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2-2-1 ethnic formula 268, 270-2 Akcaya 12 Aki, Acun 315 Abdullah, Tan Husni 96, 110, 133, 137 Akri, Ajub 115 Abdulsalam, Tammar 179, 181 aksi sepihak see unilateral action Abdurahman, Djeranding 55, 73 aktor intelektual 246 Abdussjukur 106 Alamsyahrum, Rudy 270 Abik, Piet Herman 263, 266, 269, 287 Ali, Habib 211 Abkhazia 43 Aliansi Masyarakat Adat (AMA) 286 abolition 21, 58, 64, 295 Aliansi Masyarakat Melayu (AMM) accommodation, of Dayak students 272 72, 88 Alief, Akien 174 Aceh 8, 19, 22, 25-7, 36, 39, 44, 52, Alim, Antonius 211 84, 246, 348 Alkadri, Syarif Thaha 85 Acehnese 33 Allahu Akbar 250 Achmaddyns, Maizir 104-5 alliance 105-6, 272 Achmat, Muh. 122 Allied forces 80, 85 Act of Free Choice 131 allocation 191, 295, 297 activists 5, 10, 86, 283-4, 286, 288, 308 Alokasi Penempatan Penduduk Daerah political 74-5, 253 Transmigrasi (APPDT) 189 adat Aloy, Aloysius 176, 315 dagang 61 Alufuru 31 hokum see customary law Amat, Martinus 214 Adikardjana 91 Amat, Willem 174 Adikardjana, A. 91 Ambalau 73 Adisumarto 24, 111 Ambawang, Sungai 217, 277-8 affiliates 111-2, 121-2, 127, 135 Ambon 16, 272 Africa 16, 31, 43, 325, 333 Ambonese 17, 33 African 16 Amer, Amin 174 agreements 20, 60, 63, 87, 106, 164 Americans 30 agriculture, swidden 30, 51 amicable relations 127, 248 Agung, Ide Anak Agung Gde 20 Amin, A. Moeis 104 Ahmadiyah 250 Aminuddin, Uray 253 Air Besar 138, 278 amnesty 140 Ajan, Petrus Sindong 292 anak negeri 61 Akademi Pemerintahan Dalam Negeri ancestors 49, 62, 66, 68 (APDN) 114, 162, 165, 179

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© Taufiq Tanasaldy, 2012 This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-NonDerivative 3.0 Unported (CC-BY-NC-NDTaufiq 3.0) Tanasaldy License. - 9789004253483 Downloaded from Brill.com09/25/2021 09:52:32AM via free access | Index ancestry 28-30 Arabs 33, 84 presumed 29 areas Andi, I. 88, 163 conflict-affected 236, 244 Andjioe, Marinus 92, 113 conflict-prone 278, 280 Andjioe, Mickael 261-4, 298, 302 government-ruled 62-3 Angking, Lengson 174, 269 interior 25, 53, 147, 172, 184, 209 Angkola 52 isolated 44, 185 Anglo-Dutch rivalries 64 rural 11, 78, 88, 144, 199, 206, 226, animism 30, 195 228-31, 313 animists 52, 197 total 184-6 animosity 20, 105, 216 Arif, H. Achmad 291 Anjiem, Petrus 101, 135, 149, 171-2 Arifin, Zainal 157 Anjungan 145-6, 212, 217 aristocracy 16 Anom, Farid M. Panji 347 commercial 342 anti-Chinese 19, 141, 144, 152 dominant Malay 50 anti-Communist 23, 122, 139, 312 aristocrats 16-17, 19, 67, 74-5 anti-Dutch government 19 local 7 anti-left movements 117 see also anti- native 18 Communist Armunanto 24, 111 anti-PKI 24, 117 army 18, 23, 85, 117, 122, 130, 133, anti-plantation 189, 286 137-40, 145, 147-8, 152, 196, 210, ANTV 241 244, 323 Anwar, Dewi Fortuna 26 Army Intelligence Chief 130 Anyang, Ali 73 arrests 20, 47, 124, 130, 133-5, 148, Anyang, Thambun 269 210 Aoheng 51 Arsip Nasional 10 apartheid 24 Aryanto, Tarya 242 appointment 1, 27, 34, 37, 85, 87, 104, As, Ali 315 106, 123, 145, 161-2, 167-8, 174, 252- Asali 316 3, 298-9 ascent 63, 167 approaches 18, 28, 49, 101, 135, 195, Aseng, Maran Marcellinus 282 209, 267, 298, 357 Asia 16 anti-ethnic 167 Asian Far Eastern 18 comparative 339, 348 Asmoro, Winoto Danu 111 conciliatory 114 Aspar 287 conflict-centric 9 assimilation 40, 206, 247, 249 cultural 197, 200 assistant resident 62, 81, 87, 90 diplomatic 196 assistants 157, 169, 179, 274 ethnic 106, 115 regional 274-5 instrumentalist 28 association 29, 120-1, 129, 131, 198, integrated 29 252, 284, 290, 292 non-confrontational 299 Aswin, Aspar 182, 258, 261, 267, 275, political 112 287, 315 top-down 275 Atmodihardjo, Siswojo 128 transnational 339 atrocities 150-2, 247

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Taufiq Tanasaldy - 9789004253483 Downloaded from Brill.com09/25/2021 09:52:32AM via free access Index | attacks 44, 60, 138, 140, 143-8, 150-1, Banjar sultanate(s) 65 210-15, 223-4, 226, 245, 250 Banjarese 33, 53, 259 rebel 138, 143, 147-8 Banjarmasin 63-4, 80, 165, 242 Australia 8 Bantam, sultanate of 59 Australian army commander 80 Bantang, P.F. 82, 84, 93 Australian Army Headquarters 80 Baperjakat 169 Australian Forces 80 Baperki 117-20, 122, 124-5, 133, 135, Australian National University (ANU) 156, 311 9, 11 Baperki, University 119 Australian Social Science Data Archive Baperki and Partindo 120, 124, 134-5 11 Baperki schools 117, 119, 125 Australian War Memorial 10 Bappeda 262-3 authoritarian regime(s) 7, 24-6, 40, 45- Barai 61 6, 181, 192, 240 bargaining position, better 3 autonomy 27, 37, 46, 60, 95, 275, 349, Barisan Tani Indonesia (BTI) 121, 127 354 Baruyugn, Michael Injeck 292 awakening, political 2, 14, 17 Basnu, Sunardi 291 Ayub, Benedictus 261-2, 264 Basques 33 Batak 33-4, 52, 61, 67, 74-5, 180, 197, B Group 135 214 Babinsa 246, 321 Batak thugs 222 backward 39, 198, 205, 207, 221 Batakland 7, 16, 70, 201, 286, 337 Badan Koordinasi Koperasi Kredit Batang Lupar 200 Daerah (BK3D) 283 Batavia 83 Badan Pemerintah Harian (BPH) 123, Batu Ampar 278 126, 155-6, 179, 198 Bawadi, Uray 80 Baisoeni Z.A. 224 Bekatan 198 Bakri, Mohamad 84 Belgium 33 Bakrie 210 Belitang 161 balance Belo, Carlos Filipe Ximenes 45 ethnic 263-5, 305 Beneden-Matan 56 ethnic political 47 Benedi, Agustinus 291 23, 39, 122, 127, 137, 140, 201, benefits 28, 30, 38-9, 45-6, 54-5, 63, 243 67, 172, 189, 205, 299 Balinese 33, 61 economic 40 Balinese migrants 190, 236, 279 personal 306 Balunus, Baroamas Tjabang see promised 206 Djanting, Massoeka special 299 Bamba, John 195, 287, 316 Bengkayang 12, 56, 89, 138, 140, 144, Banan Laik 193 147-8, 191-3, 209-12, 217, 228, 290 Bandung 122 conflict 278 118 including 223 Bangka-Belitung 349 region 55, 146, 196, 201 Bangkalan 227-8, 357 sub-district 138, 147, 203, 211 Bangladesh 36 Bengkayang City 138

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Bengkayang district 12, 58, 159, 186, Buan, Antonius 88, 113, 155, 163, 317 189, 194, 209, 212, 214, 223, 225, Buddhism 296-7 231, 234, 236, 253-4, 274, 276-81, Buddhists 197 297, 302-4, 307 Budi, Albertus Batara 287, 294, 315 Bengkayang district head 292 Budiardjo, R. 96 Bengkayang military 210 Bugis 2, 33, 50-1, 53, 189, 223, 259 Benteng, Sotorman 149, 156, 179, 181 Bugis of 2 Benuaq 30 Bugis prince of Bone 70 Bible 196 Buleleng 111 Bidayuh 30, 53 Bumbun, Heronimus 316 Binkhuizen 84 Bungae Jarao 216 Blacks 45, 233 Bunut 57-8 Blitar 122 Bunut sultanate 64 block 36, 120, 168, 227 bupati 37, 101, 103, 106, 111, 124, 145, block Madurese entrance 235 224, 267, 271, 273-4, 281, 288, 301, blocked road access 245 303 Bo Shunchen 315 bupati election see district head election board, provincial election 292 bureaucracy 21, 35-6, 38, 98, 107, 109, Böhm, A.H. 10, 75, 82, 84-5, 98, 107 125-6, 160, 162-8, 194-5, 203-4, 238- bonded recruitment 164 9, 251-3, 299-300, 309-10 Bong, Chun Fat 84 bureaucratic ladder 239 border 64, 139, 142, 147, 240, 351 Burma 19 eastern 140 Burundi 42 border agreement 57 Burung, Panglima 81 border areas 144, 224 Butar, A. 93 51, 63-4, 72 BZ, Fahadi 316 independence of greater 292 Borneo Barat 79 Cakrabirawa 121 Borneo Shinbun 16, 75-6 campaign 8, 116, 119, 136, 140, 143-4, Bosnia 33 152, 172, 286-7, 291, 313 Bosnia-Herzegovina 43 anti-Chinese 143-5 Bosnians 43 anti-Communist 196 boundaries 29, 55, 96, 221, 322 anti-logging 283 country’s 43 anti- 139 Boven-Kapuas 35, 55-7, 63-4, 82, 87 anti-plantation 286 see also Kapuas Hulu indigenous rights 300 Boven-Matan 56 Konfrontasi 273 Brandenberg, F. 84 political 273, 310 British Borneo 64, 84, 139 Canada 26, 33 British colony 64 Canberra 9-10 British government 139 candidate 83, 87, 106-7, 114, 161, 174, British India 36 178, 242-3, 260-2, 266, 288, 303, 305, Brooke, James 64 307 Brown, Michael 41 bureaucracy 165-6 51 civilian 261

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district head 47, 123, 178-9, 242, Central Kalimantan 7, 31, 33, 44, 63, 260-2, 264-6, 269-70, 298, 302 65, 81, 110, 178, 192, 196, 246, 248, favoured 178-9, 269 273, 338 governor 106 Central 31, 68 legislative 137, 171-2, 174, 176, 294 ceremonies 216, 251 non-Dayak 269 lavish 205 popular 178, 180 peace 211, 251 regime’s 178, 180 chaaw haw 39 regional representative 268-70 chairman 86, 92-3, 106, 119, 122, 133, capital 150, 180-1, 270, 287, 290, 294 district 12, 193, 275, 278 appointed 130 provincial 12, 64, 71, 92-3, 96, 163, deputy 112, 126 172, 193, 226 elected 262 sultanate 67, 71 general 93, 111-13, 292 Capuchin Order 71 Chang, William 317 careers 118, 155, 167-8, 179 charismatic 127, 150 political 91, 252, 263 Ch.E. Jacobus Frans L see Layang, teaching 164 Jacobus caretaker 145, 178, 280-1 Chechnya 43, 45 carok 220 chiefs 58, 68, 219 Catalonians 33 China 70, 142 Catholic Church 10, 68, 78, 91, 172, Chinese 2, 10-1, 18-9, 50, 72, 102, 176, 189, 271, 282-3 117-20, 142-4, 150-1, 189, 215-6, Catholic Dayaks 197 233-4, 268-9, 271, 306-7 Catholic institutions 282 alien 118, 142 Catholic leaders 196 anti- 114, 137-8, 140-4 Catholic missions 17, 33, 50, 71-2, 78- conflict 10, 50, 80, 143-9, 243, 306 9, 164 as native 51 Catholic Party 99, 110, 112, 126-7, 129 Chinese, Communist 143, 148-9 see also Partai Katolik Chinese, Sarawak 148 Catholic priests 71, 91, 195 Chinese, totok 142 Catholic religion teachers in Sanggau Chinese, West Kalimantan 118, 143, 295 197, 334 Catholic schools 2, 31, 61, 78 Chinese Affairs Office 2, 20, 119 Catholic teachers 90, 295 Chinese culture 118 Catholicism 34, 52, 195-6, 295, 297 Chinese dialects 118, 143 Catholics 22, 30, 100, 112, 117, 145, Chinese education 72 196-7, 295-6 Chinese government 142 Caucasus 43 Chinese identity 118 census 11-12, 31-3, 52, 118, 193, 197- Chinese language 118 8, 220, 223, 227-8, 231, 234, 236, Chinese mayor 313 238 Chinese merchants 18, 143, 236 Central Borneo 341, 349 Chinese of Pemangkat 142 23, 96 Chinese organization 117

