides” section). as possible (some burlap is okay; just make several slits in it and 1) Purchase or collect wildflower seeds when they are dry and fully keep it below the soil surface). mature. Sow seeds in the autumn, 1 month after the first frost or 7) Backfill around the root area, and gently tamp the soil to eliminate when the soil has cooled. (Seeds can also be planted in the spring large air pockets (they allow disease to grow on the roots). Water if erosion is a problem on your site.) All wildflowers will start readily slowly and thoroughly to settle the soil and prevent over-packing. from seed in proper conditions; many will also reseed readily or 8) Rake the soil evenly over the entire area, and cover it with a 2- to 4- spread through underground shoots if turfgrass is not nearby. inch layer of organic mulch. Or, to further discourage grass and 2) Control weeds in the summer, prior to autumn planting. Till the soil weed growth, place landscape cloth or black plastic (with holes cut and water the area to encourage weed germination. Smother weeds in it to allow plants to grow) over the soil after planting, and place using a thick layer of organic mulch on top of black plastic, or spray the organic mulch layer over the cloth or plastic. Keep the cloth or Roundup® as directed on the label (do not spray within 2 weeks of plastic in place until plants are well established; then remove it. planting). If needed, repeat this step until all weeds are killed. 9) Water-holding berms and depressions are not recommended. They 3) Break up the soil to a depth of 1 to 2 inches in moist locations or 3 encourage roots to remain close to the tree rather than spread out inches in dry areas. Use a rototiller, harrow, disk, or plow depending away from the trunk. Organic mulch will hold water adequately. on the size of your area.

4) If needed, add compost, weed-free straw, grass clippings, or How to Plant Grasses sphagnum peat moss (do not use mountain peat; it’s too heavy for  From: Sharp Brothers Seed Company (see the “References and many plants, doesn’t drain well, and may have high levels of soluble Resource Guides” section). salts). Do not add manure; it’s too hot for wildflowers and may 1) When choosing grasses, remember that warm season grasses grow contain weed seeds that will compete with flowers. best in summer and are dormant (inactive) in autumn, winter, and 5) Fertilize only if needed! Test your soil first. Do not over fertilize, spring, while cool season grasses grow best in spring and autumn, especially with high nitrogen fertilizers; this encourages weed growth. may remain green in winter, and are dormant in summer. Try improving the soil by adding organic materials first. 2) Plant warm season grasses in late spring when the air temperature 6) Rake the planting area to smooth the soil. is 70 to 90oF. Plant cool season grasses in early spring or early 7) Select a wildflower mix for your specific area, or make your own from autumn. Larger areas may need to be burned, hayed, mowed, or native species (see Table 1, and the “Need More Information?” and grazed to remove old growth and prepare the site for planting. “References and Resource Guides” sections). Include a few annual 3) For warm season grasses, control weeds in your planting area in the species along with the perennial species in your mix. spring or previous autumn, prior to spring planting. Smother weeds 8) For 1 acre or more, sow 4 to 11 pounds of seed per acre. For ½ with black plastic and a thick layer of organic mulch, or use Roundup® acre or less, sow 4 to 5 ounces of seed per 1,000 square feet. as directed on the label (don’t spray within 2 to 4 weeks of planting). 9) Broadcast seed by hand or use a seed spreader. Mix in seed carrier, For cool season grasses, control weeds in the summer, prior to clean sand, or rice hulls to help distribute seed (use 1 to 2 parts seed autumn planting. Smother weeds, or use Roundup® as directed carrier to 1 part seed). on the label (don’t spray within 1 to 2 weeks of planting). 10) Gently rake the area to cover the seeds slightly (¼ to ½ inch) and 4) Till the soil to a depth of 4 to 6 inches, then prepare the seedbed so give them good contact with the soil. the soil is smooth and firm (soil should not be fluffy or too hard). Or, 11) Mulch with weed-free straw, commercial mulch fabric, or pine for large areas, no-till the seed into the stubble of a previous crop or needles in windy areas. Spread mulch lightly but evenly over seeds. where the previous plants have been eliminated. 12) Soak the planted area thoroughly after sowing. Keep it moist for 4 to 5) Select a grass mix for your specific area, or make your own from 6 weeks. Reduce watering once seedlings are up. Use up to ½ inch native species (see Table 1, and the “Need More Information?” and of water per week for optimal blooming. Be careful not to wash the “References and Resource Guides” sections). Include several seeds away. Reseed thin areas, using top sowing, in late autumn different grasses in your mix to create diversity, but make sure all or early spring after frost cracks appear in the soil and when the have similar requirements for sunlight, moisture, and soil type. existing wildflowers are dormant (not growing). Rake seeds into the 6) Plant seeds ¼ to ½ inch deep for proper seed-soil contact. wildflower bed so they are lightly covered and have good soil contact. 7) Use a grass drill for planting, or broadcast the seed in perpendicular  Questions? Contact the Natural Resources Conservation Service, directions onto the prepared seedbed (a seed carrier may be your local County Extension office, the Wyoming Native Plant Society, needed) and roll lightly to ensure good contact with the soil. or one of the other resources in the “Need More Information?” section. 8) Keep your planting area moist until the new grass is 2 inches tall.  Questions? Contact your local County Extension office or one of the other resources in the “Need More Information?” section.

How to Create a Water Source Allow water to drain away from buildings, through a wetland, and into your pond.  Water sources can range from a simple birdbath to an elaborate pond, depending on the size of your wildscape, your budget, and your imagination (see Figures 4 through 8).  No matter what type you choose, always keep your water source clean, and replenish it with fresh water.  Check local safety and building ordinances before building a pond.

A birdbath, whether purchased or homemade, should be elevated above the ground and placed in an open area Add a variety of water- to reduce predation on the birds and loving floating, emergent, Use rocks and other wildlife using the water source. and submerged plants for native plants to The most simple birdbath design is a best diversity. A layer of integrate the shallow dish placed on a flat log or rock. gravel on the top of each pond into your Birdbath water should only be a few pot will hold soil in place. wildscape. inches deep to prevent drowning. Place a rock in the water as a perching

site for the birds using the water source. Make a simple pond that’s at least 1 foot deep, but preferably 2 to 3 feet deep. Mark out your pond shape on the ground using a hose or rope, and excavate the Figure 4. Birdbath. pond area slightly smaller than your heavy- duty plastic liner or rubber fabric liner. Use sand or an old carpet to smooth the rough spots, and place the liner on top.

Contour the pond and cover the edges of the liner with excavated soil.

Slowly fill the pond with water, gently smoothing the liner as the pond fills up. Dig a hole 6 inches deep, line

it with 1 to 2 inches of sand to Figure 6. Simple pond. smooth out the rough spots, and cover the sand with a This more complex design includes a 1- to 2-inch layer of cement water entry pipe, waterfall, and liner. or a heavy-duty plastic liner. See the “References and Resource Smooth the cement or plastic Guides” and “Need More Information?” liner into place by hand. sections for literature on design details. Encircle the pool with flat rocks, and landscape around the pool using native plants. Another way is to purchase a When filled with water, the pool should be shallow – pre-formed plastic tub. Dig a hole as deep as and only 2 to 4 inches deep. slightly wider than the tub, line Two pools can be created side-by-side, with one slightly the hole with sand, set the tub in place, and backfill with dirt. lower than the other into Use rocks and native plants to which water is allowed to drip by placing a trickling integrate the pool into your

hose or small water pump wildscape.

in the higher pool.

Figure 5. Shallow pool. Figure 7. Complex pond.

This elaborate design includes a water entry pipe, How to Create a Terrace waterfall, underground drainpipe, surface overflow drain, grouting, wire reinforcement, and a liner.  From: Backyard Conservation (see the “Need More Information?” See the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections for and “References and Resource Guides” sections). literature on design details.  Terraces create several small planting areas in your wildscape, and allow moisture to soak into the soil, which prevents soil erosion on steep or long slopes.  Treated wood, rocks, bricks, and concrete blocks are good choices for terrace walls. Regardless of the material chosen, make sure it’s properly anchored into the soil.  Slope steepness dictates the height of terrace walls. Walls should be high enough so the land between them is level. If terrace walls need to be more than 2 feet high, it’s best to consult a professional builder

Figure 8. Elaborate pond. to ensure walls will be safe and sturdy enough to withstand freezing, thawing, and heavy rain storms.  Locate your water source away from feeding stations to reduce  The safest way to create a terrace is the cut and fill method (see confusion for the birds and other wildlife using your wildscape. Figure 9). This also requires very little or no additional soil.  For cleaner water and less maintenance, avoid placing your water source directly under trees.  A small immersion heater will keep your birdbath, pool, or pond from freezing during the winter. Or, for a simple winter water source, fill a birdbath or shallow dish with warm water in the morning and empty it at night so it doesn’t freeze.  Minimum pond depth for fish is 18 inches, but a 2- to 3-foot or greater “deep end” is recommended.

 Plants should cover 50 to 70% of the pond’s surface. Add duckweed Figure 9. Creating a terrace using the cut and fill method. and other free-floating plants to help keep the water clear. Include  Another option for steep slopes that are hard to mow is to plant the submerged pots of native wetland plants to provide cover for fish and entire area with a ground cover of low-growing plants (see Table 1). wildlife (see Table 1).  For long slopes, “strip cropping” can be used. Plant beds of perennial  Use sand or gravel to create a small, shallow area in your pool or pond bunchgrasses and wildflowers alternating with strips of turfgrass where birds, butterflies, and bees can drink. (preferably native) across the slope. Once established, many  Questions? Contact the National Wildlife Federation or Natural perennial plants can effectively control soil erosion. Adding organic Resources Conservation Service (see the “Need More Information?” mulch will also help retain moisture and reduce runoff. and “References and Resource Guides” sections) or your local  Questions? Contact the Natural Resources Conservation Service landscaping center. (see the “Need More Information?” section) or a professional builder. 10

How to Create a Wetland 6) Plant cattails, reeds, and sedges in the wettest soil, and moisture- loving plants like cardinal flower, red osier dogwood, and  From: Backyard Conservation (see the “Need More Information?” and cottonwoods along the edges (see Table 1). “References and Resource Guides” sections).  Incorporate a wetland area into your pond design. Follow the steps  Wetlands filter excess nutrients, chemicals, and sediment from runoff. above, with the water level of the wetland slightly above that of the This helps keep groundwater, streams, and rivers clean; holds flood pond so excess water is filtered through the wetland before it enters waters; provides wildlife habitat; and is aesthetically pleasing. the pond. Make sure the wetland drains away from nearby buildings.  Wetlands attract birds, bats, frogs, toads, and salamanders, and the  The plants you choose for your wetland should depend on the length aquatic insects they feed on. of time the soil will be saturated, wetland water depth, amount of  Wetlands that dry out in summer can support a variety of plants and sunlight, climate, soil pH, and the size of the wetland (see Table 1). wildlife and won’t produce mosquitoes. There are 150 species of mosquitoes in the U.S. (14 of them carry West Nile Virus). Keep in mind that mosquitoes cannot survive in wetlands that dry out in less than 1 week after a summer rain, or in wetlands connected to a pond

with small fish and predatory aquatic insects like dragonflies. How to Create Compost  If a wetland already exists, check wetland regulations before making any changes to it.  From: Backyard Composting (see the “Need More Information?” and  Check local safety and building ordinances before creating a wetland. “References and Resource Guides” sections).  Plant wetland plants in a depression in your wildscape that collects  Composting saves landfill space by recycling food and yard wastes. rainwater for a low maintenance area that will help filter urban runoff  Mixing compost into the soil adds vital nutrients, reduces or eliminates before it enters the river. Or, if the area is naturally wet, simply don’t the need for fertilizers, improves soil structure, and moderates soil pH. mow to allow naturally occurring wetland species to grow.  To decompose, a compost pile needs about half carbon or “browns”  To create a wetland, follow the steps below. (dry grass, dry leaves, branches, wood shavings, hay, straw) and half 1) Lay out the shape of the wetland on the ground using a hose or rope. nitrogen or “greens” (fresh grass, green leaves, garden leftovers, Keep in mind that an irregular shape will be the most natural looking. kitchen scraps – vegetables, fruits, coffee grounds, egg shells). 2) Excavate the wetland area to a depth of 1½ to 2 feet, making sure  The ideal compost pile size is 3 x 3 x 3 feet for best results. Or, buy a the sides slope gently toward the deepest area. ready-made compost container with a lid or cover to help retain heat. 3) In clay soil, a liner may not be needed. In better-drained soils, use a  Locate uncovered compost out of the wind and sun so it won’t dry out. heavy-duty plastic liner with a few small drainage holes in it. Line the  Keep your compost moist, but not saturated. Add water if it’s too dry, excavated area with 1 to 2 inches of sand to smooth out the rough or dry leaves if it’s too wet. Cover your compost if rain is a problem. spots, place the liner over the sand, and hold it in place with rocks.  Aerate your compost by turning the pile with a pitchfork once a week. 4) Fill the depression with a mixture of soil and sphagnum peat moss Some ready-made containers have rollers that easily turn compost. to help hold moisture in the wetland while allowing air to flow through  Occasionally add some good garden soil to boost the microorganisms the soil for proper plant growth. in your compost for better decomposition. 5) Cover the edges of the liner with soil to hide it and hold it in place.

How to Create Additional Diversity Other Wildscaping Considerations

 Other materials can be used to create nooks, crannies, and crevices  Over 99% of the 500,000 species of plants, animals, insects, and that will provide food sources, nesting sites, and cover for wildlife while microorganisms in the U.S. are beneficial (they decompose organic reducing the area that needs to be watered and maintained. wastes, break down pollutants in the environment, recycle nutrients,  Rock piles, brush piles, or sections of decaying logs can be placed in provide soil structure, preserve diversity, and are part of the food corners, spots that are hard to maintain, or areas with poor soil, and chain). Wildscaping gives a boost to these beneficial functions. will be attractive to small mammals, reptiles, amphibians, and birds.  Collect rainwater and snow melt from your roof for later use (choose A base of logs, stumps, or culvert pipe under the pile will create a container that can be covered to reduce evaporation and eliminate openings for wildlife movement. If aesthetics is a concern, plant shrub mosquitoes). Or, design your wildscape so rainwater and snowmelt or vine thickets to conceal rock and brush piles. drains at least 10’ away from buildings to where moisture is needed  Logs and rocks that have water-holding depressions will provide most (a minimum slope of 1%, but less that 12%, is required). This drinking or basking areas for birds, butterflies, bats, frogs, and turtles. takes advantage of natural precipitation rather than allowing it to run  Create variety in the terrain by using fill dirt to make small hills or off into a storm drain. Keep gutters and downspouts clear of debris. berms. These can be covered with rocks or low-growing plants.  By replacing your non-native lawn with native turfgrass, you will:  Standing dead trees, called snags, can be securely placed among live  Add diversity – non-native lawns provide little wildlife habitat. trees to create nesting, feeding, and perching sites for wildlife.  Save time and money – the average U.S. homeowner spends  Use a combination of evergreen and deciduous plants and plants that 40 hours per year mowing; a ½ acre non-native lawn costs $300 produce flowers, fruits, and nuts at different times to provide year- per year to maintain; U.S. homeowners spend $25 billion per year round features and wildlife foods in your wildscape. on non-native lawn care.  Build or buy nest boxes with the proper sized entrance hole for the  Reduce fossil fuel use – U.S. homeowners use 580 million gallons birds in your area (this is critical for excluding non-native and very of gas in their lawnmowers per year; fertilizer production and aggressive European Starlings and House Sparrows). Also consider delivery consumes oil and natural gas. the nest box size, height above the ground, direction the entrance hole  Save water – non-native lawn grasses need over 36 inches of faces, and amount of sun the nest box will get. additional moisture per year, and are less efficient at absorbing  Place a bat house in your wildscape to provide a roosting place for moisture than native plants. bats and natural insect control (one bat can catch up to 600  Reduce pesticide use –U.S. homeowners use 78 million pounds of mosquitoes in 1 hour). Place the bat house on a pole at least 15 feet pesticides on their lawns per year (more than U.S. farmers use!). high in a spot that is sunny for at least 4 to 6 hours per day.  Reduce urban pollution – less fertilizer use means less runoff of  Leave bare spots in your wildscape to provide nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium into our waterways; less dust-bathing areas for birds. mowing means less air and noise pollution from lawnmowers (1 hour of lawn mowing releases emissions into the air equivalent to driving 350 miles in a vehicle; lawn mowers and other lawn maintenance equipment produce between 85 and 110 decibels of sound, well above the level that causes permanent hearing loss).

Disease WILDSCAPE MAINTENANCE

 Include a variety of plants in your wildscape to minimize disease; an Watering area with only a few types of plants can be devastated by disease.  After 2 to 3 growing seasons, your plants should be well established  To help prevent disease, space plants properly, water early in the and will require less water and maintenance. Until they’re established, morning so foliage is dry by evening, and remove dead plant parts. however, even drought tolerant plants need sufficient water all year.  Look for warning signs – large dead or dying branches; root and base  To promote deeper, more drought tolerant root systems, water rot; and large, vertical, deep cracks on opposite sides of a tree’s trunk. thoroughly and completely, but not too often. Only germinating seeds  If disease is suspected, contact the Wyoming State Forestry Division need light, frequent watering for the first 4 to 6 weeks; otherwise, light (see the “Need More Information?” section) or a tree care professional or daily sprinkling can harm plants by promoting shallow, weak root (also called an arborist). systems that depend on near-surface water, and are more vulnerable Nutrients and Fertilizers to wind stress and the extremes of winter. Irrigate slowly to allow

water to penetrate the soil rather than run off. Check soil moisture  Plants require 20 nutrients for proper growth. Six are needed in large o when the temperature is above 80 F and when it’s dry or windy. amounts (macronutrients) – nitrogen (for lushness), phosphorous (for  Water trees and shrubs thoroughly once every 4 to 7 days for 1 flowering, fruiting, and root strength), potassium (for durability and month, working up to once every 2 weeks throughout the summer. disease resistance), calcium, sulfur, and magnesium. The other 14 Trees need about 10 gallons of water for each 1 inch of trunk nutrients are needed in very small amounts (micronutrients). diameter; a 5-gallon potted shrub needs up to 5 gallons of water.  Applying too many nutrients can be as harmful to plants as a nutrient  Perennial wildflowers and grasses need 1 to 2 gallons of water deficiency. Test your soil (preferably before you plant) for nutrients twice per week during the growing season. Dig down 6 to 8 and pH levels (neutral soil pH=7, acidic soil pH<7, alkaline soil pH>7). inches; if this soil layer is dry, then water thoroughly. Correcting a problem before planting is easier and cheaper. If pH is  Lawns look dull-colored when moisture is out of reach of roots. too low, micronutrients become too available and can poison plants Dig down 1 foot; if soil in this layer is dry, then water thoroughly. intolerant of acidic soils. If pH is too high, micronutrients become less Remember, native turfgrasses need less water than non-natives. available for plants intolerant of alkaline soils.  Drip irrigation reduces evaporation loss and plant disease. Over the  Take periodic soil samples once your wildscape is established, years, savings of water, labor, and time will offset the initial cost. This especially if you add amendments to the soil (compost, manure, system can be set on an automatic timer, and can also be moved to sphagnum peat moss, fertilizers). new plantings as older plantings mature and require less water.  For low maintenance and reduced cost, limit or eliminate fertilizer use.  Soaker hoses are effective, inexpensive, easy to use, and ideal for  If a nutrient deficiency is detected and fertilizing is needed, use zone watering. They’re a good alternative to a drip irrigation system. effective fertilizer practices and follow label instructions carefully. Cover soaker hoses with organic mulch to prevent sun damage.  When applying fertilizer, avoid digging too deeply or roughly around  Automatic watering systems are convenient, but can waste water if plants so roots are not damaged. not properly set. Set sprinklers to deliver the right amount of water to your wildscape, and adjust the timing according to season.

Pruning Pinching  Pruning allows more light to reach your understory plants (remove up to 1/3 of the canopy branches in the trees above), helps strengthen Heading stems and branches, gives plants a more vigorous and leafy look, Thinning and encourages flowering and fruiting.  Prune correctly – learn yourself using the guidelines in Figures 10 and Pinching – removing the growing point or tip of a branch.

11, or consult a tree care professional – and prune only when needed. Heading – cutting the branch back farther to a bud. Thinning – selectively removing a branch flush with the branch collar.  Prune any dead or broken branches from newly planted trees and shrubs right after planting. Don’t prune again during the first year. Figure 10. Different types of pruning for smaller branches.  Remove suckers that grow from a tree’s base or shoots that grow straight up from a branch or the trunk; they divert water and nutrients.  Remove branches and twigs that rub against each other, and any branches growing at an awkward angle or in an undesirable direction.  Prune out broken or dead branches on trees and shrubs every year.  Prune diseased branches back to healthy tissue; then sterilize pruners.  Never cut into the branch collar (the thickened ring where the branch attaches to the trunk). Special cells in the branch collar help heal wounds and prevent fungi and disease from invading the tree. Making a flush cut allows the branch stump to heal cleanly and prevents rot.  Prune shrubs that flower in the spring after they’ve finished flowering. Prune summer-flowering shrubs in early spring before growth begins.  Most flowering shrubs that sucker (spread by creating new stems from underground roots) will produce more flowers if 1/3 of the oldest stems are pruned back every year.  When pruning, make your cut back to a bud that’s pointing outward, away from the interior of the plant (interior-pointing buds will grow 1) Locate the branch bark ridge (the dark shaded area above). stems that cross and obstruct the middle of the plant). 2) Find target A - outside the branch bark ridge. 3) Locate the branch collar (the thickened ring where the branch  To promote more branching and bushier growth, prune by pinching attaches to the trunk). or heading. To promote more open growth, prune by thinning. See 4) Find target B - where the branch meets the branch collar. 5) If B cannot be found, drop an imaginary line at AX. Angle XAC Figure 10. From: Landscaping with Nature (see the “References and equals XAB. Resource Guides” section). 6) Stub cut the branch first to prepare it for the final cut. 7) Make the final cut at line AB, flush with the branch collar (if using  For larger branches, see Figure 11. From: Homeowner’s Guide for a power saw, make the final cut on the upstroke to keep bark from Beautiful, Safe, and Healthy Trees (see the “References and tearing off the tree when the branch is cut through).

Resource Guides” section). Figure 11. Natural target pruning.

Pesticides (Herbicides, Insecticides, Rodenticides)  The IPM approach follows these steps for pest control: 1) Identify what the pest is and monitor it. Pests can include  Prevent pest problems by choosing a variety of hardy, native plants weeds, insects, diseases, and some species of wildlife (they’re more resistant) that bloom and bear fruit during different times (typically rodents, rabbits, and deer in unwanted places). of the year. Water and add nutrients properly. Remove weeds before 2) Determine the amount of damage the pest has caused to the they go to seed. Encourage birds, bats, and beneficial insects. plant’s health or its aesthetic value. Damage from chewing,  Check plants regularly and look for signs of damage. Identify potential sucking, or boring insects will result in chewed plant leaves problems early so the most effective treatment can be applied. and flowers; misshapen plant leaves or flower petals; and  Minimize pesticide use, follow label instructions carefully, and spot- bore holes in stems, fruit, and leaves. Plant diseases can treat only. Make sure pesticides are not hazardous to people, pets, cause mushroom-like growths on tree trunks; a grayish, wildlife, or beneficial insects. Never apply pesticides when it’s windy. mildewy look on leaves; spots on leaves, flowers, or fruit;  For lowest maintenance, eliminate the use of insecticides altogether. sudden wilting or death of a plant or branch; oozing sap from Remember, many birds thrive on insects and are efficient at removing branches or tree trunks; and stunted growth. Remember that them from your wildscape. improperly applied nutrients and pesticides, flooding, and  Bees and butterflies (plant pollinators) are extremely sensitive to freezing can also cause conditions – leaves that are yellowing insecticides. Avoid using insecticides on or near plants that attract or reddening, curling, or misshapen – that resemble some these species. disease problems.  Most insects and microorganisms are beneficial; many will prey on 3) Determine if control is needed. Use pest control only when insect pests, which reduces or eliminates the need for insecticides. the chosen control methods will prevent the pest from Beneficial insects include ladybugs (control aphids, potato bugs), causing more damage than is reasonably acceptable. lacewings (control aphids, mealy bugs, thrips, spider mites), praying 4) Evaluate available control methods including cultural mantises (control almost any insect), predatory beetles (control (weeding, trimming, pruning, mulching, crop rotation), host caterpillars that attack trees and shrubs), parasitic nematodes (control resistance (choosing disease-resistant varieties of plants), grubs, beetles, cutworms, army worms), and several types of parasitic biological (natural predators), mechanical (removing by hand, wasps (control borers and other worms). trapping, vacuuming, spraying with water, fencing, covering,  If control is necessary, use Integrated Pest Management (IPM) netting), sanitation (pest-free seeds, pruning), and chemical techniques. IPM is a logical, efficient, and economical approach to (pesticides). controlling pest problems, and uses the full range of pest control 5) Select a combination of pest control methods that is most tactics (biological, mechanical, chemical) in an appropriate manner. effective to protect people, pets, and the environment.  From: PlainsScapes: Environmentally-Sound Landscape  Questions? Contact your County Extension agent, your local Weed Management for the Western Plains and Backyard Conservation and Pest agent, the U.S. Forest Service, the Wyoming State Forestry (see the “References and Resource Guides” section). Division (see the “Need More  Ask yourself, “What is the pest?” “Is the pest causing Information?” section), or a tree unacceptable damage?” “Are controls needed?” “What pest care professional. control method or methods should be used?”

Other Maintenance Considerations  When plants are established (in 5 to 8 years), rake organic mulch aside, remove all landscape cloth or black plastic, and reapply the  If using black plastic as a weed barrier in your wildscape, punch a few mulch so it can decompose directly into the soil. holes in it near your plants to allow water to drain into the root zone.  Keep weeds in check when planting wildflowers and grasses,  Trees grow faster if grass is kept out from under the leaf canopy for especially during the first few growing seasons while plants are setting 5 to 8 years. Use organic mulch to reduce competition with grass. their roots and becoming established.  Replace organic mulch as needed. Allow fallen leaves to decompose  Remove dead plant parts from wildflowers and grasses in late autumn into the mulch layer to reduce time and labor spent on raking. This or early spring to minimize pest and disease problems and reduce will also provide a place for robins, thrushes, sparrows, and towhees interference with new growth. to scratch for insects among the fallen leaves.  For larger wildscapes, burning to remove dead grass growth can  Leave grass clippings on your lawn after mowing to reduce yard waste replace mowing. Determine a “burn plan”, inquire about any and add up to 2 pounds of natural fertilizer per year to your turfgrass. necessary permits, inform your local fire department and neighbors,  Use fencing or chicken wire to protect small plants from browsing burn only under the proper conditions, have a source of water handy, damage by deer, pronghorn, elk, moose, rabbits, and porcupines. and take extreme caution. Use a 4-foot high barrier for pronghorn, a 6-foot high barrier for deer,  Use native plants to maintain an edge effect between formal lawn and and an 8-foot high barrier for moose and elk. garden areas to increase diversity in your wildscape.  Check trees and shrubs for signs of drought stress, especially the first  Define high traffic areas with a pathway of wood chips or stepping few years after planting. Deciduous leaves will curl or wilt, edges will stones. Although walkways don’t provide habitat for wildlife, they’re turn brown, leaf veins will turn brown or yellow, and leaves may not low maintenance features that will save time, water, and money. grow as large. Evergreen needles may turn purple or yellow, and tips  To conserve energy while maintaining your wildscape, use hand tools may turn brown. Focus limited water supplies on trees and shrubs rather than power tools, electric tools rather than gas tools, 4-cycle and allow lawns to go dormant; a lost tree or shrub takes years to engines rather than 2-cycle engines, and keep power tools well tuned. replace, while turfgrass rebounds the next growing season.  It’s healthier for cats and the wildlife in your wildscape if cats are kept  It’s better to monitor soil moisture to determine when to water rather indoors. Cats kill millions of birds and other wildlife each year in the than relying on a pre-set watering schedule. U.S. alone. If cats must be outside, use preventative steps like a  Avoid using sprinkler systems that throw a fine mist of water into the kennel or leash line to keep cats from killing birds and other wildlife. air; water is lost to evaporation instead of soaking into the soil. A bell on your cat’s collar is not effective because birds and other  Irrigate sloping landscapes more slowly than flat landscapes to allow wildlife don’t naturally associate the sound of a bell with danger. water enough time to soak into the soil rather than running off the soil. Have your cat spayed or neutered. Do not feed stray or feral cats.  In winter if there’s been no precipitation, soak tree and shrub root Contact your local animal control officer to remove stray or feral cats. zones every month during the first 3 years after planting.  If needed, add limestone to raise the pH of acidic soil, or elemental sulphur to lower the pH of alkaline soil. However, it’s easier and less expensive to choose native plants that are adapted to a particular type of soil rather than trying to change the soil type to fit the plant.

WILDSCAPING DO’S AND DON’TS SEASONAL TO-DO LIST

 Do choose to wildscape with plants native to Wyoming (see Table 1).  From: Creating Native Landscapes in the Northern Great Plains and  Do check to ensure that the plants you choose are not invasive (plants Rocky Mountains (see the “References and Resource Guides” that tend to spread out of control). section).  Do use wildscaping to replace as much of your non-native lawn as  Spring possible, and plant native turfgrass in place of the rest.  Prune evergreen trees, evergreen shrubs, and summer-flowering  Do add compost, organic matter, and amendments to soil, if needed. shrubs before new growth begins  Do core aerate lawn areas every spring or autumn to improve soil  Mow lawn to a 3-inch height; leave grass clippings to add nitrogen structure. Leave cores to add additional nutrients, or compost them.  Aerate lawn, especially high traffic areas  Do keep grass height above 2½ inches to ensure lawns are resistant  Add last year’s compost to wildscape, lawn, and garden areas to drought, heat, weeds, disease, and insect pests.  Check automatic sprinklers and drip irrigation systems; make any  Do choose a wildflower or grass mixture that’s adapted to your area needed repairs or adjustments; water all plants if it’s been dry rather than planting a generic wildflower or grass seed mixture.  Plant trees, shrubs, and some grasses  Do water your wildscape at night if foliage mold and fungus are not a  Summer problem. Otherwise, water early in the morning to reduce evaporative  Water plants according to their needs; don’t over-water water loss and avoid scorching your plants during the heat of the day.  Prune suckers and shoots from trees  Do add water to your compost pile, if needed. A dry pile won’t decay.  If needed, use Integrated Pest Management techniques to control  Do not include weeds; diseased plants; oils; animal scraps like meat, pests, while leaving beneficial insects and plants unharmed fat, or bones; manure; or human, dog, or cat waste in compost piles.  Prune spring-flowering shrubs right after blooming has finished  Do not use sand as a soil amendment. Sand alone will not work.  Mow and hand-pull weeds  Do not use rocks or gravel in place of organic mulch near plants (they  Autumn will raise soil temperature, cause moisture loss, and compact soil).  Plant wildflowers and some grasses  Compost equal parts of “browns” and “greens” for next spring’s  Do not handle trees or shrubs by the trunk or branches; handle by the soil amendment root ball. Do not drop B&B plants; gently slide or roll them into place.  Prepare the planting site for next year’s wildscape additions  Do not plant large trees directly under overhead wires or adjacent to  Prune deciduous trees and late summer-flowering shrubs foundations (large roots can cause foundations to crack).  Remove dead plant material from flowers and grasses  Do not “top” trees by cutting the apex (top growing) branch off.  Water plants one last time before the onset of winter Topping a tree will weaken it, make it more susceptible to insects and  Drain and blow out automatic sprinklers, drip irrigation systems, disease, or kill it outright. and hoses  Do not fertilize at planting time (this will encourage grass growth).  Winter  Do not compact soil around plantings (this will restrict root growth).  Soak root zones of trees and shrubs once a month if there hasn’t  Do not wound plantings with lawnmowers, been any precipitation during the winter trimmers, or other tools.  Water windy areas and south-facing slopes as needed

NEED MORE INFORMATION? For More Information on Water Conserving Landscape Methods

For More Information on Plants Native to Wyoming  Cheyenne Botanic Gardens, 710 South Lions Park Drive, Cheyenne, WY 82001 (307-637-6458) www.botanic.org.  Natural Resources Conservation Service http://plants.usda.gov.  Colorado Springs Utilities, Xeriscape Demonstration Garden  Plant Sciences, Department 3354, 1000 East University Avenue, https://www.csu.org/wa/xeri/xeriscape.jsp. Laramie, WY 82071 (307-766-3103) www.uwyo.edu/plantsciences/.  USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, Wyoming State  Rocky Mountain Herbarium, Department 3165, 1000 East University Office, P.O. Box 33124, 100 East B Street 3rd Floor, Casper, WY Avenue, Laramie, WY 82071 (307-766-2236) www.rmh.uwyo.edu. 82602 (307-233-6750) http://www.wy.nrcs.usda.gov/.  Wyoming Native Plant Society, P.O. Box 2449, Laramie, WY 82070  Xeriscape Colorado, Inc., P.O. Box 40202, Denver, CO 80204-0202, www.wynps.org. http://coloradowaterwise.org/XeriscapeColorado.  Contact your local Conservation District. For More Information on Landscaping with Native Plants For More Information on Trees and Shrubs  Little Goose Native Plants and Wildflowers, 226 North Main Street, Sheridan, WY 82801 (307-672-5340).  National Arbor Day Foundation, 100 Arbor Avenue, Nebraska City,  Northern Gardens, 84 County Road 2ABN, Cody, WY 82414 NE 68410 (888-448-7337) www.arborday.org. (307-527-6272) www.northerngardenswy.com.  Wyoming State Forestry Division, 5500 Bishop Boulevard, Cheyenne,  Sprouts Greenhouse, 8591 Hwy. 789, Lander, WY 82520 WY 82002 (307-777-7586) http://lands.state.wy.us/index.php/forestry. (307-332-3572) www.sproutswyo.com.  Contact your local Conservation District.  Sweetwater Garden, 1602 West Main Street, Riverton, WY 82501 For More Information on Wildflowers and Grasses (307-856-6663) www.sweetwatergarden.com.

 Contact your local Conservation District.  Granite Seed Company, 490 East 76th Avenue, Unit A, Denver, CO

For More Information on Backyard Wildscaping 80229 (888-577-5650) www.graniteseed.com.  High Plains Grasslands Research Station, 8408 Hildreth Road,  National Wildlife Federation Garden for Wildlife, P.O. Box 1583, Cheyenne, WY 82001 (307-772-2433) http://www.ars.usda.gov/. Merrifield, VA 20190-5362 (1-800-822-9919)  Mountain West Seed Company, 19 North 100 West, Ephraim, UT http://www.nwf.org/Home/How-to-Help/Garden-for-Wildlife.aspx. 84627 (435-283-4704) http://www.nativeseednetwork.org.  Super Seeds, 15 Riggs Road, Shoshone, WY 82649 (307-856-0500). For More Information on Creating a Healthy Yard  University of Wyoming Extension, Department 3354, 1000 East  National Audubon Society – Audubon at Home, 225 Varick Street, University Avenue, Laramie, WY 82071 www.uwyo.edu/ces/. New York, NY 10014 (212-979-3000) http://athome.audubon.org/.  Western Native Seed, P.O. Box 188, Coaldale, CO 81222 (719-942-3935) http://www.westernnativeseed.com/. For More Information on Watering Efficiently  Wind River Seed, 3075 Lane 51½, Manderson, WY 82432

 American Lawns www.american-lawns.com/lawns/watering.html. (307-568-3361) www.windriverseed.com.

For More Information on Collecting Native Seeds and Plants For More Information on Butterflies

 Wyoming Native Plant Society, P.O. Box 2449, Laramie, WY 82070  National Wildlife Federation Garden for Wildlife, P.O. Box 1583, www.wynps.org. Merrifield, VA 20190-5362 (1-800-822-9919)  Obtain a permit to collect plants on state or federal lands from the http://www.nwf.org/Home/How-to-Help/Garden-for-Wildlife.aspx. Wyoming State Division of Forestry, U.S. Forest Service, U.S. Bureau  Butterflies and Moths of North America of Land Management, or U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. http://www.butterfliesandmoths.org/.