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Chinese politics 2, 19, 75, 102, 112, coastal x, 51, 55, 112, 139, 159, 172, 114, 117, 119, 307, 311, 353 174, 200, 264, 290 Chinese population 117-8, 142-3, 197 cohesion, political 4, 311 Chinese refugees 145 Cold War 42 Chinese role 2, 44, 119-20 collaborators 19, 97 Chinese schools 125, 141 colonial administration 11, 32, 58, Chinese villages 142, 150 160 Chinese volunteers 140 colonial era 2, 6, 9, 19, 31-3, 35-6, 57 Chr. F. Iman Kalis see Kalis, Iman colonial government 17 Christian 34, 38, 110, 175, 180, 196, colonial masters 17, 19, 36 252, 261, 263, 270, 273, 295, 305 colonial powers 16, 18-9, 35, 43 Christian education 313 colonial preference treatment 42, 81 Christian organizations 252, 263 colonial rule 13, 42, 49 Christian Party 114, 292 direct 63 Christian practices 196 colonialism 35, 327, 336, 344 Christian regions 16, 295 colonies 16, 18-19, 32, 42, 58, 64 Christian schools 34, 72 colour, skin 28-9 Christian teachers 295, 297 committee 124, 264, 271-2 Christianity 34, 52, 68, 195-6 communal 40, 200, 247 Church 72, 91, 114, 163-4, 283 communal conflicts 44, 150, 247, 321, church authorities 90, 113, 196, 273 352 citizens 61, 87, 143 communication technology 218 second-class 32, 207 Communism 112, 148, 200 city 56, 80, 101, 110, 193-4, 205, 226, Communism and longhouses 200 231, 235, 290 Communist and military 140 civil servant recruitment 93, 161, 164-6 Communist Chinese 150 civil servants 17, 21, 36, 38, 68, 86, 91, Communist influence 125-6 97-8, 104, 113, 132, 135, 157-9, 161- Communist rebellion 200 7, 253 see also civil service Communist rebels 139, 142-3, 146-7, highest active 134 152, 184, 200 native 17 Communist sympathizers 23, 121, 139- non-native 16 40, 142-3, 148 civil service 24, 35, 38, 98, 109, 132, Communist teachers 125 159, 162-4, 166-7, 177, 259, 309-10 Communists 13, 22-3, 100, 121-3, 125- Civil Service Institute 179 see also 7, 137, 142-3, 148-50, 170, 311, 332 Kursus Dinas C anti- 127, 143-4 clashes Communists in Java and Bali 140, 243 ethnic 80, 268 communities x, 19, 27, 35-6, 45, 68, motivated 80 72, 76, 80-1, 143, 195, 198-9, 205, class 28, 61, 268, 332, 338 213, 283-5 aristocratic 61 customary 70 first 18 divided 36 second 18 isolated 198 cleavages 23 large non-assimilating 141 clurit 220 local 1, 201, 221, 286

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migrant 50, 265 connections, political 150 urban 71 consensus, Regional Representative competition 1, 42, 117, 236, 242-3, election 269 260, 267, 298, 307-8 Constituent Assembly see Konstituante ethnic 307-8, 311, 345 constitution 21, 26, 86, 109, 259, 287 internal 269, 311 constraints, ancestral 29 political 259 construction, social 29, 54, 322 composition 252, 271-2, 288 constructivism 28-9 compromise 46, 87, 109, 111, 115 constructivist 28 conflict areas 44, 143, 145, 225, 231, contracts 60, 63, 66-7, 70 246 control 2, 22, 37, 57, 60, 62-5, 77, 80, conflict escalation 44, 212, 251, 255 129, 131, 137, 150-1, 195, 201, 203 conflict hot-spots 281 effective 62-4 conflict-prone 41 sultanate’s 56, 68 conflict transformation 45, 47 controleur 55, 84 conflicts conversion, religious 52-5, 57, 68, 195- armed 19 6, 199, 206 chronic ethnic 280 cooperation, political 119 ethnic 209 Cornelis 47, 265-7, 281, 288, 290, 306 history of 42-3, 215, 222 corruption 134, 185, 258, 292, 344 horizontal 250 corvée labour 62, 66 initial 246-7 costs 45, 71, 160, 188, 194 initiating 45 economic 72 intra-ethnic 307 living 164 mass 9, 312 social 71 massive 6, 15, 46-7, 248, 262 council 3, 81, 86, 96, 156, 169, 183, open 6, 42-3, 47, 215, 219, 225, 254, 306 273 counter-demonstrations 124, 253-4 open ethnic 241, 305 counterattacks 148, 152, 211, 213 planned 247 countries 20, 25-7, 33, 36, 39, 43, 45-6, political 242, 251 60, 97, 143, 183, 190, 201, 240, 246 protracted 42 coup 4, 7, 20, 23, 119-24, 126-7, 130, recent 5-6, 11, 42, 216, 221 133-4, 139, 141, 162, 196, 206, 311 reduced ethnic 45, 281 credit union 211, 282-3, 288 religious 214 crimes 80 territorial 333 petty 222, 241 urban 313 crisis 183, 239-41, 328, 331 violent 221, 240 political 250, 312 conflicts (need rework) 40-7, 80-1, cross-cultural exchanges 239 137-9, 144-6, 148-52, 209-10, 212- cultivation, palm oil 185 23, 225-6, 231, 233-5, 239-48, 250-1, cultural differences 40, 189 253-5, 278, 312-13 cultural exchanges 32 confrontation 80, 140, 209, 219, 235 cultural symbols 355 Confucianism 197 cultural values 282 Confucianists 197 culture

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exotic 198 Dayak and Malay power-sharing 301 national 39 Dayak animists 197 political 322 Dayak areas see Dayak region culture (check again) 28, 33, 36, 40, Dayak backwardness 205 168, 191, 195-6, 198, 205, 207, 227, Dayak bands 80-1 284, 331-3, 339-40 Dayak bureaucrats 152, 161, 164, 206, Cung, Lim Sen 84 259 Cursus Volksschool Onderwijzer (CVO) highest-ranking 179 88 Dayak candidates in executive election Customary Board 251 see also Majelis 5, 47, 107, 178, 261, 267-70, 294, Adat Dayak 303, 305, 307, 310 customary law 181 Dayak candidates in legislative election customs 30, 49, 89, 195, 200, 216, 222, 174, 294, 305 227, 342 Dayak candidates in Regional Czechoslovakia 27 Representative election 269-70 Dayak centre in Anjungan 151 Daerah Istimewa Kalimantan Barat Dayak-Chinese relations 143 (DIKB) 3, 20-1, 35, 79, 83-7, 93-8, Dayak civil servants 113 106-9, 113, 309 small number of 160, 171 dissolution 20, 94, 96-7 Dayak communities 2, 5-6, 54, 72, 75, pro-Dutch 22 78, 198, 273, 284, 287 pro-federal 95, 97, 108 Dayak conditions 5, 31, 66, 77 see also Daftar Calon Tetap (DCT) 171, 174 Dayak politics and marginalization Dajak see Dayak Dayak conflicts Dajakker 31 with Chinese 138, 211 Daliman, Thomas 265 with Communists 13 Damak 216 with Madurese 6, 47, 209-15, 217- Danuatmodjo, Winarno 111 31, 250 Dara Raja 61 Dayak crowds 210-1, 270, 272 Darit 138, 150 Dayak culture 5, 34, 55, 155, 195, 198, Darul Islam 22 200, 206-7, 284, 351 Daud, Ali 315 Dayak Customary Board see Majelis Davidson, Jamie S. 9, 74-5, 90-1, 93-5, Adat Dayak 112-14, 126-7, 137-40, 144-5, 180-1, dayak-dayakan 31 212-15, 219-21, 225, 243-5, 253-4, Dayak demands 268, 272 283-5 Dayak demonstrations 267-8, 281, 298, Daya 284 307 Daya or Dayak 284 Dayak demonstrators 124, 297 Dayak 87, 94, 270 Dayak district head 4, 24, 111, 145, and affirmative action 83 181, 252, 254, 257, 264, 267-8, 299- definition of 94, 284 300, 302-3, 307-8, 310 Dayak activists 176, 283 and Dayak-dominated DPRD 297 Dayak Affairs Office (DAO) viii, 35, 75, of Landak 290 81, 86-90, 92, 94, 97, 99, 108 Dayak education 68, 70, 72-3, 88, 108, Dayak and Islam 55, 270 163

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in Central Kalimantan 33 united 99, 108 Dayak elders 66, 68-9, 77, 81 Dayak legislators 5, 113, 170-3, 176, Dayak elites (see also Dayak leaders) 1, 182, 267, 290, 294-5, 305, 308, 310 4-6, 44, 148, 168, 180, 251, 259, 266, increase of 175, 294 268 Dayak lobbies 263, 265-6 role of 148 Dayak-Malay 181 Dayak emancipation 50, 86, 106, 124 Dayak-Malay tension 303 Dayak farmers 143, 219 Dayak marginalization 9, 13, 169, 268, Dayak figures 20, 132, 135-6, 171, 265, 298-9 287, 292-4 see also Dayak leaders Dayak masses 267, 270-1, 298 Dayak-Fourteen 61 see also Dayak mar- Dayak members 132, 176, 271-2 ginalization Dayak mobilization 138, 144, 268 Dayak governor 4, 24, 114, 123, 155, Dayak movements 108, 150, 300 291, 305, 312 Dayak Muslims 5, 12, 34, 115, 252, Dayak hardball politics 300 278, 297, 300, 302, 304, 307, 310-1, Dayak home region 312 see also Dayak 313 regions Dayak NGOs 11, 14, 24, 39, 177, 204, Dayak hostility 54, 214 219, 250, 257, 286, 343 Dayak houses 212 Dayak officials 4, 20, 97, 104, 157, Dayak identity 29-30, 33-4, 54, 270 163, 167 Dayak in Action (DIA) 90-2, 112 Dayak organizations 3, 34, 90, 251, Dayak institutions 13, 79, 86, 211 263, 265 Dayak interests 11, 88, 90, 106, 169, Dayak participation 78 176, 181, 254, 265-6 Dayak politicians 9, 34, 65, 108, 153, in Pontianak 211 168, 177, 313 Dayak kera 31 Dayak politics 1, 5, 13, 35, 79, 81, 83, Dayak leaders 2-4, 13, 72, 80-1, 97, 85, 87, 89, 91, 93-4, 257, 310-11 132, 135-6, 144, 148-9, 152, 176-7, and A.H. Böhm 107 180, 199-200, 205, 219 and Baperki 120 and anti-Communists 152 and Catholic Church 78-9, 82, 109, in bureaucracy 310 162, 179 and Dayak civil servant recruitment in Central/ 7 38 and conflicts 6, 9, 15, 137, 181 and Dayak Muslim 34 and DAO 108 and DIKB 3, 97 decline of 13, 109, 152, 311-2 and Dutch government 309 and DIKB 73, 79 and education 72 district head election 5 and Golkar 135-6, 152, 177 and election 178, 265, 288 and IPKI 132 golden era of 109 Muslim 34 history of 2, 5, 7-9, 257 and NICA 81 and Islam 34 Partindo 125, 310 and Malay politics 6, 15, 252, 312 and Red Bowl Movements 148-9 and marginalization 35, 77, 311-2 and role of traditional leaders 205 and national politics 5-6, 13, 15, 21, Dayak leadership 155 112, 152-3, 309

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and Partindo 10, 152, 312 Dayak territory 215 see also Dayak and PBI 294 regions and PD 3, 21-2, 152 Dayak-Thirteen 61 see also Dayak- and religious issues 35 Fourteen and Sultan Hamid II 107 Dayak Unity 3, 21 see also Persatuan unity of 40, 310 Dayak Dayak politics and direct-rule region Dayak Unity Party 21, 79 see also 78, 113 Persatuan Dayak Dayak politics and PD 108 Dayak villages 64, 81, 88, 137, 197, Dayak population 56, 229 200-1 significant of 56, 193, 300 Dayak votes 137, 172, 182, 264, 289 small number of 193, 212 of Central and 110 Dayak populations 51, 56, 99, 101, Dayak war leaders 77 158-9, 193, 225, 266, 277, 294, 305 Dayak woman 206, 217 Dayak-predominant districts 278, 299, Dayakologi 284 303, 305 Dayaks Dayak pressure 252, 263, 266-7 free 64 Dayak protests 34, 181, 260-1 infidel 160 Dayak rebellions 69, 76, 181 minority 212 Dayak Regional Representative 307 non-Muslim 50, 53 see also Regional Representative rival headhunting 62 Dayak regions 55, 70, 104, 149-50, subservient 68 161, 163 see also Dayak-predominant uncivilized 31 districts underprivileged 167 interior 57, 168 Dayaks, Muslim 16 Dayak representation 38, 170, 174, Dayaks and anti-Communists 146, 151 176, 297 Dayaks and Communists 146 Dayak representatives 82-4, 87, 93, Dayaks and DAO 90 271, 284 Dayaks and Dwikora 116, 313 Dayak revolts 78 see also Dayak rebel- Dayaks and Golkar 136 lions Dayaks and Madurese 6, 15, 42-3, 45, Dayak scholar 54, 196 50, 205, 209, 211, 217-9, 223, 225, Dayak society 201, 284 292, 312 Dayak students 71, 88-9, 110, 157, Dayaks and Malays 49-50, 54, 65, 67, 163 97, 143, 220, 250, 254, 259, 261, 265, Dayak sub-district head 5, 157-8, 161 268, 301, 306 of Meliau 205 Dayaks and nation-building 32 of Sungai Pinyuh 217 Dayaks and Partai Katolik 112 of Toho 217 Dayaks and pro-Dutch government 95 Dayak sub-districts 276-7 Dayaks and religious conversion 196 Dayak sub-tribes 51, 61 Dayaks and teacher training schools Dayak support 80, 82, 95, 107, 281, 161 289 Dayaks elite 151-2, 218 see also Dayak Dayak supporters 53, 67, 124, 157, 266 leaders Dayak teachers 89, 91, 167 deaths 76, 220, 294

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in conflicts 137, 211, 213-5, 240 destiny 32, 212 decentralization 8, 27, 37, 39, 240, determinants 13, 30, 33, 42 259, 312, 342 development 1, 16, 32, 34, 39, 51, 83, decision 133, 183, 251, 282-3, 285 ministerial 123 social 283 minister’s 264, 266-7 sustainable 324 deforestation 184-5 uneven 37-9, 183 Deli Serdang 178 development projects 155, 218, 283-4, democracy 46, 310, 323-4, 326, 332, 286 341-2 Dewan Adat (DAD) 200, 251, 262-3, constitutional 3, 332 266 liberal 21, 46, 109, 309 DAD Sanggau 263 democratic 178-9, 260 DAD Sekadau 288 democratic consolidation 45 Dewan Pemerintah Daerah (DPD) 101, democratic decentralization 342 103-6, 115, 123, 155-6 see also Badan democratic election 22 Pemerintah Harian democratic governments 25-6, 311 Dewan Pertimbangan Otonomi Daerah liberal 309 (DPOD) 280 democratic institutions 5, 257, 259 Dewan Perwakilan Daerah (DPD) 287 democratic measures 26 Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (DPR) 86, democratic regime 27, 240, 243 99, 175, 244, 294 democratization 8, 25, 27, 46-7, 240-1, Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat-Gotong 259, 268, 324-5, 333-4, 342, 352 Royong (DPR-GR) 115, 131 rapid 27, 45-6, 255, 310 Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah democratization processes 333 (DPRD) 101, 105-6, 115, 119, 169- Demokrat see Partai Demokrat 74, 176, 178-80, 206, 258-61, 264-73, demonstrations 114, 138-9, 141, 150, 280-1, 292-5, 297-9, 308, 334 162, 180, 219, 258, 266 candidates 291 aggressive 298, 300 burning incident 266 counter 124 members of 170, 174, 176, 178, 258, mass 253, 281 262, 265-6, 268-9, 272, 295, 305 organized 45 Dewan Pimpinan Pusat (DPP) 112 street 240, 288 differentiation, social 83, 357 student 123-4, 240, 258 dignity 40, 220 Denggol, P.J. 84, 87, 93, 95, 98, 105, Director of Education in Batavia 88 157 disciplinary action 132, 219 Department for Religious Affairs 165 discrimination 42-3, 66, 77, 87, 93, departments 91, 106, 126, 155-6, 165, 169 169, 179 cultural 41 heads of local religious affairs 5, 310 ethnic 168 important 168 racial 81 deputies 106, 111, 120, 123, 155, 157, discriminatory 41, 67, 73 162, 169, 290, 303-5 discriminatory policies 16, 94 Desa (tribe) 51-2, 61 state 38 desa (village) 201 discriminatory practice 66, 77

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Taufiq Tanasaldy - 9789004253483 Downloaded from Brill.com09/25/2021 09:52:32AM via free access | Index discriminatory sultanate administration district population 223, 305 65, 163 districts discriminatory system 68 conflict-prone 231 dismissals 121, 123-7 inland 290 disparities, inter-regional 189 native 288 disputes 47, 57, 64, 142, 204, 285-6, distrust 41, 170, 241, 247 305 disturbances 68, 80, 245, 250 disqualification 294 Ditsospol 261 dissolution 13, 21-2, 76, 79, 98-9, 129, divide and rule 20, 38, 97 309, 311 division dissolve 3, 96, 136, 152 see also institutional 36 dissolution internal 205 district capitals 193-4, 266, 275, 305 legal 65 district division 273, 275-6, 278, 281 regional 280 see also pemekaran social 16 district formation 273, 281 see also sub-ethnic 182, 306 pemekaran Djain, Nurdin 135-6 district head elections 1, 168, 176, 178, Djajah, Yohanes 291 260-1, 264, 281, 295, 298, 306-7 Djalil, Simon 157, 260-1 in the 1950s 168 Djaman, Donatus 200, 205, 219, 261- after Reformasi 258 2, 264, 302 demonstrations during 47, 253 Djaman, M.Th. 84, 90, 93, 104, 262, direct 288, 295, 304-5 264, 320 during the New Order 178, 260 Djamil, Syafei 242 ethnic politics of 181, 268, 300 Djampi, A.S. 96 military candidates in 261 Djanting, Massoeka 88, 113, 155, peaceful 242 163 power sharing in 300-1 Djaoeng, G.P. 74, 82, 104, 124, 174, problems of 178 177, 180, 316 role of MABM in 303 Djapari, A.M. 182, 275, 315 role of Pancur Kasih 288 Djapri, Mohammad 82 district head positions 103, 108, 123, Djarak, Asam 134-5, 149, 315 145, 160, 167, 177, 243-4, 260, 262, Djau, Y.C. 317 268, 297, 303, 310 Djawi, Abdulkadir bin 82 district heads 5, 22-4, 26-7, 104-5, 123- Djelani, Agustinus 73, 86, 90, 92-3, 98- 4, 152, 157, 166-7, 178, 180-2, 242, 100, 104, 113, 124, 135, 149, 315 260-1, 298-9, 301-5, 309-10 Djiban, Salman 265 caretaker 157, 267 Djimin, Raymondez 266 Chinese 2, 292, 304 Djohan, Ade Mohammad 82 Chinese deputy 2, 292, 304 Doera, Isaak 143 civilian 245 domination 38, 70, 140, 148, 168, 194, Dayak 124, 177-8, 182-3, 260, 262, 235, 254, 297 264, 268, 299, 308 economic 151, 236 native 24 political 36 district legislatures 4, 103, 131, 305 sectoral 235

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DPOD see Dewan Pertimbangan see Nusa Tenggara Otonomi Daerah Timur DPP see Dewan Pimpinan Pusat East Sumatra 19, 36, 76 DPR see Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat East Sumatra, State of 95 DPR-GR see Dewan Perwakilan East Timor 8, 25, 32, 39, 44-5, 84, Rakyat-Gotong Royong 131, 178, 240, 274, 291, 326, 328, DPRD see Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat 336, 346 Daerah Eastern Europe 36 dress economic competition 40, 189, 226 Malay 57 economic crisis 239-40, 254, 321 official 197 economic development 35, 38, 41 traditional 197, 303 uneven 38 Duri, Sungai 214, 231 economic jealousy 234, 236 Durjat, Karim M. 122 economic opportunities 78, 155, 185 Dusun 94, 213 economic role 2, 235 Dutch 2, 7, 19-20, 34-5, 58, 60, 63-4, economy 106, 130, 234, 340, 342 68-70, 74, 82, 85, 94-7, 108-9, 310-1 local 44, 185 Dutch administration 55, 63, 160 national 38 Dutch colonial army 85 regional 38, 234 Dutch colonial government 2, 18-9, 59- Ediyanto, Abun 2 60, 67, 77, 96 educated Dayaks 68, 75, 164, 167, 207 Dutch colonial period 18, 70, 119 education 2, 17, 32-3, 35, 49, 54, 67, Dutch colonial preference 58 71-3, 78-9, 83, 87-8, 119, 125, 141, Dutch departure 20 282-3 Dutch direct rule 63, 65 basic 17 65, 96, 223, 356 formal 2, 17, 71 Dutch government (see also Dutch colo- higher 194, 199 nial government) 60, 62-3, 70, 77, 82, political 283 85, 95, 160, 222, 309 primary 162-3, 201 Dutch language 18, 20 secondary 86 Dutch military 17, 83-4 education campaign 164 Dutch missionary 65, 70, 114 education system 34, 89 Dutch officials 35, 55, 62, 84-5, 87, educational attainment 183, 238 90, 98 educational opportunities 88 Dutch representatives 82, 84 Effendi, Chairil 269 Dutch rule 58, 65, 95 Effendi, M. Nazir 96 Dutch sources 10 Effendi, Morkes 242 Dwikora 116 Effendy, Yansen Akun 2, 264, 302 election 3-5, 99-103, 105-6, 108-9, 112- East Indonesia 20, 39, 95 3, 130-7, 171-2, 174-83, 238, 242-4, East Java 22-3, 96, 122, 220, 227-8 260-1, 263-8, 287-95, 303-5, 307-8 East Kalimantan 7, 27, 30, 71, 123, gubernatorial 157, 306-7 184, 200, 214, 248, 338, 342 legislative 305 East Kalimantan Dayaks 72, 162 election campaign 136, 171, 302 East Kalimantan Governor 23 election committee 264-6

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Taufiq Tanasaldy - 9789004253483 Downloaded from Brill.com09/25/2021 09:52:32AM via free access | Index election mechanism 174 ethnic choices 29 election monitoring 172 ethnic cleansing 342 election of executive heads 5, 310 ethnic communities 6, 33, 307 election of regional representatives 268 ethnic composition 132, 280, 295 election process 178, 261, 264-5, 288 ethnic concentration 222 election result 102, 105, 180, 266, 272, ethnic conflict 9, 13, 27, 40, 42-3, 46-7, 288, 296, 303 209, 215, 217-9, 241-3, 249-51, 280- election rigging 172 1, 312-13, 325-6, 333 electoral changes 257 proximate causes of 41-2 electoral laws 301, 304, 308 underlying causes of 41-2 elementary school 164, 203, 238-9, ethnic consciousness 286, 300 293-4 ethnic demography 223 first-class 160 ethnic elites 251, 255, 263, 312, 338 elites 25, 27, 44-6, 93, 129, 168, 253, ethnic emblem 33 281, 287, 306, 311 ethnic enclaves 277 rivalries 306 ethnic geography 41, 43, 294, 313 Elmoswath, Mozes Nyawath 176 ethnic groups 1-2, 16-18, 26, 29-36, 38, emancipation 24, 70, 79, 94, 108, 347 41-3, 47, 61, 168, 194-8, 205-7, 215, Embaloh 200 220-2, 233-5, 248-9, 259, 306-7 Embau 57 ethnic identity 13, 28-31, 34, 49, 51, emotional appeal 218 321, 339, 349 emotional attachments see emotional ethnic imbalance 177 ties ethnic institutions 20, 44, 300 emotional influence 176 ethnic labelling 30 emotional ties 29, 175, 203 ethnic leaders 6, 44-5, 213 Empanang 62 ethnic organization 26, 45 see also eth- employees 125, 132, 159, 188, 283, 287 nic association empowerment 258-9, 282-3, 330 ethnic political goals 312 Enau, Sungai 217 ethnic politics viii, xiv-2, 4-8, 10, 14-6, ending term of service 124 20, 24-6, 38, 40, 176, 180-2, 209-10, enemies 44-5, 129, 138, 144, 152, 216 250, 257-8, 308-10 common 108, 247 during the New Order 7 enlightened Dayaks 73, 78, 108 formal 313 enmity 31, 41, 126, 306 resurgence of 311 enslavement 66 risk of exclusive 311 entry, limited Dayak 38 ethnic population 50, 223, 279, 304 entry requirements 160 ethnic representation 20, 305, 308 estate, oil palm 184, 188 ethnic sentiments 20, 177, 252-3 ethnic activities 24-5, 45, 282 ethnic solidarity 40, 44, 219 ethnic arrangement 303 ethnic stereotyping of Dayaks 198 ethnic association 31, 270 ethnic visibility 230 ethnic attributes 33, 45 ethnical voices 261 ethnic bonds 300 ethnicity 5, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27- ethnic boundaries 28-9, 43, 344 31, 33-5, 37, 39, 41, 50, 100, 168, ethnic card 38 257, 270, 285, 324-6, 331-3, 337-8