For More Information on Creating a Wetland For More Information on Beneficial Insects

 USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, Wyoming State  National Audubon Society, 225 Varick Street, New York, NY 10014 Office, P.O. Box 33124, 100 East B Street 3rd Floor, Casper, WY (212-979-3000) http://athome.audubon.org/. 82602 (307-233-6750) http://www.wy.nrcs.usda.gov/.  Planet Natural, 1612 Gold Avenue, Bozeman, MT 59715 (800-289-6656 or 406-587-5891) www.planetnatural.com. For More Information on Building a Terrace  University of Wyoming, Barnyards and Backyards, Insects  USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, Wyoming State http://www.uwyo.edu/barnbackyard/resources/insects.html. Office, P.O. Box 33124, 100 East B Street 3rd Floor, Casper, WY  Contact your local Weed and Pest agent. 82602 (307-233-6750) http://www.wy.nrcs.usda.gov/. For More Information on Birds For More Information on Composting  American Bird Conservancy, P.O. Box 249, 4249 Loudoun Avenue,  University of Wyoming, Barnyards and Backyards, Composting The Plains, VA 20198 (540-253-5780) www.abcbirds.org. http://www.uwyo.edu/barnbackyard/resources/composting.html.  American Birding Association, 1618 West Colorado Avenue,  USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, Wyoming State Colorado Springs, CO 80904 (719-578-9703) www.aba.org. Office, P.O. Box 33124, 100 East B Street 3rd Floor, Casper, WY  Audubon Rockies, 105 West Mountain Avenue, Fort Collins, CO 82602 (307-233-6750) http://www.wy.nrcs.usda.gov/. 80524 (970-416-6931) http://rockies.audubon.org/.  Cats Indoors, American Bird Conservancy, P.O. Box 249, For More Information on Weeds, Pests, and Invasive Plants 4249 Loudoun Avenue, The Plains, VA 20198 (540-253-5780)

 Bureau of Land Management, Wyoming State Office, P.O. Box 1828, http://www.abcbirds.org/abcprograms/policy/cats/materials.html. Cheyenne, WY 82009 (307-775-6256)  National Audubon Society, 225 Varick Street, New York, NY 10014 http://search.usa.gov/search?affiliate=blmwy&query=weeds. (212-979-3000) http://athome.audubon.org/.  Contact your local Conservation District or Weed and Pest agent.  Wyoming Game and Fish Department Nongame Bird Biologist, 260 Buena Vista, Lander, WY 82520 (in-state 1-800-654-7862 or For More Information on Bats 307-332-2688) http://wgfd.wyo.gov/web2011/wildlife-1000500.aspx.

 Bat Conservation International, P.O. Box 162603, Austin, TX 78716 (512-327-9721) www.batcon.org.

National Wildlife Federation Garden for Wildlife. REFERENCES AND RESOURCE GUIDES http://www.nwf.org/Home/How-to-Help/Garden-for-Wildlife.aspx.

A Wyoming Wildflower Sampler. C. Madson. 1992. Wyoming Game Nest Boxes for Wildlife. S. Brockmann. 1995. Wyoming Game and and Fish Department, Cheyenne. Fish Department, Cheyenne. Backyard Composting. G. F. Vance and K. L. Panter. University of PlainsScapes: Environmentally-Sound Landscape Management for Wyoming Cooperative Extension Service. the Western Plains. D. Steinegger, A. Greving, E. Traylor, B. Volk, Backyard Conservation. 1998. USDA Natural Resources Conservation R. Johnson, P. Ogle, B. Lorett, and B. H. Hurst, editors. University Service, National Association of Conservation Districts, and the Wildlife of Nebraska – Lincoln, and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Habitat Council. Plants Database. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Backyard Conservation: Terracing. 1998. USDA Natural Resources http://plants.usda.gov. Conservation Service, National Association of Conservation Districts, Redesigning the American Lawn. F. H. Bormann, D. Balmori, and and the Wildlife Habitat Council. G. T. Geballe. 1993. Yale University Press. Creating Native Landscapes in the Northern Great Plains and Rocky Sharp Brothers Seed Company. 2003. Native Grasses and Wildflowers. Mountains. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. www.sharpseed.com. Fire Effects Information System Database. USDA Forest Service. The Best Way to Plant Trees. G. A. Moll and P. Rodbell. USDA Forest www.feis-crs,org/beta. Service Urban Forest Forum Technical Update. Granite Seed Company. Lehi, UT and Denver, CO. The Landscaping Revolution. A. Wasowski. 2002. McGraw-Hill. www.graniteseed.com. Trees and Shrubs. 2003. Lander Urban Forest Council. Homeowner’s Guide for Beautiful, Safe, and Healthy Trees. USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Broomall, PA. Trees for Conservation: A Buyer’s Guide. Colorado State Forest Service. Landscape Pests: Integrated Pest Management Strategies for Controlling the Dastardly Dozen. M. K. Small and K. L. Panter. 1999. University of Wyoming Extension. www.uwyo.edu/ces/. University of Wyoming Cooperative Extension Service, Laramie. Wildscape: Landscaping for Wildlife and the Homeowner. R. Rothwell. Landscaping with Nature: Using Nature’s Designs to Plant Your Yard. Wyoming Game and Fish Department, Cheyenne. J. Cox. 1991. Rodale Press. Wildscapes: Growing Wildflowers, Trees, and Shrubs in Wyoming. Landscaping: Turf in Wyoming. K. L. Panter, T. J. Koski, and R. M. Cheyenne Botanic Gardens, and Wyoming State Forestry Department. Hybner. 2002. University of Wyoming Cooperative Extension Service. Windbreak Habitats for Wildlife. E. Oneale. 1992. Wyoming Game Landscaping with Wildflowers and Other Native Plants. Teton County and Fish Department, Cheyenne. Chapter of the Wyoming Native Plant Society. WyoScape: Landscaping for the Wyoming Climate. 2003. University Living on a Few Acres in Wyoming. C. Buffington and S. Cotton, editors. of Wyoming Cooperative Extension Service. University of Wyoming Cooperative Extension Service. MP-86. Wildflowers of Wyoming. D. States and J. States. 2004. Mountain National Audubon Society Field Guide to Wildflowers, Western Region. Press Publishing Company, Missoula, MT. 2001. Chanticleer Press, Inc., New York.

NOTES NOTES

21 Table 1. Selected native plants ideal for wildscaping in Wyoming.

Common Name (Alternate) Scientific Name Moisture Sunlight Stress, Disease, and Pest Maximum Height Preferences Soil Information Wildlife Value Additional Remarks Conditions Information Maximum Width and Tolerances Growth Form and Density Coniferous Trees (Evergreens that produce cones) Black Hills Spruce Full sun. Poor drought Grows in most soils, Cover (including winter) To reduce stress and benefit the Hardy. Slow growing. Long-lived (200 Picea glauca densata Tolerates tolerance. but prefers and nesting sites. tree, remove competing grasses, years in the Black Hills, 150 years 45 – 90’ some Prefers wet to moderately fine to Seeds provide food and acidify the soil, and mulch. elsewhere in WY). 30’ shade. moist areas; medium textured, persist through winter. Possible pests: spider mites in Grows up to 10,000 feet in elevation. Pyramidal, conical needs adequate acidic soils. Not attractive to deer. drier areas outside the Black Ideal for sound screens and moisture. Tolerates a pH range Hills. windbreaks. of 4.5 – 7.5. Transplants easily in spring. Native to the Black Hills. Blue Spruce Full sun to Moderate drought Grows best in medium Cover (including winter) Low fire tolerance, low fire Hardy. Slow to moderately slow Picea pungens partial tolerance. textured to and nesting sites. resistance. growing. Long-lived (300 years 40 – 100’ shade. Tolerates dry areas moderately coarse, Seeds and foliage Needs 120 frost-free days/year. or more). 15 – 35’ and moist areas. acidic soils. provide food. If stressed, acidify the soil, Grows up to 9,000 feet in elevation. Pyramidal, conical, dense More drought Tolerates clay soils Rough bark attracts remove competing grasses, Ideal for sound screens and crown tolerant than most and sandy soils. insects favored by and mulch. windbreaks. other spruces. Tolerates a pH range birds. Avoid using insecticides on or Best planted in a group or protected Needs at least of 4.5 – 6.5. Not attractive to deer. near this plant. area due to shallow roots. 12” of annual Possible diseases: cankers, Native to the mountainous parts of precipitation. spruce witches’ broom. western and southern WY. Possible pests: pine needle scale, tussock moth, terminal weevil, spruce gall aphid, spruce budworm, spider mites. Douglas Fir Full sun to Drought tolerant. Grows in most soils, Cover (including winter) Low fire tolerance, high fire Hardy. Moderately slow growing. Pseudotsuga menziesii partial Needs at least but prefers deep, dry, and nesting sites. resistance. Long-lived (200 years or more). 50 – 100’ shade. 14” of annual medium textured, Seeds and foliage Needs 130 frost-free days/year. Grows from 4,000 to 11,000 feet in 20 – 35’ precipitation. acidic soils. provide food and Avoid using insecticides on or elevation. Conical to pyramidal, dense Tolerates rocky soils. persist through winter. near this plant. Ideal for sound screens and crown Tolerates a pH range Attracts insects favored Possible diseases: root rot, windbreaks. of 5.0 – 7.5. by birds. dwarf mistletoe, bacterial gall. Native to the mountainous parts of Not attractive to deer. Possible pests: spruce WY. budworm. 22 ~ Soil texture range: fine, moderately fine, medium textured, moderately coarse, coarse. ~ Soil pH: neutral soil pH = 7, acidic soil pH < 7, alkaline (saline) soil pH > 7. ~ Foliage = twigs, buds, and/or leaves or needles. ~ Fire tolerance = a plant’s ability to re-sprout, re-grow, or re-establish from residual seed after a fire. Fire resistance = a plant’s ability to resist burning through adaptations like th ick bark, a high leaf crown, or high water content. (From: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Plants Database, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) ~ Riparian areas = the plant zones adjacent to and influenced by the available water in rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, and other waterways. ~ Rhizomes = horizontal, underground, root-like stems. Stolons = stems that grow along the soil surface and then root. Tillers = above-ground stems that branch from stems at or below the soil surface. ~ Seeding rate: PLS = pure live seed (seed purity x germination rate / 100 = PLS % for each seed lot), and is a way to standardize seed quality. (From: Granite Seed Company, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) Table 1. Selected native plants ideal for wildscaping in Wyoming.

Common Name (Alternate) Scientific Name Moisture Sunlight Stress, Disease, and Pest Maximum Height Preferences Soil Information Wildlife Value Additional Remarks Conditions Information Maximum Width and Tolerances Growth Form and Density Englemann Spruce Full sun to Moderate drought Grows in most soils, Cover (including winter) Low fire tolerance, low fire Hardy. Slow growing. Long-lived Picea engelmannii partial tolerance. but prefers deep, and nesting sites. resistance. (350 years or more). 70 – 125’ shade. Needs at least moist, fine to medium Seeds and foliage Needs 30 frost-free days/year. Grows from 8,000 to 11,500 feet in 20 – 30’ 21” of annual textured soils. provide food. Avoid using insecticides on or elevation. Conical to spire-like, precipitation. Tolerates a pH range Attracts insects favored near this plant. Ideal for sound screens and cylindrical, pyramidal, of 6.0 – 8.0. by birds. Possible diseases: cytospora windbreaks. dense crown Not attractive to deer. canker, root rot, spruce broom Best planted in a group or protected rust. area due to shallow roots. Possible pests: spruce bark May not do well under cultivation. beetle, aphids, spruce budworm, Native to the mountainous parts of spider mites. WY. Limber Pine Full sun to Excellent drought Grows best in moist, Cover (including winter) Low fire tolerance, low fire Hardy. Slow growing. Long-lived Pinus flexilis partial and wind medium textured, and nesting sites. resistance. (1,000 years or more). 25 – 50’ shade. tolerance. well-drained, Seeds and foliage Needs 90 frost-free days/year. Grows from 5,000 to 11,500 feet in 7 – 10’ Intolerant Needs at least acidic soils. provide food. Avoid using insecticides on or elevation. Irregular, open crown of full 10” of annual Tolerates rocky soils. Attracts insects favored near this plant. Ideal for windy areas. shade. precipitation. Tolerates a pH range by birds. Possible diseases: white pine Native to the mountainous parts of of 5.7 – 6.5. Not attractive to deer. blister rust, dwarf mistletoe. WY. Possible pests: mountain pine beetle, borers. Lodgepole Pine Full sun to Drought tolerant. Grows in most soils, Cover (including winter) Low fire tolerance, low fire Hardy. Moderately fast growing. Pinus contorta partial Tolerates periodic but prefers deep, and nesting sites. resistance. Long-lived (200 years or more). 35 – 80’ shade. flooding. medium textured, Seeds and foliage Needs 100 frost-free days/year. Grows from 6,000 to 10,500 feet in 15 – 30’ Intolerant Needs at least well-drained soils. provide food. Avoid using insecticides on or elevation. Conical to spire-like, slender, of full 18” of annual Tolerates fine soils, Attracts insects favored near this plant. Male and female flowers are on the open crown shade. precipitation. gravelly soils, and by birds. Possible diseases: dwarf same tree. rocky soils. Not attractive to deer. mistletoe, western gall rust. Intolerant of pollution; choose Tolerates a pH range Possible pests: aphids, borers, planting sites accordingly. of 6.2 – 7.5. mountain pine beetle, spider Native to the mountainous parts of mites. WY.

23 ~ Soil texture range: fine, moderately fine, medium textured, moderately coarse, coarse. ~ Soil pH: neutral soil pH = 7, acidic soil pH < 7, alkaline (saline) soil pH > 7. ~ Foliage = twigs, buds, and/or leaves or needles. ~ Fire tolerance = a plant’s ability to re-sprout, re-grow, or re-establish from residual seed after a fire. Fire resistance = a plant’s ability to resist burning through adaptations like th ick bark, a high leaf crown, or high water content. (From: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Plants Database, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) ~ Riparian areas = the plant zones adjacent to and influenced by the available water in rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, and other waterways. ~ Rhizomes = horizontal, underground, root-like stems. Stolons = stems that grow along the soil surface and then root. Tillers = above-ground stems that branch from stems at or below the soil surface. ~ Seeding rate: PLS = pure live seed (seed purity x germination rate / 100 = PLS % for each seed lot), and is a way to standardize seed quality. (From: Granite Seed Company, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) Table 1. Selected native plants ideal for wildscaping in Wyoming.

Common Name (Alternate) Scientific Name Moisture Sunlight Stress, Disease, and Pest Maximum Height Preferences Soil Information Wildlife Value Additional Remarks Conditions Information Maximum Width and Tolerances Growth Form and Density Pinyon Pine Full sun. Excellent drought Grows in a variety of Cover (including winter) Low fire tolerance, low fire Hardy. Slow growing. Long-lived (500 Pinus edulis Intolerant tolerance. well-drained soils. and nesting sites. resistance. years or more). 25 – 40’ of full Needs at least Tolerates dry soils Seeds and foliage Needs 200 frost-free days/year. Small tree or large shrub. 15 – 30’ shade. 9” of annual and rocky soils. provide food. Avoid using insecticides on or Grows up to 8,500 feet in elevation. Rounded to irregular, precipitation. Tolerates a pH range Rough bark attracts near this plant. Ideal for windbreaks. dense crown of 6.5 – 8.5. insects favored by Possible diseases: needle cast, A deep taproot makes mature plants birds. black stain root disease, dwarf very difficult to transplant. Not attractive to deer. mistletoe, needle rusts. Male and female flowers are on the Possible pests: mountain pine same tree. beetle, sawflies, needle scale, Native to southwestern and pinyon pitch borer, ips spindle south-central WY. gall midge, tip moth, spider mites. Ponderosa Pine Full sun. Excellent drought Grows in most well- Cover (including winter) High fire tolerance, low fire Hardy. Moderately fast growing. Pinus ponderosa Intolerant tolerance. drained soils, but and nesting sites. resistance. Long-lived (up to 600 years). 40 – 100’ of full Needs at least prefers medium Seeds and foliage Needs 150 frost-free days/year. Grows up to 9,000 feet in elevation. 20 – 30’ shade. 12” of annual textured to provide food. If stressed, acidify the soil and Ideal for the east, south, and inside Broad, flat-topped, precipitation. moderately coarse, Rough bark attracts mulch heavily. rows of windbreaks. open crown well-drained soils. insects favored by Avoid using insecticides on or Transplants best in spring, and if trees Tolerates poor soils birds. near this plant. are less than 3 feet tall. and sandy soils. Not attractive to deer. Possible diseases: western gall Male and female flowers are on the Tolerates a pH range rust, dwarf mistletoe, shoestring same tree. of 5.0 – 8.0. root rot, needle cast fungus. Native to the eastern half of WY. Possible pests: aphids, borers, sawflies, bark beetle, mountain pine beetle, pine engraver beetle, tip moth, spider mites.

24 ~ Soil texture range: fine, moderately fine, medium textured, moderately coarse, coarse. ~ Soil pH: neutral soil pH = 7, acidic soil pH < 7, alkaline (saline) soil pH > 7. ~ Foliage = twigs, buds, and/or leaves or needles. ~ Fire tolerance = a plant’s ability to re-sprout, re-grow, or re-establish from residual seed after a fire. Fire resistance = a plant’s ability to resist burning through adaptations like th ick bark, a high leaf crown, or high water content. (From: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Plants Database, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) ~ Riparian areas = the plant zones adjacent to and influenced by the available water in rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, and other waterways. ~ Rhizomes = horizontal, underground, root-like stems. Stolons = stems that grow along the soil surface and then root. Tillers = above-ground stems that branch from stems at or below the soil surface. ~ Seeding rate: PLS = pure live seed (seed purity x germination rate / 100 = PLS % for each seed lot), and is a way to standardize seed quality. (From: Granite Seed Company, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) Table 1. Selected native plants ideal for wildscaping in Wyoming.

Common Name (Alternate) Scientific Name Moisture Sunlight Stress, Disease, and Pest Maximum Height Preferences Soil Information Wildlife Value Additional Remarks Conditions Information Maximum Width and Tolerances Growth Form and Density Rocky Mountain Juniper Full sun. Excellent drought Grows in most soils, Cover (including winter Low fire tolerance, low fire Hardy. Slow growing. Long-lived Juniperus scopulorum Young tolerance. but prefers medium shelter when planted in resistance. (200 years or more). 15 – 25’ trees Needs at least textured, well-drained blocks or rows) and Needs 160 frost-free days/year. Small tree or large shrub. 12 – 20’ grow well 10” of annual soils. nesting sites. Seeds require 2 years to mature. Grows up to 9,000 feet in elevation. Pyramidal to irregular, in shade, precipitation. Tolerates rocky soils, Berry-like cones and Possible diseases: juniper Ideal for the north, west, and outside dense crown but older dry soils, and moist foliage provide food broom rust, juniper gall rust, rows of windbreaks. trees are soils. and persist through juniper true mistletoe. Transplants easily; needs little care shade Tolerates a pH range winter. Possible pests: bark beetle, once established. intolerant. of 5.0 – 8.0. spider mites. Can grow from cuttings. Need male and female trees to produce cones. Attractive, shredding bark. Native to all of WY. Subalpine Fir Full sun Moderate drought Grows best in moist, Cover (including winter) Low fire tolerance, low fire Hardy. Slow growing. Long-lived. Abies lasiocarpa to partial tolerance. medium textured to and nesting sites. resistance. Grows from mid to high elevations. 50 – 70’ shade. Prefers moist moderately coarse, Seeds and foliage Needs 120 frost-free days/year. Ideal for windbreaks and sound 10 – 20’ areas. acidic soils. provide food. Avoid using insecticides on or screens. Pyramidal to spire-like, Needs at least Tolerates a pH range Attracts insects favored near this plant. Native to the mountainous parts of dense crown 20” of annual of 4.0 – 6.5. by birds. Possible diseases: root rot. WY. precipitation. Foliage provides Possible pests: balsam bark browse for moose. beetle, western spruce budworm, balsam woolly aphid, fir engraver beetle.

25 ~ Soil texture range: fine, moderately fine, medium textured, moderately coarse, coarse. ~ Soil pH: neutral soil pH = 7, acidic soil pH < 7, alkaline (saline) soil pH > 7. ~ Foliage = twigs, buds, and/or leaves or needles. ~ Fire tolerance = a plant’s ability to re-sprout, re-grow, or re-establish from residual seed after a fire. Fire resistance = a plant’s ability to resist burning through adaptations like th ick bark, a high leaf crown, or high water content. (From: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Plants Database, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) ~ Riparian areas = the plant zones adjacent to and influenced by the available water in rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, and other waterways. ~ Rhizomes = horizontal, underground, root-like stems. Stolons = stems that grow along the soil surface and then root. Tillers = above-ground stems that branch from stems at or below the soil surface. ~ Seeding rate: PLS = pure live seed (seed purity x germination rate / 100 = PLS % for each seed lot), and is a way to standardize seed quality. (From: Granite Seed Company, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) Table 1. Selected native plants ideal for wildscaping in Wyoming.

26 ~ Soil texture range: fine, moderately fine, medium textured, moderately coarse, coarse. ~ Soil pH: neutral soil pH = 7, acidic soil pH < 7, alkaline (saline) soil pH > 7. ~ Foliage = twigs, buds, and/or leaves or needles. ~ Fire tolerance = a plant’s ability to re-sprout, re-grow, or re-establish from residual seed after a fire. Fire resistance = a plant’s ability to resist burning through adaptations like th ick bark, a high leaf crown, or high water content. (From: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Plants Database, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) ~ Riparian areas = the plant zones adjacent to and influenced by the available water in rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, and other waterways. ~ Rhizomes = horizontal, underground, root-like stems. Stolons = stems that grow along the soil surface and then root. Tillers = above-ground stems that branch from stems at or below the soil surface. ~ Seeding rate: PLS = pure live seed (seed purity x germination rate / 100 = PLS % for each seed lot), and is a way to standardize seed quality. (From: Granite Seed Company, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) Table 1. Selected native plants ideal for wildscaping in Wyoming.

Common Name (Alternate) Scientific Name Moisture Sunlight Stress, Disease, and Pest Maximum Height Preferences Soil Information Wildlife Value Additional Remarks Conditions Information Maximum Width and Tolerances Growth Form and Density Balsam Poplar Full sun. Moderate drought Grows in most soils, Cover and nesting sites. Low fire tolerance, high fire Hardy. Fast growing. Moderate life Populus balsamifera Intolerant tolerance. but prefers deep, Older trees tend to resistance. span (up to 200 years). 30 – 80’ of full Tolerates periodic moist, well-drained, develop cavities. Needs 100 frost-free days/year. Grows up to 9,000 feet in elevation. shade. flooding. acidic soils. Seeds and foliage Avoid using insecticides on or Good shade tree. Narrow, open crown Needs at least Tolerates a pH range provide food. near this plant. Ideal for riparian areas. 20” of annual of 4.5 – 7.0. Rough bark attracts Has many diseases and pests, Suckers from the roots. precipitation. insects favored by but diseases produce dead Can grow from cuttings. birds. wood for cavity nesters. Need male and female trees to Foliage provides food Do not plant near buildings or produce seeds. for butterfly overhead wires; some diseases Attractive rough bark. caterpillars. or pests may weaken branches. Invasive roots; avoid planting near pipes. Native to all of WY. Bebb Willow Full sun. Moderate drought Grows in most soils, Cover and nesting sites. High fire tolerance, low fire Moderately hardy. Moderately fast Salix bebbiana Intolerant tolerance once but prefers moist, Seeds and foliage resistance. growing. Moderate life span. 15 – 25’ of full established, but medium textured to provide food. Needs 80 frost-free days/year. Small tree or large shrub. shade. grows best with moderately coarse Attracts insects favored Avoid using insecticides on or Grows up to 8,300 feet in elevation. Upright, irregular, dense abundant soils. by birds. near this plant. Ideal for disturbed sites, riparian moisture. Tolerates a pH range Foliage provides food Possible pests: aphids, mites, areas, and marshes. Tolerates short of 5.5 – 7.5. for butterfly scale insects. Transplants easily in spring. periods of caterpillars. Can grow from cuttings. standing water. Flowers produce nectar Need male and female trees to Needs at least that attracts bees. produce seeds. 20” of annual Foliage provides One of 27 or more willow species in precipitation. browse for deer, elk, WY. and moose. Native to the mountainous parts of WY.

27 ~ Soil texture range: fine, moderately fine, medium textured, moderately coarse, coarse. ~ Soil pH: neutral soil pH = 7, acidic soil pH < 7, alkaline (saline) soil pH > 7. ~ Foliage = twigs, buds, and/or leaves or needles. ~ Fire tolerance = a plant’s ability to re-sprout, re-grow, or re-establish from residual seed after a fire. Fire resistance = a plant’s ability to resist burning through adaptations like th ick bark, a high leaf crown, or high water content. (From: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Plants Database, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) ~ Riparian areas = the plant zones adjacent to and influenced by the available water in rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, and other waterways. ~ Rhizomes = horizontal, underground, root-like stems. Stolons = stems that grow along the soil surface and then root. Tillers = above-ground stems that branch from stems at or below the soil surface. ~ Seeding rate: PLS = pure live seed (seed purity x germination rate / 100 = PLS % for each seed lot), and is a way to standardize seed quality. (From: Granite Seed Company, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) Table 1. Selected native plants ideal for wildscaping in Wyoming.

Common Name (Alternate) Scientific Name Moisture Sunlight Stress, Disease, and Pest Maximum Height Preferences Soil Information Wildlife Value Additional Remarks Conditions Information Maximum Width and Tolerances Growth Form and Density Black Cottonwood Full sun. Drought tolerant Grows in most soils, Cover and nesting sites. Low fire tolerance, low fire Hardy. Fast growing. Moderate life Populus trichocarpa Intolerant once established, but prefers deep, Older trees tend to resistance. span. 60 – 80’ of full but grows best moist, well-drained develop cavities. Needs 80 frost-free days/year. Grows up to 7,500 feet in elevation. 35 – 40’ shade. with abundant soils. Seeds and foliage Avoid using insecticides on or Good shade tree. Open, broad, rounded crown moisture. Tolerates a pH range provide food. near this plant. Ideal for riparian areas. Needs at least of 5.8 – 7.2. Rough bark attracts Has many diseases and pests, Suckers in moist soil. 20” of annual insects favored by but diseases produce dead Can grow from cuttings. precipitation. birds. wood for cavity nesters. Need male and female trees to Foliage provides food Do not plant near buildings or produce seeds. for butterfly overhead wires; some diseases Golden yellow autumn color. caterpillars. or pests may weaken branches. Attractive rough bark. Invasive roots; avoid planting near pipes. Native to Teton County. Boxelder (Ashleaf Maple) Full sun. Drought tolerant Grows in most soils, Cover and nesting sites. Low fire tolerance, low fire Hardy. Fast growing. Short-lived Acer negundo Tolerates once established. but prefers deep, Older trees tend to resistance. (up to 100 years). 40 – 60’ some Needs at least moderately fine to develop cavities. Needs 100 frost-free days/year. Grows up to 8,000 feet in elevation. 25 – 55’ shade. 17” of annual moderately coarse, Seeds, flowers, and Avoid using insecticides on or Good shade and ornamental tree. Broad, irregular crown precipitation. well-drained soils. foliage provide food. near this plant. Ideal for windbreaks and riparian Tolerates a pH range Seeds persist into Very sensitive to herbicides, areas. of 5.0 – 8.0. winter. especially 2,4-D. Transplants easily. Produces sap that Possible diseases: heart rot Need male and female trees to attracts insects favored (mature trees are susceptible to produce seeds. by birds. stem breakage from heart rot). Red autumn color. Not attractive to deer. Possible pests: aphids, spider Native to the eastern half of WY. mites, oyster shell scale. Female trees attract boxelder bugs, which can be a nuisance but are harmless.

28 ~ Soil texture range: fine, moderately fine, medium textured, moderately coarse, coarse. ~ Soil pH: neutral soil pH = 7, acidic soil pH < 7, alkaline (saline) soil pH > 7. ~ Foliage = twigs, buds, and/or leaves or needles. ~ Fire tolerance = a plant’s ability to re-sprout, re-grow, or re-establish from residual seed after a fire. Fire resistance = a plant’s ability to resist burning through adaptations like th ick bark, a high leaf crown, or high water content. (From: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Plants Database, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) ~ Riparian areas = the plant zones adjacent to and influenced by the available water in rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, and other waterways. ~ Rhizomes = horizontal, underground, root-like stems. Stolons = stems that grow along the soil surface and then root. Tillers = above-ground stems that branch from stems at or below the soil surface. ~ Seeding rate: PLS = pure live seed (seed purity x germination rate / 100 = PLS % for each seed lot), and is a way to standardize seed quality. (From: Granite Seed Company, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) Table 1. Selected native plants ideal for wildscaping in Wyoming.

Common Name (Alternate) Scientific Name Moisture Sunlight Stress, Disease, and Pest Maximum Height Preferences Soil Information Wildlife Value Additional Remarks Conditions Information Maximum Width and Tolerances Growth Form and Density Bur Oak Full sun Excellent drought Grows in most soils, Cover and nesting sites. Low fire tolerance, low fire Hardy. Slow growing. Long-lived Quercus macrocarpa to partial tolerance. but prefers moist, Older trees tend to resistance. (200 to 300 years). 25 – 40’ shade. Needs at least well-drained, acidic develop cavities. Needs 110 frost-free days/year. Grows up to 8,000 feet in elevation. 20 – 35’ Intolerant 12” of annual soils. Acorns and foliage Avoid using insecticides on or Good shade tree. Rounded to irregular, of full precipitation. Intolerant of heavy provide food and near this plant. A deep taproot makes mature plants broad crown shade. clay soils. browse. Mostly free of serious diseases difficult to transplant. Tolerates a pH range Attracts insects favored and pests. Male and female flowers are on the of 4.5 – 7.5. by birds. same tree. Foliage provides food Autumn color. for butterfly Native to extreme northeastern WY. caterpillars. Gambel Oak Full sun. Drought tolerant Grows in most soils, Cover and nesting sites, High fire tolerance, low fire Hardy. Moderately slow growing. Quercus gambelii Intolerant once established. but prefers medium especially when it resistance. Moderate life span (up to 120 years). 15 – 25’ of full Needs at least textured to occurs in thickets. Needs 120 frost-free days/year. Small tree or large shrub. 12 – 20’ shade. 10” of annual moderately coarse, Older trees tend to Avoid using insecticides on or Grows up to 8,000 feet in elevation. Upright oval, dense crown precipitation. well-drained soils. develop cavities. near this plant. Good shade and street tree. Intolerant of heavy Acorns and foliage Possible diseases: root rot, Male and female flowers are on the clay soils. provide food and heart rot, powdery mildew, same tree. Tolerates a pH range browse. leaf blister. Red, orange, and yellow autumn color. of 6.5 – 8.0. Attracts insects favored Possible pests: cankerworms, Native to south-central WY. by birds. leaf gall, stem gall, leaf rollers. Foliage provides food for butterfly caterpillars.

29 ~ Soil texture range: fine, moderately fine, medium textured, moderately coarse, coarse. ~ Soil pH: neutral soil pH = 7, acidic soil pH < 7, alkaline (saline) soil pH > 7. ~ Foliage = twigs, buds, and/or leaves or needles. ~ Fire tolerance = a plant’s ability to re-sprout, re-grow, or re-establish from residual seed after a fire. Fire resistance = a plant’s ability to resist burning through adaptations like th ick bark, a high leaf crown, or high water content. (From: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Plants Database, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) ~ Riparian areas = the plant zones adjacent to and influenced by the available water in rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, and other waterways. ~ Rhizomes = horizontal, underground, root-like stems. Stolons = stems that grow along the soil surface and then root. Tillers = above-ground stems that branch from stems at or below the soil surface. ~ Seeding rate: PLS = pure live seed (seed purity x germination rate / 100 = PLS % for each seed lot), and is a way to standardize seed quality. (From: Granite Seed Company, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) Table 1. Selected native plants ideal for wildscaping in Wyoming.

Common Name (Alternate) Scientific Name Moisture Sunlight Stress, Disease, and Pest Maximum Height Preferences Soil Information Wildlife Value Additional Remarks Conditions Information Maximum Width and Tolerances Growth Form and Density Green Ash Full sun Drought tolerant. Grows in most soils, Cover and nesting sites. Medium fire tolerance, low fire Hardy. Fast growing. Fairly long-lived. Fraxinus pennsylvanica to partial Tolerates periodic but prefers medium Older trees tend to resistance. Grows up to 6,000 feet in elevation. 35 – 70’ shade. flooding. textured to develop cavities. Needs 120 frost-free days/year. Good shade tree. 20 – 40’ Intolerant Needs at least moderately coarse, Seeds and foliage Avoid using insecticides on or Ideal for the middle row of Irregular to elliptical oval, of full 9” of annual sandy loam soils. provide food. near this plant. windbreaks. moderately dense crown shade. precipitation. Tolerates a pH range Seeds persist into Possible diseases: heart rot, Transplants and establishes easily. of 5.5 – 7.5. winter. powdery mildew. Need male and female trees to Attracts insects favored Possible pests: aphids, ash produce seeds. by birds. borer, spider mites, oyster shell Yellow autumn color. Not attractive to deer. scale. Native to the eastern half of WY. Hawthorn Full sun. Drought tolerant. Grows in most well- Cover (including thorns) High fire tolerance, low fire Hardy. Moderately slow growing. Crataegus spp. Tolerates Needs at least drained soils. and nesting sites, resistance. Moderate life span. 15 – 35’ some 6” of annual Tolerates rocky soils especially when it Needs 120 frost-free days/year. Small to medium sized tree or large 15 – 35’ shade. precipitation. with sufficient occurs in thickets. Avoid using insecticides on or shrub. Upright, rounded, dense moisture. Flowers provide food near this plant. Ideal for hedgerows. Tolerates a pH range and attract insects Possible diseases: cedar- Transplants are variably successful. of 6.5 – 7.5. favored by birds. hawthorn rust, fire blight. Can grow from cuttings. Berries provide food Fungal attack will spot the White flowers in spring. and persist into winter. leaves, but is harmless. Edible fruit in summer. Flowers produce Possible pests: aphids, scale Deep red autumn color. nectar that attracts insects. Five hawthorn species are native to hummingbirds and WY: Crataegus chrysocarpa – bees. northern WY from the Black Hills to Not attractive to deer. the Big Horn range; C. douglasii – northern WY from the Big Horn range to the ID border; C. erythropoda – southeastern WY; C. rivularis – most of WY except the northeastern corner; C. succulenta – eastern WY from the CO border to the Big Horn range.

30 ~ Soil texture range: fine, moderately fine, medium textured, moderately coarse, coarse. ~ Soil pH: neutral soil pH = 7, acidic soil pH < 7, alkaline (saline) soil pH > 7. ~ Foliage = twigs, buds, and/or leaves or needles. ~ Fire tolerance = a plant’s ability to re-sprout, re-grow, or re-establish from residual seed after a fire. Fire resistance = a plant’s ability to resist burning through adaptations like th ick bark, a high leaf crown, or high water content. (From: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Plants Database, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) ~ Riparian areas = the plant zones adjacent to and influenced by the available water in rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, and other waterways. ~ Rhizomes = horizontal, underground, root-like stems. Stolons = stems that grow along the soil surface and then root. Tillers = above-ground stems that branch from stems at or below the soil surface. ~ Seeding rate: PLS = pure live seed (seed purity x germination rate / 100 = PLS % for each seed lot), and is a way to standardize seed quality. (From: Granite Seed Company, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) Table 1. Selected native plants ideal for wildscaping in Wyoming.

Common Name (Alternate) Scientific Name Moisture Sunlight Stress, Disease, and Pest Maximum Height Preferences Soil Information Wildlife Value Additional Remarks Conditions Information Maximum Width and Tolerances Growth Form and Density Hophornbeam Partial Prefers moist Grows in most soils, Cover and nesting sites. Medium fire tolerance, low fire Hardy. Slow growing. Short-lived. Ostrya virginiana shade. areas, but is but prefers rich, Attracts insects favored resistance. Difficult to transplant. 25 – 40’ drought tolerant. well-drained soils. by birds. Needs 100 frost-free days/year. Also known as ironwood because of 20 – 30’ Needs at least Tolerates heavy clay Foliage provides Avoid using insecticides on or its strong, durable wood. Rounded crown 18” of annual soils. browse for deer. near this plant. Attractive scaly bark. precipitation. Tolerates a pH range Mostly free of serious diseases Intolerant of air pollution; choose of 5.5 – 7.6. and pests. planting sites accordingly. Native to the Black Hills. Lanceleaf Cottonwood Full sun. Drought tolerant Grows best in deep, Cover and nesting sites. Low to moderate fire tolerance, Hardy. Fast growing. Moderate life Populus acuminata once established, moist, well-drained Older trees tend to low fire resistance. span. 50 – 100’ but grows best soils. develop cavities. Needs 100 frost-free days/year. Is a cottonless hybrid between 75’ with abundant Tolerates a pH range Flowers provide food Avoid using insecticides on or Narrowleaf and Plains Cottonwood. Open, broad, rounded crown moisture. of 5.5 – 7.5. and attract insects near this plant. Often found in cultivation. Needs at least favored by birds. Has many diseases and pests, Good shade tree. 20” of annual Rough bark attracts but diseases produce dead Can grow from cuttings. precipitation. insects favored by wood for cavity nesters. Need male and female trees to birds. Do not plant near buildings or produce seeds. Foliage provides food overhead wires; some diseases Attractive rough bark. for butterfly or pests may weaken branches. Invasive roots; avoid planting near caterpillars. pipes. Mountain Ash Full sun Poor drought Grows in most well- Cover and nesting sites. Low fire tolerance and Hardy. Moderately fast growing. Sorbus scopulina to partial tolerance. drained soils with Fruit provides food and resistance. Moderate life span. 5 – 30’ shade. Needs at least sufficient moisture. persists into winter. Needs 120 frost-free days/year. Small tree or large shrub. 10 – 12’ 15” of annual Tolerates a pH range To improve plant health and Grows up to 7,500 feet in elevation. Rounded crown precipitation. of 5.6 – 7.3. growth, acidify the soil and Good shade tree. Sensitive to both add a layer of mulch. Transplants easily in spring. drought and heat, Possible diseases: fire blight Can grow from cuttings. so plant where it is (the most serious of diseases White flowers from June into July. sheltered from hot and pests). Red fruit in autumn. summer winds. Possible pests: borers, sawflies, Autumn color. spider mites, oyster shell scale. Native to the mountainous parts of WY. 31 ~ Soil texture range: fine, moderately fine, medium textured, moderately coarse, coarse. ~ Soil pH: neutral soil pH = 7, acidic soil pH < 7, alkaline (saline) soil pH > 7. ~ Foliage = twigs, buds, and/or leaves or needles. ~ Fire tolerance = a plant’s ability to re-sprout, re-grow, or re-establish from residual seed after a fire. Fire resistance = a plant’s ability to resist burning through adaptations like th ick bark, a high leaf crown, or high water content. (From: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Plants Database, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) ~ Riparian areas = the plant zones adjacent to and influenced by the available water in rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, and other waterways. ~ Rhizomes = horizontal, underground, root-like stems. Stolons = stems that grow along the soil surface and then root. Tillers = above-ground stems that branch from stems at or below the soil surface. ~ Seeding rate: PLS = pure live seed (seed purity x germination rate / 100 = PLS % for each seed lot), and is a way to standardize seed quality. (From: Granite Seed Company, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) Table 1. Selected native plants ideal for wildscaping in Wyoming.