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Europe 69 Florus, P. 287 European colonizers 199 Fo, Nauw Hie 82 European explorers 30 foreign funding 110 Europeans 18, 52, 65 Forest Concession see Hak Pengusahaan evacuation 151, 211, 214-15 Hutan evidence 138, 144-5, 147, 236, 238, forest destruction 185, 198, 345 241-2, 246, 255, 312 Forestry Act 183 executive heads 5, 101, 103, 106, 109, forests 184-5, 187-8, 324, 343 155, 167, 169, 258, 274, 290, 310 Forum Aksi Mahasiswa dan Pemuda Dayak (FAMD) 263 factors Forum Komunikasi Kerukunan Pribumi cultural 13, 250, 254, 312 (FKKP) 299 ethnic 221, 239, 261, 264, 305 Forum Komunikasi Kristiani Indonesia ethnic geography 13 (FKKI) 271 Fadillah, Abas 272 Forum Komunikasi Pemuda dan Fadjarai, Eddy 315 Mahasiswa Pembawa Aspirasi farmers 143, 145, 187-8, 198, 236-7, Masyarakat Dayak Kabupaten 334 Sanggau (FKPMPAMDKS) 263 farming 192, 194, 199, 283 Forum Komunikasi Pemuda Melayu Fattah, Abi Hurairah 114 (FKPM) 253-4, 272 favourite, regime’s 178, 260 Forum Mahasiswa Pembawa Aspirasi favourite candidate 267 Masyarakat Dayak (FMPAMD), 265 governor’s 261 Free Aceh Movements 8 favouritism 16 Free Papua Movement 8 federal government 3, 26, 37, 86, 312 free press 241, 255 federal military 85-6 freedom, political 1, 27, 93, 288 federal states 19-20, 85, 95, 287 frictions 40, 218, 306 federal system 37, 39, 287, 309-11 internal 87, 122, 130, 132-3 federation 58, 139, 148 intra-ethnic 40 few Dayaks 32, 35, 71, 93, 101, 152, frustration 44-5, 218-19, 240, 253, 300, 169, 230, 259-60 306 fighters 216 Functional Groups see Golkar guerrilla 144 fighting 139, 144, 148, 209-12, 220, Gang 17, Incident of 313 241 Garanese 147 figures 73-4, 124, 251, 304 Garang, Bambang 269 financial backers 288 Gawai 303 financial compensation 40, 192, 219 general elections 3, 21, 86, 110, 176, financial support 39, 89, 204, 244, 282, 242, 288, 290, 293, 308, 333 292 Gerai 200 Five Years Development Planning see Gerakan Pemuda Indonesia see Repelita Gerakan Pemuda Pancasila Flemings 33 Gerakan Pemuda Pancasila 129 flight phenomena 25, 233 Gerakan Pulang Kampung 286 86

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Gerakan Serikat Buruh Indonesia see government offices 32, 68, 87, 94, 134, Kesatuan Buruh Pancasila 155, 164, 177, 252 Gerakan Tani Marhaen see Gerakan government officials 16, 82, 88, 185, Tani Pancasila 218, 221, 275, 280 Gerakan Tani Pancasila 129 involved 10 Gerakan Wanita Indonesia (Gerwani) local 275 121 provincial 97 Gerakan Wanita Pancasila see Wanita government policies 97, 195, 352 Indonesia government positions 22, 75, 107 Germany 27 government scholarships 164 gezaghebber 55 government schools 54, 71-3, 83, 88 Giling, J.R. 90, 104 governor 22-3, 37, 103, 106, 123-4, God is Great see Allahu Akbar 155-7, 167-8, 177-9, 181, 252, 259- Godang, Heronimus 174 60, 262-3, 266-8, 273-5, 299-300 Godang Damar 193 assistant 155-6 Golkar viii, 4, 37, 115, 129-32, 135-7, deputy 2, 23, 123, 179, 252, 263, 171-2, 174-80, 238, 262, 269-70, 289- 288, 290 91, 295-6, 298, 301-2 governor elections 288 Golkar, West Kalimantan 123, 136 governor’s candidate 178, 181, 262 Golkar and executive election 179-80 governor’s envoy 182 Golkar and general election 130-1, governor’s favourite 260, 298 see also 152, 172, 174-6 governor’s candidate Golkar and IPKI Dayaks 131, 134-6, governor’s preference 251, 268 175, 177, 180 Gowa sultanate 70 Golkar Dayak 86, 134, 174, 177 Goye, M.L. 316 Golkar legislators 177, 290 Greater Dayak Council of Central Goneh 61 Kalimantan 85 Goreti, Maria 287, 317 Greater Indonesia Party see Partai governance 16, 18, 33, 35, 78, 103, 156 Green Dragon Operation 246 traditional 286 grievances 27, 44, 146, 219, 300, 307 village-level 203 Groden, van der 84 government group affiliation 28 feudal 75, 108 group histories 41 minority-ruled 24 group interests 28 parliamentary 109 groups 12, 28, 30-1, 33, 35-7, 40-1, 44, pro-Dutch 3, 15, 35, 94, 98, 311 51, 61-2, 88, 91, 117, 121, 214, 218 pro-federal 13 advanced 24, 33, 78 provincial 3-4, 75, 98, 165, 200, 261, aristocratic 18 306 backward 198 regional 37, 274 competing ethnic 47, 264 sultanate 32, 81 discontented ethnic 38 traditional 98 dominant 15, 36, 46, 302, 307 government interference 63 indigenous 32, 39, 65 government intervention 263 isolated 40, 198

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largest ethnic 2-3, 50, 120 high school 70, 88, 162-3, 167, 239 least emancipated ethnic 2 high school graduates 157, 163, 167, less advanced 17 201 native 1, 30, 49, 51, 65 Himpunan Sarjana Indonesia (HSI) new ethnic 31, 34 117, 120-2, 126-7, 133 oppressed 46 West Kalimantan 120, 126 peripheral 19, 39-40 Hinduism 296-7 rebel 140, 142 Hollandsch-Inlandsche School (HIS) sub-ethnic 44, 64, 284 160 tribal 31 historical biases 70 Guided Democracy 3-4, 24-5, 38, 106, history 109, 115 antagonistic group 42 guru agama Kristen 295 colonial 338 Hittam, W. 100 Habibie, B.J. 26 Hoëvell, W.R. van 70 Hadi, Asmara 111 holy persons 77 Hague, The 10 home region 40 Hak Pengusahaan Hutan (HPH) 183 homogeneity 36, 200 Hamengkubuwono IX, Sultan 85 political 7 Hamid, Sultan 20, 81-6, 88, 96, 107 homogenizing 197 and Dayak 86 honourable terminations 124 Hamzah, Ismail 114 hostility 20, 44, 95, 141, 223, 241, 247- Hanafi, A.M. 24, 111 8, 254, 259, 312 Hardi 122 regime’s 131, 170 Harianto, Seto 293 house arrest 143, 177 Harmsen, H.J. 82 House of Islam see Darul Islam harvest 187-8, 303 House of Representatives see Dewan harvest festivities 199 Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah harvest periods 72 Hulten, Herman van 57, 65-8, 70, 79, headhunters 55, 199 see also headhunt- 83-5, 91, 99, 102, 114, 126, 146, 151, ing 163, 195, 200 headhunting 30, 51, 57, 198-9, 215-16, human rights 245 221, 306, 335 Human Rights Watch (HRW) 9, 211, headhunting expeditions 216 245, 247 headhunting practices 64, 216 humiliation 66 headhunting tradition 216 Husiein, Gulam Abbas bin Abdul 84 heathen status 67 Hutan Tanaman Industri (HTI) 184-5 Herita, Tahir 298 Herman, Heliodorus 282 Iban 30, 51-2, 57, 64, 216 Hetharia, Chris F. 114 Iban villages 197 Heutsz, J.B. van 63 Ibrahim, Burhan 96 hierarchy 2, 16, 60, 66 Ibrahim, Uray 84 high office 156, 260 Ibrahim Saleh 110 high ranking 84, 155 identification, ethnic 29-31, 54 high-ranking officials 145, 155-7, 297

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Taufiq Tanasaldy - 9789004253483 Downloaded from Brill.com09/25/2021 09:52:32AM via free access | Index identity 29, 34, 36, 49, 52, 178, 195, Indonesian army 85, 140, 148, 323 284, 300, 324-5, 328, 331, 334, 339 Indonesian border 140 ascribed 29 Indonesian citizenship 118, 142 cultural 118 Indonesian Communist Party see Partai national 197, 325, 355 Komunis Indonesia native 299 Indonesian National Human Rights political 96, 336 Commission 293 see also Komnas religious 206 HAM identity construction 32, 35, 334 see Indonesian periphery 329 also identity formation Indonesian politics 109-10, 118, 257, identity formation 13, 15, 28-9, 32, 34 322, 326, 331, 356 Idris, Bujang Labik bin 213 Indonesian poverty rate 239 Idris, M. 101, 134, 149-50 Indosiar 241 Idris, Usman 101, 134, 145, 149-50 inequality 66, 83 Idul Fitri 213, 250 economic 340 Ikatan Cendikiawan Muslim Indonesia social 338 (ICMI) 252 Infantry Battalion 80, 84-5 Ikatan Dokter Indonesia (IDI) 131 inferiority 54, 75, 95, 206 Ikatan Keluarga Dayak Islam (IKDI) inferiority complexes 207 270 instability 150, 204, 242 Ikatan Pendukung Kemerdekaan political 38 Indonesia (IPKI) 4, 96, 100-3, 107, Institut Dayakologi (ID) 12, 177, 283-7 109-11, 116, 127-37, 152, 171-2, 174- Institut Ilmu Pemerintahan (IIP) 157, 6, 290 166 West Kalimantan 110, 128-30, 132, Institut Pemerintahan Dalam Negeri 135, 137 (IPDN) 166 Ikatan Sarjana Republik Indonesia Institute Dayakology Research and (ISRI) ix, 121 Development (IDRD) 283-5, 287 illiteracy 32, 329 institutionalized politics 14, 288 illiterate 16, 86 intelligence 131, 140, 245, 284 impeachment 258 inter-ethnic political feuds 178 India 33, 36 inter-ethnic strife 14, 300, 306 Indians 18 inter-group politics 41 indigeneity 299 inter-island trading 52 indigenes 30, 40 internal colonialism 38, 334 indigenous 30, 51, 65, 299 internal conflicts 41-2, 328 Indigenous Community Working the causes of 326 Committee see Kelompok Kerja prevalent 42 Masyarakat Adat intimidation 126, 136, 167, 172, 233 indigenous minorities 330 political 99, 102, 172 indigenous rule 298 Irian Jaya 26, 190, 240, 274, 291, indirect rule 64 344-5 Indonesia Islam 16, 21-2, 29-30, 34, 49, 52-5, 57, federal 20, 287, 309 61, 71, 73, 77, 195-6, 199, 206, 296-7 regional 37 guru agama 295

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masuk 52 Javanization 37 practising impure 249 Jawa 234 professed 206 Jawai 193, 203, 213-4, 217, 234, 279 teachers of 295, 299 Jawi 67 Islamic beliefs 182 jealousy 190, 236 Islamic governance 75 Jelai 51 Islamic political parties 22, 270, 272, Jews 33 289, 305 Jirak 234 Islamic sultanates 2, 16, 33, 35, 52-3, Jo, Tjhai Siang 82 67 jobs Islamization 196 nursing 68 Isman, Zainuddin 269-70, 272 white-collar 17, 164 Isnaeni, Mh. 122 Jong, J. van Zijll de 82 Israel 33 57-8 Jungkau 61 Jaga, Sungai 231 justice, political 263 Jagoi Babang 279 Jailani 264 Kabay, Anggang 174 4, 23, 85-6, 96, 113-4, 134-5, Kadarusno 123 258-9, 262-3, 273-4, 280-2, 315-7, Kadarwati, Sri 287 320-30, 337-40, 344-8, 351-5 Kadazans 94 Jakarta’s preference 27, 298 Kadir, L.H. 149, 178-81, 252, 261 Jamras, M. 253, 272 Kadri, Firmus 282 Jangkang 161 kafir 54, 67 Japanese 17-19, 60, 74-9, 81, 85, 91, Kahendi, Aloysius 174 181, 338 , Sungai 278 Japanese-American identity 29 Kalimantan 7, 18, 23, 30, 32, 34, 39, Japanese atrocities 16, 60 51-2, 97-8, 320, 322-4, 337, 352-3, Japanese military 18, 60, 74, 336 355 Japanese occupation 17-8, 50, 60, 74-6, hinterland 330 78, 81, 85-6 Kalimantan Barat (Kalbar) 269, 275, Japanese surveillance 76 340, 346 Japanese territories 74 Kalimantan forests 183 Japanese troops 76-7, 80 Kalimantan population 82 Japanese war criminals 81 Kalimantan provinces 110, 184 Jatinangor 166 Kalimantan Review (KR) 11-2, 31, 66, Java 3, 8, 16, 18-9, 31-3, 39, 55, 58, 63, 157-9, 166, 179, 181, 187, 189-91, 117-9, 125-7, 137, 140-1, 164, 201 226, 266-70, 272-3, 283-6, 291-2, Javanese 33-4, 37, 50, 67, 74-5, 96, 295-7 166, 168, 189, 197, 215, 223, 239, Kalis, Iman 88, 157, 163-4, 167, 182, 259, 297 269, 292, 315 Javanese migrants 190, 236, 279 Kalis, Yan Y.B. Iman 292 Javanese officials 1 Kamarullah, Abdillah 179-80 Javanese priest 91 kampung 68, 201 Javanese villages 233 kepala 68

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Taufiq Tanasaldy - 9789004253483 Downloaded from Brill.com09/25/2021 09:52:32AM via free access | Index kanan 53 225-6, 228-30, 234-5, 274-6, 292-3, Kanayatn 51, 216, 307 304-5 Kanayatn Dayak 251 Ketapang Dayaks 226 Kandasan 234 Ketapang district head election 105 Kantong RRT 143 Ketapang districts 58, 105, 157, 171, Kantor Arsip Daerah Kalimantan Barat 227, 230 10 Ketapang districts and Pontianak and Kantor Badan Kesatuan Bangsa dan Singkawang Municipalities 302 Perlindungan Masyarakat 261 Ketapang DPRD 101 Kantor Departemen Agama 34 Ketapang election 105 Kantuk 30, 51-2, 61-2, 66 Ketapang IPKI 136 Kaphat, S.M. 149, 291, 293-4 Ketapang Madurese 226 Kaping, I. 84, 107, 135, 149 ketua RT 248 Kapuas, upper 16 Ketungau 51 Kapuas Hulu 64-6, 86, 88, 91-2, 98, kewedanaan system 98 101-5, 157-9, 173-6, 181-2, 191, 200, killings 70, 75, 126, 137-8, 144, 147, 204, 228, 238, 304-7 150-1, 153, 213-4, 217 Kapuas Hulu district head 82, 86, 103, Kimha, Cornelius 265-7, 280-1, 299 180-1, 245, 260-1, 263 Kincir 234 Kapuas Hulu district head election 261 King, Martin Luther 45 Kapuas Hulu DPRD 126 Kinyo, A.B. 291 Kapuas river 62 Komando Daerah Militer (Kodam) 96, Karimunting 233 246 Karman, Hasan 2 Komando Distrik Militer (Kodim) 157 Karsoem, Abdul Hadi 179 Komando Ganyang Malaysia (Kogam) Kartosuwiryo, Sekar Marijan 22 135 Kawasan Pengembangan Ekonomi Komando Resort Militer (Korem) 246 Terpadu (KAPET) 39 Komisi Pemilihan Umum (KPU) 271 Kay, Bahaudin 266 Komite Nasional Hak Asasi Manusia Kayan 51-2, 57, 61, 64 (Komnas HAM) 245-6 Kayong Utara 12, 281 Komite Nasional Kalimantan Barat Keadilan 91, 94 (KNKB) 96 Kebahan 61 Komite Pemuda Pembawa Aspirasi Kelambu, Sungai 213 Masyarakat Pantai (KPPAMP) 299 Keling Kumang 283 Komunitas Intelektual Dayak Kanayatn Kelompok Kerja Masyarakat Adat Kalbar (KIDAK) 265-6 (KKMA) 286 konflik 221, 322 Kendawangan 206 Konfrontasi 273, 310, 341, 346 Keninjal 61 kongsi 2 Kenyah 30, 51-2, 57, 64 Konstituante 21, 86, 100, 109, 113 Kenyeh, Ritih 269 Koraak, A.F. 82, 84, 87, 90, 92-3, 98 kepala desa 201 Korea 70 Kesatuan Buruh Pancasila 129 korte verklaring see short contract Ketapang 55-6, 101-3, 148-9, 157-9, korupsi kolusi nepotisme (KKN) 258 172-5, 184-6, 193-4, 219-20, 222-3, Kosovo 45

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Kota lama 234 Landak 12, 53, 55-6, 58-60, 88-9, 185- Kota Waringin, sultanate of 65 6, 223, 231, 266-7, 273-4, 278, 280, kriminal biasa 221 292, 302-4, 307 Ku, Dji Hiun 119 Landak Dayaks 266 Kubin 61 Landak districts 12, 138, 144, 148, 212, Kubu 58, 60, 82, 89, 274, 276, 278, 224, 230, 253, 276, 280-1, 286, 295 280 formed 273, 281 Kubu Raya 280 incoming 281 Kuching 124 Landak river 62 Kumis, Yakobus 269 Landak sultanate 57, 59 Kunyil village 81 landownership 233, 236 Kunyit, Sungai 278 language 10, 18, 28, 32-3, 118, 150, Kupon, St. 182 197, 205-6, 322 Kupon, Stephanus 182 distinct 33 Kusno, Raden 162 ethnic 11, 284 Kursus Dinas C (KDC) 161-2, 164-5, national 39 179 Lanjo, Agustinus 112 Kusuma, Giri 53 Lansang, Petrus 288 Kutai 178 Lantang Tipo 283 Kwee, Poo Gwan 119, 316 Laskar Pangsuma 146, 148-51 Latino 29 label 30-1 laws 76, 101-2, 132, 170, 181, 201, ethnic 30 203-4, 241, 274, 295, 304, 342, 349 labour 68, 76, 189 colonial 65 labour contract 66, 188 customary 181, 204, 283, 287, 306 labour division 35 national 271 Lahay, Stephanus Ngo 115, 117, 120, Layang, Jacobus E. Frans 149, 181-3, 128, 133-4 200, 260 kuning 303 Lembaga Adat dan Kekerabatan land 53, 56, 63, 187, 190, 192, 194, Melayu (Lembayu) 254, 272 219, 233, 236, 248, 324, 341, 349 Lembaga Bela Banua Talino (LBBT) ancestral 118 285-6, 288 appropriated 40, 192 Lembaga Kebudayaan Rakyat (Lekra) confiscated 219 121 free 190, 194 Lembaga Penunjang dan Pelatihan less arable 188 Pembangunan Sosial (LP3S) 283-4 neighbour’s 220 leaders 22-4, 34, 75-6, 80, 96-7, 110-1, traditional 205, 207 120, 125-7, 135-7, 141-2, 148-9, 151- land boundaries 221, 233, 286 2, 204-5, 306, 310-1 Land Dayaks 53 see also Bidayuh customary 204 land disputes 40, 189, 192, 233, 286 informal 196 land laws 349 native 94 Land People 53 see also Orang Darat religious 45, 53, 211 land rights, customary 329 right-wing 122 senganan 115

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Taufiq Tanasaldy - 9789004253483 Downloaded from Brill.com09/25/2021 09:52:32AM via free access | Index leadership 4, 25, 37-8, 45, 85-6, 108, Lim, Soe Seng 115 113, 120, 122, 124, 252, 270, 307 Limbai 61 left-wing 122 Linggarjati 96 native 24 Linggie, J.A.M. 82, 84, 92-4, 98, 135, non-local 27 149 non-native 24 Linoh 61 pro-Communist 117 Lion Statue 313 pro-regime 242 lobby 46, 181, 271, 273, 280 senganan 101 local Chinese 118, 142-4 leadership positions 1, 37, 107, 201, local elections 3, 21, 26, 112, 309 250, 253, 257, 259, 287, 290, 297, Local governments 38, 167, 257, 266, 300, 303 292 leadership split 99, 113, 293 local landowners 192 leadership strife 294 local leaders 22, 38, 74, 151, 214 Lebang 61 local newspapers 8, 10, 127, 141, 143, Lebanon 33 258, 265, 275-7, 299 Lebo, I.R. 24 local officials 90, 145, 275 Ledo 210 Local opposition 218 left party 4 local politics 1, 6-7, 23, 26-7, 38, 73, leftist 23-4, 111, 122, 125 79, 236, 254, 299, 310, 312, 337, 348, leftist influence 112 356 leftist orientation 24, 152 logging 5, 39, 150, 155, 183-5, 187-8, leftist parties 45, 122, 170 192, 218-19, 234-5, 285-6 leftist politics 24, 117 illegal 218 leftist prosecutions 126 large-scale 185, 187 legal status 65 long contracts 60 legislative branches 102, 152, 169, 183, longhouses 30, 40, 51, 199-200 275, 288 disappearance of 195, 200 legislators 131, 174-5, 259, 269-70, Lun Daye 30 272, 286, 290, 292, 295, 301, 304-5 Luna, Jacobus 280, 303 see also legislature Luwu 68 legislature 21-2, 24, 37, 87, 104-5, 107, Lyong, Ignatius 157, 252 112-13, 115, 119, 134, 169-70, 206, 209-11, 288, 310 Machmud, Amir 122 legitimacy 3, 16, 75, 78, 130, 240, 251, Madjun, Laurentius 269 305 Madura 39, 214, 220, 227, 238, 339, Lembang 210 351, 357 see also Madurese liberal democracy 310 mesjid 249 liberal system 21 Madurarization 233 Liem, Djoe Siong 118-9 Madurese 11, 43, 50, 189, 209-15, 217- Liem, Kiong Wan 117-20 31, 233-6, 238-9, 247-50, 253-4, 262, Liem, Soe Seng 119 279, 300, 312-3, 334 life expectancy 183 in the bureaucracy 238 Lim, Bak Meng 84, 98, 112-4, 120, 127 stereotypes of the 220, 222, 248, 312 Lim, Liat Njan 82, 84 Madurese assimilation 249

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Madurese boat operators 236 Malay culture 40 Madurese crimes 248 Malay despotism 95 Madurese criminals 222 Malay district head 281, 298, 302-3 Madurese culture 221, 249 Malay-dominated districts 277, 295, Madurese domination 221, 234-6, 254 302 Madurese evacuation 209, 214 Malay-dominated DPRD 270 Madurese in Bengkayang 214 Malay elite 253, 299-300, 306 Madurese migrants 6, 220-2, 226-8, Malay hostility 214 231, 249 Malay identity 54, 303, 322, 344 Madurese minority 1 Malay leaders 80, 132, 298, 303 Madurese mosques 249-50 Malay legislators 182, 270, 272 Madurese politicians 238 Malay politicians 34, 94, 287 Madurese population 223, 225-6, 229- Malay politics 22, 300 31, 313 Malay population 51, 56, 248, 277, 299 Madurese population in Ketapang 226 Malay responses 298-9 Madurese population in Pontianak 226 Malay rice-crackers 248 Madurese population in Sambas 223, Malay rulers 55, 62, 64 226 repressive 70 Madurese population in Sanggau 223 Malay School 160 Madurese refugees 214, 228, 245, 248 Malay sultanates 2-3, 6, 13, 16, 49, 58- Madurese resettlements in Sambas 248 9, 64-9, 74, 87-8, 93, 95, 163, 199 Madurese settlements 221, 230-1, 236, Malay symbols 303 249 Malay Traditional Houses 303 Madurese settlers 223, 225, 233 Malay tyranny 63 Mahmud, A.K. 291 Malay villages 88, 214, 233 Majang Desa 76 Malay war commanders 254 Majang Desa War 76, 81 Malaya 19, 139 Majelis Adat Budaya Melayu (MABM) Malayan peninsula 53 303 Malays 32-4, 49-58, 61-2, 66-8, 159- Majelis Adat Dayak (MAD) 34, 181, 63, 180-3, 213-18, 233-6, 247-50, 251-2, 263, 266, 268-70, 303, 307 252-4, 259-62, 264-5, 270-2, 297-301, Majelis Syuro Muslimin Indonesia 303-8 (Masyumi) 100-1, 103, 105-7 become 52 ban on 106 coastal 306 Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat dominant 38, 78 (MPR) 5, 34, 91, 100, 113, 268, 287, local 253 310 mainstream 73 Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat nationalist 96 Sementara (MPRS) 130 real 67 Majun, Lorensius 269 transitional 55 82, 86 Malays, Bornean 30 Makassarese 33 Malays confidence 272 Malay adat 83 Malays cowards 249 Malay chiefs 87 Malaysia 33, 39, 51, 116, 139-40, 240, Malay concentration 302 247, 262, 273, 340, 346