Common Name (Alternate) Scientific Name Moisture Sunlight Stress, Disease, and Pest Maximum Height Preferences Soil Information Wildlife Value Additional Remarks Conditions Information Maximum Width and Tolerances Growth Form and Density Narrowleaf Cottonwood Full sun. Drought tolerant Grows best in moist, Cover and nesting sites. Moderate fire tolerance, low fire Hardy. Fast growing. Moderate life Populus angustifolia Intolerant once established, medium textured, Older trees tend to resistance. span. 50 – 60’ of full but grows best well-drained soils. develop cavities. Needs 115 frost-free days/year. Grows up to 8,000 feet in elevation. 35 – 40’ shade. with abundant Tolerates a pH range Rough bark attracts Avoid using insecticides on or Good shade tree. Oval to irregular, open, moisture. of 6.0 – 7.5. insects favored by near this plant. Fair for windbreaks. spreading, moderately Needs at least birds. Possible diseases: cytospora Suckers from the roots. dense crown 20” of annual Foliage provides food canker, bacterial wetwood. Can grow from cuttings. precipitation. for butterfly However, diseases produce Need male and female trees to caterpillars. dead wood for cavity nesters. produce seeds. Possible pests: aphids, borers, Golden yellow autumn color. blotch leafminer, oyster shell Attractive rough bark. scale. Invasive roots; avoid planting near Do not plant near buildings or pipes. overhead wires; some diseases Native to all but northeastern WY. or pests may weaken branches. Northern Hackberry (Common Full sun. Drought tolerant Grows in most soils, Cover and nesting sites. High fire tolerance, low fire Hardy. Fast to moderately fast Hackberry) Tolerates once established, but prefers deep, Berries provide food resistance. growing. Moderate life span. Celtis occidentalis some but grows best moist, moderately and persist through Needs 120 frost-free days/year. Grows up to 6,000 feet in elevation. 30 – 60’ shade. with abundant fine to moderately winter. Avoid using insecticides on or Good shade and ornamental tree. 30 – 60’ moisture. coarse soils. Foliage provides food near this plant. Ideal for windbreaks and windy areas. Rounded, spreading, Needs at least Tolerates a pH range for butterfly Possible diseases: hackberry Transplants easily. moderately dense crown 14” of annual of 6.0 – 7.8. caterpillars. witches’ broom, hackberry Male and female flowers are on the precipitation. Foliage provides nipple gall. same tree. browse for deer. Possible pests: leaf gall psyllids, Yellow autumn color. spiny elm caterpillar. Native to southeastern WY.

32 ~ Soil texture range: fine, moderately fine, medium textured, moderately coarse, coarse. ~ Soil pH: neutral soil pH = 7, acidic soil pH < 7, alkaline (saline) soil pH > 7. ~ Foliage = twigs, buds, and/or leaves or needles. ~ Fire tolerance = a plant’s ability to re-sprout, re-grow, or re-establish from residual seed after a fire. Fire resistance = a plant’s ability to resist burning through adaptations like th ick bark, a high leaf crown, or high water content. (From: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Plants Database, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) ~ Riparian areas = the plant zones adjacent to and influenced by the available water in rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, and other waterways. ~ Rhizomes = horizontal, underground, root-like stems. Stolons = stems that grow along the soil surface and then root. Tillers = above-ground stems that branch from stems at or below the soil surface. ~ Seeding rate: PLS = pure live seed (seed purity x germination rate / 100 = PLS % for each seed lot), and is a way to standardize seed quality. (From: Granite Seed Company, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) Table 1. Selected native plants ideal for wildscaping in Wyoming.

Common Name (Alternate) Scientific Name Moisture Sunlight Stress, Disease, and Pest Maximum Height Preferences Soil Information Wildlife Value Additional Remarks Conditions Information Maximum Width and Tolerances Growth Form and Density Paper Birch Full sun. Not as drought Grows best in moist, Cover and nesting sites. Moderate fire tolerance, low fire Hardy. Moderately fast growing. Betula papyrifera Intolerant tolerant or heat well-drained, acidic Older trees tend to resistance. Short-lived (up to 100 years). 30 – 50’ of full resistant as most soils. develop cavities. Needs 80 frost-free days/year. Good ornamental tree. 25 – 30’ shade. native species. Tolerates rocky soils, Seeds, flowers, foliage, Does not compete well with Ideal for planting in groups. Rounded, oval crown Needs at least sandy soils, and silty and sap provide food. grasses; remove grass around Has deep roots, so transplant when 12” of annual loam soils. Attracts insects favored the tree and mulch the soil. small. precipitation. Tolerates a pH range by birds. Avoid using insecticides on or Can grow from cuttings. Root system is of 4.5 – 7.0. Foliage provides food near this plant. Male and female flowers are on the sensitive to heat. for butterfly Very sensitive to herbicides, same tree. Does best on cool, caterpillars. especially 2,4-D. Attractive paper-like bark. north-facing Foliage provides Possible diseases: cytospora Native to the Black Hills. slopes. browse for moose. canker. Possible pests: bronze birch borer. Peachleaf Willow Full sun. Drought tolerant Grows best in moist Cover and nesting sites. Low fire tolerance and Hardy. Fast growing. Short-lived Salix amygdaloides Intolerant once established, or poorly-drained, Older trees tend to resistance. (about 75 years). 30 – 40’ of full but grows best medium textured develop cavities. Needs 130 frost-free days/year. Grows up to 7,500 feet in elevation. 40’ shade. with abundant soils. Seeds, flowers, and Avoid using insecticides on or Ideal for riparian areas. Spreading crown moisture. Tolerates a pH range foliage provide food. near this plant. Transplants easily in spring. Tolerates periodic of 6.0 – 8.0. Nectar-producing Hosts many fungal diseases Can grow from cuttings. flooding. glands attract insects and insects, but can survive Need male and female trees to Needs at least favored by birds. most of their effects. produce seeds. 24” of annual Foliage provides food One of 27 or more willow species in precipitation. for butterfly WY. caterpillars. Native to all but southwestern and Nectar-producing south-central WY. glands attract bees. Foliage provides browse for moose.

33 ~ Soil texture range: fine, moderately fine, medium textured, moderately coarse, coarse. ~ Soil pH: neutral soil pH = 7, acidic soil pH < 7, alkaline (saline) soil pH > 7. ~ Foliage = twigs, buds, and/or leaves or needles. ~ Fire tolerance = a plant’s ability to re-sprout, re-grow, or re-establish from residual seed after a fire. Fire resistance = a plant’s ability to resist burning through adaptations like th ick bark, a high leaf crown, or high water content. (From: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Plants Database, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) ~ Riparian areas = the plant zones adjacent to and influenced by the available water in rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, and other waterways. ~ Rhizomes = horizontal, underground, root-like stems. Stolons = stems that grow along the soil surface and then root. Tillers = above-ground stems that branch from stems at or below the soil surface. ~ Seeding rate: PLS = pure live seed (seed purity x germination rate / 100 = PLS % for each seed lot), and is a way to standardize seed quality. (From: Granite Seed Company, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) Table 1. Selected native plants ideal for wildscaping in Wyoming.

Common Name (Alternate) Scientific Name Moisture Sunlight Stress, Disease, and Pest Maximum Height Preferences Soil Information Wildlife Value Additional Remarks Conditions Information Maximum Width and Tolerances Growth Form and Density Plains Cottonwood Full sun. Drought tolerant Grows in most soils, Cover and nesting sites. Low fire tolerance, low fire Hardy. Fast growing. Short-lived Populus deltoides Intolerant once established, but prefers deep, Older trees tend to resistance. (60 to 80 years). 60 – 100’ of full but grows best moist, well-drained, develop cavities. Needs 90 frost-free days/year. Grows up to 7,000 feet in elevation. 30 – 50’ shade. with abundant acidic, sandy loam Flowers and foliage Avoid using insecticides on or Good shade tree. Broad, open crown moisture. and silty loam soils. provide food. near this plant. Transplants easily in spring or autumn. Needs at least Tolerates a pH range Flowers and rough bark Possible diseases: leaf spot, Can grow from cuttings. 20” of annual of 5.0 – 7.0. attract insects favored cytospora canker and other Need male and female trees to precipitation. by birds. canker diseases. However, produce seeds. Foliage provides food diseases produce dead wood for Golden yellow autumn color. for butterfly cavity nesters. Attractive rough bark. caterpillars. Possible pests: aphids, blotch Invasive roots; avoid planting near leafminer, borers, oyster shell pipes. scale. Native to the eastern half of WY. Do not plant near buildings or overhead wires; some diseases or pests may weaken branches. Quaking Aspen Full sun Moderate drought Grows best in deep, Cover and nesting sites. High fire tolerance, low fire Hardy. Fast growing. Short-lived Populus tremuloides to partial tolerance. moist, well-drained, Older trees tend to resistance. (up to 100 years). 30 – 60’ shade. Prefers moist acidic soils. develop cavities. Needs 140 frost-free days/year. Grows up to 10,000 feet in elevation. 20 – 35’ Intolerant areas, but does Intolerant of heavy Foliage provides food Avoid using insecticides on or Good ornamental and shade tree; Oval to columnar, open crown of full well with less clay soils. for butterfly near this plant. best planted in a group. shade. water once Tolerates a pH range caterpillars. Possible diseases: cytospora Not suitable for windbreaks. established. of 5.0 – 7.5. Foliage provides canker, leaf spot. Suckers from the roots. Needs at least browse for deer, elk, Possible pests: aphids, blotch Need male and female trees to 20” of annual and moose. leafminer, poplar borer, tent produce seeds. precipitation. caterpillar, oyster shell scale. Golden yellow or reddish-orange autumn color. Attractive white bark. Native to the mountainous parts of WY.

34 ~ Soil texture range: fine, moderately fine, medium textured, moderately coarse, coarse. ~ Soil pH: neutral soil pH = 7, acidic soil pH < 7, alkaline (saline) soil pH > 7. ~ Foliage = twigs, buds, and/or leaves or needles. ~ Fire tolerance = a plant’s ability to re-sprout, re-grow, or re-establish from residual seed after a fire. Fire resistance = a plant’s ability to resist burning through adaptations like th ick bark, a high leaf crown, or high water content. (From: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Plants Database, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) ~ Riparian areas = the plant zones adjacent to and influenced by the available water in rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, and other waterways. ~ Rhizomes = horizontal, underground, root-like stems. Stolons = stems that grow along the soil surface and then root. Tillers = above-ground stems that branch from stems at or below the soil surface. ~ Seeding rate: PLS = pure live seed (seed purity x germination rate / 100 = PLS % for each seed lot), and is a way to standardize seed quality. (From: Granite Seed Company, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) Table 1. Selected native plants ideal for wildscaping in Wyoming.

Common Name (Alternate) Scientific Name Moisture Sunlight Stress, Disease, and Pest Maximum Height Preferences Soil Information Wildlife Value Additional Remarks Conditions Information Maximum Width and Tolerances Growth Form and Density Rocky Mountain Maple Full sun Moderate drought Grows best in moist, Dense thickets provide High fire tolerance, low fire Hardy. Fast growing. Moderate life Acer glabrum to partial tolerance. medium textured to cover and nesting sites. resistance. span. 5 – 25’ shade. Prefers moist moderately coarse, Seeds and foliage Needs 180 frost-free days/year. Small tree or large shrub. 10 – 20’ areas. well-drained soils. provide food. Susceptible to iron deficiencies Grows from low to high elevations. Upright, dense Needs at least Tolerates a pH range Foliage provides (seen when new growth turns Ideal for riparian areas. 12” of annual of 5.8 – 7.5. browse for deer, elk, yellow); add iron. Red twigs, seeds, and foliage in precipitation. and moose. Possible pests: aphids, mites. autumn. Native to the mountainous parts of WY. Scouler Willow Full sun Drought tolerant Grows in a variety of Cover and nesting sites. High fire tolerance, low fire Hardy. Fast growing. Moderate life Salix scouleriana to partial once established, moist, moderately Seeds and foliage resistance. span. 6 – 35’ shade. but grows best well-drained to well- provide food. Needs 180 frost-free days/year. Small tree or large shrub. Intolerant with abundant drained soils. Attracts insects favored Avoid using insecticides on or Grows up to 10,500 feet in elevation. Upright, dense of full moisture. Tolerates a pH range by birds. near this plant. Ideal for riparian areas and stabilizing shade. Occurs in drier of 6.5 – 8.0. Foliage provides food Possible pests: aphids, mites, soil. areas than other for butterfly scale insects. Transplants easily in spring. willows. caterpillars. Can grow from cuttings. Needs at least Flowers produce nectar Need male and female trees to 11” of annual that attracts bees. produce seeds. precipitation. Foliage provides One of 27 or more willow species in browse for deer, elk, WY. and moose. Native to the mountainous parts of WY. Thinleaf Alder Partial to Poor drought Grows best in medium Dense thickets provide Moderate fire tolerance, low fire Hardy. Moderately fast growing. (Mountain Alder) full shade. tolerance. textured, poorly- cover and nesting sites. resistance. Moderate life span. Alnus incana tenuifolia Prefers moist drained, acidic soils. Foliage provides food Needs 120 frost-free days/year. Small tree or large shrub. 15 – 30’ areas. Tolerates a pH range and persists into Possible diseases: powdery Grows up to 9,000 feet in elevation. 15 – 30’ Needs at least of 5.0 – 7.0. winter. mildew, cankers, leaf rust. Ideal for group plantings. Rounded to irregular, 30” of annual Stores nitrogen. Foliage provides Possible pests: aphids, flea Male and female flowers are on the moderately dense crown precipitation. browse for deer, elk, beetle, alder lace bug, same tree. and moose. leafminer, tent caterpillar, Native to the mountainous parts of sawflies. WY. 35 ~ Soil texture range: fine, moderately fine, medium textured, moderately coarse, coarse. ~ Soil pH: neutral soil pH = 7, acidic soil pH < 7, alkaline (saline) soil pH > 7. ~ Foliage = twigs, buds, and/or leaves or needles. ~ Fire tolerance = a plant’s ability to re-sprout, re-grow, or re-establish from residual seed after a fire. Fire resistance = a plant’s ability to resist burning through adaptations like th ick bark, a high leaf crown, or high water content. (From: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Plants Database, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) ~ Riparian areas = the plant zones adjacent to and influenced by the available water in rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, and other waterways. ~ Rhizomes = horizontal, underground, root-like stems. Stolons = stems that grow along the soil surface and then root. Tillers = above-ground stems that branch from stems at or below the soil surface. ~ Seeding rate: PLS = pure live seed (seed purity x germination rate / 100 = PLS % for each seed lot), and is a way to standardize seed quality. (From: Granite Seed Company, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) Table 1. Selected native plants ideal for wildscaping in Wyoming.

Common Name (Alternate) Scientific Name Moisture Sunlight Stress, Disease, and Pest Maximum Height Preferences Soil Information Wildlife Value Additional Remarks Conditions Information Maximum Width and Tolerances Growth Form and Density Water Birch Full sun Poor drought Grows in most soils, Cover and nesting sites. High fire tolerance, low fire Hardy. Fast growing. Short-lived. Betula occidentalis to partial tolerance. but prefers rich, moist, Older trees tend to resistance. Small tree or large shrub. 15 – 30’ shade. Prefers moist well-drained soils. develop cavities. Needs 140 frost-free days/year. Grows up to 8,500 feet in elevation. 12 – 25’ areas. Tolerates a pH range Seeds, foliage, and sap Avoid using insecticides on or Ideal for riparian areas. Oval to irregular, open crown Tolerates periodic of 5.5 – 7.0. provide food. near this plant. Transplants easily. flooding. Foliage provides food Possible diseases: cytospora Male and female flowers are on the Needs at least for butterfly canker. Possible pests: borers. same tree. 16” of annual caterpillars. Yellow autumn color. precipitation. Not attractive to deer. Attractive, reddish-brown bark. Native to the lower valleys of the mountainous parts of WY. Coniferous Shrubs (Evergreens that produce cones) Common Juniper Full sun. Excellent drought Grows in a variety of Dense thickets provide High fire tolerance, low fire Hardy. Slow to moderately slow Juniperus communis Intolerant tolerance. well-drained soils. cover (including winter) resistance. growing. Long-lived. 1 – 4’ of full Prefers dry areas. Tolerates sandy soils, and nesting sites. Needs 90 frost-free days/year. Grows up to 9,000 feet in elevation. 4 – 8’ shade. Needs at least gravelly soils, rocky Berry-like cones Mostly free of serious diseases Ideal as ground cover for dry, rocky Open, spreading 12” of annual loam soils, and poor provide food and and pests. areas with thin soils. precipitation. soils. persist through winter. Possible pests: aphids, spider Very adaptable. Tolerates a pH range Not attractive to deer. mites. A deep taproot makes mature plants of 5.5 – 8.0. very difficult to transplant. Need male and female shrubs to produce cones. Attractive, shredding, reddish-brown bark. Blue berry-like cones in winter. Native to the mountainous parts of WY.

36 ~ Soil texture range: fine, moderately fine, medium textured, moderately coarse, coarse. ~ Soil pH: neutral soil pH = 7, acidic soil pH < 7, alkaline (saline) soil pH > 7. ~ Foliage = twigs, buds, and/or leaves or needles. ~ Fire tolerance = a plant’s ability to re-sprout, re-grow, or re-establish from residual seed after a fire. Fire resistance = a plant’s ability to resist burning through adaptations like th ick bark, a high leaf crown, or high water content. (From: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Plants Database, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) ~ Riparian areas = the plant zones adjacent to and influenced by the available water in rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, and other waterways. ~ Rhizomes = horizontal, underground, root-like stems. Stolons = stems that grow along the soil surface and then root. Tillers = above-ground stems that branch from stems at or below the soil surface. ~ Seeding rate: PLS = pure live seed (seed purity x germination rate / 100 = PLS % for each seed lot), and is a way to standardize seed quality. (From: Granite Seed Company, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) Table 1. Selected native plants ideal for wildscaping in Wyoming.

37 ~ Soil texture range: fine, moderately fine, medium textured, moderately coarse, coarse. ~ Soil pH: neutral soil pH = 7, acidic soil pH < 7, alkaline (saline) soil pH > 7. ~ Foliage = twigs, buds, and/or leaves or needles. ~ Fire tolerance = a plant’s ability to re-sprout, re-grow, or re-establish from residual seed after a fire. Fire resistance = a plant’s ability to resist burning through adaptations like th ick bark, a high leaf crown, or high water content. (From: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Plants Database, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) ~ Riparian areas = the plant zones adjacent to and influenced by the available water in rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, and other waterways. ~ Rhizomes = horizontal, underground, root-like stems. Stolons = stems that grow along the soil surface and then root. Tillers = above-ground stems that branch from stems at or below the soil surface. ~ Seeding rate: PLS = pure live seed (seed purity x germination rate / 100 = PLS % for each seed lot), and is a way to standardize seed quality. (From: Granite Seed Company, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) Table 1. Selected native plants ideal for wildscaping in Wyoming.

Common Name (Alternate) Scientific Name Moisture Sunlight Stress, Disease, and Pest Maximum Height Preferences Soil Information Wildlife Value Additional Remarks Conditions Information Maximum Width and Tolerances Growth Form and Density Curl-leaf Mountain Mahogany Full sun Excellent drought Grows best in dry, Cover and nesting sites. High fire tolerance, low fire Hardy. Moderately slow growing. Cercocarpus ledifolius to partial tolerance. shallow to medium Fruit and foliage resistance. Long-lived. 6 – 20’ shade. Needs at least depth, medium provide food. Needs 90 frost-free days/year. Large shrub or small tree. 6 – 12’ 10” of annual textured soils. Fruit persists into Mostly free of serious diseases Grows up to 9,000 feet in elevation. Rounded, compact crown precipitation. Tolerates a pH range winter. and pests. Ideal for dry sites. of 6.0 – 9.0. Foliage provides White to pale yellow flowers in spring. browse for deer and Fruits have attractive feathery tails. pronghorn. Native to the eastern 1/3 of WY. Fourwing Saltbush Full sun Excellent drought Grows in most soils, Cover and nesting sites. High fire tolerance, low fire Hardy. Moderately slow growing. Atriplex canescens to partial tolerance. but prefers Seeds and foliage resistance. Long-lived. 3 – 6’ shade. Intolerant of high moderately fine to provide food and Needs 240 frost-free days/year. Evergreen and deciduous. 2 – 5’ water tables. coarse, well-drained, persist into winter. Mostly free of serious diseases Grows up to 8,500 feet in elevation. Upright, irregular Needs at least alkaline soils. Foliage provides and pests. Ideal for harsh sites. 10” of annual Tolerates a pH range browse for deer and A deep taproot makes mature plants precipitation. of 6.6 – 9.0. pronghorn. very difficult to transplant. Seeds or transplants should be from areas with similar conditions, especially precipitation, temperature, and elevation. Need male and female shrubs to produce seeds. Native to all but northwestern to south-central WY. Gardner’s Saltbush Full sun. Excellent drought Grows in most soils, Cover and nesting sites. High fire tolerance, low fire Hardy. Slow growing. Long-lived. Atriplex gardneri Intolerant tolerance. but prefers Seeds and foliage resistance. Grows from 3,500 to 7,000 feet in ½ - 1’ of full Needs at least moderately fine, provide food. Needs 110 frost-free days/year. elevation. shade. 5” of annual alkaline soils. Foliage provides Mostly free of serious diseases Ideal for dry sites. Irregular precipitation. Tolerates a pH range browse for deer and and pests. Native to all but southeastern WY. of 6.6 – 9.0. pronghorn.

38 ~ Soil texture range: fine, moderately fine, medium textured, moderately coarse, coarse. ~ Soil pH: neutral soil pH = 7, acidic soil pH < 7, alkaline (saline) soil pH > 7. ~ Foliage = twigs, buds, and/or leaves or needles. ~ Fire tolerance = a plant’s ability to re-sprout, re-grow, or re-establish from residual seed after a fire. Fire resistance = a plant’s ability to resist burning through adaptations like th ick bark, a high leaf crown, or high water content. (From: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Plants Database, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) ~ Riparian areas = the plant zones adjacent to and influenced by the available water in rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, and other waterways. ~ Rhizomes = horizontal, underground, root-like stems. Stolons = stems that grow along the soil surface and then root. Tillers = above-ground stems that branch from stems at or below the soil surface. ~ Seeding rate: PLS = pure live seed (seed purity x germination rate / 100 = PLS % for each seed lot), and is a way to standardize seed quality. (From: Granite Seed Company, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) Table 1. Selected native plants ideal for wildscaping in Wyoming.

Common Name (Alternate) Scientific Name Moisture Sunlight Stress, Disease, and Pest Maximum Height Preferences Soil Information Wildlife Value Additional Remarks Conditions Information Maximum Width and Tolerances Growth Form and Density Mountain Big Sagebrush Full sun. Excellent drought Grows best in medium Cover and nesting sites. High fire tolerance, low fire Hardy. Slow to moderately slow Artemisia tridentata vaseyana Intolerant tolerance. textured, well-drained Seeds and foliage resistance. growing. Long-lived. 2 – 5’ of full Prefers dry areas. soils. provide food and Needs 90 frost-free days/year. Grows from mid to high elevations. shade. Needs at least Tolerates a pH range persist through winter. Avoid using insecticides on or A deep taproot makes mature plants Upright 6” of annual of 6.0 – 8.2. Attracts insects favored near this plant. very difficult to transplant. precipitation. by birds. Mostly free of serious diseases Can be started from local seed. Foliage provides and pests. browse for deer and pronghorn. Prairie Sage (White Sage) Full sun. Drought tolerant. Grows in most soils, Cover and nesting sites. High fire tolerance and Hardy. Fast growing. Moderate life Artemisia ludoviciana Intolerant Needs at least but prefers medium Foliage provides food. resistance. span. 1 – 2’ of full 10” of annual textured to Foliage provides Needs 100 frost-free days/year. Grows from 2,500 to 9,000 feet in shade. precipitation. moderately coarse browse for deer, elk, Mostly free of serious diseases elevation. Upright, irregular soils. and pronghorn. and pests. Spreads by rhizomes. Tolerates a pH range Establishes quickly and easily, even on of 6.0 – 7.5. harsh sites. Shadscale Saltbush Full sun. Excellent drought Grows best in Cover and nesting sites. Low fire tolerance, high fire Hardy. Slow growing. Moderate life Atriplex confertifolia Intolerant tolerance. moderately fine to Seeds and foliage resistance. span. 1 – 3’ of full Needs at least medium textured, provide food. Needs 165 frost-free days/year. Evergreen and deciduous. 1 – 5’ shade. 4” of annual well-drained, alkaline Foliage provides Mostly free of serious diseases Grows up to 7,500 feet in elevation. Irregular precipitation. soils. browse for deer and and pests. Ideal for dry sites. Tolerates a pH range pronghorn. Need male and female shrubs to of 7.5 – 9.0. produce seeds. Native to all but the eastern 1/3 of WY.

39 ~ Soil texture range: fine, moderately fine, medium textured, moderately coarse, coarse. ~ Soil pH: neutral soil pH = 7, acidic soil pH < 7, alkaline (saline) soil pH > 7. ~ Foliage = twigs, buds, and/or leaves or needles. ~ Fire tolerance = a plant’s ability to re-sprout, re-grow, or re-establish from residual seed after a fire. Fire resistance = a plant’s ability to resist burning through adaptations like th ick bark, a high leaf crown, or high water content. (From: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Plants Database, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) ~ Riparian areas = the plant zones adjacent to and influenced by the available water in rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, and other waterways. ~ Rhizomes = horizontal, underground, root-like stems. Stolons = stems that grow along the soil surface and then root. Tillers = above-ground stems that branch from stems at or below the soil surface. ~ Seeding rate: PLS = pure live seed (seed purity x germination rate / 100 = PLS % for each seed lot), and is a way to standardize seed quality. (From: Granite Seed Company, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) Table 1. Selected native plants ideal for wildscaping in Wyoming.

Common Name (Alternate) Scientific Name Moisture Sunlight Stress, Disease, and Pest Maximum Height Preferences Soil Information Wildlife Value Additional Remarks Conditions Information Maximum Width and Tolerances Growth Form and Density Silver Sagebrush Full sun. Drought tolerant. Grows in most soils, Cover and nesting sites. High fire tolerance, low fire Hardy. Moderately fast growing. Artemisia cana Intolerant Tolerates moist but prefers Seeds and foliage resistance. Long-lived. 2 – 5’ of full areas, high water moderately coarse provide food and Needs 90 frost-free days/year. Grows up to 10,000 feet in elevation. 3’ shade. tables, and soils. persist into winter. Mostly free of serious diseases May spread by rhizomes in favorable Upright, irregular periodic flooding. Intolerant of clay soils. Flowers produce nectar and pests. conditions. Needs at least Tolerates a pH range that attracts bees. Can grow from cuttings. 8” of annual of 5.2 – 9.0. Foliage provides Attractive silver foliage. precipitation. browse for deer, elk, Yellow flowers in late summer. and pronghorn. Native to all of WY. Spiny Hopsage Full sun. Excellent drought Grows in a variety of Cover. Moderate fire tolerance, low fire Hardy. Slow growing. Long-lived. Grayia spinosa Intolerant tolerance. well-drained, alkaline Foliage provides food. resistance. Evergreen and deciduous. 3’ of full Needs at least soils. Foliage provides Needs 160 frost-free days/year. Grows up to 5,500 feet in elevation. 3’ shade. 8” of annual Tolerates a pH range browse for deer and Mostly free of serious diseases Ideal for dry, alkaline sites. Upright, irregular precipitation. of 6.5 – 9.0. pronghorn. and pests. Native to the western half of WY. True Mountain Mahogany Full sun Excellent drought Grows best in medium Cover and nesting sites. High fire tolerance, low fire Hardy. Slow growing. Long-lived. Cercocarpus montanus to partial tolerance. textured to Fruit and foliage resistance. Large shrub or small tree. 12’ shade. Needs at least moderately coarse, provide food. Needs 90 frost-free days/year. Grows up to 8,500 feet in elevation. 10” of annual well-drained soils. Fruit persists into Mostly free of serious diseases Ideal for dry sites. Rounded, compact crown precipitation. Tolerates a pH range winter. and pests. Fruits have attractive feathery tails. of 6.0 – 8.0. Foliage provides Native to all of WY. browse for deer. Winterfat Full sun. Excellent drought Grows in most soils, Cover and nesting sites. High fire tolerance, low fire Hardy. Moderately fast growing. Krascheninnikovia lanata Tolerates tolerance. but prefers dry, Foliage provides food resistance. Long-lived. Formerly Ceratoides lanata some Intolerant of high medium textured to and persists through Needs 150 frost-free days/year. Grows up to 7,300 feet in elevation. 1 – 3’ shade. water tables. moderately coarse, winter. Mostly free of serious diseases Ideal for disturbed sites. 1 – 3’ Intolerant Needs at least alkaline soils. Foliage provides and pests. A deep taproot makes mature plants Erect or spreading of full 10” of annual Tolerates a pH range browse for deer, elk, very difficult to transplant. shade. precipitation. of 6.6 – 8.3. and pronghorn. Can grow from cuttings. Native to the eastern half of WY.

40 ~ Soil texture range: fine, moderately fine, medium textured, moderately coarse, coarse. ~ Soil pH: neutral soil pH = 7, acidic soil pH < 7, alkaline (saline) soil pH > 7. ~ Foliage = twigs, buds, and/or leaves or needles. ~ Fire tolerance = a plant’s ability to re-sprout, re-grow, or re-establish from residual seed after a fire. Fire resistance = a plant’s ability to resist burning through adaptations like th ick bark, a high leaf crown, or high water content. (From: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Plants Database, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) ~ Riparian areas = the plant zones adjacent to and influenced by the available water in rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, and other waterways. ~ Rhizomes = horizontal, underground, root-like stems. Stolons = stems that grow along the soil surface and then root. Tillers = above-ground stems that branch from stems at or below the soil surface. ~ Seeding rate: PLS = pure live seed (seed purity x germination rate / 100 = PLS % for each seed lot), and is a way to standardize seed quality. (From: Granite Seed Company, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) Table 1. Selected native plants ideal for wildscaping in Wyoming.

Common Name (Alternate) Scientific Name Moisture Sunlight Stress, Disease, and Pest Maximum Height Preferences Soil Information Wildlife Value Additional Remarks Conditions Information Maximum Width and Tolerances Growth Form and Density Wyoming Big Sagebrush Full sun. Excellent drought Grows best in shallow, Cover and nesting sites. High fire tolerance, low fire Hardy. Slow to moderately slow Artemisia tridentata Intolerant tolerance. medium textured to Seeds and foliage resistance. growing. Long-lived. wyomingensis of full Prefers dry areas. moderately coarse, provide food and Needs 90 frost-free days/year. Evergreen and deciduous. 1 – 3’ shade. Needs at least well-drained soils. persist into winter. Avoid using insecticides on or Grows from 5,000 to 7,000 feet in 6” of annual Tolerates a pH range Attracts insects favored near this plant. elevation. Upright, irregular precipitation. of 6.0 – 8.2. by birds. Mostly free of serious diseases Ideal for dry sites and disturbed sites. Foliage provides and pests. A deep taproot makes mature plants browse for deer and very difficult to transplant. pronghorn. Yucca (Soapweed) Full sun. Excellent drought Grows best in Cover. Low fire tolerance and Hardy. Moderately fast growing. Yucca glauca Intolerant tolerance. moderately coarse to Flowers produce resistance. Long-lived. 3 – 4’ of full Needs at least coarse, well-drained, nectar that attracts Needs 140 frost-free days/year. Grows up to 6,500 feet in elevation. 3 – 4’ shade. 7” of annual alkaline soils. hummingbirds and Avoid using insecticides on or Ideal for dry sites and areas with poor Upright, dense precipitation. Tolerates dry soils and moths. near this plant. soil. poor soils. Mostly free of serious diseases Spreads by rhizomes. Tolerates a pH range and pests. Greenish-white flowers from June of 7.0 – 8.5. through July. Deciduous Shrubs (Leaves drop in autumn) Black Greasewood Full sun. Excellent drought Grows best in Cover and nesting sites. High fire tolerance, low fire Hardy. Fast growing. Long-lived. Sarcobatus vermiculatus Intolerant tolerance. moderately fine to Foliage provides food. resistance. Grows up to 8,500 feet in elevation. 2 – 8’ of full Needs at least medium textured, Foliage provides Needs 110 frost-free days/year. Ideal for dry, alkaline sites. shade. 7” of annual well-drained, alkaline browse for deer and Mostly free of serious diseases Can grow from cuttings. Irregular precipitation. soils. pronghorn. and pests. Native to all of WY. Tolerates clay soils. Tolerates a pH range of 7.0 – 8.5.

41 ~ Soil texture range: fine, moderately fine, medium textured, moderately coarse, coarse. ~ Soil pH: neutral soil pH = 7, acidic soil pH < 7, alkaline (saline) soil pH > 7. ~ Foliage = twigs, buds, and/or leaves or needles. ~ Fire tolerance = a plant’s ability to re-sprout, re-grow, or re-establish from residual seed after a fire. Fire resistance = a plant’s ability to resist burning through adaptations like th ick bark, a high leaf crown, or high water content. (From: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Plants Database, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) ~ Riparian areas = the plant zones adjacent to and influenced by the available water in rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, and other waterways. ~ Rhizomes = horizontal, underground, root-like stems. Stolons = stems that grow along the soil surface and then root. Tillers = above-ground stems that branch from stems at or below the soil surface. ~ Seeding rate: PLS = pure live seed (seed purity x germination rate / 100 = PLS % for each seed lot), and is a way to standardize seed quality. (From: Granite Seed Company, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) Table 1. Selected native plants ideal for wildscaping in Wyoming.

Common Name (Alternate) Scientific Name Moisture Sunlight Stress, Disease, and Pest Maximum Height Preferences Soil Information Wildlife Value Additional Remarks Conditions Information Maximum Width and Tolerances Growth Form and Density Buffaloberry Full sun Prefers moist Grows best in moist, Dense thickets provide Moderate fire tolerance, low fire Hardy. Moderately fast growing. Shepherdia canadensis to partial areas, but is medium textured to cover (including thorns) resistance. Moderate life span. 6 – 8’ shade. drought tolerant. moderately coarse and nesting sites. Needs 95 frost-free days/year. Grows in protected areas up to 8,500 6 – 8’ Needs at least soils. Berries provide food. Mostly free of serious diseases feet in elevation. Upright, irregular 14” of annual Tolerates a pH range Not attractive to deer. and pests. Ideal for erosion control. precipitation. of 5.3 – 8.0. Attractive silvery leaves. Stores nitrogen. Edible reddish-orange berries from July into September. Common Chokecherry Full sun Excellent drought Grows in most soils, Loose thickets provide High fire tolerance, low fire Hardy. Fast growing. Moderate life Prunus virginiana to partial tolerance. but prefers loose, cover and nesting sites. resistance. span (100 to 200 years). 12 – 25’ shade. Tolerates moist medium textured, Flowers and fruit in Needs 120 frost-free days/year. Grows up to 9,000 feet in elevation. 10 – 20’ areas and periodic well-drained soils. spring and summer Avoid using insecticides on or Transplants easily in spring and Oval to irregular, flooding. Intolerant of hard, provide food and near this plant. autumn. moderately dense crown Needs at least compacted soils. attract insects favored Possible diseases: black knot, Spreads by rhizomes. 12” of annual Tolerates a pH range by birds. fire blight. Suckers readily. precipitation. of 6.5 – 7.5. Foliage provides Possible pests: borers, pear slug Male and female flowers are on the browse for deer. (sawfly larvae), tent caterpillar. same shrub. Fragrant white flowers in spring. Edible fruit in summer for jam, syrup, pie, and wine. Golden yellow to orange autumn color. Avoid planting near fruit trees. Native to all of WY.

42 ~ Soil texture range: fine, moderately fine, medium textured, moderately coarse, coarse. ~ Soil pH: neutral soil pH = 7, acidic soil pH < 7, alkaline (saline) soil pH > 7. ~ Foliage = twigs, buds, and/or leaves or needles. ~ Fire tolerance = a plant’s ability to re-sprout, re-grow, or re-establish from residual seed after a fire. Fire resistance = a plant’s ability to resist burning through adaptations like th ick bark, a high leaf crown, or high water content. (From: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Plants Database, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) ~ Riparian areas = the plant zones adjacent to and influenced by the available water in rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, and other waterways. ~ Rhizomes = horizontal, underground, root-like stems. Stolons = stems that grow along the soil surface and then root. Tillers = above-ground stems that branch from stems at or below the soil surface. ~ Seeding rate: PLS = pure live seed (seed purity x germination rate / 100 = PLS % for each seed lot), and is a way to standardize seed quality. (From: Granite Seed Company, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) Table 1. Selected native plants ideal for wildscaping in Wyoming.

Common Name (Alternate) Scientific Name Moisture Sunlight Stress, Disease, and Pest Maximum Height Preferences Soil Information Wildlife Value Additional Remarks Conditions Information Maximum Width and Tolerances Growth Form and Density Drummond’s Willow Full sun Moderate drought Grows in a variety of Dense thickets provide High fire tolerance, low fire Hardy. Fast growing. Long-lived. Salix drummondiana to partial tolerance. moist soils. cover and nesting sites. resistance. Grows from 6,000 to 10,000 feet in 6 – 12’ shade. Prefers moist Tolerates a pH range Seeds, foliage, and sap Needs 110 frost-free days/year. elevation. areas. of 5.2 – 7.4. provide food. Avoid using insecticides on or Ideal for riparian areas, marshes, and Upright, dense Tolerates seasonal Attracts insects favored near this plant. stabilizing soil. flooding and high by birds. Possible pests: aphids, mites, Transplants easily in spring. water tables. Foliage provides food scale insects. Can grow from cuttings. Needs at least for butterfly Need male and female shrubs to 16” of annual caterpillars. produce seeds. precipitation. Foliage provides One of 27 or more willow species in browse for moose. WY. Dwarf Ninebark Full sun Drought tolerant. Grows in a variety of Cover and nesting sites. Avoid using insecticides on or Hardy. Moderately fast growing. Physocarpus opulifolus to partial soils. Flowers in early near this plant. Moderate life span. 4 – 6’ shade. Tolerates dry soils and summer provide food Mostly free of serious diseases Ideal for hedgerows. 4 – 6’ alkaline soils. and attract insects and pests. White or pink flowers in early Upright, dense favored by birds. Possible diseases: fire blight. summer. Red seed pods in autumn. Attractive, peeling bark in winter. Elderberry Full sun Moderate drought Grows best in rich, Dense thickets provide Moderate fire tolerance, low fire Hardy. Fast growing. Moderate life Sambucus nigra to partial tolerance. moist, acidic soils. cover and nesting sites. resistance. span. 7 – 12’ shade. Prefers moist Tolerates dry soils. Flowers provide food Needs 100 frost-free days/year. Large shrub or small tree. 10’ Intolerant areas. Tolerates a pH range and attract insects Avoid using insecticides on or Grows up to 8,000 feet in elevation. Upright, clumped of full Needs at least of 5.0 – 7.0. favored by birds. near this plant. Transplants easily. shade. 34” of annual Flowers produce nectar Very sensitive to herbicides, Suckers readily. precipitation. that attracts especially 2,4-D. White flowers from May to July. hummingbirds. Possible diseases: powdery Yellow autumn color. Berries provide food mildew. Edible dark purple berries in autumn and persist into for jam and pie (berries must be autumn. cooked before eating). Foliage provides Native to the lower valleys of the browse for deer mountainous parts of WY. and rabbits. 43 ~ Soil texture range: fine, moderately fine, medium textured, moderately coarse, coarse. ~ Soil pH: neutral soil pH = 7, acidic soil pH < 7, alkaline (saline) soil pH > 7. ~ Foliage = twigs, buds, and/or leaves or needles. ~ Fire tolerance = a plant’s ability to re-sprout, re-grow, or re-establish from residual seed after a fire. Fire resistance = a plant’s ability to resist burning through adaptations like th ick bark, a high leaf crown, or high water content. (From: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Plants Database, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) ~ Riparian areas = the plant zones adjacent to and influenced by the available water in rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, and other waterways. ~ Rhizomes = horizontal, underground, root-like stems. Stolons = stems that grow along the soil surface and then root. Tillers = above-ground stems that branch from stems at or below the soil surface. ~ Seeding rate: PLS = pure live seed (seed purity x germination rate / 100 = PLS % for each seed lot), and is a way to standardize seed quality. (From: Granite Seed Company, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) Table 1. Selected native plants ideal for wildscaping in Wyoming.

Common Name (Alternate) Scientific Name Moisture Sunlight Stress, Disease, and Pest Maximum Height Preferences Soil Information Wildlife Value Additional Remarks Conditions Information Maximum Width and Tolerances Growth Form and Density Geyer’s Willow Full sun Poor drought Grows best in deep, Cover and nesting sites. High fire tolerance, high fire Hardy. Fast growing. Moderate life Salix geyeriana to partial tolerance. fine, moist or poorly- Seeds and foliage resistance. span. 15’ shade. Prefers moist or drained soils. provide food. Needs 120 frost-free days/year. Large shrub or small tree. Intolerant wet areas. Tolerates a pH range Attracts insects favored Avoid using insecticides on or Grows from low to high elevations. Upright, irregular of full Needs at least of 6.5 – 7.5. by birds. near this plant. Larger than many other willow shrub shade. 19” of annual Foliage provides food Possible pests: aphids, mites, species. precipitation. for butterfly scale insects. Ideal for riparian areas, marshes, and caterpillars. stabilizing soil. Foliage provides Transplants easily in spring. browse for elk and Can grow from cuttings. moose. Need male and female shrubs to Highly palatable to produce seeds. livestock. One of 27 or more willow species in WY. Native to all but the eastern 1/4 of WY. Golden Currant Full sun Prefers moist Grows best in rich, Dense thickets provide Moderate fire tolerance, low fire Hardy. Moderately fast growing. Ribes aureum to partial areas, but is medium textured, cover and nesting sites. resistance. Moderate life span. 5 – 8’ shade. drought tolerant. well-drained soils. Flowers and fruit Needs 150 frost-free days/year. Grows up to 9,000 feet in elevation. 3 – 6’ Tolerates periodic Tolerates a pH range provide food and Avoid using insecticides on or Ideal near brush piles, for hedgerows, Rounded, upright, spreading flooding. of 6.0 – 8.0. attract insects favored near this plant. and for disturbed sites. Needs at least by birds. Possible pests: fruitworms. Suckers readily. 12” of annual Can grow from cuttings. precipitation. Clusters of bright yellow flowers from May into June. Colorful edible fruit in summer for jam and pie. Scarlet red autumn color.

44 ~ Soil texture range: fine, moderately fine, medium textured, moderately coarse, coarse. ~ Soil pH: neutral soil pH = 7, acidic soil pH < 7, alkaline (saline) soil pH > 7. ~ Foliage = twigs, buds, and/or leaves or needles. ~ Fire tolerance = a plant’s ability to re-sprout, re-grow, or re-establish from residual seed after a fire. Fire resistance = a plant’s ability to resist burning through adaptations like th ick bark, a high leaf crown, or high water content. (From: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Plants Database, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) ~ Riparian areas = the plant zones adjacent to and influenced by the available water in rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, and other waterways. ~ Rhizomes = horizontal, underground, root-like stems. Stolons = stems that grow along the soil surface and then root. Tillers = above-ground stems that branch from stems at or below the soil surface. ~ Seeding rate: PLS = pure live seed (seed purity x germination rate / 100 = PLS % for each seed lot), and is a way to standardize seed quality. (From: Granite Seed Company, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) Table 1. Selected native plants ideal for wildscaping in Wyoming.

Common Name (Alternate) Scientific Name Moisture Sunlight Stress, Disease, and Pest Maximum Height Preferences Soil Information Wildlife Value Additional Remarks Conditions Information Maximum Width and Tolerances Growth Form and Density Highbush Cranberry Partial to Poor drought Grows best in moist, Cover and nesting sites. Low fire tolerance, low fire Hardy. Fast growing. Short-lived. Viburnum opulus full shade. tolerance. fine to medium Fruit provides food and resistance. Transplants easily. 6’ Prefers moist or textured soils. persists well into Needs 130 frost-free days/year. Has several closely related species and 6’ wet areas. Tolerates a pH range winter. Mostly free of serious diseases cultivars; check for locally adapted Rounded Needs at least of 5.5 – 7.5. and pests. cultivars. 35” of annual White flowers in spring. precipitation. Scarlet red or orange fruit. Lemmon’s Willow Full sun Moderate to poor Grows in a variety of Cover. High fire tolerance, high fire Hardy. Fast growing. Long-lived. Salix lemmonii to partial drought tolerance. moist or poorly- Attracts insects favored resistance. Grows from low to high elevations. 3 – 10’ shade. Prefers moist or drained soils. by birds. Needs 110 frost-free days/year. Ideal for riparian areas and stabilizing Intolerant wet areas. Tolerates a pH range Foliage provides food Avoid using insecticides on or soil. Upright, irregular of full Needs at least of 5.2 – 7.4. for butterfly near this plant. Transplants easily in spring. shade. 20” of annual caterpillars. Possible pests: aphids, mites, Can grow from cuttings. precipitation. Flowers produce nectar scale insects. Need male and female shrubs to that attracts bees. produce seeds. Foliage provides One of 27 or more willow species in browse for deer, elk, WY. and moose. Nannyberry Full sun Drought tolerant. Grows best in loose, Dense thickets provide Low fire tolerance, low fire Hardy. Fast growing. Short-lived. Viburnum lentago to partial Tolerates both medium textured, cover and nesting sites. resistance. Ideal for borders. 10 – 20’ shade. moist and dry acidic soils. Berries provide food Needs 128 frost-free days/year. Transplants easily in spring. 8 – 15’ areas. Intolerant of clay soils and persist into winter. Mostly free of serious diseases Suckers readily. Upright, spreading Needs at least and compacted soils. and pests. White flowers in spring. 38” of annual Tolerates a pH range Native to the Black Hills. precipitation. of 5.0 – 7.0.

45 ~ Soil texture range: fine, moderately fine, medium textured, moderately coarse, coarse. ~ Soil pH: neutral soil pH = 7, acidic soil pH < 7, alkaline (saline) soil pH > 7. ~ Foliage = twigs, buds, and/or leaves or needles. ~ Fire tolerance = a plant’s ability to re-sprout, re-grow, or re-establish from residual seed after a fire. Fire resistance = a plant’s ability to resist burning through adaptations like th ick bark, a high leaf crown, or high water content. (From: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Plants Database, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) ~ Riparian areas = the plant zones adjacent to and influenced by the available water in rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, and other waterways. ~ Rhizomes = horizontal, underground, root-like stems. Stolons = stems that grow along the soil surface and then root. Tillers = above-ground stems that branch from stems at or below the soil surface. ~ Seeding rate: PLS = pure live seed (seed purity x germination rate / 100 = PLS % for each seed lot), and is a way to standardize seed quality. (From: Granite Seed Company, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) Table 1. Selected native plants ideal for wildscaping in Wyoming.

Common Name (Alternate) Scientific Name Moisture Sunlight Stress, Disease, and Pest Maximum Height Preferences Soil Information Wildlife Value Additional Remarks Conditions Information Maximum Width and Tolerances Growth Form and Density Narrowleaf Willow Full sun Moderate drought Grows best in moist, Dense thickets provide High fire tolerance, low fire Hardy. Fast growing. Moderate life (Coyote Willow) to partial tolerance once moderately fine to cover and nesting sites. resistance. span. Salix exigua shade. established, but moderately coarse Attracts insects favored Needs 120 frost-free days/year. Grows up to 8,500 feet in elevation. 6 – 12’ Intolerant grows best with soils. by birds. Avoid using insecticides on or Ideal for riparian areas and marshes. 10’ of full abundant Tolerates a pH range Foliage provides food near this plant. Transplants easily in spring. Upright, dense shade. moisture. of 6.0 – 8.5. for butterfly Possible pests: aphids, mites, Can grow from cuttings. Needs at least caterpillars. scale insects. Need male and female shrubs to 20” of annual Flowers produce nectar produce seeds. precipitation. that attracts bees. One of 27 or more willow species in Foliage provides WY. browse for moose. Native to all of WY. Planeleaf Willow Full sun. Moderate drought Grows best in moist, Dense thickets provide High fire tolerance, low fire Hardy. Fast growing. Moderate life (Diamondleaf Willow) Intolerant tolerance once medium textured to cover and nesting sites. resistance. span. Salix planifolia of full established, but moderately coarse, Seeds and foliage Needs 80 frost-free days/year. Large shrub or small tree. 8’ shade. grows best with acidic soils. provide food. Avoid using insecticides on or Ideal for riparian areas and marshes. 6’ abundant Tolerates a pH range Attracts insects favored near this plant. Transplants easily in spring. Upright, irregular, dense moisture. of 4.5 – 6.0. by birds. Possible pests: aphids, mites, Can grow from cuttings. Needs at least Foliage provides food scale insects. Need male and female shrubs to 18” of annual for butterfly produce seeds. precipitation. caterpillars. One of 27 or more willow species in Foliage provides WY. browse for moose.

46 ~ Soil texture range: fine, moderately fine, medium textured, moderately coarse, coarse. ~ Soil pH: neutral soil pH = 7, acidic soil pH < 7, alkaline (saline) soil pH > 7. ~ Foliage = twigs, buds, and/or leaves or needles. ~ Fire tolerance = a plant’s ability to re-sprout, re-grow, or re-establish from residual seed after a fire. Fire resistance = a plant’s ability to resist burning through adaptations like th ick bark, a high leaf crown, or high water content. (From: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Plants Database, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) ~ Riparian areas = the plant zones adjacent to and influenced by the available water in rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, and other waterways. ~ Rhizomes = horizontal, underground, root-like stems. Stolons = stems that grow along the soil surface and then root. Tillers = above-ground stems that branch from stems at or below the soil surface. ~ Seeding rate: PLS = pure live seed (seed purity x germination rate / 100 = PLS % for each seed lot), and is a way to standardize seed quality. (From: Granite Seed Company, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) Table 1. Selected native plants ideal for wildscaping in Wyoming.

Common Name (Alternate) Scientific Name Moisture Sunlight Stress, Disease, and Pest Maximum Height Preferences Soil Information Wildlife Value Additional Remarks Conditions Information Maximum Width and Tolerances Growth Form and Density Red-osier Dogwood Full sun Prefers moist Grows in a variety of Cover and nesting sites. Moderate fire tolerance, low fire Hardy. Moderately fast growing. Cornus sericea to partial areas, but can rich, moist, acidic Foliage and berries resistance. Short-lived. Formerly Cornus stolonifera shade. tolerate dry soils. provide food. Needs 100 frost-free days/year. Grows up to 8,500 feet in elevation. 6 – 10’ Intolerant conditions if Will need care in dry, Flowers produce nectar Susceptible to iron deficiencies Ideal for riparian areas. 10 – 12’ of full grown in fine soil. rocky soils. that attracts butterflies (seen when new growth turns Transplants may not thrive. Upright, spreading shade. Tolerates periodic Tolerates a pH range and bees. yellow); add iron. Suckers readily. flooding. of 5.0 – 7.5. Foliage provides Avoid using insecticides on or Fragrant white flowers from June Needs at least browse for deer, elk, near this plant. through July. 24” of annual and moose. Mostly free of serious diseases Reddish-purple autumn color. precipitation. and pests. Attractive red bark. Native to all but southeastern WY. Rubber Rabbitbrush Full sun. Excellent drought Grows best in dry, Cover and nesting sites. Low fire tolerance and Hardy. Slow growing. Long-lived. Ericameria nauseosa Intolerant tolerance. medium textured to Seeds and foliage resistance. Grows up to 8,500 feet in elevation. Formerly Chrysothamnus of full Prefers dry areas. moderately coarse, provide food. Needs 150 frost-free days/year. Establishes easily and may spread nauseosus shade. Needs at least alkaline soils. Foliage provides Mostly free of serious diseases aggressively. 4’ 6” of annual Tolerates poor soils. browse for deer and and pests. Ideal for dry sites, areas with poor soil, 4’ precipitation. Tolerates a pH range pronghorn. and erosion control. Upright, dense of 7.5 – 8.7. A deep taproot makes mature plants very difficult to transplant. Yellow flowers from August through September. Native to all but the northwestern corner to south-central WY.

47 ~ Soil texture range: fine, moderately fine, medium textured, moderately coarse, coarse. ~ Soil pH: neutral soil pH = 7, acidic soil pH < 7, alkaline (saline) soil pH > 7. ~ Foliage = twigs, buds, and/or leaves or needles. ~ Fire tolerance = a plant’s ability to re-sprout, re-grow, or re-establish from residual seed after a fire. Fire resistance = a plant’s ability to resist burning through adaptations like th ick bark, a high leaf crown, or high water content. (From: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Plants Database, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) ~ Riparian areas = the plant zones adjacent to and influenced by the available water in rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, and other waterways. ~ Rhizomes = horizontal, underground, root-like stems. Stolons = stems that grow along the soil surface and then root. Tillers = above-ground stems that branch from stems at or below the soil surface. ~ Seeding rate: PLS = pure live seed (seed purity x germination rate / 100 = PLS % for each seed lot), and is a way to standardize seed quality. (From: Granite Seed Company, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) Table 1. Selected native plants ideal for wildscaping in Wyoming.

Common Name (Alternate) Scientific Name Moisture Sunlight Stress, Disease, and Pest Maximum Height Preferences Soil Information Wildlife Value Additional Remarks Conditions Information Maximum Width and Tolerances Growth Form and Density Serviceberry (Juneberry) Full sun Prefers moist Grows in most soils, Dense thickets provide High fire tolerance, low fire Hardy. Moderately fast growing. Amelanchier alnifolia to partial areas, but is but prefers medium cover and nesting sites. resistance. Long-lived. 5 – 15’ shade. drought tolerant. textured, well-drained Flowers provide food Needs 100 frost-free days/year. Grows up to 9,000 feet in elevation. 4 – 12’ Intolerant Needs at least soils. and attract insects Avoid using insecticides on or Ideal for windbreaks. Rounded, globular of full 12” of annual Tolerates a pH range favored by birds. near this plant. Suckers from the roots. shade. precipitation. of 5.6 – 7.7. Berries provide food Possible diseases: cedar apple Can grow from cuttings. and persist through rust, fire blight. White flowers from May through winter. June. Foliage provides Edible reddish-purple fruit for jam and browse for deer and pie in summer. elk. Autumn color. Native to all but southeastern WY. Shrubby Cinquefoil Full sun. Drought tolerant. Grows in a variety of Cover. Low fire tolerance and Hardy. Slow growing. Long-lived. Pentaphylloides floribunda Tolerates Needs at least well-drained soils. Flowers provide food resistance. Grows up to 10,000 feet in elevation. Formerly Potentilla fruticosa some 16” of annual Tolerates poor soils. and attract insects Needs 180 frost-free days/year. Ideal for dry sites and areas with poor 2 – 4’ shade. precipitation. Tolerates a pH range favored by birds. Avoid using insecticides on or soil. 2 – 4’ of 5.0 – 8.0. Not attractive to deer. near this plant. Yellow or white flowers from June Upright, rounded Possible diseases: mildew if through August. evenings are wet. Attractive, shredding, reddish-brown Possible pests: spider mites. bark. Native to the eastern 1/3 of WY. Silverberry Full sun. Excellent drought Grows in a variety of Cover and nesting sites. Moderate fire tolerance, low fire Hardy. Moderately fast growing. Elaeagnus commutata Tolerates tolerance. well-drained soils. Berries provide food resistance. Long-lived. 5 – 12’ some Prefers dry areas. Intolerant of and persist into Needs 100 frost-free days/year. Grows from low to mid elevations. 3 – 6’ shade. Tolerates moist compacted soils. autumn. Mostly free of serious diseases Ideal for slopes, embankments, and Mounded, upright Intolerant areas. Tolerates a pH range Foliage provides and pests. disturbed sites. of full Needs at least of 5.5 – 8.0. browse for moose. Possible diseases: leaf spot, leaf Transplants easily. Suckers readily. shade. 12” of annual Stores nitrogen. Not attractive to deer. rust, dieback, root rot. precipitation.

48 ~ Soil texture range: fine, moderately fine, medium textured, moderately coarse, coarse. ~ Soil pH: neutral soil pH = 7, acidic soil pH < 7, alkaline (saline) soil pH > 7. ~ Foliage = twigs, buds, and/or leaves or needles. ~ Fire tolerance = a plant’s ability to re-sprout, re-grow, or re-establish from residual seed after a fire. Fire resistance = a plant’s ability to resist burning through adaptations like th ick bark, a high leaf crown, or high water content. (From: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Plants Database, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) ~ Riparian areas = the plant zones adjacent to and influenced by the available water in rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, and other waterways. ~ Rhizomes = horizontal, underground, root-like stems. Stolons = stems that grow along the soil surface and then root. Tillers = above-ground stems that branch from stems at or below the soil surface. ~ Seeding rate: PLS = pure live seed (seed purity x germination rate / 100 = PLS % for each seed lot), and is a way to standardize seed quality. (From: Granite Seed Company, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) Table 1. Selected native plants ideal for wildscaping in Wyoming.

Common Name (Alternate) Scientific Name Moisture Sunlight Stress, Disease, and Pest Maximum Height Preferences Soil Information Wildlife Value Additional Remarks Conditions Information Maximum Width and Tolerances Growth Form and Density Silver Buffaloberry Full sun. Prefers moist Grows in most soils, Dense thickets provide Moderate fire tolerance, low fire Hardy. Moderately fast growing. Shepherdia argentea Tolerates areas, but is but prefers medium cover (including thorns) resistance. Short-lived (up to 100 years). 8 – 18’ some drought tolerant. textured, well-drained and nesting sites. Needs 110 frost-free days/year. Grows from 3,500 to 7,500 feet in 6 – 12’ shade. Tolerates periodic soils. Berries and foliage Avoid using insecticides on or elevation. Rounded to irregular, upright Intolerant flooding. Tolerates clay soils. provide food. near this plant. Suckers from the roots. of full Needs at least Tolerates a pH range Attracts insects favored Possible diseases: canker, heart Need male and female shrubs to shade. 10” of annual of 6.0 – 8.0. by birds. rot. produce fruit. precipitation. Stores nitrogen. Foliage provides Yellow or white flowers in spring. browse for deer and Attractive silver foliage. pronghorn. Edible gold or red berries for jam, canning, and wine. Native to all but northwestern WY. Skunkbush Sumac Full sun. Drought tolerant. Grows in most well- Dense thickets provide High fire tolerance, low fire Hardy. Slow to moderately slow Rhus trilobata Tolerates Needs at least drained soils. cover and nesting sites. resistance. growing. Short-lived (up to 100 Also known as Rhus aromatica some 10” of annual Tolerates dry, exposed Berries provide food Needs 140 frost-free days/year. years). 3 – 10’ shade. precipitation. soils and clay soils if and persist into winter. Avoid using insecticides on or Grows up to 9,000 feet in elevation. 7 – 20’ they are not Flowers produce nectar near this plant. Ideal for hedgerows, the inside rows Spreading, dense compacted. that attracts butterflies. Mostly free of serious diseases of windbreaks, and erosion control. Tolerates a pH range Foliage provides and pests. Transplants easily. of 6.5 – 8.0. browse for deer, elk, Possible diseases: damping-off Suckers readily. and pronghorn. fungus. Need male female shrubs to produce fruit. Yellow flowers in spring. Red fruit in summer. Orange-red autumn color. One of 2 Rhus species in WY. Native to all of WY.

49 ~ Soil texture range: fine, moderately fine, medium textured, moderately coarse, coarse. ~ Soil pH: neutral soil pH = 7, acidic soil pH < 7, alkaline (saline) soil pH > 7. ~ Foliage = twigs, buds, and/or leaves or needles. ~ Fire tolerance = a plant’s ability to re-sprout, re-grow, or re-establish from residual seed after a fire. Fire resistance = a plant’s ability to resist burning through adaptations like th ick bark, a high leaf crown, or high water content. (From: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Plants Database, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) ~ Riparian areas = the plant zones adjacent to and influenced by the available water in rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, and other waterways. ~ Rhizomes = horizontal, underground, root-like stems. Stolons = stems that grow along the soil surface and then root. Tillers = above-ground stems that branch from stems at or below the soil surface. ~ Seeding rate: PLS = pure live seed (seed purity x germination rate / 100 = PLS % for each seed lot), and is a way to standardize seed quality. (From: Granite Seed Company, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) Table 1. Selected native plants ideal for wildscaping in Wyoming.

Common Name (Alternate) Scientific Name Moisture Sunlight Stress, Disease, and Pest Maximum Height Preferences Soil Information Wildlife Value Additional Remarks Conditions Information Maximum Width and Tolerances Growth Form and Density Smooth Sumac Full sun. Drought tolerant. Grows in a variety of Dense thickets provide High fire tolerance, low fire Hardy. Moderately fast growing. Rhus glabra Needs at least well-drained soils. cover and nesting sites. resistance. Short-lived (about 30 years). 4 – 7’ 30” of annual Intolerant of Berries provide food Needs 135 frost-free days/year. Grows from mid to high elevations. 15’ precipitation. compacted soils. and persist through Avoid using insecticides on or Ideal for hedgerows, the inside rows Spreading, dense Tolerates a pH range winter. near this plant. of windbreaks, and erosion control. of 6.0 – 7.5. Flowers produce nectar Mostly free of serious diseases Transplants easily in any season. that attracts butterflies. and pests. Spreads by rhizomes. Bark and foliage Suckers readily. provide browse for Need male and female shrubs to deer. produce fruit. White flowers in spring. Dark red berries. Brilliant red autumn foliage. One of 2 Rhus species in WY. Native to the eastern half of WY. Twinberry Honeysuckle Full sun Drought tolerant Grows in most soils, Cover. Moderate fire tolerance, low fire Hardy. Moderately fast to fast Lonicera involucrata to partial once established. but prefers rich, Flowers and fruit resistance. growing. Moderate life span. 6’ shade. Needs at least moderately fine to provide food and Needs 90 frost-free days/year. Grows up to 8,000 feet in elevation. 4 – 6’ Intolerant 14” of annual medium textured attract insects favored Avoid using insecticides on or Ideal for hedgerows, group plantings, Irregular, upright, of full precipitation. soils. by birds. near this plant. and near brush piles. moderately dense crown shade. Tolerates a pH range Flowers produce nectar Possible diseases: honeysuckle Pale yellow flowers in spring. of 5.5 – 8.0. that attracts witches’ broom. Purplish-black fruit in summer. hummingbirds. Possible pests: aphids. One of 6 honeysuckle species in WY. Not attractive to deer. Native to all but the Big Horn Mountains of WY.

50 ~ Soil texture range: fine, moderately fine, medium textured, moderately coarse, coarse. ~ Soil pH: neutral soil pH = 7, acidic soil pH < 7, alkaline (saline) soil pH > 7. ~ Foliage = twigs, buds, and/or leaves or needles. ~ Fire tolerance = a plant’s ability to re-sprout, re-grow, or re-establish from residual seed after a fire. Fire resistance = a plant’s ability to resist burning through adaptations like th ick bark, a high leaf crown, or high water content. (From: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Plants Database, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) ~ Riparian areas = the plant zones adjacent to and influenced by the available water in rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, and other waterways. ~ Rhizomes = horizontal, underground, root-like stems. Stolons = stems that grow along the soil surface and then root. Tillers = above-ground stems that branch from stems at or below the soil surface. ~ Seeding rate: PLS = pure live seed (seed purity x germination rate / 100 = PLS % for each seed lot), and is a way to standardize seed quality. (From: Granite Seed Company, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) Table 1. Selected native plants ideal for wildscaping in Wyoming.

Common Name (Alternate) Scientific Name Moisture Sunlight Stress, Disease, and Pest Maximum Height Preferences Soil Information Wildlife Value Additional Remarks Conditions Information Maximum Width and Tolerances Growth Form and Density Wax Currant (Squaw Currant) Full sun Excellent drought Grows best in Loose thickets provide High fire tolerance, high fire Hardy. Fast growing. Moderate life Ribes cereum to partial tolerance. moderately coarse to cover. resistance. span. 4 – 5’ shade. Needs at least coarse, well-drained Fruit and foliage Needs 300 frost-free days/year. Grows up to 8,000 feet in elevation. 4 – 5’ Intolerant 13” of annual soils. provide food and Possible pests: fruitworms. Ideal for hedgerows and near brush Open, upright, spreading of full precipitation. Tolerates a pH range attract insects favored piles. shade. of 6.5 – 7.5. by birds. Suckers readily. Fragrant white or pink flowers in spring. Edible red fruit in summer for jam and pie. Autumn color. Native to all of WY. Western Snowberry Full sun Drought tolerant. Grows in a variety of Dense thickets provide High fire tolerance, low fire Hardy. Moderately fast growing. Symphoricarpos occidentalis to partial Tolerates both dry well-drained soils. cover and nesting sites. resistance. Moderate life span. 3 – 6’ shade. and moist areas. Tolerates poor soils. Flowers produce nectar Needs 110 frost-free days/year. Grows up to 9,500 feet in elevation. 3 – 6’ Intolerant Needs at least Tolerates a pH range that attracts Avoid using insecticides on or Ideal for erosion control and disturbed Broad, rounded of full 12” of annual of 6.5 – 8.0. hummingbirds. near this plant. sites. shade. precipitation. Berries provide food Mostly free of serious diseases Transplants easily. and persist into winter. and pests. Spreads by rhizomes. Foliage provides Possible diseases: root rot. Suckers rapidly. browse for deer, elk, Pink flowers from June into July. and pronghorn. White berries from late summer into winter. Native to all of WY.

51 ~ Soil texture range: fine, moderately fine, medium textured, moderately coarse, coarse. ~ Soil pH: neutral soil pH = 7, acidic soil pH < 7, alkaline (saline) soil pH > 7. ~ Foliage = twigs, buds, and/or leaves or needles. ~ Fire tolerance = a plant’s ability to re-sprout, re-grow, or re-establish from residual seed after a fire. Fire resistance = a plant’s ability to resist burning through adaptations like th ick bark, a high leaf crown, or high water content. (From: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Plants Database, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) ~ Riparian areas = the plant zones adjacent to and influenced by the available water in rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, and other waterways. ~ Rhizomes = horizontal, underground, root-like stems. Stolons = stems that grow along the soil surface and then root. Tillers = above-ground stems that branch from stems at or below the soil surface. ~ Seeding rate: PLS = pure live seed (seed purity x germination rate / 100 = PLS % for each seed lot), and is a way to standardize seed quality. (From: Granite Seed Company, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) Table 1. Selected native plants ideal for wildscaping in Wyoming.

Common Name (Alternate) Scientific Name Moisture Sunlight Stress, Disease, and Pest Maximum Height Preferences Soil Information Wildlife Value Additional Remarks Conditions Information Maximum Width and Tolerances Growth Form and Density Wild Rose (Woods’ Rose) Full sun Prefers moist Grows best in medium Dense thickets provide High fire tolerance, low fire Hardy. Moderately fast growing. Rosa woodsii to partial areas, but is textured to cover (including thorns) resistance. Long-lived. 4 – 6’ shade. drought tolerant. moderately coarse, and nesting sites. Needs 150 frost-free days/year. Grows from 3,500 to 9,000 feet in 4 – 6’ Tolerates periodic well-drained soils. Fruit provides food and Possible diseases: leaf spot, leaf elevation. Rounded, spreading flooding. Tolerates a pH range persists into winter. rust, common gall, cankers. Establishes quickly. Needs at least of 5.0 – 8.0. Foliage provides Possible pests: tent caterpillar, Ideal for difficult areas and disturbed 12” of annual browse for deer and leaf hopper, tussock moth. sites. precipitation. elk. Spreads by rhizomes. Suckers rapidly. Fragrant pink flowers from May to July. Red fruit (rose hips) from late summer into winter. Native to all of WY. Vines American Vetch Full sun Drought tolerant. Grows best in Cover. Moderate fire tolerance, low fire Hardy legume (“fixes” nitrogen in the Vicia americana to partial Needs at least medium textured to Seeds and foliage resistance. soil). Moderately fast growing. 2 – 4’ shade. 10” of annual moderately coarse provide food. Needs 120 frost-free days/year. Moderate life span. 1 – 4’ precipitation. soils. Mostly free of serious diseases Spreads by rhizomes. ½ – 1¼” long flowers Tolerates a pH range and pests. Clings by tendrils. Elongated cluster of 5.9 – 7.2. Purple flowers from May through July. Vine-like Stores nitrogen. One of 3 vetch species in WY. Plant in spring or autumn at 33,000 seeds/pound and 25-35 PLS pounds/acre.

52 ~ Soil texture range: fine, moderately fine, medium textured, moderately coarse, coarse. ~ Soil pH: neutral soil pH = 7, acidic soil pH < 7, alkaline (saline) soil pH > 7. ~ Foliage = twigs, buds, and/or leaves or needles. ~ Fire tolerance = a plant’s ability to re-sprout, re-grow, or re-establish from residual seed after a fire. Fire resistance = a plant’s ability to resist burning through adaptations like th ick bark, a high leaf crown, or high water content. (From: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Plants Database, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) ~ Riparian areas = the plant zones adjacent to and influenced by the available water in rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, and other waterways. ~ Rhizomes = horizontal, underground, root-like stems. Stolons = stems that grow along the soil surface and then root. Tillers = above-ground stems that branch from stems at or below the soil surface. ~ Seeding rate: PLS = pure live seed (seed purity x germination rate / 100 = PLS % for each seed lot), and is a way to standardize seed quality. (From: Granite Seed Company, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) Table 1. Selected native plants ideal for wildscaping in Wyoming.

Common Name (Alternate) Scientific Name Moisture Sunlight Stress, Disease, and Pest Maximum Height Preferences Soil Information Wildlife Value Additional Remarks Conditions Information Maximum Width and Tolerances Growth Form and Density Virginia Creeper (Woodbine) Full sun Drought tolerant. Grows best in Cover and nesting sites. Low fire tolerance, low fire Hardy. Moderately fast growing. Parthenocissus vitacea to partial Needs at least moderately fine to Berries provide food resistance. Moderate life span. 35’ shade. 14” of annual medium textured and persist into winter. Needs 130 frost-free days/year. Ideal near brush piles, for shady sites, 35’ precipitation. soils. Possible diseases: leaf spot in and for sites with poor soil. Climbing, dense Tolerates a pH range wet seasons. Transplants easily. of 5.0 – 7.5. Possible pests: scale insects, Brilliant red autumn color. spider mites. Fruit is somewhat poisonous, especially to young children. Western Clematis Partial Prefers moist Grows best in moist, Cover. Mostly free of serious diseases Hardy. (Blue Virgin’s Bower) shade. areas, but is medium textured to and pests. Grows from low to mid elevations. Clematis occidentalis drought tolerant. coarse, well-drained Possible diseases: blight. Ideal near brush piles. 10’ soils. Pinkish-purple to bluish-violet flowers 15’ Tolerates a pH range from June through July. 1½ – 2½” long flowers of 6.0 – 7.0. Fruits have attractive feathery tails. Radially symmetrical One of 4 Clematis species in WY. Creeping or climbing Native to north-central, south-central, and the western 1/3 of WY. Ground Cover and Low-Growing Plants Bearberry (Kinnikinnick) Full sun Drought tolerant. Grows in a variety of Cover. Low fire tolerance, low fire Hardy evergreen shrub. Moderately Arctostaphylos uva-ursi to partial Needs at least well-drained soils. Attracts insects favored resistance. slow growing. Long-lived. 2 – 6” shade. 14” of annual Tolerates a pH range by birds. Needs 140 frost-free days/year. Grows up to 9,700 feet in elevation. 24 – 36” Intolerant precipitation. of 5.5 – 8.0. Berries provide food Avoid using insecticides on or Spreads by stolons. Low, matted, trailing of full and persist through near this plant. Ideal for erosion control. shade. winter. Mostly free of serious diseases White or pink flowers from May Flowers produce nectar and pests. through June. that attracts Red berries in autumn. hummingbirds. Attractive red bark. Native to all of WY.