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Malaysian Chinese 143 mass mobilization 18, 76, 138, 240, Malaysian Federation 139, 148 288 Maliki, Osa 122 massacres 18, 75-6, 85, 145, 243 Malo, Manase 293 masterminds 150-1, 246-7 maltreatment 66 masyarakat adat terpencil 198 Maluku 8, 17, 38-9, 44, 246, 280 masyarakat terasing 39, 198 Maluku wars 338 Masyhadan 84 Mamoi, A. 82 Masyumi see Majelis Syuro Muslimin Manambon, Opu Daeng 2 Indonesia Mandai 57 Matan 58-60, 82 Mandailing 52 Matan Hilir 89, 274 Mandela, Nelson 45 Matan Hilir Utara 230 Mandor 276, 278 Matan Hulu 89, 274 Mandor, Y. 82 Matang Suri 213 Mangan, Hs. Laurens 316 Matang Tarap 234 Manismata 226 match stick 216 manoeuvres, political 5-6, 130, 179, Matjok, F.X. 174 181-2, 241, 243, 247, 257, 300, 310 mayor 2, 23, 104-5, 128, 301 manpower 93, 120, 149, 199 Chinese 2, 292, 304 Mapuas, Riam 261 Mecer, A.R. 177, 282, 287-8, 293 Marau 274 Medan 118 Marga Mulia 234 media reform 351 marginalization 5-6, 13, 15, 24, 35-6, media violence 335 40, 43-4, 78, 155, 160, 168-9, 181, meeting, religious 90 207, 219, 311-2 Megawati Soekarnoputri 290-1 cultural 155, 195 Melapi 73, 91 economic 183, 219 Melawi 12, 55-7, 89, 159, 191, 194, experience of 32, 183 199, 228, 274, 281, 295, 304, 350 political 38, 260, 312-13 Melawi district head election 305 shared 219 Melayu 160 marginalization arguments 218 masuk 34, 52, 58 marginalize 179, 270 Meliau 35, 58, 63-4, 76, 81-2, 89, 98, marginalized conditions 107 137, 205, 219 marginalized ethnic groups 7, 27, 35-6 Meliau Council 81 marginalized status 40 Meliau sultanate 53 Marhaenism 111 Mempawah 2, 12, 55-6, 58, 60, 70, 82, Marinus, Andjioe 91 89, 98, 212, 266, 274, 278, 280, 315 Marpaung, S.H. 96, 110 Mempawah Hilir 278 Marpong, Djohan 171 Mempawah Hulu 276, 278 marriages 53, 206 Mempawah sultanate 2, 58, 63 cross-religious 206 Mendalam 86 Martopradoto, Sutomo 111 Mendung Terusan 234 Marxism 111 Menjalin 276, 278 Mashur M.S. 291 Mensere 213 Masiun, Stephanus 287-8 Mensiku 69

382

Taufiq Tanasaldy - 9789004253483 Downloaded from Brill.com09/25/2021 09:52:32AM via free access Index | mentality, siege 108 militia 149-52 Mentawai 286 militia leaders, main 151 Menyuke 278 Minahasa 16 Merabu 234 Minahasan 17, 33 Meranti 278 Minangkabauan 33, 259 Merdeka Party 294, 296 mini-sultanates 58, 64 merge 4, 97, 110-2, 129-30, 152, 175 mining 192, 267 merger 95, 111-3, 119, 128-9, 132-3, illegal 192 152, 171 minorities 24, 27, 30, 36, 39, 46, 83, Mesir, H. 180 190, 206, 299, 330, 333 micro-credit 283 ethnic 43, 268, 328, 356 middle class 67, 75-6 minority enclaves 33 migrants 7, 39-40, 74, 188-92, 198, minority groups 46, 324 219, 226-7, 264-5 minority rights 26 government-sponsored 190, 226 minority status 304 independent 226 misconduct 204, 236, 246 local 191 mission schools 17, 68, 70, 72-3, 78, migration 35, 62 162 first generation 189 mission worker 157 urban 194 missionaries 9, 63, 71, 91 Mihing, H.G. 33, 120, 134, 150, 156 English 67 military actions 73, 140 missions 17, 69, 71-2 second Dutch 85 church 73 military ambassadors 244 Mitjang, L. 291 military background 37, 174, 244, mobilization 4, 45-6, 76, 126, 184, 261-2 225, 267 military campaign 125, 144, 152-3 ethnic 313 military career 85, 262 traditional war 215-16 military commander 128-9, 133-4, 136, mobilization goals 74 138, 141-5, 147, 151, 196, 246, 260 mobs 23, 146, 214, 216, 225, 245, 247 military confusion 151 aggressive 244 military control 244 anti-Communist 137 military district heads 244-5, 262 Dayak 47, 145-6, 216 military faction 179, 267, 295 Mochtar, Akil 288 military involvement 243-4 Mochtarroeddin 91, 168 military officers 1, 4, 37-8, 85, 121, modernization 17, 41, 205 124, 128, 145-6, 166, 168, 242, 244, Mollucans 34 261-2 monoloyalitas 132 military operations 124, 140 Monterado 223, 234 military personnel 86, 145-6, 246, 297 mosques 53, 67, 249, 299 military preference 129 MOSVIA (Middelbare Opleidings military priest 143, 145, 147, 177 School voor Inlandsche Ambtenaren) military protection 245 82, 86 military representatives 284 motives 64, 86, 115 military screenings 133 political 241, 312

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strong 253 Nakatani 76 movements name Dayak 31 anti-leftist 4 origin of the 331, 343 ethnic 26, 45, 250 Nanga Pinoh 65, 80, 82, 206, 274 ethno-nationalist 27 Nasakom (Nasionalis Agama Komunis) insurgency 26 22, 115 social 1, 288, 324, 333, 345 Nasakomization 126, 310 unlawful independence 292 Nasution, A.H. 106, 128, 130 MPR, Provisional 130 nation building 32-3, 36-7, 39-40, 189, Mualang 51-2 197-8, 339, 347 Muhammad, Tengku 105 nation creation 32 Muhammadiyah 74, 249, 289 nation creation journeys, internal 32 Muharrap, Rudi bin 213 nation state 39 Mukok 219 Nationaal Indische Partij 73 Mulia Baru 206 National Assembly see Majelis MULO (Meer Uitgebreid Lager Permusyawaratan Rakyat Onderwijs) 88-9 National Constituent Assembly see multi-culturalism 26 Konstituante multi-ethnic non-Madurese quarter 233 National Elections Commission see multi-parties elections 26 KPU (Komisi Pemilihan Umum) 294 Mungok, Hugo 33, 115, 149 National Human Rights Commission Muntak 61 national legislature 20, 91, 115, 122, Munzirin A.S. 96 293 see also Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Murba 128, 176 National Planning Council 107 Murtopo, Ali 131 nationalism 17, 20-1, 97, 322, 325-8, Muslim Dayaks 34, 53, 87, 270, 304, 331, 336-8, 348, 353, 355 344 minority 26 Muslim Malays 6, 50, 115, 287 nationalist 3, 22, 100, 110, 122, 327, Muslim migrants 249 345 Muslim officers 196 nationalist elements 19 Muslim preachers 196 nationalist government 3, 20, 85 Muslim teachers 67 nationalist movements 2-3, 19, 33, 35, Muslims 86 minority 53 nationalist outlook 20, 292 non-Malay 304 nationality 28, 355 pious 250 nationalization 20, 23, 141 Muspida 136 Native Americans 30 Muzakkar, Kahar 22 native sons 107, 259 Myanmar 45 native status 299 natives 16, 30-1, 51, 53, 55, 65-6, 85, Nagari 286 167, 189-90, 220, 284, 299 Nagorno-Karabakh 43 marginalized 44 Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) 100-5, 107, non-Kalimantan 30 116, 123, 126, 128, 131, 137, 246, non-Muslim 12 249, 289 natives of Sumatra 34, 52, 190

384

Taufiq Tanasaldy - 9789004253483 Downloaded from Brill.com09/25/2021 09:52:32AM via free access Index | negara bagian 95, 97-9 Nio, Peng Hian 118 Negara Indonesia Timur (NIT) xi, 20, Nissinkai 76 95, 339 Niyam, Hasan bin 212-13 negotiations, inter-ethnic 251 no-go zone 222 Neng, Phillips 134 Nobal 192 neo-swapraja 82, 84 nomadic life 198 nepotism 93, 258 nomadic lifestyle 68 , the 3, 8, 10, 20, 63, 85, nominal independence 19 96 nomination period 261 Netherlands Forces Intelligence Service nomination procedure 261, 270, 303 (Nefis) 85 nominations 106, 155, 174, 182, 242, Netherlands Indies 2, 18-19, 31, 63, 261, 264-5, 303, 305 70-1, 327 public 260 Netherlands Indies Army 85 unofficial 265 Netherlands Indies Civil Administration nominees 261, 264-5 (NICA) 60, 67, 73, 80-7, 107 official 265 new districts 5, 12, 273-7, 281, 310, Noor, Namazi 291 356 Noor, Zaini bin Mohammad 82, 104 New Order 1-2, 5-10, 24-7, 37-40, North Maluku 280 129-30, 155-8, 165-9, 176, 205-7, 17, 273 240-5, 257-8, 260-1, 274-6, 298-300, North Sumatra 7, 23, 52, 127, 129, 310-12 178, 197, 205, 273 early 7, 121, 157 Northern Ireland 33 end of 5, 25, 257 Norway 206 Soekarno 24 Nungkad, D. 149 New Order Dayaks 155, 157, 159, 161, Nusa Tenggara 39, 246 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT) 178, 177, 179, 181, 183 273, 278 New Order DPRD 183 Nyaboe, M. 93 Ng, Eng Soe 115, 118-9 Nyagun, Petrus Anjioe 174 Ng, Nyiap Liang 118 Nyarumkop 88, 90, 163, 226, 316-7 Ng, Tjhiauw Hen 82, 84 Nyirih, Sungai 213 Ngabang 126, 212, 274, 278, 280, 329 NGO (Non-Governmental occupations, ethnic 237 Organization) 189, 204, 282-3, 286-7, Oei, Tjoe Tat 24, 111 306, 308 Oemar, Hironimus 159, 316 Ngo, Herman Imang 137, 148-9 Oendoen, Victor 115, 149 Ngo, Tanting 123, 126-7, 134, 162, Oeray, Oevaang 82, 86-8, 90, 92-4, 96- 169 8, 103, 106, 111-4, 123-4, 127, 134-5, Nias 51 148-9, 151, 162, 205 Nicodemus 149 defiant attitude 134-5 Nieuwenhuijzen 84, 98 departure 123-4, 135 Nieuwenhuis 70 influence 134 Niga, Joh. Lamid 149 leadership 114, 162 night-time curfew 245 Tjilik Riwut 123

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Okeng, L. 93 Palel, Atan 149 onderafdeeling 55-6 Palembang 33 onderdistrict 55 palm oil 186 Ong, Cin Ciat 118-9 Paloh 214, 234, 279 onthoudingspolitiek 63 Pamekasan 227-8 Operasi Khusus (Opsus) 131 Pancasila 129, 263, 296 opponents 126, 302 Pancur Kasih 24, 177, 189, 211, 217, political 240, 243 257, 265, 282-8, 292-4, 308, 340 opposition 25, 47, 106, 130, 172, 242, Pancur Kasih Foundation 211, 282 248, 263, 267-8, 272, 286, 299-300 Pancur Kasih Statute 282 direct 299 Pancur Kasih Union 282 official 96 Pang Dandan see Orang Kaya Mandi popular 242 Setia Negara oppression 65-6, 77, 212, 241, 247 Panggi 69 Orang Asli 39 Pangin 61 Orang Dalam 61 Panitia Peneliti Daerah (PPD) 124 Orang Darat 53 Papak 61 Orang Kaya Mandi Setia Negara 81 Papan Tembawang 193 orang keramat 68 Papua 25, 27, 32, 39, 44, 273 Orang Laut 34, 53 see also Senganan Papuans 32, 190 organization structure 149 para-legal assistance 282 organizational infrastructures 45 Paraku 140, 142, 144 organizations paralegal assistance 282 clan 2 pariahs 18, 76, 312 educational 119 Parindu 161, 188, 192 leftist 133, 150 Parit Setia 248, 253 non-governmental 25 parliament 14, 21-3, 37, 106, 113, 116, traditionalist Muslim 249 131, 152, 171, 176, 182 otonomi daerah 321 existing 21 Outer Territories 63 federal 97 local 2, 100, 110, 309 Padri War 70 member of 86, 113 Padung 69 national 97, 100, 112-13 Pahauman 212, 266 provincial 103, 106 Paitijadi 171 regional 102 Pakat Dayak 31, 355 parliamentary system 101 Pakistan 36 Partai Bhinneka Tunggal Ika Indonesia Pakucing 217 (PBI) 289, 291, 293-4 Palakka, Arung 70 Partai Bintang Reformasi (PBR) 296 Palaunsoeka 4, 65, 84, 86, 91-3, 98- Partai Bulan Bintang (PBB) 289, 293, 100, 107, 110, 112-4, 149-50, 155 296 accused 113 Partai Buruh Sosial Demokrat (PBSD) bookish 113 296 general chairman 113 Partai Dayak Indonesia 290 supported 113

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Partai Demokrasi Indonesia (PDI) 4, Partai Karya Peduli Bangsa (PKPB) 91, 96, 168, 175-6, 242, 259, 289-91, 296 293-4, 353 Partai Katolik (PK) 4, 91, 100, 112-4, and Dayak 180, 290 128, 137, 149, 152, 155, 168-9, 171-2, branches 290-1 175-6, 289-90, 296, 311 headquarters 242, 258 PK and Catholic Church 114 leadership 93, 290-1 PK and Dayak 174 supporters 242, 290 PK and IPKI 171, 175-6 votes 290-1 PK and PD 112, 114 Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan PK Faction 112-3 (PDIP) 270, 289-90, 293, 295-6 PK sympathizers 114 Partai Demokrasi Kasih Bangsa (PDKB) Partai Keadilan dan Persatuan (PKP) 289, 291-3 289 Partai Demokrasi Kebangsaan (PDK) Partai Keadilan Persatuan Indonesia 296 (PKPI) 296 Partai Demokrat 288, 294, 296 Partai Kebangkitan Bangsa (PKB) 289, Partai Demokrat Bersatu (PDB) 293-4 293, 296 Partai Indonesia (Partindo) 4, 16, 22-4, Partai Komunis Indonesia (PKI) 23-4, 44, 76, 101, 109-17, 119-29, 133-4, 100-3, 115-7, 121-4, 126-9, 133, 139- 136, 149-50, 152, 169-70, 174, 176 40, 150, 310, 329 non-Dayak in 115 affiliate of 117, 119-20 origin of 22, 111 West Kalimantan 120, 127 Partindo, West Kalimantan 10, 114- and Baperki 120, 125 7, 120-1, 124, 127-8, 133, 273 cadres 117, 119 Partindo and Chinese 119 membership 115, 126 Partindo and IPKI 171 sympathizers 23, 123 Partindo and Laskar Pangsuma 148 Partai Kristen Indonesia (Parkindo) 24, Partindo and PK 114, 311 114, 176 Partindo branches 111, 115, 127 Partai Muslimin Indonesia (Parmusi) Partindo headquarters 122, 127 137 Partindo leaders 24, 111-2, 115-7, Partai Nahdlatul Ulama (PNU) 289 120, 122-5, 150-1, 169 Partai Nahdlatul Ulama Indonesia Partindo members 4, 23, 114, 120-3, (PNUI) 296 131, 133, 135, 137 Partai Nasional Banteng Kemerdekaan Partindo solution 128 (PNBK) 294, 296 Partindo supporters 111, 114, 124, Partai Nasional Indonesia (PNI) 24, 129, 135, 152, 155, 174, 310 100-3, 105-6, 110-1, 114, 116, 121-2, Partindo’s affiliates 129 126, 128-30, 132, 134, 176, 296, 348, Partindo’s leftist links 4, 111-12, 120- 351 1, 128, 171 and Partindo 24, 110 Partindo’s newspaper 122 Partai Penegak Demokrasi Indonesia suppressed 122 (PPDI) 293, 296 Partai Indonesia Baru (PIB) 294, 296 Partai Perjuangan Bhinneka Tunggal Partai Indonesia Raya (Parindra) 74, Ika (PPBTI) 294 76, 101 Partai Persatuan (PP) 289

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Partai Persatuan Daerah (PPD) 296 People’s Republic of China (PRC) 141- Partai Persatuan Pembangunan (PPP) 2 238, 242, 259, 270, 289, 293, 296 citizenship 141 and Madurese 238 enclave 143 Partai Pewarta Damai Kasih Bangsa passports 142 (PPDKB) 287, 292-4 peranakan attitude 118 Partai Sarikat Indonesia (PSI) 296 perception Partai Sosialis Indonesia (PSI) 100-3, negative 220-1 107 negative self 205-6 Partai Syarikat Islam Indonesia (PSII) perceptual factors 6, 41-2 100, 128 peripheral regions 27, 38, 63, 183, 259 parties 4, 44, 99-102, 104-5, 109-13, periphery 7, 38 115-7, 121-2, 127, 129-34, 136-7, Perlak 52 152, 169-70, 176-7, 289-96 Permen 131 disqualified 295 Permendagri 101, 201 established 101 Permesta (Perjuangan Semesta Alam) minor 294 22, 106 party leadership 115, 132-3, 290-1 Persatuan Anak Borneo (PAB) 74 Pasai 52 Persatuan Dayak (PD) 3-4, 21-2, 79, Pasiran 279 82, 86, 89-97, 99-116, 119-20, 150, Patuong 216 152, 160-1, 292, 294, 309-12 Paum 193 and Catholic Church 91 Payak 61 and Chinese 112, 119-20 pejorative term 29, 198 and DIKB 82, 92-5, 108 Pekaki 34, 55 and Partindo 4, 22, 101, 111, 113, peladang liar 198 292, 311-12 Pelang 92 and PK 112-13 Pelopor 296 and Senganan 101 Pemangkat 56, 81, 89, 193, 203, 211, branches 92-3, 102, 110-2 214-5, 249, 274, 279 efforts to revive 292 pembagian kekuasaan 37 electoral success of 101 Pembantu Bupati Wilayah 274 consolidation 93 Pembantu Gubernur Wilayah 274 leaders 86, 91-3, 95, 98, 101, 110-1, Pembinaan Pengelolaan Sumber Daya 113 Alam Kemasyarakatan (PPSDAK) legislatures 100, 104, 119 285-6 political cooperation 105-7, 113 pemekaran 273, 275-6, 281, 307 schools 94 Pemerintahan Kampung 286 Persatuan Inteligensia Kristen Indonesia Pemuda Melayu Kalbar (PMKB) 288, (PIKI) 252, 261, 263, 265-6, 268, 270 299 Persatuan Sarjana Hukum Indonesia Pemuda Rakyat 117 (Persahi) 131 Penambang Emas Tanpa Ijin (PETI) Persatuan Wartawan Indonesia (PWI) 192 131 Peniraman 212 persecutions 127 Penpres 109, 115, 123 Pheng, Zen Nen 117

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Petai, Sungai 234 political challenges 24 19 political changes 4-5, 13, 15, 21, 79, Piasa 58 152, 309, 343 piecemeal land acquisition 233 political chaos 5, 162 Pilin, M. 287 political compatibility 24 Piling, Paulus Lopon 211 political concessions 251 Pinohland see Pinohlanden political conditions 10, 309 Pinohlanden 35, 63-4, 82 political demands 259, 288, 300, 307 Pinyuh, Sungai 217, 278 political developments 7, 13, 73, 92, PIR-Sus 193 118, 261 PIR-Trans 185, 190, 193 political dynamics 25, 240, 258, 309 plantation activities 155, 183-5, 187-90, political elite 33, 45, 76-7, 108, 138, 206, 218-19, 285 243, 248, 250, 287, 312 plantation companies 185, 188, 219, political environment 9, 13, 45 286 political influence 2, 20, 22, 101, 109, plantation system 188 129-30, 152, 262, 312 plantations 5, 39, 184-6, 188, 190, 192, political leverage 252 205, 218, 286 political lobbying 13-4, 27, 31, 243, industrial 185, 286 251-2, 257, 261, 268, 270, 300, 303 oil palm 184, 189, 329, 345 political manoeuvring 27 pluralism 25, 115, 312 political mobilization 28, 78, 254, 286, pogrom 114, 147 307 police 36, 85-6, 94, 132, 136-7, 192, political motivations 241 210, 213-4, 222, 258, 266 political movements 4, 71, 109, 111, policies 113, 115, 117, 119, 121, 123, 125, abstention 63 127, 129, 131, 133 affirmative 38, 97, 253, 309 political opportunities 6, 175, 177, 255, anti-SARA 5, 299 300, 306 benevolent 82 political participation 46 colonial 16, 97, 332 political parties 3-4, 21-2, 74, 96-7, decentralization 1, 243 99-110, 112-7, 128-32, 136, 168-72, ethical 63 175-6, 287-91, 293-4, 304-5, 308-11, inclusive 35, 79, 94 313 revenge 97 ethnic 99-100, 114, 313 political access 183 exclusive 313 political activism 207, 310 national 102 political activities 1, 8, 10, 76, 78-9, non-Islamic 294 133, 264, 310 open 22, 292 political agendas 241, 246, 306 regional 21-2, 97, 110, 308 political alignment 136 religious 305 political alliances 105 political parties branches 22, 92, 110, political allies 6 127, 251, 293-4, 303 political assertiveness 253 requirements of 22, 110, 293-4 political awareness 65 political party law 304 political bargaining 254, 299, 303 political polarization 252, 259

389

Taufiq Tanasaldy - 9789004253483 Downloaded from Brill.com09/25/2021 09:52:32AM via free access | Index political positions 20, 22, 45, 78, 98, Pontianak district Dayak bureaucrat 105, 152, 259, 261, 300, 308, 311-12 157 political pressure 136, 259, 281 Pontianak district Dayak legislature political prospects 111 101, 171 political role 2, 15, 23, 31, 35, 75, 78, Pontianak district ethnic occupation 83, 96-7, 99, 234, 243-4, 254, 270, 234-5 309 Pontianak district ethnic politics 1, 5, political separation 26 47, 251, 267, 303, 310 political status 5, 104, 107, 297, 311, Pontianak district ethnic population 56, 313 223, 226, 228, 230-1 political system 3, 16, 36-7, 78, 115, Pontianak district general election 102 152, 162, 167 Pontianak district head 86, 93, 145, political tide 23, 122 245, 261, 264, 280-1 political voices 176 Pontianak district head election 254, politics 280, 299 elite 41 Pontianak district leftist 125-6 everyday 108 Pontianak district legislature 104, 115 hard ball 272 Pontianak district pemekaran 275-6, 280 inclusive 114 Pontianak district political parties 103, inter-ethnic 257 105, 112, 116, 128, 136 language 33 Pontianak education 71, 88-9 money 302 Pontianak ethnic occupation 235 non-institutionalized 288 Pontianak ethnic politics 1, 87, 98 non-partisan 287 Pontianak ethnic population 56, 89, Pombay 193 159, 173, 194, 223, 226-8, 302 Pontianak 55-60, 80-2, 86-96, 98-105, Pontianak general election 102-3, 172 114-21, 124-9, 133-42, 146-51, 156- Pontianak General Hospital 119 60, 170-5, 225-8, 271-8, 289-93, 315- Pontianak Japanese occupation 76 7, 319-22 Pontianak leftist 124-7, 135 Pontianak Allied forces 80 Pontianak local election 102 Pontianak Baperki 119 Pontianak mayor 128, 245 Pontianak Bugis 2 Pontianak mayoral election 105, 307 Pontianak Chinese 115, 141-2 Pontianak missionaries 91 Pontianak colonial times 55, 63 Pontianak NICA 81, 84 Pontianak conflict 81, 149, 212, 217, Pontianak political parties 92, 105, 112, 222, 313 116, 128, 177, 238, 291 Pontianak Dayak bureaucrat 157 Pontianak Post 313 Pontianak Dayak legislature 82, 175 Pontianak refugee camps 215 Pontianak district 12, 58, 101, 105, Pontianak sultanate 57-60, 63, 70, 74, 112, 115, 126, 145, 223-4, 226-8, 230- 81, 85 1, 234-5, 251, 275-6, 280-1 Pontianak village governance 202, 204 Pontianak district civil service recruit- population ment 166 indigenous 39, 224, 257, 330 Pontianak district conflict 43, 148, 150, native 18, 66, 118, 259 212, 224, 226, 231 non-native 114