53 ~ Soil texture range: fine, moderately fine, medium textured, moderately coarse, coarse. ~ Soil pH: neutral soil pH = 7, acidic soil pH < 7, alkaline (saline) soil pH > 7. ~ Foliage = twigs, buds, and/or leaves or needles. ~ Fire tolerance = a plant’s ability to re-sprout, re-grow, or re-establish from residual seed after a fire. Fire resistance = a plant’s ability to resist burning through adaptations like th ick bark, a high leaf crown, or high water content. (From: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Plants Database, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) ~ Riparian areas = the plant zones adjacent to and influenced by the available water in rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, and other waterways. ~ Rhizomes = horizontal, underground, root-like stems. Stolons = stems that grow along the soil surface and then root. Tillers = above-ground stems that branch from stems at or below the soil surface. ~ Seeding rate: PLS = pure live seed (seed purity x germination rate / 100 = PLS % for each seed lot), and is a way to standardize seed quality. (From: Granite Seed Company, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) Table 1. Selected native plants ideal for wildscaping in Wyoming.

Common Name (Alternate) Scientific Name Moisture Sunlight Stress, Disease, and Pest Maximum Height Preferences Soil Information Wildlife Value Additional Remarks Conditions Information Maximum Width and Tolerances Growth Form and Density Creeping Juniper Full sun. Excellent drought Grows in most soils, Cover. Low fire tolerance, low fire Hardy coniferous shrub. Moderately Juniperus horizontalis Intolerant tolerance. but prefers well- Berry-like cones resistance. slow growing. Moderate life span. 8 – 12” of full Prefers dry areas. drained, acidic soils. provide food and Needs 120 frost-free days/year. Grows up to 7,000 feet in elevation. 60 – 96” shade. Needs at least Tolerates rocky soils persist through winter. Mostly free of serious diseases Very adaptable. Low, creeping, dense 12” of annual and sandy soils. and pests. A deep taproot makes mature plants precipitation. Tolerates a pH range Possible pests: aphids, spider very difficult to transplant. of 4.8 – 7.5. mites. Spreads by tillers. Can grow from cuttings. Ideal near buildings. Need male and female shrubs to produce cones. Many cultivars are available; check for locally adapted cultivars. Fringed Sagebrush Full sun Excellent drought Grows best in Cover. Moderate fire tolerance, low fire Hardy evergreen shrub. Moderately (Prairie Sagewort) to partial tolerance. medium textured, Foliage provides food. resistance. fast growing. Moderate life span. Artemisia frigida shade. Needs at least well-drained, Foliage provides Needs 90 frost-free days/year. Grows up to 10,500 feet in elevation. 6 – 14” 10” of annual alkaline soils. browse for pronghorn. Mostly free of serious diseases Spreads by rhizomes. 6 – 12” precipitation. Tolerates a pH range and pests. Can grow from cuttings. Low, mat-forming of 7.0 – 9.0. Ideal for erosion control. Yellow flowers in summer. Native to all of WY. Long-stalked Clover Partial to Moderate drought Grows best in moist, Cover. High fire tolerance, low fire Legume (“fixes” nitrogen in the soil). Trifolium longipes full shade. tolerance. acidic soils. Flowers produce nectar resistance. Fast growing. Long-lived. 4 – 8” Needs at least Tolerates a pH range that attracts butterflies Needs 120 frost-free days/year. Grows from mid to high elevations. 19” of annual of 5.6 – 6.8. and bees. Avoid using insecticides on or Spreads by rhizomes. Low, creeping precipitation. Stores nitrogen. near this plant. Ideal for shady sites. Mostly free of serious diseases White flowers from May to August. and pests. One of 8 clover species in WY.

54 ~ Soil texture range: fine, moderately fine, medium textured, moderately coarse, coarse. ~ Soil pH: neutral soil pH = 7, acidic soil pH < 7, alkaline (saline) soil pH > 7. ~ Foliage = twigs, buds, and/or leaves or needles. ~ Fire tolerance = a plant’s ability to re-sprout, re-grow, or re-establish from residual seed after a fire. Fire resistance = a plant’s ability to resist burning through adaptations like th ick bark, a high leaf crown, or high water content. (From: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Plants Database, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) ~ Riparian areas = the plant zones adjacent to and influenced by the available water in rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, and other waterways. ~ Rhizomes = horizontal, underground, root-like stems. Stolons = stems that grow along the soil surface and then root. Tillers = above-ground stems that branch from stems at or below the soil surface. ~ Seeding rate: PLS = pure live seed (seed purity x germination rate / 100 = PLS % for each seed lot), and is a way to standardize seed quality. (From: Granite Seed Company, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) Table 1. Selected native plants ideal for wildscaping in Wyoming.

Common Name (Alternate) Scientific Name Moisture Sunlight Stress, Disease, and Pest Maximum Height Preferences Soil Information Wildlife Value Additional Remarks Conditions Information Maximum Width and Tolerances Growth Form and Density Oregon Grape Full sun Excellent drought Grows best in dry, Cover. High fire tolerance, low fire Hardy evergreen shrub. Moderately (Holly Grape, Creeping to partial tolerance. moderately coarse to Berries provide food. resistance. slow growing. Long-lived. Barberry) shade. Needs at least coarse, well-drained Flowers produce nectar Needs 180 frost-free days/year. Grows up to 10,000 feet in elevation. Mahonia repens 14” of annual soils. that attracts bees. Very sensitive to herbicides. Transplants easily. 6 – 12” precipitation. Tolerates poor soils. Not attractive to deer. Mostly free of serious diseases Spreads by stolons. 48 – 72” Tolerates a pH range and pests. Can grow from cuttings. Low, creeping of 5.5 – 7.5. Possible diseases: black stem Ideal for shady sites and areas with rust. poor soil. Need male and female plants to produce fruit. Yellow flowers from May through June. Edible blue berries in August for juice and jam. Red autumn color. Parry’s Clover Partial to Moderate drought Grows best in moist Cover. Avoid using insecticides on or Legume (“fixes” nitrogen in the soil). Trifolium parryi full shade. tolerance. soils. Flowers produce nectar near this plant. Grows at high elevations. 4 – 8” Stores nitrogen. that attracts butterflies Mostly free of serious diseases Ideal for shady sites. 8” and bees. and pests. Reddish-purple flowers from May to Low, creeping August. One of 8 clover species in WY. Rocky Mountain Phlox Full sun. Drought tolerant. Grows best in Cover. Avoid using insecticides on or Hardy perennial wildflower. Phlox multiflora moderately coarse to Flowers produce near this plant. Grows from low to high elevations. 5” coarse, well-drained nectar that attracts Mostly free of serious diseases Ideal for dry, rocky sites. soils. hummingbirds, and pests. White flowers from May into August. ¾” wide flowers butterflies, and bees. Possible diseases: powdery One of 12 phlox species in WY. Low, mat-forming, mildew. radially symmetrical

55 ~ Soil texture range: fine, moderately fine, medium textured, moderately coarse, coarse. ~ Soil pH: neutral soil pH = 7, acidic soil pH < 7, alkaline (saline) soil pH > 7. ~ Foliage = twigs, buds, and/or leaves or needles. ~ Fire tolerance = a plant’s ability to re-sprout, re-grow, or re-establish from residual seed after a fire. Fire resistance = a plant’s ability to resist burning through adaptations like th ick bark, a high leaf crown, or high water content. (From: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Plants Database, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) ~ Riparian areas = the plant zones adjacent to and influenced by the available water in rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, and other waterways. ~ Rhizomes = horizontal, underground, root-like stems. Stolons = stems that grow along the soil surface and then root. Tillers = above-ground stems that branch from stems at or below the soil surface. ~ Seeding rate: PLS = pure live seed (seed purity x germination rate / 100 = PLS % for each seed lot), and is a way to standardize seed quality. (From: Granite Seed Company, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) Table 1. Selected native plants ideal for wildscaping in Wyoming.

Common Name (Alternate) Scientific Name Moisture Sunlight Stress, Disease, and Pest Maximum Height Preferences Soil Information Wildlife Value Additional Remarks Conditions Information Maximum Width and Tolerances Growth Form and Density Rose Pussytoes Full sun Drought tolerant. Grows best in Cover. High fire tolerance, low fire Hardy perennial wildflower. Slow Antennaria microphylla to partial Needs at least moderately fine to Foliage provides food resistance. growing. Short-lived. 3 – 12” shade. 12” of annual medium textured, for butterfly Needs 90 frost-free days/year. Grows up to 11,000 feet in elevation. precipitation. well-drained soils. caterpillars. Avoid using insecticides on or Spreads by stolons. ¼” wide flower clusters Tolerates a pH range near this plant. Forms mats of leaves on the ground. Low, mat-forming, of 5.9 – 7.8. Mostly free of serious diseases Ideal for dry sites. rounded cluster and pests. Pink flowers in summer. One of 18 or more pussytoes species in WY. Scarlet Globemallow Full sun. Excellent drought Grows best in medium Cover. Moderate fire tolerance, low fire Hardy perennial wildflower. Fast Sphaeralcea coccinea tolerance. textured to Flowers produce nectar resistance. growing. Short-lived. 4 – 8” Prefers areas with moderately coarse, that attracts bees. Needs 115 frost-free days/year. Grows up to 9,000 feet in elevation. 12” low moisture. well-drained soils. Foliage provides forage Avoid using insecticides on or Spreads by rhizomes. 1 – 1¼” wide flowers Needs at least Tolerates poor soils for pronghorn. near this plant. Ideal for dry sites and disturbed sites. Radially symmetrical 6” of annual and sandy soils. Not attractive to deer. Mostly free of serious diseases Reddish-orange flowers from May to precipitation. Tolerates a pH range and pests. July. of 7.0 – 7.5. One of 2 globemallow species in WY. Plant at 500,000 seeds/pound and 2-4 PLS pounds/acre. Native to all of WY. Sedum (Lanceleaf Stonecrop) Full sun. Excellent drought Grows best in Cover. Mostly free of serious diseases Hardy perennial wildflower. Sedum lanceolatum Intolerant tolerance. moderately fine to and pests. Grows up to 8,000 feet in elevation. 2 – 8” of full Prefers areas with coarse, well-drained Can grow from root cuttings. shade. low moisture. soils. Ideal for dry sites. ½” wide flowers Tolerates rocky soils. Bright yellow flowers from July into Rounded cluster August. One of 6 Sedum species in WY.

56 ~ Soil texture range: fine, moderately fine, medium textured, moderately coarse, coarse. ~ Soil pH: neutral soil pH = 7, acidic soil pH < 7, alkaline (saline) soil pH > 7. ~ Foliage = twigs, buds, and/or leaves or needles. ~ Fire tolerance = a plant’s ability to re-sprout, re-grow, or re-establish from residual seed after a fire. Fire resistance = a plant’s ability to resist burning through adaptations like th ick bark, a high leaf crown, or high water content. (From: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Plants Database, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) ~ Riparian areas = the plant zones adjacent to and influenced by the available water in rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, and other waterways. ~ Rhizomes = horizontal, underground, root-like stems. Stolons = stems that grow along the soil surface and then root. Tillers = above-ground stems that branch from stems at or below the soil surface. ~ Seeding rate: PLS = pure live seed (seed purity x germination rate / 100 = PLS % for each seed lot), and is a way to standardize seed quality. (From: Granite Seed Company, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) Table 1. Selected native plants ideal for wildscaping in Wyoming.

Common Name (Alternate) Scientific Name Moisture Sunlight Stress, Disease, and Pest Maximum Height Preferences Soil Information Wildlife Value Additional Remarks Conditions Information Maximum Width and Tolerances Growth Form and Density Silverweed Cinquefoil Full sun. Moderate drought Grows in a variety of Cover. Moderate fire tolerance, low fire Hardy deciduous shrub. Fast growing. Potentilla anserina Tolerates tolerance. moist, well-drained Flowers provide food resistance. Short-lived. 2 – 12” some Prefers moist soils. and attract insects Needs 200 frost-free days/year. Grows up to 9,500 feet in elevation. shade. areas. Tolerates a pH range favored by birds. Avoid using insecticides on or Ideal for disturbed sites. ¾” wide flowers Needs at least of 7.0 – 8.0. Not attractive to deer. near this plant. Yellow flowers from May into June. Low, creeping, matted 11” of annual Possible diseases: mildew if precipitation. evenings are wet. Possible pests: spider mites. Wildflowers Arrowleaf Balsamroot Full sun. Excellent drought Grows best in medium Cover. High fire tolerance, low fire Hardy perennial. Moderately fast Balsamorhiza sagittata Tolerates tolerance. textured, well-drained Seeds and foliage resistance. growing. Long-lived. 8 – 28” some Prefers areas with soils. provide food. Needs 150 frost-free days/year. Grows up to 9,000 feet in elevation. 30” shade. low to moderate Tolerates a pH range Flowers produce nectar Avoid using insecticides on or Yellow flowers from late April through 4 – 5” wide flowers moisture. of 6.5 – 8.0. that attracts butterflies. near this plant. July. Daisy-like Needs at least Foliage provides spring Mostly free of serious diseases Plant at 55,000 seeds/pound and 7-15 8” of annual forage for deer, elk, and and pests. PLS pounds/acre. precipitation. pronghorn. Native to all but east-central and southeastern WY. Bear River Fleabane Daisy Full sun Moderate drought Grows best in medium Cover. Avoid using insecticides on or Perennial. Erigeron ursinus to partial tolerance. textured, well-drained Flowers produce nectar near this plant. Grows from mid to high elevations. 10” shade. Prefers areas soils. that attracts butterflies Mostly free of serious diseases Blue to pinkish-purple flowers from with moderate and bees. and pests. June into July. 1½” wide flowers moisture. Not attractive to deer. One of 44 daisy species in WY. Daisy-like

57 ~ Soil texture range: fine, moderately fine, medium textured, moderately coarse, coarse. ~ Soil pH: neutral soil pH = 7, acidic soil pH < 7, alkaline (saline) soil pH > 7. ~ Foliage = twigs, buds, and/or leaves or needles. ~ Fire tolerance = a plant’s ability to re-sprout, re-grow, or re-establish from residual seed after a fire. Fire resistance = a plant’s ability to resist burning through adaptations like th ick bark, a high leaf crown, or high water content. (From: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Plants Database, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) ~ Riparian areas = the plant zones adjacent to and influenced by the available water in rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, and other waterways. ~ Rhizomes = horizontal, underground, root-like stems. Stolons = stems that grow along the soil surface and then root. Tillers = above-ground stems that branch from stems at or below the soil surface. ~ Seeding rate: PLS = pure live seed (seed purity x germination rate / 100 = PLS % for each seed lot), and is a way to standardize seed quality. (From: Granite Seed Company, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) Table 1. Selected native plants ideal for wildscaping in Wyoming.

Common Name (Alternate) Scientific Name Moisture Sunlight Stress, Disease, and Pest Maximum Height Preferences Soil Information Wildlife Value Additional Remarks Conditions Information Maximum Width and Tolerances Growth Form and Density Blanketflower Full sun. Excellent drought Grows in most soils, Cover. Low fire tolerance, low fire Hardy perennial. Moderately fast Gaillardia aristata and heat but prefers medium Flowers produce resistance. growing. Moderate life span. 8 – 28” tolerance. textured to nectar that attracts Needs 100 frost-free days/year. Grows from low to high elevations. 12” Prefers areas with moderately coarse, hummingbirds, Avoid using insecticides on or Yellow, orange, or red flowers from 3” wide flowers low moisture. well-drained soils. butterflies, and bees. near this plant. June to September. Radially symmetrical Needs at least Tolerates dry soils and Not attractive to deer. Mostly free of serious diseases Can grow from root cuttings. 10” of annual sandy soils. and pests. Ideal for hot areas, dry sites, and precipitation. Tolerates a pH range disturbed sites. of 5.5 – 7.9. Plant at 153,000 seeds/ pound and 6-10 PLS pounds/acre. Blue Columbine Full sun Moderate drought Grows best in moist, Cover. Low fire tolerance, low fire Hardy perennial. Moderately fast Aquilegia caerulea to partial tolerance. moderately fine to Flowers produce resistance. growing. Short-lived. 18 – 24” shade. Prefers areas with medium textured, nectar that attracts Needs 130 frost-free days/year. Grows from mid to high elevations. 12” moderate well-drained soils. hummingbirds, Avoid using insecticides on or Blue and white flowers from June into 2 – 3” wide flowers moisture. Tolerates a pH range butterflies, and bees. near this plant. August. Radially symmetrical Needs at least of 6.2 – 8.4. Mostly free of serious diseases Ideal for shady sites and cooler areas. 12” of annual and pests. One of 6 columbine species in WY. precipitation. Many cultivars are available; check for locally adapted cultivars. Plant at 368,000 seeds/pound and 3-6 PLS pounds/acre. Blue Flax Full sun Excellent drought Grows best in open, Cover. Low fire tolerance, low fire Hardy perennial. Moderately fast Linum lewisii to partial tolerance. medium textured to resistance. growing. Moderate life span. 10 – 24” shade. Prefers areas with moderately coarse, Needs 90 frost-free days/year. Grows up to 8,500 feet in elevation. 18” low moisture. well-drained soils. Mostly free of serious diseases Blue flowers from June through ¾ – 1½” wide flowers Needs at least Tolerates a pH range and pests. August. Radially symmetrical 10” of annual of 5.5 – 8.0. Reseeds and can be competitive. precipitation. One of 6 flax species in WY. Plant at 293,000 seeds/pound and 3-6 PLS pounds/acre. Native to all but the eastern 1/3 of WY. 58 ~ Soil texture range: fine, moderately fine, medium textured, moderately coarse, coarse. ~ Soil pH: neutral soil pH = 7, acidic soil pH < 7, alkaline (saline) soil pH > 7. ~ Foliage = twigs, buds, and/or leaves or needles. ~ Fire tolerance = a plant’s ability to re-sprout, re-grow, or re-establish from residual seed after a fire. Fire resistance = a plant’s ability to resist burning through adaptations like th ick bark, a high leaf crown, or high water content. (From: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Plants Database, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) ~ Riparian areas = the plant zones adjacent to and influenced by the available water in rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, and other waterways. ~ Rhizomes = horizontal, underground, root-like stems. Stolons = stems that grow along the soil surface and then root. Tillers = above-ground stems that branch from stems at or below the soil surface. ~ Seeding rate: PLS = pure live seed (seed purity x germination rate / 100 = PLS % for each seed lot), and is a way to standardize seed quality. (From: Granite Seed Company, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) Table 1. Selected native plants ideal for wildscaping in Wyoming.

Common Name (Alternate) Scientific Name Moisture Sunlight Stress, Disease, and Pest Maximum Height Preferences Soil Information Wildlife Value Additional Remarks Conditions Information Maximum Width and Tolerances Growth Form and Density Blue-pod Lupine Partial Poor drought Grows best in moist, Cover. Avoid using insecticides on or Perennial legume (“fixes” nitrogen in Lupinus polyphyllus shade. tolerance. medium textured Seeds provide food. near this plant. the soil). 24 – 60” Prefers areas with soils. Flowers produce nectar Mostly free of serious diseases Grows up to 8,500 feet in elevation. moderate to high Stores nitrogen. that attracts butterflies. and pests. Blue or lavender flowers from June ½” long flowers moisture. through August. Elongated cluster One of 7 lupine species in WY. Plant at 75,000 seeds/pound and 8-15 PLS pounds/acre. Poisonous to livestock. Native to the western 1/3 of WY. Blue Violet Full sun Drought tolerant. Grows in most soils, Cover. Avoid using insecticides on or Perennial. Viola adunca to partial Tolerates both but prefers medium Flowers produce nectar near this plant. Grows from low to high elevations. 4” shade. moist and dry textured, well-drained that attracts butterflies. Mostly free of serious diseases Violet-blue flowers from May into 6” areas. soils. and pests. July. ½ – ¾” wide flowers One of 14 violet species in WY. Pansy-like Common Harebell Full sun Drought tolerant. Grows best in medium Cover. Mostly free of serious diseases Perennial. Campanula rotundifolia to partial Prefers areas with textured, well-drained Not attractive to deer. and pests. Grows from low to high elevations. 4 – 12” shade. low to moderate soils. Blue flowers from June into 6” moisture. September. ½ – 1” long flowers One of 5 harebell species in WY. Radially symmetrical Plant at 1,200 seeds/pound and ¼ PLS pound/acre. Common Sunflower Full sun. Drought tolerant. Grows in a variety of Cover. Low fire tolerance and Annual. Fast growing. Short-lived. Helianthus annuus Tolerates both dry well-drained soils. Seeds provide food. resistance. Grows from low to mid elevations. 24 – 72” and moist areas. Tolerates disturbed Flowers produce nectar Needs 80 frost-free days/year. Yellow flowers from July through 24 – 72” Needs at least soils. that attracts butterflies Avoid using insecticides on or September. 3 – 5” wide flowers 12” of annual Tolerates a pH range and bees. near this plant. Establishes easily. Daisy-like precipitation. of 5.5 – 7.8. Not attractive to deer. Mostly free of serious diseases One of 7 sunflower species in WY. and pests. Plant at 58,500 seeds/pound and 10-20 PLS pounds/acre.

59 ~ Soil texture range: fine, moderately fine, medium textured, moderately coarse, coarse. ~ Soil pH: neutral soil pH = 7, acidic soil pH < 7, alkaline (saline) soil pH > 7. ~ Foliage = twigs, buds, and/or leaves or needles. ~ Fire tolerance = a plant’s ability to re-sprout, re-grow, or re-establish from residual seed after a fire. Fire resistance = a plant’s ability to resist burning through adaptations like th ick bark, a high leaf crown, or high water content. (From: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Plants Database, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) ~ Riparian areas = the plant zones adjacent to and influenced by the available water in rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, and other waterways. ~ Rhizomes = horizontal, underground, root-like stems. Stolons = stems that grow along the soil surface and then root. Tillers = above-ground stems that branch from stems at or below the soil surface. ~ Seeding rate: PLS = pure live seed (seed purity x germination rate / 100 = PLS % for each seed lot), and is a way to standardize seed quality. (From: Granite Seed Company, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) Table 1. Selected native plants ideal for wildscaping in Wyoming.

Common Name (Alternate) Scientific Name Moisture Sunlight Stress, Disease, and Pest Maximum Height Preferences Soil Information Wildlife Value Additional Remarks Conditions Information Maximum Width and Tolerances Growth Form and Density Crimson Columbine Partial Moderate drought Grows best in Cover. High fire tolerance, low fire Hardy perennial. Fast growing. (Western Columbine) shade. tolerance. medium textured Flowers produce resistance. Short-lived. Aquilegia formosa Prefers areas with to moderately nectar that attracts Needs 100 frost-free days/year. Red and yellow flowers from May into 6 – 36” moderate coarse soils. hummingbirds, Avoid using insecticides on or August. moisture. Tolerates a pH range butterflies, and bees. near this plant. One of 6 columbine species in WY. 2” wide flowers Needs at least of 6.0 – 7.5. Mostly free of serious diseases Plant at 400,000 seeds/pound and Radially symmetrical 15” of annual and pests. 3-5 PLS pounds/acre. precipitation. Native to the western half of WY. Cushion Buckwheat Full sun. Excellent drought Grows best in Cover. Avoid using insecticides on or Hardy perennial. Long-lived. Eriogonum ovalifolium tolerance. medium textured Seeds provide food. near this plant. Grows from low to high elevations. 1 – 12” Needs at least to moderately coarse, Flowers produce nectar Mostly free of serious diseases Creamy yellow to reddish-purple 12 – 18” 10” of annual well-drained soils. that attracts butterflies and pests. flowers from May into July. 1” wide flower clusters precipitation. and bees. Ideal for dry sites and areas with rocky Rounded cluster soil. One of 28 buckwheat species in WY. Cut-leaved Coneflower Full sun Drought tolerant. Grows in a variety of Cover. Low fire tolerance, low fire Hardy perennial. Fast growing. Rudbeckia laciniata to partial Needs at least acidic soils. Flowers produce resistance. Short-lived. 24 – 40” shade. 15” of annual Tolerates a pH range nectar that attracts Needs 100 frost-free days/year. Grows from low to mid elevations. precipitation. of 4.5 – 7.0. hummingbirds, Avoid using insecticides on or Yellow flowers from July through 3 – 6” wide flowers butterflies, and bees. near this plant. August. Daisy-like Mostly free of serious diseases One of 3 Rudbeckia species in WY. and pests. Mildly poisonous to livestock.

60 ~ Soil texture range: fine, moderately fine, medium textured, moderately coarse, coarse. ~ Soil pH: neutral soil pH = 7, acidic soil pH < 7, alkaline (saline) soil pH > 7. ~ Foliage = twigs, buds, and/or leaves or needles. ~ Fire tolerance = a plant’s ability to re-sprout, re-grow, or re-establish from residual seed after a fire. Fire resistance = a plant’s ability to resist burning through adaptations like th ick bark, a high leaf crown, or high water content. (From: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Plants Database, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) ~ Riparian areas = the plant zones adjacent to and influenced by the available water in rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, and other waterways. ~ Rhizomes = horizontal, underground, root-like stems. Stolons = stems that grow along the soil surface and then root. Tillers = above-ground stems that branch from stems at or below the soil surface. ~ Seeding rate: PLS = pure live seed (seed purity x germination rate / 100 = PLS % for each seed lot), and is a way to standardize seed quality. (From: Granite Seed Company, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) Table 1. Selected native plants ideal for wildscaping in Wyoming.

Common Name (Alternate) Scientific Name Moisture Sunlight Stress, Disease, and Pest Maximum Height Preferences Soil Information Wildlife Value Additional Remarks Conditions Information Maximum Width and Tolerances Growth Form and Density Desert Paintbrush Full sun. Excellent drought Grows best in medium Cover. Low fire tolerance, low fire Perennial. Moderately fast growing. (Narrowleaf Paintbrush) tolerance. textured, well-drained Flowers produce resistance. Moderate life span. Castilleja angustifolia Prefers areas with soils. nectar that attracts Needs 85 frost-free days/year. Grows from low to mid elevations. 4 – 12” low moisture. Tolerates a pH range hummingbirds, Avoid using insecticides on or Reddish-orange flowers from May 10” Needs at least of 5.6 – 7.3. butterflies, and bees. near this plant. through June. ¾ – 1¼” long flowers 12” of annual Mostly free of serious diseases Root systems often connect with Elongated cluster precipitation. and pests. other plants, especially Wyoming Big Sagebrush, making transplanting difficult. One of 15 or more paintbrush species in WY. Dotted Gayfeather Full sun. Excellent drought Grows best in medium Cover. High fire tolerance, low fire Hardy perennial. Slow growing. Liatris punctata Intolerant tolerance. textured to Flowers produce resistance. Moderate life span. 4 – 24” of full Prefers areas with moderately coarse, nectar that attracts Needs 120 frost-free days/year. Grows up to 7,400 feet in elevation. 5” shade. low moisture. well-drained soils. hummingbirds, Avoid using insecticides on or Deep pink flowers from August ¾” long flowers Needs at least Tolerates sandy soils. butterflies, and bees. near this plant. through September. Elongated cluster 10” of annual Tolerates a pH range Foliage provides forage Mostly free of serious diseases Spreads by rhizomes. precipitation. of 6.0 – 7.8. for deer and elk. and pests. One of 3 Liatris species in WY. Native to the eastern half of WY. Fireweed Full sun. Moderate drought Grows in most soils, Cover. High fire tolerance, low fire Hardy perennial. Fast growing. Chamerion angustifolium tolerance. but prefers rich, moist, Flowers produce resistance. Moderate life span. Formerly Epilobium Prefers areas with medium textured, nectar that attracts Needs 90 frost-free days/year. Grows from mid to high elevations. angustifolium moderate acidic soils. hummingbirds, Avoid using insecticides on or Pink flowers from June through 24 – 84” moisture. Tolerates a pH range butterflies, and bees. near this plant. August. 36” Needs at least of 4.8 – 7.0. Foliage provides forage Mostly free of serious diseases Spreads by well-developed rhizomes. ¾ – 1¼” long flowers 8” of annual for deer, elk, and and pests. May become aggressive on preferred Elongated cluster precipitation. moose. Possible pests: aphids. sites. Ideal for disturbed sites. One of 2 fireweed species in WY. Plant at 8,500,000 seeds/pound and ¼ PLS pound/acre. Native to all of WY.

61 ~ Soil texture range: fine, moderately fine, medium textured, moderately coarse, coarse. ~ Soil pH: neutral soil pH = 7, acidic soil pH < 7, alkaline (saline) soil pH > 7. ~ Foliage = twigs, buds, and/or leaves or needles. ~ Fire tolerance = a plant’s ability to re-sprout, re-grow, or re-establish from residual seed after a fire. Fire resistance = a plant’s ability to resist burning through adaptations like th ick bark, a high leaf crown, or high water content. (From: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Plants Database, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) ~ Riparian areas = the plant zones adjacent to and influenced by the available water in rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, and other waterways. ~ Rhizomes = horizontal, underground, root-like stems. Stolons = stems that grow along the soil surface and then root. Tillers = above-ground stems that branch from stems at or below the soil surface. ~ Seeding rate: PLS = pure live seed (seed purity x germination rate / 100 = PLS % for each seed lot), and is a way to standardize seed quality. (From: Granite Seed Company, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) Table 1. Selected native plants ideal for wildscaping in Wyoming.

Common Name (Alternate) Scientific Name Moisture Sunlight Stress, Disease, and Pest Maximum Height Preferences Soil Information Wildlife Value Additional Remarks Conditions Information Maximum Width and Tolerances Growth Form and Density Golden Aster Full sun. Drought tolerant. Grows best in medium Cover. High fire tolerance, low fire Hardy perennial. Moderately fast Heterotheca villosa Needs at least textured to Flowers produce nectar resistance. growing. Short-lived. 8 – 24” 10” of annual moderately coarse, that attracts butterflies Needs 130 frost-free days/year. Grows from low to high elevations. 24” precipitation. well-drained soils. and bees. Avoid using insecticides on or Yellow flowers from May into 1 – 1½” wide flowers Tolerates a pH range near this plant. September. Daisy-like of 6.0 – 7.5. Mostly free of serious diseases Ideal for cuttings and bouquets. and pests. Native to all of WY. Golden Yarrow Full sun. Excellent drought Grows in a variety of Cover. Avoid using insecticides on or Perennial. Eriophyllum lanatum tolerance. well-drained soils. Flowers produce nectar near this plant. Yellow flowers from May through July. 4 – 24” Prefers areas with that attracts butterflies Mostly free of serious diseases low moisture. and bees. and pests. 2½” wide flowers Not attractive to deer. Daisy-like Longleaf Phlox Full sun. Drought tolerant. Grows best in medium Cover. Moderate fire tolerance, low fire Hardy perennial. Slow growing. Phlox longifolia Needs at least textured to Flowers produce resistance. Long-lived. 10” 20” of annual moderately coarse, nectar that attracts Needs 120 frost-free days/year. Grows from low to high elevations. 10” precipitation. well-drained soils. hummingbirds, Avoid using insecticides on or Bright pink, pale lilac, or white flowers 1” wide flowers Tolerates rocky soils butterflies, and bees. near this plant. from May through August. Radially symmetrical and gravelly soils. Mostly free of serious diseases Spreads by stolons. Tolerates a pH range and pests. Ideal for cuttings and bouquets. of 6.5 – 8.5. Possible diseases: powdery One of 12 phlox species in WY. mildew. Native to central and northern WY. Lowbush Penstemon Full sun Excellent drought Grows best in medium Cover. Moderate fire tolerance, low fire Perennial. Moderately fast growing. Penstemon fruticosus to partial tolerance. textured to Flowers produce resistance. Long-lived. 6 – 16” shade. Prefers areas with moderately coarse, nectar that attracts Needs 100 frost-free days/year. Grows up to 8,500 feet in elevation. 8” Intolerant low moisture. well-drained soils. hummingbirds, Avoid using insecticides on or Pale purple flowers from May through 1 – 2” long flowers of full Needs at least Tolerates rocky soils butterflies, and bees. near this plant. August. Bilaterally symmetrical shade. 10” of annual and gravelly soils. Mostly free of serious diseases One of more than 40 penstemon precipitation. Tolerates a pH range and pests. species in WY. of 6.0 – 8.0. Plant at 573,000 seeds/pound and 2-4 PLS pounds/acre. Native to the western 1/4 of WY. 62 ~ Soil texture range: fine, moderately fine, medium textured, moderately coarse, coarse. ~ Soil pH: neutral soil pH = 7, acidic soil pH < 7, alkaline (saline) soil pH > 7. ~ Foliage = twigs, buds, and/or leaves or needles. ~ Fire tolerance = a plant’s ability to re-sprout, re-grow, or re-establish from residual seed after a fire. Fire resistance = a plant’s ability to resist burning through adaptations like th ick bark, a high leaf crown, or high water content. (From: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Plants Database, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) ~ Riparian areas = the plant zones adjacent to and influenced by the available water in rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, and other waterways. ~ Rhizomes = horizontal, underground, root-like stems. Stolons = stems that grow along the soil surface and then root. Tillers = above-ground stems that branch from stems at or below the soil surface. ~ Seeding rate: PLS = pure live seed (seed purity x germination rate / 100 = PLS % for each seed lot), and is a way to standardize seed quality. (From: Granite Seed Company, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) Table 1. Selected native plants ideal for wildscaping in Wyoming.

Common Name (Alternate) Scientific Name Moisture Sunlight Stress, Disease, and Pest Maximum Height Preferences Soil Information Wildlife Value Additional Remarks Conditions Information Maximum Width and Tolerances Growth Form and Density Mintleaf Beebalm Full sun Moderate drought Grows best in Cover. Low fire tolerance, low fire Hardy perennial. Moderately fast Monarda fistulosa to partial tolerance. moderately fine to Flowers produce resistance. growing. Moderate life span. 12 – 24” shade. Needs at least medium textured, nectar that attracts Needs 150 frost-free days/year. Grows up to 8,500 feet in elevation. 20” of annual well-drained soils. hummingbirds and Avoid using insecticides on or Pale purple to rose pink flowers from 1” long flowers precipitation. Tolerates a pH range bees. near this plant. July through August. Rounded cluster of 6.0 – 8.0. Not attractive to deer. Mostly free of serious diseases One of 2 Monarda species in WY. and pests. Mule’s Ears Full sun Drought tolerant. Grows best in fine to Cover. High fire tolerance, low fire Hardy perennial. Moderately fast Wyethia amplexicaulis to partial Needs at least medium textured, Flowers produce resistance. growing. Long-lived. 12 – 24” shade. 12” of annual well-drained soils. nectar that attracts Needs 110 frost-free days/year. Grows up to 11,000 feet in elevation. Intolerant precipitation. Tolerates a pH range butterflies and bees. Avoid using insecticides on or Deep yellow flowers from May into 3 – 5” wide flowers of full of 6.0 – 7.6. Foliage provides forage near this plant. July. Daisy-like shade. for deer and Mostly free of serious diseases One of 3 Wyethia species in WY. pronghorn. and pests. Plant at 24,625 seeds/pound and 16 PLS pounds/acre. Native to all but north-central to southeastern WY. Nuttall’s Larkspur Full sun Drought tolerant. Grows in a variety of Cover. Avoid using insecticides on or Perennial. Delphinium nuttallianum to partial Prefers areas with well-drained soils. Flowers produce near this plant. Grows from low to high elevations. 12 – 48” shade. low to moderate nectar that attracts Mostly free of serious diseases Violet-blue flowers from May through 24 – 30” moisture. hummingbirds, and pests. July. 1” wide flowers butterflies, and bees. Ideal for cuttings and bouquets. Elongated cluster Foliage provides forage Plant in late spring as soon as the for elk. ground can be worked. One of 9 larkspur species in WY. Poisonous to livestock.

63 ~ Soil texture range: fine, moderately fine, medium textured, moderately coarse, coarse. ~ Soil pH: neutral soil pH = 7, acidic soil pH < 7, alkaline (saline) soil pH > 7. ~ Foliage = twigs, buds, and/or leaves or needles. ~ Fire tolerance = a plant’s ability to re-sprout, re-grow, or re-establish from residual seed after a fire. Fire resistance = a plant’s ability to resist burning through adaptations like th ick bark, a high leaf crown, or high water content. (From: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Plants Database, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) ~ Riparian areas = the plant zones adjacent to and influenced by the available water in rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, and other waterways. ~ Rhizomes = horizontal, underground, root-like stems. Stolons = stems that grow along the soil surface and then root. Tillers = above-ground stems that branch from stems at or below the soil surface. ~ Seeding rate: PLS = pure live seed (seed purity x germination rate / 100 = PLS % for each seed lot), and is a way to standardize seed quality. (From: Granite Seed Company, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) Table 1. Selected native plants ideal for wildscaping in Wyoming.

Common Name (Alternate) Scientific Name Moisture Sunlight Stress, Disease, and Pest Maximum Height Preferences Soil Information Wildlife Value Additional Remarks Conditions Information Maximum Width and Tolerances Growth Form and Density Old Man’s Whiskers Full sun. Drought tolerant. Grows best in medium Cover. Moderate fire tolerance, low fire Hardy perennial. Moderately fast (Prairie Smoke) Tolerates Needs at least textured, well-drained Flowers produce resistance. growing. Short-lived. Geum triflorum some 16” of annual soils. nectar that attracts Needs 100 frost-free days/year. Grows from low to high elevations. 4 – 12” shade. precipitation. Tolerates a pH range butterflies and bees. Avoid using insecticides on or Pink flowers from May to July. of 6.0 – 7.5. near this plant. Seeds have attractive feathery tails. ½” long flowers Mostly free of serious diseases Radially symmetrical and pests. Pasqueflower (Windflower) Full sun Drought tolerant. Grows best in well- Cover. Mostly free of serious diseases Hardy perennial. Anemone patens to partial drained, sandy loam Bulbs provide food for and pests. Grows up to 9,000 feet in elevation. 4 – 6” shade. soils. small mammals. Lavender, purple, or blue flowers from 6” Tolerates a pH range April to June. 1½ – 2” wide flowers of 6.0 – 8.0. Transplants easily in spring. Radially symmetrical Can grow from root cuttings. Seeds have attractive feathery tails. One of 9 Anemone species in WY. Platte River Penstemon Full sun Drought tolerant. Grows best in Cover. Avoid using insecticides on or Hardy perennial. (Wasatch Penstemon, to partial Prefers areas with medium textured to Flowers produce near this plant. Grows up to 8,500 feet in elevation. Beardtongue) shade. low to moderate moderately coarse, nectar that attracts Mostly free of serious diseases Blue flowers from May through July. Penstemon cyanathus moisture. well-drained, acidic, hummingbirds, and pests. Can grow from stem and root cuttings, 20” Needs at least sandy loam soils. butterflies, and bees. Possible diseases: root rot, but seeds are best. 15” 10” of annual Tolerates a pH range mildew. Ideal for disturbed sites. ¾ – 1¼” long flowers precipitation. of 4.5 – 7.8. One of more than 40 penstemon Elongated cluster species in WY. Plant at 550,000 seeds/pound and 2-4 PLS pounds/acre. Native to the western 1/3 of WY.

64 ~ Soil texture range: fine, moderately fine, medium textured, moderately coarse, coarse. ~ Soil pH: neutral soil pH = 7, acidic soil pH < 7, alkaline (saline) soil pH > 7. ~ Foliage = twigs, buds, and/or leaves or needles. ~ Fire tolerance = a plant’s ability to re-sprout, re-grow, or re-establish from residual seed after a fire. Fire resistance = a plant’s ability to resist burning through adaptations like th ick bark, a high leaf crown, or high water content. (From: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Plants Database, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) ~ Riparian areas = the plant zones adjacent to and influenced by the available water in rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, and other waterways. ~ Rhizomes = horizontal, underground, root-like stems. Stolons = stems that grow along the soil surface and then root. Tillers = above-ground stems that branch from stems at or below the soil surface. ~ Seeding rate: PLS = pure live seed (seed purity x germination rate / 100 = PLS % for each seed lot), and is a way to standardize seed quality. (From: Granite Seed Company, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) Table 1. Selected native plants ideal for wildscaping in Wyoming.

Common Name (Alternate) Scientific Name Moisture Sunlight Stress, Disease, and Pest Maximum Height Preferences Soil Information Wildlife Value Additional Remarks Conditions Information Maximum Width and Tolerances Growth Form and Density Prairie Coneflower Full sun. Drought tolerant. Grows in a variety of Cover. High fire tolerance, low fire Hardy perennial. Moderately fast (Mexican Hat) Intolerant Needs at least well-drained soils. Flowers produce resistance. growing. Moderate life span. Ratibida columnifera of full 16” of annual Tolerates a pH range nectar that attracts Needs 90 frost-free days/year. Grows up to 8,000 feet in elevation. 12 – 36” shade. precipitation. of 6.0 – 7.5. butterflies and bees. Avoid using insecticides on or Yellow flowers from June to Not attractive to deer. near this plant. September. 1 – 3” long flowers Mostly free of serious diseases One of 2 Ratibida species in WY. Daisy-like and pests. Native to all but northwestern to south-central WY. Prairie Golden Banner Full sun Drought tolerant. Grows best in Cover. Mostly free of serious diseases Perennial legume (“fixes” nitrogen in (Yellow Pea) to partial Needs at least moderately fine to Seeds provide food. and pests. the soil). Long-lived. Thermopsis rhombifolia shade. 8” of annual medium textured, Not attractive to deer. Grows from low to high elevations. 6 – 16” precipitation. well-drained soils. Yellow flowers from May through Stores nitrogen. June. ½ – ¾” long flowers Spreads by stolons. Elongated cluster Ideal for mass plantings, wildflower mixtures, and disturbed sites. One of 3 Thermopsis species in WY. Purple Prairie Clover Full sun Drought tolerant. Grows best in medium Cover. Avoid using insecticides on or Hardy perennial legume (“fixes” Dalea purpurea to partial Needs at least textured to Flowers produce nectar near this plant. nitrogen in the soil). Fast growing. 8 – 30” shade. 14” of annual moderately coarse, that attracts butterflies. Mostly free of serious diseases Long-lived. precipitation. well-drained soils. and pests. Grows up to 7,500 feet in elevation. ¼” long flowers Stores nitrogen. Purple flowers from June into August. Elongated cluster Ideal for wildflower mixtures, grass mixtures, and disturbed sites. One of 6 Dalea species in WY. Native to the eastern 1/3 of WY.

65 ~ Soil texture range: fine, moderately fine, medium textured, moderately coarse, coarse. ~ Soil pH: neutral soil pH = 7, acidic soil pH < 7, alkaline (saline) soil pH > 7. ~ Foliage = twigs, buds, and/or leaves or needles. ~ Fire tolerance = a plant’s ability to re-sprout, re-grow, or re-establish from residual seed after a fire. Fire resistance = a plant’s ability to resist burning through adaptations like th ick bark, a high leaf crown, or high water content. (From: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Plants Database, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) ~ Riparian areas = the plant zones adjacent to and influenced by the available water in rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, and other waterways. ~ Rhizomes = horizontal, underground, root-like stems. Stolons = stems that grow along the soil surface and then root. Tillers = above-ground stems that branch from stems at or below the soil surface. ~ Seeding rate: PLS = pure live seed (seed purity x germination rate / 100 = PLS % for each seed lot), and is a way to standardize seed quality. (From: Granite Seed Company, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) Table 1. Selected native plants ideal for wildscaping in Wyoming.

Common Name (Alternate) Scientific Name Moisture Sunlight Stress, Disease, and Pest Maximum Height Preferences Soil Information Wildlife Value Additional Remarks Conditions Information Maximum Width and Tolerances Growth Form and Density Rocky Mountain Beeplant Full sun. Drought tolerant. Grows best in medium Cover. Low fire tolerance, low fire Annual. Fast growing. Short-lived. Cleome serrulata Tolerates Needs at least textured to Flowers produce nectar resistance. Grows from low to mid elevations. 6 – 48” some 13” of annual moderately coarse, that attracts butterflies Needs 70 frost-free days/year. Pink to purple flowers from August shade. precipitation. well-drained soils. and bees. Avoid using insecticides on or through September. ½” long flowers Tolerates a pH range near this plant. Ideal for stabilizing soil and providing Rounded cluster of 6.0 – 7.6. Mostly free of serious diseases quick initial cover. and pests. One of 3 beeplant species in WY. Plant at 65,900 seeds/pound and 10-16 PLS pounds/acre. Rocky Mountain Iris Full sun. Moderate to Grows best in moist, Cover. High fire tolerance, low fire Hardy perennial. Fast growing. Short- Iris missouriensis Tolerates moderately poor moderately fine to Not attractive to deer. resistance. lived. 8 – 20” some drought tolerance. medium textured, Needs 115 frost-free days/year. Grows up to 8,000 feet in elevation. 10” shade. Prefers areas with alkaline soils. Mostly free of serious diseases Pale blue to bluish-violet flowers from 3 – 4” wide flowers moderate to high Tolerates a pH range and pests. May through June. Radially symmetrical moisture. of 7.0 – 8.5. Spreads by stolons. Tolerates periodic Plant at 21,000 seeds/pound and flooding. 20-30 PLS pounds/acre. Needs at least May be poisonous to livestock. 24” of annual precipitation. Rydberg’s Penstemon Full sun Drought tolerant. Grows best in Cover. Moderate fire tolerance, low fire Hardy perennial. Moderately fast Penstemon rydbergii to partial Prefers areas with moderately fine to Flowers produce resistance. growing. Moderate life span. 16” shade. low to moderate medium textured, nectar that attracts Needs 130 frost-free days/year. Grows from mid to high elevations. Intolerant moisture. well-drained soils. hummingbirds, Avoid using insecticides on or Purple flowers from June into August. ½ – ¾” long flowers of full Needs at least Tolerates a pH range butterflies, and bees. near this plant. Ideal for cuttings and bouquets. Elongated cluster shade. 15” of annual of 6.0 – 8.0. Mostly free of serious diseases One of more than 40 penstemon precipitation. and pests. species in WY. Plant at 850,000 seeds/pound and 1-2 PLS pounds/acre.

66 ~ Soil texture range: fine, moderately fine, medium textured, moderately coarse, coarse. ~ Soil pH: neutral soil pH = 7, acidic soil pH < 7, alkaline (saline) soil pH > 7. ~ Foliage = twigs, buds, and/or leaves or needles. ~ Fire tolerance = a plant’s ability to re-sprout, re-grow, or re-establish from residual seed after a fire. Fire resistance = a plant’s ability to resist burning through adaptations like th ick bark, a high leaf crown, or high water content. (From: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Plants Database, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) ~ Riparian areas = the plant zones adjacent to and influenced by the available water in rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, and other waterways. ~ Rhizomes = horizontal, underground, root-like stems. Stolons = stems that grow along the soil surface and then root. Tillers = above-ground stems that branch from stems at or below the soil surface. ~ Seeding rate: PLS = pure live seed (seed purity x germination rate / 100 = PLS % for each seed lot), and is a way to standardize seed quality. (From: Granite Seed Company, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) Table 1. Selected native plants ideal for wildscaping in Wyoming.

Common Name (Alternate) Scientific Name Moisture Sunlight Stress, Disease, and Pest Maximum Height Preferences Soil Information Wildlife Value Additional Remarks Conditions Information Maximum Width and Tolerances Growth Form and Density Sego Lily (Mariposa Lily) Full sun Excellent drought Grows best in well- Cover. Mostly free of serious diseases Perennial. Calochortus nuttallii to partial tolerance. drained soils. Bulbs provide food for and pests. Grows from low to high elevations. 4 – 12” shade. Prefers areas with Tolerates gravelly small mammals. White flowers from June through July. low moisture. soils. One of 3 Calochortus species in WY. 1 – 2” wide flowers Radially symmetrical Showy Daisy (Fleabane) Full sun Moderate drought Grows best in Cover. Avoid using insecticides on or Perennial. Erigeron speciosus to partial tolerance. medium textured to Flowers produce nectar near this plant. Grows from mid to high elevations. 12 – 36” shade. Prefers areas with moderately coarse, that attracts butterflies Mostly free of serious diseases White or pinkish-lavender flowers 24” moderate well-drained, sandy and bees. and pests. from June through August. 2” wide flowers moisture. soils. Not attractive to deer. One of 44 daisy species in WY. Daisy-like Plant at 1,600,000 seeds/pound and 1 PLS pound/acre. Showy Larkspur Full sun Drought tolerant. Grows best in rich, Cover. Avoid using insecticides on or Perennial. Delphinium bicolor to partial Prefers areas with medium textured, Flowers produce near this plant. Grows up to 11,600 feet in elevation. 4 – 15” shade. low to moderate well-drained soils. nectar that attracts Mostly free of serious diseases Purple flowers in early spring. moisture. hummingbirds, and pests. Ideal for disturbed sites. 1” wide flowers butterflies, and bees. Plant in late spring as soon as the Elongated cluster Foliage provides forage ground can be worked. for deer, elk, and One of 9 larkspur species in WY. pronghorn. Poisonous to livestock. Native to all but northeastern to south-central WY.

67 ~ Soil texture range: fine, moderately fine, medium textured, moderately coarse, coarse. ~ Soil pH: neutral soil pH = 7, acidic soil pH < 7, alkaline (saline) soil pH > 7. ~ Foliage = twigs, buds, and/or leaves or needles. ~ Fire tolerance = a plant’s ability to re-sprout, re-grow, or re-establish from residual seed after a fire. Fire resistance = a plant’s ability to resist burning through adaptations like th ick bark, a high leaf crown, or high water content. (From: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Plants Database, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) ~ Riparian areas = the plant zones adjacent to and influenced by the available water in rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, and other waterways. ~ Rhizomes = horizontal, underground, root-like stems. Stolons = stems that grow along the soil surface and then root. Tillers = above-ground stems that branch from stems at or below the soil surface. ~ Seeding rate: PLS = pure live seed (seed purity x germination rate / 100 = PLS % for each seed lot), and is a way to standardize seed quality. (From: Granite Seed Company, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) Table 1. Selected native plants ideal for wildscaping in Wyoming.

Common Name (Alternate) Scientific Name Moisture Sunlight Stress, Disease, and Pest Maximum Height Preferences Soil Information Wildlife Value Additional Remarks Conditions Information Maximum Width and Tolerances Growth Form and Density Showy Milkweed Full sun Drought tolerant. Grows in a variety of Cover. High fire tolerance, low fire Hardy perennial. Moderately fast Asclepias speciosa to partial Needs at least well-drained, acidic Attracts insects favored resistance. growing. Long-lived. 36” shade. 16” of annual soils. by birds. Needs 90 frost-free days/year. Grows from low to high elevations. Intolerant precipitation. Tolerates a pH range Flowers produce Avoid using insecticides on or Pink flowers from June through July. 1” wide flowers of full of 5.0 – 7.0. nectar that attracts near this plant. Ideal for disturbed sites. Rounded cluster shade. butterflies and bees. Mostly free of serious diseases Seeds have attractive feathery tails. Foliage provides food and pests. One of 13 milkweed species in WY. for butterfly caterpillars. Main food for monarch butterflies. Silvery Lupine Full sun Excellent drought Grows in a variety of Cover. Low fire tolerance and Hardy perennial legume (“fixes” Lupinus argenteus to partial tolerance. well-drained soils. Seeds provide food. resistance. nitrogen in the soil). Fast growing. 20 – 30” shade. Prefers areas with Tolerates a pH range Flowers produce nectar Needs 180 frost-free days/year. Short-lived. Intolerant low moisture. of 7.0 – 8.0. that attracts butterflies. Avoid using insecticides on or Grows from low to high elevations. ½” long flowers of full Needs at least Stores nitrogen. near this plant. Blue or lavender flowers from June Elongated cluster shade. 10” of annual Mostly free of serious diseases through August. precipitation. and pests. One of 7 lupine species in WY. Poisonous to livestock. Skyrocket (Trumpet Flower, Full sun Excellent drought Grows best in medium Cover. Avoid using insecticides on or Perennial. Scarlet Gilia) to partial tolerance. textured to coarse, Flowers produce near this plant. Grows from low to high elevations. Ipomopsis aggregata shade. Prefers dry areas. well-drained soils. nectar that attracts Mostly free of serious diseases Bright red flowers from June into 6 – 24” Tolerates rocky soils. hummingbirds. and pests. August. 18” One of 7 Ipomopsis species in WY. ¾ – 1¼” long flowers Elongated cluster Spreading Fleabane Full sun. Excellent drought Grows best in medium Cover. Avoid using insecticides on or Perennial. Erigeron divergens tolerance. textured to Flowers produce near this plant. Grows from low to mid elevations. 4 – 28” moderately coarse, nectar that attracts Mostly free of serious diseases White, pink, or lavender flowers from well-drained soils. butterflies and bees. and pests. May into September. 1” wide flowers Tolerates sandy soils. One of 44 daisy species in WY. Daisy-like 68 ~ Soil texture range: fine, moderately fine, medium textured, moderately coarse, coarse. ~ Soil pH: neutral soil pH = 7, acidic soil pH < 7, alkaline (saline) soil pH > 7. ~ Foliage = twigs, buds, and/or leaves or needles. ~ Fire tolerance = a plant’s ability to re-sprout, re-grow, or re-establish from residual seed after a fire. Fire resistance = a plant’s ability to resist burning through adaptations like th ick bark, a high leaf crown, or high water content. (From: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Plants Database, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) ~ Riparian areas = the plant zones adjacent to and influenced by the available water in rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, and other waterways. ~ Rhizomes = horizontal, underground, root-like stems. Stolons = stems that grow along the soil surface and then root. Tillers = above-ground stems that branch from stems at or below the soil surface. ~ Seeding rate: PLS = pure live seed (seed purity x germination rate / 100 = PLS % for each seed lot), and is a way to standardize seed quality. (From: Granite Seed Company, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) Table 1. Selected native plants ideal for wildscaping in Wyoming.

Common Name (Alternate) Scientific Name Moisture Sunlight Stress, Disease, and Pest Maximum Height Preferences Soil Information Wildlife Value Additional Remarks Conditions Information Maximum Width and Tolerances Growth Form and Density Spreading Phlox Full sun to Drought tolerant. Grows best in medium Cover. Moderate fire tolerance, low fire Hardy perennial. Slow growing. Phlox diffusa full shade. Needs at least textured to Flowers produce resistance. Moderate life span. 6” 20” of annual moderately coarse, nectar that attracts Needs 120 frost-free days/year. Grows from low to high elevations. precipitation. well-drained soils. hummingbirds, Avoid using insecticides on or Purple flowers from May through 1” wide flowers Tolerates a pH range butterflies, and bees. near this plant. August. Radially symmetrical of 6.5 – 8.5. Mostly free of serious diseases Spreads by stolons. and pests. Ideal for cuttings and bouquets. One of 12 phlox species in WY. Sticky Geranium Full sun Drought tolerant. Grows best in medium Cover. Moderate fire tolerance, low fire Hardy perennial. Fast growing. Geranium viscosissimum to partial Prefers areas with textured, well-drained Seeds provide food. resistance. Moderate life span. 15 – 30” shade. low to moderate soils. Foliage provides Needs 140 frost-free days/year. Grows from low to high elevations. moisture. Tolerates a pH range browse for deer, Mostly free of serious diseases Pinkish-lavender flowers from June ¾” wide flowers Needs at least of 7.0 – 8.0. elk, and moose. and pests. into August. Radially symmetrical 12” of annual One of 7 geranium species in WY. precipitation. Plant at 52,000 seeds/pound and 6-12 PLS pounds/acre. Tall Pussytoes Full sun Drought tolerant. Grows best in medium Cover. Moderate fire tolerance, low fire Hardy perennial. Moderately fast Antennaria anaphaloides to partial Prefers areas with textured, well-drained Foliage provides resistance. growing. Short-lived. 4 – 10” shade. low to moderate soils. food for butterfly Needs 120 frost-free days/year. Grows from low to high elevations. moisture. Tolerates a pH range caterpillars. Avoid using insecticides on or Pink flowers from April into July. ¼” wide flowers Needs at least of 5.8 – 7.9. near this plant. Creeping stems form mats of leaves Rounded cluster 14” of annual Mostly free of serious diseases on the ground. precipitation. and pests. Ideal ground cover for dry sites. One of 18 or more pussytoes species in WY. Threadleaf Phacelia Full sun Excellent drought Grows best in well- Cover. Mostly free of serious diseases Annual. Phacelia linearis to partial tolerance. drained soils. and pests. Grows from low to mid elevations. 10” shade. Prefers areas with Pinkish-lavender flowers from April low moisture. through June. ¼ – ¾” wide flowers Ideal for disturbed sites. Radially symmetrical One of 18 Phacelia species in WY.

69 ~ Soil texture range: fine, moderately fine, medium textured, moderately coarse, coarse. ~ Soil pH: neutral soil pH = 7, acidic soil pH < 7, alkaline (saline) soil pH > 7. ~ Foliage = twigs, buds, and/or leaves or needles. ~ Fire tolerance = a plant’s ability to re-sprout, re-grow, or re-establish from residual seed after a fire. Fire resistance = a plant’s ability to resist burning through adaptations like th ick bark, a high leaf crown, or high water content. (From: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Plants Database, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) ~ Riparian areas = the plant zones adjacent to and influenced by the available water in rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, and other waterways. ~ Rhizomes = horizontal, underground, root-like stems. Stolons = stems that grow along the soil surface and then root. Tillers = above-ground stems that branch from stems at or below the soil surface. ~ Seeding rate: PLS = pure live seed (seed purity x germination rate / 100 = PLS % for each seed lot), and is a way to standardize seed quality. (From: Granite Seed Company, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) Table 1. Selected native plants ideal for wildscaping in Wyoming.

Common Name (Alternate) Scientific Name Moisture Sunlight Stress, Disease, and Pest Maximum Height Preferences Soil Information Wildlife Value Additional Remarks Conditions Information Maximum Width and Tolerances Growth Form and Density Western Monkshood Partial Prefers moist Grows in most soils Cover. Moderate fire tolerance, low fire Perennial. Moderately fast growing. Aconitum columbianum sun. areas, but is with adequate Flowers produce resistance. Moderate life span. 12 – 84” drought tolerant. moisture. nectar that attracts Needs 110 frost-free days/year. Grows from mid to high elevations. Needs at least Tolerates a pH range hummingbirds, Avoid using insecticides on or Bluish-violet flowers from July through 1” long flowers 12” of annual of 5.4 – 7.2. butterflies, and bees. near this plant. August. Elongated cluster precipitation. Mostly free of serious diseases Poisonous to humans and livestock. and pests. Western Yarrow Full sun Excellent drought Grows best in medium Cover. High fire tolerance, low fire Hardy perennial. Moderately fast Achillea millefolium to partial tolerance. textured, well-drained Seeds provide food. resistance. growing. Moderate life span. 12 – 40” shade. Prefers areas with soils. Flowers produce Needs 120 frost-free days/year. Grows up to 11,000 feet in elevation. low moisture. Tolerates poor soils nectar that attracts Avoid using insecticides on or White flowers from June through 2 – 5” wide flower clusters Needs at least and moist soils if they butterflies and bees. near this plant. September. Upright, rounded cluster 8” of annual are well-drained. Not attractive to deer. Mostly free of serious diseases Pungent, fern-like leaves. precipitation. Tolerates a pH range and pests. Spreads by rhizomes. of 6.0 – 8.0. Ideal for erosion control and disturbed sites. Plant at 2,770,000 seeds/pound and 1 PLS pound/acre. Native to all of WY. Whipple’s Penstemon Partial Moderate to poor Grows best in moist, Cover. High fire tolerance, low fire Hardy perennial. Fast growing. Short- Penstemon whippleanus shade. drought tolerance. medium textured to Flowers produce resistance. lived. 4 – 12” Prefers areas with moderately coarse nectar that attracts Needs 117 frost-free days/year. Grows up to 8,500 feet in elevation. 8” moderate soils. hummingbirds, Avoid using insecticides on or Deep purple flowers from July through 1 – 2½” long flowers moisture. Tolerates a pH range butterflies, and bees. near this plant. August. Elongated cluster Needs at least of 7.0 – 8.0. Mostly free of serious diseases One of more than 40 penstemon 13” of annual and pests. species in WY. precipitation.

70 ~ Soil texture range: fine, moderately fine, medium textured, moderately coarse, coarse. ~ Soil pH: neutral soil pH = 7, acidic soil pH < 7, alkaline (saline) soil pH > 7. ~ Foliage = twigs, buds, and/or leaves or needles. ~ Fire tolerance = a plant’s ability to re-sprout, re-grow, or re-establish from residual seed after a fire. Fire resistance = a plant’s ability to resist burning through adaptations like th ick bark, a high leaf crown, or high water content. (From: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Plants Database, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) ~ Riparian areas = the plant zones adjacent to and influenced by the available water in rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, and other waterways. ~ Rhizomes = horizontal, underground, root-like stems. Stolons = stems that grow along the soil surface and then root. Tillers = above-ground stems that branch from stems at or below the soil surface. ~ Seeding rate: PLS = pure live seed (seed purity x germination rate / 100 = PLS % for each seed lot), and is a way to standardize seed quality. (From: Granite Seed Company, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) Table 1. Selected native plants ideal for wildscaping in Wyoming.

Common Name (Alternate) Scientific Name Moisture Sunlight Stress, Disease, and Pest Maximum Height Preferences Soil Information Wildlife Value Additional Remarks Conditions Information Maximum Width and Tolerances Growth Form and Density Wild Mint Partial Poor drought Grows best in moist, Cover. Low fire tolerance, low fire Hardy perennial. Moderately fast Mentha arvensis shade. tolerance. moderately fine to Flowers produce resistance. growing. Short-lived. 8 – 32” Prefers areas with medium textured, nectar that attracts Needs 100 frost-free days/year. Pink or lavender flowers from July moderate acidic soils. hummingbirds, Avoid using insecticides on or through August. ¼” long flowers moisture. Tolerates a pH range butterflies, and bees. near this plant. Pleasant mint aroma. Rounded cluster Needs at least of 5.0 – 7.0. Not attractive to deer. Mostly free of serious diseases Edible leaves and oil. 20” of annual and pests. One of 2 mint species in WY. precipitation. Wood Lily Partial Moderate drought Grows best in rich, Cover. Avoid using insecticides on or Hardy perennial. (Rocky Mountain Lily) shade. tolerance. medium textured, Flowers produce near this plant. Grows from low to mid elevations. Lilium philadelphicum Prefers areas with well-drained, acidic nectar that attracts Mostly free of serious diseases Reddish-orange flowers from June 12 – 24” moderate soils. hummingbirds, and pests. through July. moisture. Tolerates a pH range butterflies, and bees. Native to the eastern half of WY. 2 – 2½” wide flowers of 4.0 – 6.0. Radially symmetrical Wyoming Paintbrush Full sun Excellent drought Grows best in well- Cover. Avoid using insecticides on or Perennial. Castilleja linariifolia to partial tolerance. drained soils. Flowers produce near this plant. Grows from low to mid elevations. 12 – 24” shade. Prefers areas with nectar that attracts Mostly free of serious diseases Bright red flowers from July into 12” low moisture. hummingbirds, and pests. August. 2 – 3” long flowers butterflies, and bees. Roots often connect with other plants, Elongated cluster especially sagebrush, making transplanting difficult. One of 15 or more paintbrush species in WY. Yellow Paintbrush Full sun Excellent drought Grows best in well- Cover. Avoid using insecticides on or Perennial. Castilleja flava to partial tolerance. drained soils. Flowers produce near this plant. Grows from low to mid elevations. 6 – 15” shade. Prefers areas with nectar that attracts Mostly free of serious diseases Bright yellow flowers from June into low moisture. hummingbirds, and pests. August. 1 – 1¼” long flowers butterflies, and bees. Roots often connect with other plants, Elongated cluster making transplanting difficult. One of 15 or more paintbrush species in WY. 71 ~ Soil texture range: fine, moderately fine, medium textured, moderately coarse, coarse. ~ Soil pH: neutral soil pH = 7, acidic soil pH < 7, alkaline (saline) soil pH > 7. ~ Foliage = twigs, buds, and/or leaves or needles. ~ Fire tolerance = a plant’s ability to re-sprout, re-grow, or re-establish from residual seed after a fire. Fire resistance = a plant’s ability to resist burning through adaptations like th ick bark, a high leaf crown, or high water content. (From: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Plants Database, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) ~ Riparian areas = the plant zones adjacent to and influenced by the available water in rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, and other waterways. ~ Rhizomes = horizontal, underground, root-like stems. Stolons = stems that grow along the soil surface and then root. Tillers = above-ground stems that branch from stems at or below the soil surface. ~ Seeding rate: PLS = pure live seed (seed purity x germination rate / 100 = PLS % for each seed lot), and is a way to standardize seed quality. (From: Granite Seed Company, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) Table 1. Selected native plants ideal for wildscaping in Wyoming.

Common Name (Alternate) Scientific Name Moisture Sunlight Stress, Disease, and Pest Maximum Height Preferences Soil Information Wildlife Value Additional Remarks Conditions Information Maximum Width and Tolerances Growth Form and Density Grasses and Grass-like Plants Alkali Sacaton Full sun Drought tolerant. Grows best in deep, Cover. Moderate fire tolerance, low fire Hardy, densely tufted perennial with Sporobolus airoides to partial Tolerates both dry moist, fine to medium Seeds and foliage resistance. extensive, fibrous roots. Moderately 20 – 40” shade. and moist areas. textured, alkaline provide food. Needs 150 frost-free days/year. fast growing. Moderate life span. Intolerant Needs at least soils. Good summer forage in Mostly free of serious diseases Grows from low to mid elevations. Warm season bunchgrass of full 5” of annual Tolerates a pH range dry areas. and pests. Spreads by tillers. shade. precipitation. of 6.5 – 9.0. Palatable to livestock. Ideal for binding soil. Plant in late summer at 1,758,000 seeds/pound and 2-3 PLS pounds/ acre. Native to all of WY. Alpine Bluegrass Full sun Moderate drought Grows best in Cover. High fire tolerance, moderate Hardy perennial. Moderately fast Poa alpina to partial tolerance. medium textured to Seeds and foliage fire resistance. growing. Long-lived. 12 – 20” shade. Needs at least moderately coarse, provide food. Needs 120 frost-free days/year. Grows at high elevations. 24” of annual acidic soils. Mostly free of serious diseases Leaves form a dense mat. Cool season bunchgrass precipitation. Tolerates a pH range and pests. Ideal for rangeland improvement. of 5.0 – 7.2. Plant in spring or autumn at 1,000,000 seeds/pound and 1-2 PLS pounds/ acre. Native to the western half of WY. Alpine Timothy Full sun Moderate to poor Grows best in moist, Cover. High fire tolerance, low fire Hardy perennial. Slow growing. Phleum alpinum to partial drought tolerance. fine to medium Seeds and foliage resistance. Moderate life span. 18” shade. Prefers moist or textured, acidic soils. provide food. Needs 90 frost-free days/year. Grows at high elevations. wet areas. Tolerates a pH range Good summer forage Mostly free of serious diseases Ideal for moist meadows. Cool season, sod-forming Needs at least of 5.0 – 7.5. for elk. and pests. Plant in spring or autumn at 1,300,000 bunchgrass 16” of annual seeds/pound and 1-2 PLS pounds/ precipitation. acre. Native to the western half of WY.

72 ~ Soil texture range: fine, moderately fine, medium textured, moderately coarse, coarse. ~ Soil pH: neutral soil pH = 7, acidic soil pH < 7, alkaline (saline) soil pH > 7. ~ Foliage = twigs, buds, and/or leaves or needles. ~ Fire tolerance = a plant’s ability to re-sprout, re-grow, or re-establish from residual seed after a fire. Fire resistance = a plant’s ability to resist burning through adaptations like th ick bark, a high leaf crown, or high water content. (From: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Plants Database, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) ~ Riparian areas = the plant zones adjacent to and influenced by the available water in rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, and other waterways. ~ Rhizomes = horizontal, underground, root-like stems. Stolons = stems that grow along the soil surface and then root. Tillers = above-ground stems that branch from stems at or below the soil surface. ~ Seeding rate: PLS = pure live seed (seed purity x germination rate / 100 = PLS % for each seed lot), and is a way to standardize seed quality. (From: Granite Seed Company, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) Table 1. Selected native plants ideal for wildscaping in Wyoming.

Common Name (Alternate) Scientific Name Moisture Sunlight Stress, Disease, and Pest Maximum Height Preferences Soil Information Wildlife Value Additional Remarks Conditions Information Maximum Width and Tolerances Growth Form and Density American Mannagrass Full sun to Poor drought Grows best in Cover. Mostly free of serious diseases Perennial. Glyceria grandis full shade. tolerance. moderately fine, Seeds and foliage and pests. Spreads by rhizomes. 36” Prefers wet areas. poorly-drained, provide food. Ideal for wet meadows and alkaline Tolerates periodic alkaline soils. basins. Cool season sodgrass flooding. Plant at 1,280,000 seeds/pound and 1-2 PLS pounds/acre. American Sloughgrass Full sun Poor drought Grows best in Cover. High fire tolerance, low fire Hardy annual. Moderately fast Beckmannia syzigachne to partial tolerance. moderately fine to Seeds and foliage resistance. growing. Moderate life span. 36” shade. Prefers wet areas. medium textured, provide food. Needs 100 frost-free days/year. Ideal for wetlands, wet meadows, and Needs at least poorly-drained soils. Mostly free of serious diseases riparian areas. Cool season sodgrass 30” of annual Tolerates a pH range and pests. Plant in spring or autumn at 1,150,000 precipitation. of 5.5 – 7.5. seeds/pound and 3-5 PLS pounds/ acre. Native to the eastern 1/3 of WY. Arrowgrass Full sun to Poor drought Grows best in moist, Cover. Mostly free of serious diseases Perennial. Triglochin maritime full shade. tolerance. moderately fine, Seeds and foliage and pests. Grows from low to mid elevations. 24” Prefers moist or alkaline soils. provide food. Ideal for moist meadows and alkaline wet areas. basins. Cool season, grass-like Plant in spring or autumn at 469,000 sod-former seeds/pound and 5 PLS pounds/acre. Poisonous to livestock. Baltic Rush Full sun Poor drought Grows best in fine to Cover and nesting sites. Low fire tolerance and Hardy perennial. Fast growing. Juncus balticus to partial tolerance. moderately coarse, Seeds and foliage resistance. Long-lived. 36 – 48” shade. Prefers wet areas. poorly-drained soils. provide food. Needs 90 frost-free days/year. Grows from mid to high elevations. Intolerant Tolerates a pH range Good forage for elk. Mostly free of serious diseases Spreads by well-developed rhizomes. Cool season, grass-like of full of 6.0 – 9.0. Palatable to livestock. and pests. Ideal for wetlands, wet meadows, sod-former shade. marshes, and riparian areas. Plant in spring or autumn at 10,900,000 seeds/pound and 1-2 PLS pounds/acre. Native to all of WY.

73 ~ Soil texture range: fine, moderately fine, medium textured, moderately coarse, coarse. ~ Soil pH: neutral soil pH = 7, acidic soil pH < 7, alkaline (saline) soil pH > 7. ~ Foliage = twigs, buds, and/or leaves or needles. ~ Fire tolerance = a plant’s ability to re-sprout, re-grow, or re-establish from residual seed after a fire. Fire resistance = a plant’s ability to resist burning through adaptations like th ick bark, a high leaf crown, or high water content. (From: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Plants Database, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) ~ Riparian areas = the plant zones adjacent to and influenced by the available water in rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, and other waterways. ~ Rhizomes = horizontal, underground, root-like stems. Stolons = stems that grow along the soil surface and then root. Tillers = above-ground stems that branch from stems at or below the soil surface. ~ Seeding rate: PLS = pure live seed (seed purity x germination rate / 100 = PLS % for each seed lot), and is a way to standardize seed quality. (From: Granite Seed Company, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) Table 1. Selected native plants ideal for wildscaping in Wyoming.

Common Name (Alternate) Scientific Name Moisture Sunlight Stress, Disease, and Pest Maximum Height Preferences Soil Information Wildlife Value Additional Remarks Conditions Information Maximum Width and Tolerances Growth Form and Density Basin Wildrye Full sun Drought tolerant. Grows in most soils, Cover. High fire tolerance, low fire Hardy perennial. Moderately fast Leymus cinereus to partial Tolerates periodic but prefers well- Seeds and foliage resistance. growing. Long-lived. Formerly Elymus cinereus shade. flooding and sub- drained soils. provide food. Needs 100 frost-free days/year. Grows up to 6,800 feet in elevation. 60” Intolerant irrigated areas. Tolerates poor soils. Good winter forage for Mostly free of serious diseases Spreads by short rhizomes. 24 – 48” of full Needs at least Tolerates a pH range deer and elk. and pests. Ideal for binding soil and as an Cool season bunchgrass shade. 8” of annual of 5.6 – 9.0. Palatable to livestock. Possible pests: wheat stem ornamental grass. precipitation. Intolerant of heavy or sawfly. Flowers from early to mid summer. repeated grazing. Yellow or tan autumn color. Plant in spring or autumn at 130,000 seeds/pound and 6-11 PLS pounds/ acre. Native to all of WY. Beardless Bluebunch Full sun Excellent drought Grows in most soils, Cover. Low fire tolerance and Hardy perennial. Moderately fast Wheatgrass to partial tolerance. but prefers medium Seeds and foliage resistance. growing. Moderate life span. Pseudoroegneria spicata shade. Intolerant of textured, well-drained provide food. Needs 90 frost-free days/year. Ideal for rangeland improvement and inermis Intolerant seasonal flooding soils. Good year-round Mostly free of serious diseases as an ornamental grass. Formerly Agropyron inerme of full and high water Intolerant of poorly- forage for deer and elk. and pests. Yellow autumn color. 24 – 30” shade. tables. drained soils. Palatable to livestock. Plant in spring or autumn at 117,000 Needs at least Tolerates a pH range seeds/pound and 6-12 PLS pounds/ Cool season sodgrass 10” of annual of 6.4 – 8.4. acre. precipitation. Native to all but southeastern WY. Beardless Wildrye Full sun Prefers moist Grows in a variety of Cover. High fire tolerance, low fire Hardy perennial with extensive roots. Leymus triticoides to partial areas, but is moist soils. Seeds and foliage resistance. Fast growing. Long-lived. Formerly Elymus triticoides shade. drought tolerant. Tolerates a pH range provide food. Needs 150 frost-free days/year. Ideal for rangeland improvement and 36” Intolerant Needs at least of 6.0 – 9.0. Mostly free of serious diseases riparian areas. of full 7” of annual and pests. Plant in spring or autumn at 51,000 Cool season sodgrass shade. precipitation. seeds/pound and 15-20 PLS pounds/ acre.

74 ~ Soil texture range: fine, moderately fine, medium textured, moderately coarse, coarse. ~ Soil pH: neutral soil pH = 7, acidic soil pH < 7, alkaline (saline) soil pH > 7. ~ Foliage = twigs, buds, and/or leaves or needles. ~ Fire tolerance = a plant’s ability to re-sprout, re-grow, or re-establish from residual seed after a fire. Fire resistance = a plant’s ability to resist burning through adaptations like th ick bark, a high leaf crown, or high water content. (From: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Plants Database, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) ~ Riparian areas = the plant zones adjacent to and influenced by the available water in rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, and other waterways. ~ Rhizomes = horizontal, underground, root-like stems. Stolons = stems that grow along the soil surface and then root. Tillers = above-ground stems that branch from stems at or below the soil surface. ~ Seeding rate: PLS = pure live seed (seed purity x germination rate / 100 = PLS % for each seed lot), and is a way to standardize seed quality. (From: Granite Seed Company, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) Table 1. Selected native plants ideal for wildscaping in Wyoming.

Common Name (Alternate) Scientific Name Moisture Sunlight Stress, Disease, and Pest Maximum Height Preferences Soil Information Wildlife Value Additional Remarks Conditions Information Maximum Width and Tolerances Growth Form and Density Bebb’s Sedge Full sun Poor drought Grows best in Cover. High fire tolerance, low fire Hardy, tufted, bunchy perennial. Carex bebbii to partial tolerance. moderately fine to Seeds and foliage resistance. Moderately fast growing. Long-lived. 24 – 36” shade. Prefers wet areas. medium textured, provide food. Needs 80 frost-free days/year. Grows from low to mid elevations. Needs at least poorly-drained, acidic Mostly free of serious diseases Ideal for wetlands, wet meadows, Cool season, grass-like 14” of annual soils. and pests. marshes, and riparian areas. precipitation. Tolerates a pH range Plant in spring or autumn at 1,402,000 of 4.6 – 7.0. seeds/ pound and 2 PLS pounds/acre. Native to all but extreme southeastern WY. Big Bluestem Full sun Drought tolerant. Grows in most soils, Cover (including High fire tolerance, low fire Hardy perennial. Moderately fast Andropogon gerardii to partial Tolerates periodic but prefers winter). resistance. growing. Long-lived. 48 – 72” shade. flooding and high moderately fine to Seeds and foliage Needs 155 frost-free days/year. Grows up to 9,000 feet in elevation. 24 – 36” Intolerant water tables. medium textured, provide food. Avoid using insecticides on or Spreads by rhizomes. Warm season bunchgrass of full Needs at least well-drained soils. Attracts insects favored near this plant. Ideal for erosion control, rangeland shade. 12” of annual Tolerates a pH range by birds. Mostly free of serious diseases improvement, and as an ornamental precipitation. of 6.0 – 7.5. and pests. grass. Flowers from July into September. Reddish-purple autumn color. Plant in summer at 130,000 seeds/ pound and 6-11 PLS pounds/acre, or by dividing and replanting root clumps. Native to all but the western 1/5 of WY. Big Squirreltail Full sun Excellent drought Grows best in Cover. Moderate fire tolerance, low fire Hardy perennial. Moderately fast Elymus multisetus to partial tolerance. moderately coarse to Seeds and foliage resistance. growing. Long-lived. Also known as Sitanion shade. coarse, well-drained provide food. Mostly free of serious diseases Ideal for stabilizing soil. jubatum Intolerant soils. Fair spring forage for and pests. Plant in spring or autumn at 220,000 24” of full deer and elk. seeds/pound and 6-10 PLS pounds/ shade. acre. Cool season bunchgrass Native to the western half of WY.

75 ~ Soil texture range: fine, moderately fine, medium textured, moderately coarse, coarse. ~ Soil pH: neutral soil pH = 7, acidic soil pH < 7, alkaline (saline) soil pH > 7. ~ Foliage = twigs, buds, and/or leaves or needles. ~ Fire tolerance = a plant’s ability to re-sprout, re-grow, or re-establish from residual seed after a fire. Fire resistance = a plant’s ability to resist burning through adaptations like th ick bark, a high leaf crown, or high water content. (From: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Plants Database, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) ~ Riparian areas = the plant zones adjacent to and influenced by the available water in rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, and other waterways. ~ Rhizomes = horizontal, underground, root-like stems. Stolons = stems that grow along the soil surface and then root. Tillers = above-ground stems that branch from stems at or below the soil surface. ~ Seeding rate: PLS = pure live seed (seed purity x germination rate / 100 = PLS % for each seed lot), and is a way to standardize seed quality. (From: Granite Seed Company, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) Table 1. Selected native plants ideal for wildscaping in Wyoming.

Common Name (Alternate) Scientific Name Moisture Sunlight Stress, Disease, and Pest Maximum Height Preferences Soil Information Wildlife Value Additional Remarks Conditions Information Maximum Width and Tolerances Growth Form and Density Bluebunch Wheatgrass Full sun Excellent drought Grows in most soils, Cover. High fire tolerance, low fire Hardy perennial. Long-lived. Pseudoroegneria spicata to partial tolerance. but prefers Seeds and foliage resistance. Grows from low to high elevations. Formerly Agropyron spicatum shade. Needs at least moderately fine to provide food. Mostly free of serious diseases Spreads by tillers. 12 – 24” 6” of annual medium textured, Good forage for deer and pests. Ideal for dry sites. precipitation. well-drained soils. and elk. Pale yellow autumn color. Cool season bunchgrass Tolerates thin, non- Palatable to livestock. Plant in spring or autumn at 140,000 productive soils. Intolerant of heavy seeds/pound and 10-14 PLS pounds/ Intolerant of alkaline grazing. acre. soils. Native to all but southeastern WY. Blue Grama Full sun. Excellent drought Grows best in Cover. Moderate fire tolerance, low fire Hardy, densely tufted perennial. Bouteloua gracilis Intolerant tolerance. moderately fine to Seeds and foliage resistance. Moderately slow growing. Moderate 6 – 12” of full Prefers dry areas. medium textured, provide food. Needs 130 frost-free days/year. life span. shade. Tolerates moist well-drained soils. Good winter forage for Mostly free of serious diseases Grows up to 6,500 feet in elevation. Warm season, sod-forming areas. Tolerates poor soils. elk. and pests. Spreads by tillers. bunchgrass Needs at least Intolerant of sandy Highly palatable to Ideal as a turfgrass for lawns. 7” of annual soils and heavy clay livestock. Low maintenance. precipitation. soils. Nutritious year-round. Establishes slowly. Tolerates a pH range Very resistant to Plant in summer at 825,000 seeds/ of 6.8 – 8.4. grazing. pound and 2-3 PLS pounds/acre or 1 PLS/1,000 square feet. Native to all but the extreme northwestern corner of WY. Bluejoint Reedgrass Full sun Moderate drought Grows best in Cover. Mostly free of serious diseases Hardy perennial. Long-lived. Calamagrostis canadensis to full tolerance once moderately fine to Seeds and foliage and pests. Grows from low to high elevations. 24 – 48” shade. established. medium textured, provide food. Spreads by rhizomes. Prefers wet or poorly-drained soils. Palatable to livestock Ideal for moist, shady sites. Cool season sodgrass moist areas. Tolerates acidic soils. when young. Plant in spring or autumn at 2,270,000 Intolerant of heavy seeds/pound and 2-4 PLS pounds/ grazing. acre.

76 ~ Soil texture range: fine, moderately fine, medium textured, moderately coarse, coarse. ~ Soil pH: neutral soil pH = 7, acidic soil pH < 7, alkaline (saline) soil pH > 7. ~ Foliage = twigs, buds, and/or leaves or needles. ~ Fire tolerance = a plant’s ability to re-sprout, re-grow, or re-establish from residual seed after a fire. Fire resistance = a plant’s ability to resist burning through adaptations like th ick bark, a high leaf crown, or high water content. (From: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Plants Database, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) ~ Riparian areas = the plant zones adjacent to and influenced by the available water in rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, and other waterways. ~ Rhizomes = horizontal, underground, root-like stems. Stolons = stems that grow along the soil surface and then root. Tillers = above-ground stems that branch from stems at or below the soil surface. ~ Seeding rate: PLS = pure live seed (seed purity x germination rate / 100 = PLS % for each seed lot), and is a way to standardize seed quality. (From: Granite Seed Company, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) Table 1. Selected native plants ideal for wildscaping in Wyoming.

Common Name (Alternate) Scientific Name Moisture Sunlight Stress, Disease, and Pest Maximum Height Preferences Soil Information Wildlife Value Additional Remarks Conditions Information Maximum Width and Tolerances Growth Form and Density Blue Wildrye Full sun Drought tolerant. Grows in most soils, Cover. High fire tolerance, low fire Hardy, tufted perennial. Fast growing. Elymus glaucus to partial Needs at least but prefers medium Seeds and foliage resistance. Moderate life span. 25 – 40” shade. 16” of annual textured to provide food. Needs 110 frost-free days/year. Grows from mid to high elevations. precipitation. moderately coarse, Palatable to livestock. Mostly free of serious diseases Ideal for stabilizing soil and erosion Cool season bunchgrass well-drained soils. Intolerant of heavy or and pests. control. Tolerates a pH range continuous grazing. Attractive blue-green foliage. of 5.8 – 8.5. Plant in spring or autumn at 110,000 seeds/pound and 12 PLS pounds/acre. Bottlebrush Squirreltail Full sun. Excellent drought Grows in both deep Cover. Moderate fire tolerance, low fire Hardy perennial. Moderately fast Elymus elymoides Intolerant tolerance. and shallow, Seeds and foliage resistance. growing. Long-lived. Formerly Sitanion hystrix of full Prefers dry areas. moderately fine to provide food. Needs 90 frost-free days/year. Grows up to 9,500 feet in elevation. 18” shade. Needs at least medium textured, Good winter forage. Mostly free of serious diseases Establishes quickly and easily, but is 5” of annual well-drained soils. Palatable to livestock. and pests. not overly aggressive. Cool season bunchgrass precipitation. Tolerates a pH range Ideal for disturbed sites and stabilizing of 6.0 – 8.4. soil. Plant in autumn at 192,000 seeds/ pound and 7-12 PLS pounds/acre. Native to all of WY. Broadleaf Cattail Full sun. Poor drought Grows best in fine to Cover and nesting sites. High fire tolerance, low fire Hardy perennial. Fast growing. Typha latifolia Tolerates tolerance. moderately coarse, Seeds provide food. resistance. Moderate life span. 60” some Prefers wet areas. poorly-drained soils. Needs 100 frost-free days/year. Grows from low to high elevations. shade. Needs at least Tolerates a pH range Mostly free of serious diseases Spreads by well-developed rhizomes. Cool season, grass-like 60” of annual of 5.5 – 7.5. and pests. May become aggressive on preferred precipitation. sites. Ideal for marshes and wetlands. Plant in spring to summer or in autumn at 10,000,000 seeds/pound and 1 PLS pound/acre.

77 ~ Soil texture range: fine, moderately fine, medium textured, moderately coarse, coarse. ~ Soil pH: neutral soil pH = 7, acidic soil pH < 7, alkaline (saline) soil pH > 7. ~ Foliage = twigs, buds, and/or leaves or needles. ~ Fire tolerance = a plant’s ability to re-sprout, re-grow, or re-establish from residual seed after a fire. Fire resistance = a plant’s ability to resist burning through adaptations like th ick bark, a high leaf crown, or high water content. (From: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Plants Database, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) ~ Riparian areas = the plant zones adjacent to and influenced by the available water in rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, and other waterways. ~ Rhizomes = horizontal, underground, root-like stems. Stolons = stems that grow along the soil surface and then root. Tillers = above-ground stems that branch from stems at or below the soil surface. ~ Seeding rate: PLS = pure live seed (seed purity x germination rate / 100 = PLS % for each seed lot), and is a way to standardize seed quality. (From: Granite Seed Company, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) Table 1. Selected native plants ideal for wildscaping in Wyoming.

Common Name (Alternate) Scientific Name Moisture Sunlight Stress, Disease, and Pest Maximum Height Preferences Soil Information Wildlife Value Additional Remarks Conditions Information Maximum Width and Tolerances Growth Form and Density Buffalograss Full sun Excellent drought Grows best in Cover. High fire tolerance, low fire Hardy perennial. Moderately fast Buchloe dactyloides to partial tolerance. moderately fine to Seeds and foliage resistance. growing. Long-lived. 6” shade. Prefers dry areas. medium textured, provide food. Needs 150 frost-free days/year. Grows up to 6,500 feet in elevation. Intolerant Tolerates moist well-drained soils. Good forage for To minimize stress and control Spreads by rhizomes. Warm season sodgrass of full areas. Tolerates heavy or pronghorn. weeds, avoid frequent watering, Establishes slowly unless treated with shade. Needs at least compacted soils. Highly palatable to short mowing, and over- potassium nitrate. Requires 6 7” of annual Intolerant of sandy livestock. fertilizing. Ideal for stabilizing soil and as a to 8 hours precipitation. soils. Very resistant to If needed, control broadleaf turfgrass for lawns. of direct Tolerates a pH range grazing. weeds in the autumn. Very low maintenance; withstands sunlight of 6.5 – 8.0. Mow at 2½-3 inches for lawns, heavy use and requires little mowing per day. or taller for low maintenance and watering. and natural areas. Best results are achieved with grass If needed, fertilize lawns at 1-1½ plugs. pounds of nitrogen/1,000 Plant in spring at 56,000 seeds/pound square feet; less on low and 8-16 PLS pounds/acre or 2-3 PLS maintenance and natural areas. pounds/1,000 square feet. Mostly free of serious diseases Native to all but northwestern to and pests. south-central WY. Canada Wildrye Full sun Moderate drought Grows best in moist or Cover. Low fire tolerance and Hardy perennial. Fast growing. Elymus canadensis to partial tolerance. periodically moist, Seeds and foliage resistance. Short-lived. 36” shade. Needs at least moderately fine to provide food. Needs 90 frost-free days/year. Establishes easily. 20” of annual moderately coarse, Good spring forage Mostly free of serious diseases Ideal for disturbed sites, stabilizing Cool season bunchgrass precipitation. well-drained soils. for elk. and pests. soil, and providing quick initial cover. Tolerates a pH range Palatable to livestock Possible diseases: black Plant in spring or autumn at 115,000 of 5.0 – 7.9. until seeds mature. sclerotia of ergot, especially in seeds/pound and 11-15 PLS pounds/ Intolerant of moderate wet years. acre. to heavy grazing. Native to all of WY.

78 ~ Soil texture range: fine, moderately fine, medium textured, moderately coarse, coarse. ~ Soil pH: neutral soil pH = 7, acidic soil pH < 7, alkaline (saline) soil pH > 7. ~ Foliage = twigs, buds, and/or leaves or needles. ~ Fire tolerance = a plant’s ability to re-sprout, re-grow, or re-establish from residual seed after a fire. Fire resistance = a plant’s ability to resist burning through adaptations like th ick bark, a high leaf crown, or high water content. (From: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Plants Database, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) ~ Riparian areas = the plant zones adjacent to and influenced by the available water in rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, and other waterways. ~ Rhizomes = horizontal, underground, root-like stems. Stolons = stems that grow along the soil surface and then root. Tillers = above-ground stems that branch from stems at or below the soil surface. ~ Seeding rate: PLS = pure live seed (seed purity x germination rate / 100 = PLS % for each seed lot), and is a way to standardize seed quality. (From: Granite Seed Company, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) Table 1. Selected native plants ideal for wildscaping in Wyoming.

Common Name (Alternate) Scientific Name Moisture Sunlight Stress, Disease, and Pest Maximum Height Preferences Soil Information Wildlife Value Additional Remarks Conditions Information Maximum Width and Tolerances Growth Form and Density Columbia Needlegrass Full sun Excellent drought Grows best in medium Cover. Mostly free of serious diseases Hardy perennial. Achnatherum nelsonii to partial tolerance. textured, well-drained Seeds and foliage and pests. Grows from mid to high elevations. Also known as Stipa shade. soils. provide food. Ideal for rangeland improvement. columbiana Plant in spring or autumn at 150,000 24” seeds/pound and 6-8 PLS pounds/ acre. Cool season bunchgrass Native to all but extreme southeastern WY. Common Spikerush Partial Poor drought Grows best in fine to Cover. Moderate fire tolerance, high Hardy perennial. Moderately fast Eleocharis palustris shade. tolerance. moderately fine, Seeds and foliage fire resistance. growing. Moderate life span. 12 – 16” Intolerant Prefers wet areas. poorly-drained, acidic provide food. Needs 100 frost-free days/year. Grows from low to mid elevations. of full Needs at least soils. Mostly free of serious diseases Spreads by well-developed rhizomes. Cool season sodgrass shade. 16” of annual Tolerates a pH range and pests. Ideal for wet meadows and stabilizing precipitation. of 4.0 – 8.0. soil. Stores nitrogen. Plant in spring or autumn at 620,000 seeds/ pound and 2-4 PLS pounds/ acre. Cosmopolitan Bulrush Full sun Poor drought Grows best in fine to Cover and nesting sites. Moderate fire tolerance, low fire Hardy perennial. Moderately fast Schoenoplectus maritimus to partial tolerance. medium textured, Seeds and foliage resistance. growing. Long-lived. 38” shade. Prefers wet areas. poorly-drained, acidic provide food. Needs 110 frost-free days/year. Spreads by rhizomes. Intolerant Needs at least soils. Mostly free of serious diseases Ideal for mud flats, marshes, Cool season, grass-like of full 40” of annual Tolerates a pH range and pests. wetlands, and other areas next to sod-former shade. precipitation. of 4.0 – 7.0. shallow or standing water. Plant in spring or autumn at 162,600 seeds/pound and 8 PLS pounds/acre.

79 ~ Soil texture range: fine, moderately fine, medium textured, moderately coarse, coarse. ~ Soil pH: neutral soil pH = 7, acidic soil pH < 7, alkaline (saline) soil pH > 7. ~ Foliage = twigs, buds, and/or leaves or needles. ~ Fire tolerance = a plant’s ability to re-sprout, re-grow, or re-establish from residual seed after a fire. Fire resistance = a plant’s ability to resist burning through adaptations like th ick bark, a high leaf crown, or high water content. (From: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Plants Database, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) ~ Riparian areas = the plant zones adjacent to and influenced by the available water in rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, and other waterways. ~ Rhizomes = horizontal, underground, root-like stems. Stolons = stems that grow along the soil surface and then root. Tillers = above-ground stems that branch from stems at or below the soil surface. ~ Seeding rate: PLS = pure live seed (seed purity x germination rate / 100 = PLS % for each seed lot), and is a way to standardize seed quality. (From: Granite Seed Company, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) Table 1. Selected native plants ideal for wildscaping in Wyoming.

Common Name (Alternate) Scientific Name Moisture Sunlight Stress, Disease, and Pest Maximum Height Preferences Soil Information Wildlife Value Additional Remarks Conditions Information Maximum Width and Tolerances Growth Form and Density Fendler Three-awn Full sun. Excellent drought Grows best in medium Cover. Moderate fire tolerance, low fire Hardy perennial. Fast growing. Aristida purpurea Intolerant tolerance. textured to Seeds and foliage resistance. Moderate life span. 17” of full Prefers dry areas. moderately coarse, provide food. Needs 165 frost-free days/year. Ideal for dry sites. shade. Needs at least well-drained soils. Mostly free of serious diseases Plant in spring to summer or in Warm season bunchgrass 2” of annual Tolerates a pH range and pests. autumn at 250,000 seeds/pound and precipitation. of 5.5 – 7.5. 6 PLS pounds/acre. Native to all but the northwestern corner to south-central WY. Fowl Bluegrass Full sun Poor drought Grows best in fine to Cover. High fire tolerance, low fire Hardy perennial. Moderately fast Poa palustris to partial tolerance. medium textured, Seeds and foliage resistance. growing. Moderate life span. 48” shade. Prefers moist poorly-drained, acidic provide food. Needs 100 frost-free days/year. Ideal for riparian areas. areas. soils. Good year-round Mostly free of serious diseases Plant in spring or autumn. Cool season bunchgrass Needs at least Tolerates a pH range forage. and pests. 28” of annual of 4.9 – 7.5. precipitation. Fowl Mannagrass Full sun to Poor drought Grows best in moist, Cover. Low fire tolerance and Hardy perennial. Moderately fast Glyceria striata full shade. tolerance. moderately fine to Seeds and foliage resistance. growing. Short-lived. 68” Prefers moist medium textured, provide food. Needs 100 frost-free days/ year. Grows up to 11,500 feet in elevation. areas. seasonally flooded, Mostly free of serious diseases Spreads by rhizomes. Cool season sodgrass Needs at least acidic soils. and pests. Ideal for riparian areas and stabilizing 10” of annual Tolerates a pH range soil. precipitation. of 4.0 – 8.0. Plant at 180,000 seeds/ pound and 7-12 PLS pounds/acre.

80 ~ Soil texture range: fine, moderately fine, medium textured, moderately coarse, coarse. ~ Soil pH: neutral soil pH = 7, acidic soil pH < 7, alkaline (saline) soil pH > 7. ~ Foliage = twigs, buds, and/or leaves or needles. ~ Fire tolerance = a plant’s ability to re-sprout, re-grow, or re-establish from residual seed after a fire. Fire resistance = a plant’s ability to resist burning through adaptations like th ick bark, a high leaf crown, or high water content. (From: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Plants Database, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) ~ Riparian areas = the plant zones adjacent to and influenced by the available water in rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, and other waterways. ~ Rhizomes = horizontal, underground, root-like stems. Stolons = stems that grow along the soil surface and then root. Tillers = above-ground stems that branch from stems at or below the soil surface. ~ Seeding rate: PLS = pure live seed (seed purity x germination rate / 100 = PLS % for each seed lot), and is a way to standardize seed quality. (From: Granite Seed Company, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) Table 1. Selected native plants ideal for wildscaping in Wyoming.

Common Name (Alternate) Scientific Name Moisture Sunlight Stress, Disease, and Pest Maximum Height Preferences Soil Information Wildlife Value Additional Remarks Conditions Information Maximum Width and Tolerances Growth Form and Density Green Needlegrass Full sun Drought tolerant. Grows best in fine to Cover. Moderate fire tolerance, low fire Hardy, tufted perennial with Nassella viridula to partial Tolerates medium textured Seeds and foliage resistance. extensive, fibrous roots. Fast growing. Formerly Stipa viridula shade. occasional soils. provide food. Needs 90 frost-free days/year. Moderate life span. 30” Intolerant flooding. Tolerates a pH range Good year-round Mostly free of serious diseases Grows at mid elevations. of full Needs at least of 6.6 – 8.4. forage for deer and elk. and pests. Spreads by tillers. Cool season bunchgrass shade. 10” of annual Palatable to livestock. Resistant to grasshoppers. Establishes easily. precipitation. Ideal when mixed with other cool season grasses. Plant in autumn at 181,000 seeds/ pound and 5-10 PLS pounds/acre or 3 PLS pounds/1,000 square feet. Native to the eastern half of WY. Hardstem Bulrush Full sun Poor drought Grows best in muddy, Cover and nesting sites. Moderate fire tolerance, low fire Hardy perennial. Moderately fast Schoenoplectus acutus to partial tolerance. fine to medium Seeds and foliage resistance. growing. Long-lived. Also known as Scirpus acutus shade. Prefers wet areas. textured, poorly- provide food. Needs 110 frost-free days/year. Grows at mid elevations. 70 – 115” Intolerant Tolerates flooding drained soils. Mostly free of serious diseases Spreads by rhizomes. of full and high water Tolerates a pH range and pests. Ideal for mud flats, marshes, Cool season, grass-like shade. tables. of 5.2 – 8.5. wetlands, and other areas next to sod-former Needs at least shallow or standing water. 12” of annual Plant in spring or autumn at 377,600 precipitation. seeds/pound and 5 PLS pounds/acre. Native to all of WY.

81 ~ Soil texture range: fine, moderately fine, medium textured, moderately coarse, coarse. ~ Soil pH: neutral soil pH = 7, acidic soil pH < 7, alkaline (saline) soil pH > 7. ~ Foliage = twigs, buds, and/or leaves or needles. ~ Fire tolerance = a plant’s ability to re-sprout, re-grow, or re-establish from residual seed after a fire. Fire resistance = a plant’s ability to resist burning through adaptations like th ick bark, a high leaf crown, or high water content. (From: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Plants Database, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) ~ Riparian areas = the plant zones adjacent to and influenced by the available water in rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, and other waterways. ~ Rhizomes = horizontal, underground, root-like stems. Stolons = stems that grow along the soil surface and then root. Tillers = above-ground stems that branch from stems at or below the soil surface. ~ Seeding rate: PLS = pure live seed (seed purity x germination rate / 100 = PLS % for each seed lot), and is a way to standardize seed quality. (From: Granite Seed Company, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) Table 1. Selected native plants ideal for wildscaping in Wyoming.

Common Name (Alternate) Scientific Name Moisture Sunlight Stress, Disease, and Pest Maximum Height Preferences Soil Information Wildlife Value Additional Remarks Conditions Information Maximum Width and Tolerances Growth Form and Density Idaho Fescue Full sun Moderate drought Grows best in deep, Cover. Moderate fire tolerance, low fire Hardy perennial. Moderately fast Festuca idahoensis to partial tolerance. rich, moderately fine Seeds and foliage resistance. growing. Long-lived. 24” shade. Needs at least to medium textured provide food. Needs 130 frost-free days/year. Grows from mid to high elevations. 12” of annual soils. Good spring forage for Mostly free of serious diseases Spreads by tillers. Cool season bunchgrass precipitation. Tolerates thin, coarse, deer and elk. and pests. Ideal as part of a turfgrass blend for well-drained soils. Palatable to livestock. lawns. Tolerates a pH range Intolerant of heavy Establishes slowly. of 5.6 – 8.4. grazing. Plant in spring or autumn at 450,000 seeds/pound and 3-6 PLS pounds/ acre. Native to the western half of WY. Indiangrass Full sun Moderate drought Grows in a variety of Cover. High fire tolerance, low fire Hardy perennial. Moderately fast Sorghastrum nutans to partial tolerance. moist, well-drained Seeds and foliage resistance. growing. Long-lived. 48” shade. Tolerates periodic soils. provide food. Needs 160 frost-free days/year. Spreads by short rhizomes. 36” Intolerant flooding. Tolerates a pH range Good summer forage Mostly free of serious diseases Ideal for improving pastures and Warm season bunchgrass of full Needs at least of 5.0 – 7.8. for deer and elk. and pests. haylands, for mass plantings, and as shade. 12” of annual Palatable to livestock. an ornamental grass. precipitation. Intolerant of heavy or Yellow or bronze autumn color. repeated grazing. Plant in spring at 170,000 seeds/ pound and 5-10 PLS pounds/acre, or as 25% or less of a grass mixture. Native to the eastern half of WY.

82 ~ Soil texture range: fine, moderately fine, medium textured, moderately coarse, coarse. ~ Soil pH: neutral soil pH = 7, acidic soil pH < 7, alkaline (saline) soil pH > 7. ~ Foliage = twigs, buds, and/or leaves or needles. ~ Fire tolerance = a plant’s ability to re-sprout, re-grow, or re-establish from residual seed after a fire. Fire resistance = a plant’s ability to resist burning through adaptations like th ick bark, a high leaf crown, or high water content. (From: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Plants Database, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) ~ Riparian areas = the plant zones adjacent to and influenced by the available water in rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, and other waterways. ~ Rhizomes = horizontal, underground, root-like stems. Stolons = stems that grow along the soil surface and then root. Tillers = above-ground stems that branch from stems at or below the soil surface. ~ Seeding rate: PLS = pure live seed (seed purity x germination rate / 100 = PLS % for each seed lot), and is a way to standardize seed quality. (From: Granite Seed Company, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) Table 1. Selected native plants ideal for wildscaping in Wyoming.

Common Name (Alternate) Scientific Name Moisture Sunlight Stress, Disease, and Pest Maximum Height Preferences Soil Information Wildlife Value Additional Remarks Conditions Information Maximum Width and Tolerances Growth Form and Density Indian Ricegrass Full sun Excellent drought Grows best in deep, Cover. High fire tolerance, low fire Hardy, tufted perennial. Moderately Achnatherum hymenoides to partial tolerance. medium textured to Seeds and foliage resistance. fast growing. Moderate life span. Also known as Oryzopsis shade. Intolerant of coarse, well-drained provide food (seeds are Needs 110 frost-free days/year. Grows from 4,300 to 8,500 feet in hymenoides Intolerant standing water. soils. high in protein). Mostly free of serious diseases elevation. 24” of full Needs at least Tolerates fine soils if Good spring, summer, and pests. Spreads by tillers. 12” shade. 6” of annual they are well-drained. and winter forage for Establishes slowly. Cool season bunchgrass precipitation. Tolerates a pH range deer and elk. Ideal for rangeland improvement and of 6.6 – 8.6. Highly palatable to as an ornamental grass. livestock. Flowers from May into June. Intolerant of heavy Plant in autumn at 141,000 seeds/ spring grazing. pound and 6-12 PLS pounds/acre. Native to the eastern half of WY. Inland Saltgrass Full sun Moderate drought Grows best in moist, Cover. High fire tolerance, low fire Hardy perennial. Slow growing. Long- Distichlis spicata to partial tolerance. fine to medium Seeds and foliage resistance. lived. Also known as Distichlis stricta shade. Prefers moist textured, alkaline provide food. Needs 80 frost-free days/year. Grows up to 7,500 feet in elevation. 16” Intolerant areas. soils. Mostly free of serious diseases Spreads by well-developed rhizomes. of full Tolerates periodic Tolerates a pH range and pests. Ideal for alkaline basins. Warm season sodgrass shade. flooding. of 6.8 – 10.5. Plant in summer at 520,000 seeds/ Needs at least pound and 4-10 PLS pounds/acre. 5” of annual Native to all of WY. precipitation. Letterman’s Needlegrass Full sun Excellent drought Grows best in medium Cover. High fire tolerance, low fire Hardy, tufted perennial. Slow Achnatherum lettermannii to partial tolerance. textured to Seeds and foliage resistance. growing. Moderate life span. Also known as Stipa shade. Needs at least moderately coarse, provide food. Needs 90 frost-free days/year. Grows from mid to high elevations. lettermanii Intolerant 6” of annual well-drained soils. Good spring forage for Mostly free of serious diseases Ideal for rangeland improvement. 24” of full precipitation. Tolerates a pH range deer and elk. and pests. Plant in spring or autumn at 150,000 shade. of 6.0 – 7.6. Highly palatable to seeds/pound and 8-12 PLS pounds/ Cool season bunchgrass livestock. acre. Native to the western half of WY.

83 ~ Soil texture range: fine, moderately fine, medium textured, moderately coarse, coarse. ~ Soil pH: neutral soil pH = 7, acidic soil pH < 7, alkaline (saline) soil pH > 7. ~ Foliage = twigs, buds, and/or leaves or needles. ~ Fire tolerance = a plant’s ability to re-sprout, re-grow, or re-establish from residual seed after a fire. Fire resistance = a plant’s ability to resist burning through adaptations like th ick bark, a high leaf crown, or high water content. (From: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Plants Database, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) ~ Riparian areas = the plant zones adjacent to and influenced by the available water in rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, and other waterways. ~ Rhizomes = horizontal, underground, root-like stems. Stolons = stems that grow along the soil surface and then root. Tillers = above-ground stems that branch from stems at or below the soil surface. ~ Seeding rate: PLS = pure live seed (seed purity x germination rate / 100 = PLS % for each seed lot), and is a way to standardize seed quality. (From: Granite Seed Company, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) Table 1. Selected native plants ideal for wildscaping in Wyoming.

Common Name (Alternate) Scientific Name Moisture Sunlight Stress, Disease, and Pest Maximum Height Preferences Soil Information Wildlife Value Additional Remarks Conditions Information Maximum Width and Tolerances Growth Form and Density Little Bluestem Full sun Excellent drought Grows in most soils, Cover. Moderate fire tolerance, low fire Hardy perennial with deep, fibrous Schizachyrium scoparium to partial tolerance. but prefers medium Seeds and foliage resistance. roots. Moderately fast growing. Formerly Andropogon shade. Intolerant of textured, well-drained provide food. Needs 110 frost-free days/year. Long-lived. scoparius Intolerant wetlands, sub- soils. Highly palatable to Mostly free of serious diseases Grows up to 7,400 feet in elevation. 36” of full irrigated areas, Tolerates sandy soils livestock in spring. and pests. Spreads by tillers. 24” shade. and poorly- and poor soils. Ideal for rangeland improvement and Warm season bunchgrass drained areas. Tolerates a pH range as an ornamental grass. Needs at least of 5.5 – 8.4. Flowers from July to September. 16” of annual Reddish autumn color. precipitation. Plant in spring to summer at 260,000 seeds/pound and 4-7 PLS pounds/ acre, or as 25% or less of a grass mixture, or by dividing and replanting root clumps. Native to all but the western 1/4 of WY. Meadow Barley Full sun Moderate drought Grows in most soils, Cover. High fire tolerance, low fire Hardy, tufted perennial. Moderately Hordeum brachyantherum to partial tolerance. but prefers Seeds and foliage resistance. fast growing. Moderate life span. 24” shade. Tolerates periodic moderately fine to provide food. Needs 100 frost-free days/year. Grows up to 11,000 feet in elevation. Intolerant flooding. medium textured Mostly free of serious diseases Plant in spring or autumn at 85,000 Cool season bunchgrass of full Needs at least soils. and pests. seeds/pound and 12-15 PLS pounds/ shade. 20” of annual Tolerates a pH range acre. precipitation. of 6.0 – 8.5. Native to the western half of WY. Mountain Brome Full sun Moderate drought Grows best in medium Cover. Low fire tolerance, low fire Hardy perennial. Fast growing. Bromus marginatus to partial tolerance. textured to Seeds and foliage resistance. Moderate life span. 40 – 48” shade. Intolerant of high moderately coarse provide food. Needs 150 frost-free days/year. Grows from mid to high elevations. Intolerant water tables. soils. Highly palatable to Mostly free of serious diseases Establishes quickly and easily. Cool season bunchgrass of full Needs at least Tolerates thin, livestock. and pests. Ideal for disturbed sites. shade. 10” of annual infertile soils. Plant in late spring at 90,000 seeds/ precipitation. Tolerates a pH range pound and 12-19 PLS pounds/acre. of 5.5 – 8.0. Native to all but north-central to southeastern WY. 84 ~ Soil texture range: fine, moderately fine, medium textured, moderately coarse, coarse. ~ Soil pH: neutral soil pH = 7, acidic soil pH < 7, alkaline (saline) soil pH > 7. ~ Foliage = twigs, buds, and/or leaves or needles. ~ Fire tolerance = a plant’s ability to re-sprout, re-grow, or re-establish from residual seed after a fire. Fire resistance = a plant’s ability to resist burning through adaptations like th ick bark, a high leaf crown, or high water content. (From: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Plants Database, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) ~ Riparian areas = the plant zones adjacent to and influenced by the available water in rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, and other waterways. ~ Rhizomes = horizontal, underground, root-like stems. Stolons = stems that grow along the soil surface and then root. Tillers = above-ground stems that branch from stems at or below the soil surface. ~ Seeding rate: PLS = pure live seed (seed purity x germination rate / 100 = PLS % for each seed lot), and is a way to standardize seed quality. (From: Granite Seed Company, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) Table 1. Selected native plants ideal for wildscaping in Wyoming.

Common Name (Alternate) Scientific Name Moisture Sunlight Stress, Disease, and Pest Maximum Height Preferences Soil Information Wildlife Value Additional Remarks Conditions Information Maximum Width and Tolerances Growth Form and Density Muttongrass Full sun Excellent drought Grows best in medium Cover. Low fire tolerance, low fire Hardy perennial. Moderately fast Poa fendleriana to partial tolerance. textured to Seeds and foliage resistance. growing. Moderate life span. 24” shade. Needs at least moderately coarse, provide food. Needs 180 frost-free days/year. Grows from 3,500 to 10,500 feet in Intolerant 10” of annual well-drained soils. Highly palatable to Mostly free of serious diseases elevation. Cool season bunchgrass of full precipitation. Tolerates a pH range livestock. and pests. Ideal for dry sites. shade. of 6.0 – 8.0. Plant in spring or autumn at 890,000 seeds/pound and 2-3 PLS pounds/ acre. Native to all of WY. Nebraska Sedge Full sun Poor drought Grows in most soils, Cover. High fire tolerance, low fire Hardy perennial. Moderately fast Carex nebrascensis to partial tolerance. but prefers Seeds and foliage resistance. growing. Long-lived. 36” shade. Prefers wet or moderately fine to provide food. Needs 85frost-free days/year. Spreads by rhizomes. Intolerant moist areas. medium textured, Highly palatable to Mostly free of serious diseases Ideal for wetlands, wet meadows, Cool season, grass-like of full Needs at least poorly-drained soils. livestock. and pests. marshes, and riparian areas. sod-former shade. 14” of annual Can grow in dry soils Plant in spring or autumn at 534,100 precipitation. as long as roots seeds/pound and 5 PLS pounds/acre. remain wet. Native to all of WY. Tolerates a pH range of 5.7 – 7.4. Needle and Thread Full sun. Excellent drought Grows best in dry, Cover. High fire tolerance, low fire Hardy perennial. Moderately fast Hesperostipa comata Intolerant tolerance. medium textured to Seeds and foliage resistance. growing. Moderate life span. Also known as Stipa comata of full Prefers dry areas. moderately coarse, provide food. Needs 130 frost-free days/year. Grows from low to high elevations. 36” shade. Needs at least well-drained soils. Good spring forage for Mostly free of serious diseases Spreads by tillers. 5” of annual Tolerates a pH range elk. and pests. Ideal for disturbed sites and stabilizing Cool season bunchgrass precipitation. of 6.6 – 8.4. Palatable to livestock soil. until seeds mature. Plant in autumn at 115,000 seeds/ Mature seed is sharp pound and 10-14 PLS pounds/acre. and needle-like. Native to the eastern half of WY.

85 ~ Soil texture range: fine, moderately fine, medium textured, moderately coarse, coarse. ~ Soil pH: neutral soil pH = 7, acidic soil pH < 7, alkaline (saline) soil pH > 7. ~ Foliage = twigs, buds, and/or leaves or needles. ~ Fire tolerance = a plant’s ability to re-sprout, re-grow, or re-establish from residual seed after a fire. Fire resistance = a plant’s ability to resist burning through adaptations like th ick bark, a high leaf crown, or high water content. (From: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Plants Database, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) ~ Riparian areas = the plant zones adjacent to and influenced by the available water in rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, and other waterways. ~ Rhizomes = horizontal, underground, root-like stems. Stolons = stems that grow along the soil surface and then root. Tillers = above-ground stems that branch from stems at or below the soil surface. ~ Seeding rate: PLS = pure live seed (seed purity x germination rate / 100 = PLS % for each seed lot), and is a way to standardize seed quality. (From: Granite Seed Company, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) Table 1. Selected native plants ideal for wildscaping in Wyoming.

Common Name (Alternate) Scientific Name Moisture Sunlight Stress, Disease, and Pest Maximum Height Preferences Soil Information Wildlife Value Additional Remarks Conditions Information Maximum Width and Tolerances Growth Form and Density Nuttall’s Alkaligrass Full sun Poor drought Grows in a variety of Cover. High fire tolerance, low fire Hardy perennial. Slow growing. Puccinellia nuttalliana to partial tolerance. moist soils. Seeds and foliage resistance. Short-lived. Also known as Puccinellia shade. Prefers moist Tolerates a pH range provide food. Needs 110 frost-free days/year. Ideal in mixtures for marshes, moist airoides Intolerant areas. of 6.5 – 8.5. Mostly free of serious diseases meadows, shorelines, alkaline basins, 10” of full Tolerates and pests. and other waterways. shade. occasional Plant in spring or autumn at 2,788,700 Cool season, bunchgrass standing water. seeds/pound and 1-3 PLS pounds/ sod-former Needs at least acre. 24” of annual precipitation. Poverty Rush (Path Rush) Full sun Poor drought Grows in most soils, Cover. High fire tolerance, low fire Hardy perennial. Slow growing. Juncus tenuis to partial tolerance. but prefers moist, Seeds and foliage resistance. Moderate life span. 18” shade. Prefers moist moderately fine, acidic provide food. Needs 85 frost-free days/year. Spreads by rhizomes. areas. soils. Mostly free of serious diseases Ideal for wetlands, wet meadows, Cool season, grass-like Needs at least Tolerates disturbed and pests. marshes, and riparian areas. sod-former 10” of annual soils and compacted Plant in spring or autumn at precipitation. soils. 51,300,000 seeds/pound and Tolerates a pH range 1 PLS pound/acre. of 4.5 – 7.0. Prairie Junegrass Full sun Excellent drought Grows best in medium Cover. High fire tolerance, low fire Hardy, loosely tufted perennial. Koeleria macrantha to partial tolerance. textured to Seeds and foliage resistance. Fast growing. Short-lived. Also known as Koeleria shade. Needs at least moderately coarse, provide food. Needs 150 frost-free days/year. Grows from 5,000 to 8,000 feet in cristata 14” of annual well-drained soils. Good spring forage Mostly free of serious diseases elevation. 18” precipitation. Tolerates a pH range for deer, elk, and and pests. Establishes easily. Ideal for disturbed of 6.0 – 8.0. pronghorn. sites and as an ornamental grass. Cool season bunchgrass Highly palatable to Flowers from June to July. livestock. Pale yellow autumn color. Plant in autumn at 2,315,400 seeds/ pound and 1-2 PLS pounds/acre. Native to all of WY.

86 ~ Soil texture range: fine, moderately fine, medium textured, moderately coarse, coarse. ~ Soil pH: neutral soil pH = 7, acidic soil pH < 7, alkaline (saline) soil pH > 7. ~ Foliage = twigs, buds, and/or leaves or needles. ~ Fire tolerance = a plant’s ability to re-sprout, re-grow, or re-establish from residual seed after a fire. Fire resistance = a plant’s ability to resist burning through adaptations like th ick bark, a high leaf crown, or high water content. (From: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Plants Database, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) ~ Riparian areas = the plant zones adjacent to and influenced by the available water in rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, and other waterways. ~ Rhizomes = horizontal, underground, root-like stems. Stolons = stems that grow along the soil surface and then root. Tillers = above-ground stems that branch from stems at or below the soil surface. ~ Seeding rate: PLS = pure live seed (seed purity x germination rate / 100 = PLS % for each seed lot), and is a way to standardize seed quality. (From: Granite Seed Company, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) Table 1. Selected native plants ideal for wildscaping in Wyoming.

Common Name (Alternate) Scientific Name Moisture Sunlight Stress, Disease, and Pest Maximum Height Preferences Soil Information Wildlife Value Additional Remarks Conditions Information Maximum Width and Tolerances Growth Form and Density Prairie Sandreed Full sun. Excellent drought Grows best in deep, Cover. Moderate fire tolerance, low fire Hardy perennial. Moderately fast Calamovilfa longifolia Intolerant tolerance. medium textured to Seeds and foliage resistance. growing. Moderate life span. 24 – 72” of full Needs at least moderately coarse, provide food. Needs 130 frost-free days/year. Grows up to 7,800 feet in elevation. shade. 12” of annual well-drained, sandy Important winter range Mostly free of serious diseases Spreads by rhizomes. Warm season sodgrass precipitation. soils. forage for deer in some and pests. Ideal for stabilizing soil. Tolerates a pH range areas. Plant in spring at 273,000 seeds/ of 5.6 – 8.4. Palatable to livestock. pound and 4-7 PLS pounds/acre. Intolerant of Native to all but extreme overgrazing. southwestern WY. Reed Canarygrass Full sun. Poor drought Grows best in Cover. High fire tolerance, low fire Hardy perennial. Fast growing. Phalaris arundinacea Intolerant tolerance. moderately fine to Seeds and foliage resistance. Long-lived. 60” of full Prefers wet areas. medium textured, provide food. Needs 160 frost-free days/year. Grows up to 9,000 feet in elevation. shade. Needs at least poorly-drained soils. Palatable to livestock. Mostly free of serious diseases Spreads by rhizomes. Cool season sodgrass 35” of annual Tolerates a pH range and pests. Can be competitive and aggressive on precipitation. of 5.5 – 8.0. preferred sites. Ideal for wetlands, wet meadows, marshes, and riparian areas. Plant in spring or autumn at 533,000 seeds/pound and 2-4 PLS pounds/ acre. Native to all of WY. Sandberg Bluegrass Full sun Excellent drought Grows best in medium Cover. High fire tolerance, low fire Hardy perennial. Moderately fast Poa secunda to partial tolerance. textured to Seeds and foliage resistance. growing. Long-lived. 12 – 16” shade. Needs at least moderately coarse, provide food. Needs 130 frost-free days/year. Grows from low to high elevations. 6 – 12” 10” of annual well-drained soils. Good spring forage for Mostly free of serious diseases Spreads by tillers. Cool season bunchgrass precipitation. Tolerates a pH range deer, elk, and and pests. Ideal for dry sites and areas with poor of 6.5 – 8.2. pronghorn. soil. Palatable to livestock. Plant in spring or autumn at 925,000 seeds/pound and 2-4 PLS pounds/ acre. Native to all of WY.

87 ~ Soil texture range: fine, moderately fine, medium textured, moderately coarse, coarse. ~ Soil pH: neutral soil pH = 7, acidic soil pH < 7, alkaline (saline) soil pH > 7. ~ Foliage = twigs, buds, and/or leaves or needles. ~ Fire tolerance = a plant’s ability to re-sprout, re-grow, or re-establish from residual seed after a fire. Fire resistance = a plant’s ability to resist burning through adaptations like th ick bark, a high leaf crown, or high water content. (From: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Plants Database, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) ~ Riparian areas = the plant zones adjacent to and influenced by the available water in rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, and other waterways. ~ Rhizomes = horizontal, underground, root-like stems. Stolons = stems that grow along the soil surface and then root. Tillers = above-ground stems that branch from stems at or below the soil surface. ~ Seeding rate: PLS = pure live seed (seed purity x germination rate / 100 = PLS % for each seed lot), and is a way to standardize seed quality. (From: Granite Seed Company, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) Table 1. Selected native plants ideal for wildscaping in Wyoming.

Common Name (Alternate) Scientific Name Moisture Sunlight Stress, Disease, and Pest Maximum Height Preferences Soil Information Wildlife Value Additional Remarks Conditions Information Maximum Width and Tolerances Growth Form and Density Sand Bluestem Full sun Excellent drought Grows best in Cover. High fire tolerance, low fire Hardy, bunchy perennial. Moderately Andropogon hallii to partial tolerance. moderately coarse to Seeds and foliage resistance. fast growing. Moderate life span. 36 – 72” shade. Needs at least coarse, well-drained provide food. Needs 120 frost-free days/year. Grows up to 4,800 feet in elevation. Intolerant 10” of annual soils. Highly palatable to Mostly free of serious diseases Spreads by well-developed rhizomes. Warm season sodgrass of full precipitation. Tolerates a pH range livestock. and pests. Ideal for stabilizing soil. shade. of 5.6 – 8.4. Plant in late spring at 113,000 seeds/ pound and 7-12 PLS pounds/acre. Native to all but west-central to the southwestern corner of WY. Sand Dropseed Full sun Excellent drought Grows best in medium Cover. Moderate fire tolerance, low fire Hardy perennial. Fast growing. Sporobolus cryptandrus to partial tolerance. textured to Seeds and foliage resistance. Short-lived. 24 – 36” shade. Tolerates periodic moderately coarse, provide food. Needs 150 frost-free days/year. Grows up to 8,000 feet in elevation. Intolerant flooding. well-drained soils. Good spring forage for Mostly free of serious diseases Spreads by tillers. Warm season bunchgrass of full Needs at least Tolerates a pH range elk. and pests. Establishes easily. shade. 8” of annual of 6.6 – 8.0. Palatable to livestock Ideal for stabilizing soil and erosion precipitation. while green. control. Plant in late summer at 5,298,000 seeds/pound and 1-2 PLS pounds/ acre. Native to all but the western 1/5 of WY.

88 ~ Soil texture range: fine, moderately fine, medium textured, moderately coarse, coarse. ~ Soil pH: neutral soil pH = 7, acidic soil pH < 7, alkaline (saline) soil pH > 7. ~ Foliage = twigs, buds, and/or leaves or needles. ~ Fire tolerance = a plant’s ability to re-sprout, re-grow, or re-establish from residual seed after a fire. Fire resistance = a plant’s ability to resist burning through adaptations like th ick bark, a high leaf crown, or high water content. (From: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Plants Database, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) ~ Riparian areas = the plant zones adjacent to and influenced by the available water in rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, and other waterways. ~ Rhizomes = horizontal, underground, root-like stems. Stolons = stems that grow along the soil surface and then root. Tillers = above-ground stems that branch from stems at or below the soil surface. ~ Seeding rate: PLS = pure live seed (seed purity x germination rate / 100 = PLS % for each seed lot), and is a way to standardize seed quality. (From: Granite Seed Company, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) Table 1. Selected native plants ideal for wildscaping in Wyoming.

Common Name (Alternate) Scientific Name Moisture Sunlight Stress, Disease, and Pest Maximum Height Preferences Soil Information Wildlife Value Additional Remarks Conditions Information Maximum Width and Tolerances Growth Form and Density Sideoats Grama Full sun Excellent drought Grows in most soils, Cover. High fire tolerance, low fire Hardy perennial. Moderately fast Bouteloua curtipendula to partial tolerance. but prefers shallow, Seeds and foliage resistance. growing. Moderate life span. 24 – 36” shade. Prefers dry areas. medium textured to provide food. Needs 120 frost-free days/year. Grows up to 7,500 feet in elevation. Intolerant Intolerant of moderately coarse, Good forage for Mostly free of serious diseases Spreads by rhizomes and tillers. Warm season bunchgrass of full standing water. well-drained soils. pronghorn. and pests. Ideal for erosion control, grass shade. Needs at least Tolerates heavy soils. Highly palatable to mixtures, and as an ornamental grass. 6” of annual Tolerates a pH range livestock. Flowers from July to September. precipitation. of 5.5 – 7.8. Plant in summer at 191,000 seeds/ pound and 5-9 PLS pounds/acre or 3 PLS pounds/1,000 square feet, or as 10-30% of a grass mixture. Native to all but the western 1/5 of WY. Slender Bulrush Full sun Poor drought Grows best in Cover and nesting sites. Moderate fire tolerance, low fire Hardy perennial. Moderately fast Schoenoplectus heterochaetus to partial tolerance. moderately fine to Seeds and foliage resistance. growing. Long-lived. 60” shade. Prefers wet areas. medium textured, provide food. Needs 110 frost-free days/year. Spreads by rhizomes. Intolerant Needs at least poorly-drained, acidic Mostly free of serious diseases Ideal for mud flats, marshes, Cool season, grass-like of full 16” of annual soils. and pests. wetlands, and other areas next to sod-former shade. precipitation. Tolerates a pH range shallow or standing water. of 4.0 – 7.5. Plant in spring or autumn. Slender Wheatgrass Full sun Excellent drought Grows best in Cover. High fire tolerance, low fire Hardy perennial. Fast growing. Elymus trachycaulus to partial tolerance. moderately fine to Seeds and foliage resistance. Short-lived. Formerly Agropyron shade. Needs at least medium textured, provide food. Needs 90 frost-free days/year. Grows from low to high elevations. trachycaulum Intolerant 8” of annual well-drained soils. Good forage for deer, Mostly free of serious diseases Spreads by short rhizomes and tillers. 24 – 36” of full precipitation. Tolerates a pH range elk, and pronghorn. and pests. Establishes easily. shade. of 5.6 – 9.0. Highly palatable to Ideal for stabilizing soil. Cool season bunchgrass livestock. Plant in autumn at 159,000 seeds/ Intolerant of heavy pound and 6-8 PLS pounds/acre. grazing. Native to all of WY.

89 ~ Soil texture range: fine, moderately fine, medium textured, moderately coarse, coarse. ~ Soil pH: neutral soil pH = 7, acidic soil pH < 7, alkaline (saline) soil pH > 7. ~ Foliage = twigs, buds, and/or leaves or needles. ~ Fire tolerance = a plant’s ability to re-sprout, re-grow, or re-establish from residual seed after a fire. Fire resistance = a plant’s ability to resist burning through adaptations like th ick bark, a high leaf crown, or high water content. (From: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Plants Database, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) ~ Riparian areas = the plant zones adjacent to and influenced by the available water in rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, and other waterways. ~ Rhizomes = horizontal, underground, root-like stems. Stolons = stems that grow along the soil surface and then root. Tillers = above-ground stems that branch from stems at or below the soil surface. ~ Seeding rate: PLS = pure live seed (seed purity x germination rate / 100 = PLS % for each seed lot), and is a way to standardize seed quality. (From: Granite Seed Company, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) Table 1. Selected native plants ideal for wildscaping in Wyoming.

Common Name (Alternate) Scientific Name Moisture Sunlight Stress, Disease, and Pest Maximum Height Preferences Soil Information Wildlife Value Additional Remarks Conditions Information Maximum Width and Tolerances Growth Form and Density Softstem Bulrush Full sun Poor drought Grows in a variety of Cover and nesting sites. High fire tolerance, low fire Hardy perennial. Fast growing. Schoenoplectus to partial tolerance. poorly-drained soils. Seeds and foliage resistance. Long-lived. tabernaemontani shade. Prefers wet areas. Tolerates a pH range provide food. Needs 80 frost-free days/year. Spreads by rhizomes. Also known as Scirpus validus Intolerant Needs at least of 5.4 – 7.5. Mostly free of serious diseases Ideal for mud flats, marshes, 72 – 108” of full 18” of annual and pests. wetlands, and other areas next to shade. precipitation. shallow or standing water. Cool season, grass-like Plant in spring or autumn at 550,000 sod-former seeds/pound and 2-4 PLS pounds/ acre. Spikerush Full sun Poor drought Grows in a variety of Cover. High fire tolerance, low fire Hardy perennial. Moderately fast Eleocharis parvula to partial tolerance. poorly-drained soils. Seeds and foliage resistance. growing. Moderate life span. 12 – 15” shade. Prefers wet areas. Tolerates a pH range provide food. Needs 80 frost-free days/year. Spreads by weakly-developed Intolerant Needs at least of 6.0 – 8.0. Mostly free of serious diseases rhizomes. Cool season, grass-like of full 18” of annual and pests. Establishes quickly and easily, but is sod-former shade. precipitation. not overly aggressive. Ideal for wetlands, wet meadows, marshes, and riparian areas. Plant in spring or autumn at 754,000 seeds/pound and 4 PLS pounds/acre. Streambank Wheatgrass Full sun Excellent drought Grows best in Cover. High fire tolerance, low fire Hardy perennial. Fast growing. Elymus lanceolatus to partial tolerance. moderately fine to Seeds and foliage resistance. Long-lived. Formerly Agropyron riparium shade. Needs at least medium textured, provide food. Needs 90 frost-free days/year. Grows from low to high elevations. 20 – 25” Intolerant 8” of annual well-drained soils. Highly palatable to Mostly free of serious diseases Spreads by well-developed rhizomes. of full precipitation. Tolerates a pH range livestock. and pests. Establishes easily. Cool season sodgrass shade. of 5.6 – 9.0. Ideal for erosion control and restoring disturbed sites. Plant in spring or autumn at 154,000 seeds/pound and 6-11 PLS pounds/ acre or 3-4 PLS/1,000 square feet.

90 ~ Soil texture range: fine, moderately fine, medium textured, moderately coarse, coarse. ~ Soil pH: neutral soil pH = 7, acidic soil pH < 7, alkaline (saline) soil pH > 7. ~ Foliage = twigs, buds, and/or leaves or needles. ~ Fire tolerance = a plant’s ability to re-sprout, re-grow, or re-establish from residual seed after a fire. Fire resistance = a plant’s ability to resist burning through adaptations like th ick bark, a high leaf crown, or high water content. (From: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Plants Database, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) ~ Riparian areas = the plant zones adjacent to and influenced by the available water in rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, and other waterways. ~ Rhizomes = horizontal, underground, root-like stems. Stolons = stems that grow along the soil surface and then root. Tillers = above-ground stems that branch from stems at or below the soil surface. ~ Seeding rate: PLS = pure live seed (seed purity x germination rate / 100 = PLS % for each seed lot), and is a way to standardize seed quality. (From: Granite Seed Company, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) Table 1. Selected native plants ideal for wildscaping in Wyoming.

Common Name (Alternate) Scientific Name Moisture Sunlight Stress, Disease, and Pest Maximum Height Preferences Soil Information Wildlife Value Additional Remarks Conditions Information Maximum Width and Tolerances Growth Form and Density Switchgrass Full sun. Moderate drought Grows in most Cover (including High fire tolerance, low fire Moderately hardy perennial. Fast Panicum virgatum Tolerates tolerance. relatively moist soils, winter). resistance. growing. Long-lived. 36 – 60” some Needs at least but prefers Seeds and foliage Needs 150 frost-free days/year. Spreads by well-developed rhizomes. 24 – 48” shade. 20” of annual moderately fine to provide food. To minimize stress and control Ideal for stabilizing soil, erosion Warm season bunchgrass Intolerant precipitation. medium textured, Palatable to livestock. weeds, graze or mow no lower control, grass mixtures, rangeland of full well-drained, acidic than 8 inches, avoid fertilizing improvement, and as an ornamental shade. soils. with nitrogen during the first grass. Tolerates a pH range year, and burn every 1-3 years, if Attractive reddish foliage. of 4.5 – 7.5. possible (otherwise mow). Golden yellow autumn color. Mostly free of serious diseases Plant in summer at 389,000 seeds/ and pests. pound and 3-5 PLS pounds/acre, or as the lowest percentage of a grass mixture, or by dividing and replanting root clumps. Native to the eastern half of WY. Torrey’s Rush Full sun Moderate drought Grows best in medium Cover. Moderate fire tolerance, low fire Hardy perennial. Moderately fast Juncus torreyi to partial tolerance. textured, poorly- Seeds and foliage resistance. growing. Long-lived. 24” shade. Prefers wet areas, drained, acidic soils. provide food. Needs 85 frost-free days/year. Grows up to 9,000 feet in elevation. Intolerant but can tolerate Tolerates a pH range Mostly free of serious diseases Ideal for wetlands, wet meadows, Cool season, grass-like of full periods of of 4.5 – 6.5. and pests. marshes, and riparian areas. sod-former shade. drought. Plant in spring or autumn at Needs at least 12,300,000 seeds/pound and 1 PLS 14” of annual pound/acre. precipitation.

91 ~ Soil texture range: fine, moderately fine, medium textured, moderately coarse, coarse. ~ Soil pH: neutral soil pH = 7, acidic soil pH < 7, alkaline (saline) soil pH > 7. ~ Foliage = twigs, buds, and/or leaves or needles. ~ Fire tolerance = a plant’s ability to re-sprout, re-grow, or re-establish from residual seed after a fire. Fire resistance = a plant’s ability to resist burning through adaptations like th ick bark, a high leaf crown, or high water content. (From: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Plants Database, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) ~ Riparian areas = the plant zones adjacent to and influenced by the available water in rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, and other waterways. ~ Rhizomes = horizontal, underground, root-like stems. Stolons = stems that grow along the soil surface and then root. Tillers = above-ground stems that branch from stems at or below the soil surface. ~ Seeding rate: PLS = pure live seed (seed purity x germination rate / 100 = PLS % for each seed lot), and is a way to standardize seed quality. (From: Granite Seed Company, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) Table 1. Selected native plants ideal for wildscaping in Wyoming.

Common Name (Alternate) Scientific Name Moisture Sunlight Stress, Disease, and Pest Maximum Height Preferences Soil Information Wildlife Value Additional Remarks Conditions Information Maximum Width and Tolerances Growth Form and Density Tufted Hairgrass Full sun Moderate drought Grows best in moist, Cover. High fire tolerance, low fire Hardy, densely tufted perennial. Deschampsia caespitosa to partial tolerance. medium textured to Seeds and foliage resistance. Moderately fast growing. Long-lived. 36” shade. Prefers moist moderately coarse, provide food and Needs 100 frost-free days/year. Grows from 4,000 to 12,000 feet in 24” Intolerant areas, but can acidic soils. persist into winter. Mostly free of serious diseases elevation. Cool season bunchgrass of full tolerate periods of Tolerates a pH range Good spring and and pests. Ideal for rangeland improvement and shade. drought. of 4.8 – 7.2. summer forage for deer as an ornamental grass. Needs at least and elk. Flowers from July to September. 14” of annual Highly palatable to Plant in autumn at 2,500,000 seeds/ precipitation. livestock. pound and 1-2 PLS pounds/acre, or by Intolerant of heavy dividing and replanting root clumps. grazing. Native to all but southeastern WY. Water Sedge Full sun Poor drought Grows best in Cover. Low fire tolerance, moderate Hardy perennial. Moderately fast Carex aquatilis to partial tolerance. moderately fine to Seeds and foliage fire resistance. growing. Long-lived. 35” shade. Prefers moist or medium textured, provide food. Needs 120 frost-free days/year. Grows from mid to high elevations. Intolerant wet areas. moist to poorly- Good forage for elk and Mostly free of serious diseases Spreads by well-developed rhizomes. Cool season, grass-like of full Needs at least drained, acidic soils. moose. and pests. Ideal for wetlands, wet meadows, sod-former shade. 15” of annual Tolerates a pH range Palatable to livestock. marshes, and riparian areas. precipitation. of 4.0 – 7.5. Plant in spring or autumn at 485,000 seeds/pound and 5 PLS pounds/acre. Western Fescue Full sun Excellent drought Grows best in medium Cover. High fire tolerance, low fire Hardy perennial. Moderately fast Festuca occidentalis to partial tolerance. textured to coarse, Seeds and foliage resistance. growing. Short-lived. 36” shade. Needs at least well-drained soils. provide food. Needs 160 frost-free days/year. Grows from low to mid elevations. 14” of annual Tolerates a pH range Highly palatable to Mostly free of serious diseases Plant in spring or autumn. Cool season bunchgrass precipitation. of 6.0 – 7.5. livestock. and pests.

92 ~ Soil texture range: fine, moderately fine, medium textured, moderately coarse, coarse. ~ Soil pH: neutral soil pH = 7, acidic soil pH < 7, alkaline (saline) soil pH > 7. ~ Foliage = twigs, buds, and/or leaves or needles. ~ Fire tolerance = a plant’s ability to re-sprout, re-grow, or re-establish from residual seed after a fire. Fire resistance = a plant’s ability to resist burning through adaptations like th ick bark, a high leaf crown, or high water content. (From: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Plants Database, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) ~ Riparian areas = the plant zones adjacent to and influenced by the available water in rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, and other waterways. ~ Rhizomes = horizontal, underground, root-like stems. Stolons = stems that grow along the soil surface and then root. Tillers = above-ground stems that branch from stems at or below the soil surface. ~ Seeding rate: PLS = pure live seed (seed purity x germination rate / 100 = PLS % for each seed lot), and is a way to standardize seed quality. (From: Granite Seed Company, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) Table 1. Selected native plants ideal for wildscaping in Wyoming.

Common Name (Alternate) Scientific Name Moisture Sunlight Stress, Disease, and Pest Maximum Height Preferences Soil Information Wildlife Value Additional Remarks Conditions Information Maximum Width and Tolerances Growth Form and Density Western Wheatgrass Full sun Excellent drought Grows best in Cover. Low maintenance. Hardy perennial. Fast growing. Pascopyrum smithii to partial tolerance. moderately fine to Seeds and foliage High fire tolerance, low fire Long-lived. Formerly Agropyron smithii shade. Tolerates both dry medium textured, provide food. resistance. Grows from 3,400 to 8,200 feet in 15 – 20” Intolerant and moist areas. well-drained soils. Good forage for elk. Needs 120 frost-free days/year. elevation. of full Needs at least Tolerates a pH range Highly palatable to Mostly free of serious diseases Spreads by well-developed rhizomes. Cool season sodgrass shade. 10” of annual of 4.5 – 9.0. livestock. and pests. Ideal for erosion control, rangeland precipitation. Intolerant of heavy Possible pests: grasshoppers. improvement, and restoring disturbed spring grazing. sites. Attractive blue-green foliage. Plant in spring or autumn at 110,000 seeds/pound and 8-16 PLS pounds/ acre or 4 PLS pounds/1,000 square feet. Native to all of WY.

93 ~ Soil texture range: fine, moderately fine, medium textured, moderately coarse, coarse. ~ Soil pH: neutral soil pH = 7, acidic soil pH < 7, alkaline (saline) soil pH > 7. ~ Foliage = twigs, buds, and/or leaves or needles. ~ Fire tolerance = a plant’s ability to re-sprout, re-grow, or re-establish from residual seed after a fire. Fire resistance = a plant’s ability to resist burning through adaptations like th ick bark, a high leaf crown, or high water content. (From: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Plants Database, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.) ~ Riparian areas = the plant zones adjacent to and influenced by the available water in rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, and other waterways. ~ Rhizomes = horizontal, underground, root-like stems. Stolons = stems that grow along the soil surface and then root. Tillers = above-ground stems that branch from stems at or below the soil surface. ~ Seeding rate: PLS = pure live seed (seed purity x germination rate / 100 = PLS % for each seed lot), and is a way to standardize seed quality. (From: Granite Seed Company, see the “References and Resource Guides” and “Need More Information?” sections.)

INDEX TO THE COMMON NAMES OF SELECTED NATIVE PLANTS IDEAL FOR WILDSCAPING IN WYOMING

Alder, Cinquefoil, Geranium, Sticky ...... 69 Mountain (see Thinleaf Alder) Shrubby ...... 48 Gilia, Scarlet (see Skyrocket) Thinleaf ...... 35 Silverweed...... 57 Globemallow, Scarlet ...... 56 Alkaligrass, Nuttall’s ...... 86 Clematis, Western...... 53 Grama, Arrowgrass ...... 73 Clover, Blue ...... 76 Ash, Long-stalked ...... 54 Sideoats...... 89 Green ...... 30 Parry’s ...... 55 Grape, Mountain ...... 31 Purple Prairie ...... 65 Oregon ...... 55 Aspen, Quaking ...... 34 Columbine, Holly (see Oregon Grape) Aster, Golden ...... 62 Blue...... 58 Greasewood, Black ...... 41 Balsamroot, Arrowleaf ...... 57 Crimson ...... 60 Hackberry, Banner, Prairie Golden...... 65 Western (see Crimson Columbine) Common (see Northern Hackberry) Barberry, Creeping (see Oregon Grape) Coneflower, Northern...... 32 Barley, Meadow ...... 84 Cut-leaved ...... 60 Hairgrass, Tufted...... 92 Bearberry...... 53 Prairie ...... 65 Harebell, Common ...... 59 Beardtongue (see Platte River Penstemon) Cottonwood, Hat, Mexican (see Prairie Coneflower) Beebalm, Mintleaf ...... 63 Black ...... 28 Hawthorn...... 30 Beeplant, Rocky Mountain ...... 66 Lanceleaf ...... 31 Honeysuckle, Twinberry ...... 50 Birch, Narrowleaf ...... 32 Hophornbeam ...... 31 Paper...... 33 Plains ...... 34 Hopsage, Spiny ...... 40 Water...... 36 Cranberry, Highbush...... 45 Indiangrass ...... 82 Bitterbrush, Antelope ...... 37 Creeper, Virginia ...... 53 Iris, Rocky Mountain ...... 66 Blanketflower ...... 58 Currant, Juneberry (see Serviceberry) Bluegrass, Golden ...... 44 Junegrass, Prairie ...... 86 Alpine ...... 72 Squaw (see Wax Currant) Juniper, Fowl ...... 80 Wax...... 51 Common ...... 36 Sandberg ...... 87 Daisy, Creeping ...... 54 Bluestem, Bear River Fleabane ...... 57 Rocky Mountain ...... 25 Big ...... 75 Showy ...... 67 Kinnikinnick (see Bearberry) Little ...... 84 Dogwood, Red-osier ...... 47 Larkspur, Sand ...... 88 Dropseed, Sand ...... 88 Nuttall’s ...... 63 Bower, Blue Virgin’s (see Western Clematis) Ears, Mule’s...... 63 Showy ...... 67 Boxelder ...... 28 Elderberry ...... 43 Lily, Brome, Mountain ...... 84 Elm, American ...... 26 Mariposa (see Sego Lily) Buckwheat, Cushion...... 60 Fescue, Rocky Mountain (see Wood Lily) Buffaloberry ...... 42 Idaho...... 82 Sego...... 67 Buffaloberry, Silver ...... 49 Western ...... 92 Wood ...... 71 Buffalograss ...... 78 Fir, Lupine, Bulrush, Douglas ...... 22 Blue-pod ...... 59 Cosmopolitan...... 79 Subalpine ...... 25 Silvery ...... 68 Hardstem ...... 81 Fireweed ...... 61 Mahogany, Slender ...... 89 Flax, Blue ...... 58 Curl-leaf Mountain ...... 38 Softstem ...... 90 Fleabane (see Showy Daisy) True Mountain ...... 40 Canarygrass, Reed ...... 87 Fleabane, Spreading ...... 68 Mannagrass, Cattail, Broadleaf ...... 77 Flower, Trumpet (see Skyrocket) American ...... 73 Chokecherry, Common ...... 42 Gayfeather, Dotted ...... 61 Fowl ...... 80

INDEX TO THE COMMON NAMES OF SELECTED NATIVE PLANTS IDEAL FOR WILDSCAPING IN WYOMING

Maple, Rabbitbrush, Rubber...... 47 Blue ...... 22 Ashleaf (see Boxelder) Reedgrass, Bluejoint...... 76 Englemann ...... 23 Rocky Mountain...... 35 Ricegrass, Indian ...... 83 Squirreltail, Milkweed, Showy ...... 68 Rose, Big ...... 75 Mint, Wild...... 71 Wild ...... 52 Bottlebrush ...... 77 Monkshood, Western ...... 70 Woods’ (see Wild Rose) Stonecrop, Lanceleaf (see Sedum) Muttongrass ...... 85 Rush, Sumac, Nannyberry...... 45 Baltic ...... 73 Skunkbush...... 49 Needle and Thread...... 85 Path (see Poverty Rush) Smooth ...... 50 Needlegrass, Poverty ...... 86 Sunflower, Common ...... 59 Columbia ...... 79 Torrey’s ...... 91 Switchgrass ...... 91 Green ...... 81 Sacaton, Alkali ...... 72 Three-awn, Fendler...... 80 Letterman’s ...... 83 Sage, Timothy, Alpine...... 72 Ninebark, Dwarf ...... 43 Prairie ...... 39 Vetch, American ...... 52 Oak, White (see Prairie Sage) Violet, Blue...... 59 Bur ...... 29 Sagebrush, Wheatgrass, Gambel ...... 29 Basin Big ...... 37 Beardless Bluebunch ...... 74 Paintbrush, Black ...... 37 Bluebunch ...... 76 Desert...... 61 Fringed ...... 54 Slender ...... 89 Narrowleaf (see Desert Paintbrush) Mountain Big ...... 39 Streambank ...... 90 Wyoming ...... 71 Silver...... 40 Western ...... 93 Yellow...... 71 Wyoming Big ...... 41 Whiskers, Old Man’s ...... 64 Pasqueflower ...... 64 Sagewort, Prairie (see Fringed Sagebrush) Wildrye, Pea, Yellow (see Prairie Golden Banner) Saltbush, Basin ...... 74 Penstemon, Fourwing...... 38 Beardless...... 74 Lowbush...... 62 Gardner’s...... 38 Blue ...... 77 Platte River ...... 64 Shadscale ...... 39 Canada ...... 78 Rydberg’s...... 66 Saltgrass, Inland ...... 83 Willow, Wasatch (see Platte River Penstemon) Sandreed, Prairie ...... 87 Bebb...... 27 Whipple’s ...... 70 Sedge, Coyote (see Narrowleaf Willow) Phacelia, Threadleaf ...... 69 Bebb’s...... 75 Diamondleaf (see Planeleaf Willow) Phlox, Nebraska ...... 85 Drummond’s ...... 43 Longleaf ...... 62 Water ...... 92 Geyer’s ...... 44 Rocky Mountain...... 55 Sedum...... 56 Lemmon’s ...... 45 Spreading ...... 69 Serviceberry ...... 48 Narrowleaf ...... 46 Pine, Silverberry ...... 48 Peachleaf ...... 33 Limber ...... 23 Skyrocket ...... 68 Planeleaf...... 46 Lodgepole ...... 23 Sloughgrass, American ...... 73 Scouler...... 35 Pinyon ...... 24 Smoke, Prairie (see Old Man’s Whiskers) Windflower (see Pasqueflower) Ponderosa ...... 24 Snowberry, Western ...... 51 Winterfat...... 40 Plum, American ...... 26 Soapweed (see Yucca) Woodbine (see Virginia Creeper) Poplar, Balsam ...... 27 Spikerush ...... 90 Yarrow, Pussytoes, Spikerush, Common ...... 79 Golden ...... 62 Rose ...... 56 Spruce, Western ...... 70 Tall...... 69 Black Hills...... 22 Yucca ...... 41 95

NOTES NOTES

THIS WYOMING PARTNERS IN FLIGHT PUBLICATION WAS MADE AVAILABLE BY THE WYOMING GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT’S NONGAME PROGRAM AND “WORTH THE WATCHING” FUNDS, WITH DISTRIBUTION ASSISTANCE FROM AUDUBON ROCKIES AND THE WYOMING STATE OFFICE OF THE BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT

Please cite this publication as follows:

Orabona, A. C. (Compiler). 2016. Wyoming Wildscape: how to design, plant, and maintain landscaping to benefit people and wildlife. Wyoming Game and Fish Department Nongame Program, Lander, USA.