390

Taufiq Tanasaldy - 9789004253483 Downloaded from Brill.com09/25/2021 09:52:32AM via free access Index | population concentration 43, 234, protests 166, 180, 191, 262, 266, 271, 312-3 277, 297 population policies 43 confrontational 219 population resettlement 37, 39, 190 inter-ethnic 303 pork, eating 55, 195-6 street 34 Portugal 131 Proto-Malay language 52 Portuguese 51 province, new 64, 274, 276 positions provincial DPRD 101, 107, 110, 112, clerical 165 137, 145, 169-70, 174-7, 238, 272-3, inferior 17, 300 276, 289, 293-5 minority 303 provincial DPRD building 272 unelectable 134, 171 provocateurs 150, 246-7 Poso 68 provocative acts 247, 292 post-war governments 2, 31, 38, 73, 75, proximate 41-2, 45 78-80, 82-3, 94, 99, 108 proxy-conflicts 243 post-war opportunities 94 PRRI (Pemerintah Revolusioner poverty 239-40, 254, 331 Republik Indonesia) 22, 106 poverty rate 240 Public Works Office 126 PP 10 141 Pulau Manak 197 Pranoto, A. 23 Punan 29-30, 51-2 preferential treatment 35, 157, 167 punish 25, 141, 177, 247 prejudice 168, 222 punishes defiance 25 presidential decree 115, 123 punishment 204, 309 Presidential Guard 121 social 199 primitive 5, 39-40, 198, 207 puppet governments 96, 99, 108 primordialism 28-9 purging 124-7, 131, 170 print-nationalism 32 Purnomo, Nurdin 294 privileges 16, 18, 36, 61, 67, 163, 253 Puting Beliung 234 customary 83 putra daerah 26-7, 257, 259 religious 299 Putussibau 57, 73, 81, 86, 89-93, 98, pro-New Order 131 225 pro-Old Order 131 pro-republican 85 Quebec 26 pro-Soekarno 122 Quebecois 33 production forest 184 promotion 38, 123, 134, 155, 157, race 5, 28, 179, 262, 264, 267, 327-8, 163-4, 168-9, 177, 252, 259-60, 267, 335 324 racial classifications 18 Promotion Board 169 racial segregation 350 propaganda 18, 42, 81, 102, 205 racial stratification 18 proselytizing 53, 55-7 Radjad, Sabilal 122 Protestant Dayaks 197 Rahman, Tunku Abdul 148 Protestant missions 31, 33, 71, 196 Ramadan 62 Protestantism 30, 52, 195-7, 273, 295-7 Rambayan 213, 221, 234 Rambi 234

391

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Ramli, Abang 182, 291 Regional income inequality 321 Ranawidjaja, Usep 122 Regional Military Command 245 Rani, Muzani A. 106 Regional Military Emergency Authority Ranik, Erma Suryani 287 141 Ransa 61 regional politics 6-7, 21-2, 25, 37 Rantau Panjang 231 regional rebellions 3, 25, 37 Rantau Prapat 197 Regional Representative 5, 254, 268, rational actors 45 310 rational choice 45 Regional Representative Council 287 Ratulangi, Sam 246 regional sentiments 38 Raya, Sungai 215, 277-9 regionalism 20, 109, 327, 351 RCTI 241 regions 1, 6-8, 17-18, 23-4, 26-8, 32-3, rebellion, anti-Dutch 70 35-40, 43-4, 57-8, 63-6, 74, 77-8, 222- rebelllion, anti-Japanese 77 3, 225-6, 309-10 rebellions 21-2, 60, 68-70, 77 advanced 55 recruitment central 65 civil service 161, 164-6, 168-9, 252 conflict-ridden 254 Dayak civil servant 16, 38, 101, 160- direct-rule 78 1, 165-6, 169, 177 inland 184 religion teacher 34, 295, 297, 299 local 190 recruitment of Dayak 177 milder 227 red bowls 138, 216, 218, 346 most 58 reform 45, 197, 201, 241, 258-9, 271, navy-controlled 74 288, 298, 304, 308, 312 north-west 222 democratic 258 prosperous 63 electoral 308 remote 57 national education 313 rural 218, 228 political 240, 259 stable 57 Reformasi 176, 257-8, 263, 282, 300, regions centuries 19 307, 324 regions studies 8 refuge 45, 138, 210, 214-5, 294 register 248, 262, 293 refugees 137-8, 151, 215, 245, 248, 313 regulations 3-4, 18, 22, 32, 60, 98, 105, regime 5-6, 23-5, 37-8, 45-6, 122-5, 109-10, 131-2, 141, 170, 172, 174, 129-32, 135-6, 140-2, 152-3, 155, 281-2, 308 162, 166-8, 170-1, 203-6, 262-4 discriminatory 66 neopatrimonial 337 pro-Dayak 295 repressive 168, 176, 241 relations 6, 23, 43, 54, 60, 88, 123, regime change 6, 27, 45-6, 267, 276, 130, 141, 145-8, 160, 205, 225, 241, 309-10 248 Regional Autonomy Advisory Board civil-military 340 280 conflictual 42, 218 regional bureaucracies 130 ethnic 5, 41, 47, 218, 221, 241, 247, regional development 7, 38, 189, 286 249, 335 uneven 352 family 53 Regional Executive 37

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harmonious 70, 143-4, 150, 181, revitalization 287, 324 248-50 revitalizing 282 racial 336 revival 5, 108, 216 religious 249 cultural 340 unequal 66 ethnic 308 religion 2, 5, 28, 33-5, 39, 49, 52, 87, revolts 22, 58, 76-7, 81, 106, 223, 327 108, 160, 168, 195-7, 199, 241, 331 revolution 7, 288, 347 foreign 195 social 36 modern 52, 195-6, 199 Revolution Council 123 official 197 Rhenish missions 71 traditional 33-4, 195 Riady, Agustinus Syaikun 282 religiosity 249 27 Religious Affairs Bureau 34, 165, 273, Rifai, Raden Abdul Moetalib 82 297, 299 rights Religious Affairs Department 5, 310 civil 78 see also Religious Affairs Bureau equal 93 religious background 168 native 299 religious cards 259 political 26-7, 31 religious differences 33, 250 Riksen, Arsen 261 Rencana Pembangunan Lima Tahun Rinding, Ikot 252, 261, 265, 269-71, (Repelita) 130 292, 316 representation 2-3, 21-2, 83, 101, 152, riots 213-4, 258, 263, 329 168, 206, 222, 244, 285, 310-11, 346 anti-Chinese 19 representatives 8, 19, 22, 82-4, 96-100, illegal mining 192 110, 126, 169-70, 238, 251, 271 urban 313 repression 25, 46, 75, 168, 206, 218, rivalries 6, 100, 105, 113, 168, 243, 245, 261 306 Republic of Indonesia 96 internal 266, 301, 306, 308 Republican 85 political 45, 181, 242 Republik Indonesia see Republic of Riwut, Tjilik 23, 123 Indonesia roadblocks 212 Republik Indonesia Serikat (RIS) 20, Roban 279 95-6, 98-9, 309, 320 Royal conversion 53 Republik Maluku Selatan (RMS) 8, 22, Rufinus, Albert 266 343, 353 rulers 16, 53, 55, 57-8, 61-2, 64, 66, resentment 6, 40, 168, 192 70, 75 resettlement 39-40, 62, 66, 142, 198-9 Rumah Melayu 303 Resimen Para Komando Angkatan rumours 97, 136, 143, 210-1, 225, 247, Darat (RPKAD) 137 309 resistance 18, 45, 108, 226, 307, 328, Rwanda 42 342 Ryacudu 126-8, 133 Dayak 285 retreat, religious 90 Sabah 94, 139 retrenchment 97 Sabinus 88, 163 retribution 24, 97, 218 Sabung 193

393

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Saham 200 Sambas pemekaran 150, 215, 248-9, 251, Sahuddin, Rachmad 150, 171, 174, 273-8, 280, 306 177, 266, 307 Sambas political parties 102, 105, 116, Sahuddin, Syahdan 88, 163, 177 128, 238 Sajingan Besar 277, 279 Sambas religious conversion 53 Sakek 211 see also Sakok Sambas sultanate 58, 60, 275 Sakok 211 Sambas transmigration 191, 193 Salatiga 212, 222, 233, 320-1, 329 Sambas village governance 202-3 Saleh, Djufri 115, 315 Sami 206 Saleh, Ibrahim 133, 137, 316 Sampang 228, 238, 248, 357 Saleh, Mohammad 82, 84, 98, 284-5, Sampe, A.R. 88, 157, 163-4, 167 349 Sandai 219 Salim, Agus 265-8, 280-1, 299, 315 Sandjoek 82 Salun 62 Sanggau 98, 157, 167 Samalantan 138, 192, 203, 209-10, Sanggau Chinese 2, 119, 142 212, 214, 217, 226, 231, 234, 279 Sanggau conflict 76, 80-1, 149, 212, Sambas 43, 58, 93, 98, 148-9, 157, 219, 223-4, 247 236, 304, 307 Sanggau Dayak bureaucrats 159, 161 Sambas Bugis 2 Sanggau Dayak legislature 82, 104, Sambas conflict 43, 148-9, 192, 211, 169, 175-6, 290, 295, 305 213-5, 217, 219, 226, 240, 242, 247-8, Sanggau district head 2, 245, 261-4, 251, 278 302, 305 Sambas Dayak 67, 81 Sanggau district head election 1, 261-5, Sambas Dayak bureaucrat 82, 101, 267, 298, 303 157-8, 167, 236 Sanggau DPRD 176, 262-3, 298 Sambas Dayak legislature 104, 175 Sanggau ethnic politics 5, 87, 90, 101, Sambas distrct head election 242 103-4, 177, 252, 258, 263, 271, 292, Sambas district 112, 126, 157, 167, 298, 302, 306-7, 310 175, 193, 215, 223, 226, 228, 230, Sanggau ethnic population 56-7, 89-90, 234-5, 248, 275, 277-8 158-9, 173, 194, 225-6, 228, 234, 304 Sambas district head 245 Sanggau general election 174 Sambas education 49, 160 Sanggau Ledo 138, 140, 143, 147-8, Sambas ethnic enclave 277 192, 203, 210-1, 214, 217, 231, 234, Sambas ethnic minority 198 245, 279 Sambas ethnic occupation 234-5 Sanggau Ledo conflict 138, 140, 143, Sambas ethnic politics 93, 251, 253, 147-8, 210-1, 214, 217, 245 302-4, 306-7 Sanggau Ledo ethnic population 231, Sambas ethnic population 56, 89, 159, 234, 279 173, 194, 222-3, 225-6, 228, 230-1, Sanggau Ledo transmigration 192, 279 233-4, 278-80, 304 Sanggau Ledo village governance 203 Sambas general election 103, 112, 171, Sanggau leftist 119-20, 125 290 Sanggau missionaries 91, 93 Sambas land ownership 236 Sanggau palm oil plantation 185-6, Sambas leftist 125, 135 188, 205 Sambas palm oil plantation 186, 205 Sanggau pemekaran 274-6, 281

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Sanggau political parties 102-3, 105, secondary 89, 163 116, 128-9, 171, 238, 262 seminary 86 Sanggau religious conversion 196 teacher training 72, 161, 164 Sanggau sultanate 58-61, 63 under the Japanese occupation 18 Sanggau transmigration 189, 191-2 village 71 Sanggau village governance 202, 204, schools and PD 94, 108 286, 295 Schuilwerve 84 Sanjaya, Christiandy 2, 288, 306 SCTV 241 Saparan III 193 Sea Dayaks 51, 53 Sapta, Oesman 269 Sea People 53 SARA (Suku Agama Ras Antar- Sebadu 138, 150 golongan) 5 Sebangki 231 Sarawak 64, 84, 139-40 Seberuang 57, 191 anti-logging 283 Seberuang Dayaks 57 ethnic relations 148 Sebubus 234 Sarawak People’s Guerrilla Force see Secapa (Sekolah Calon Perwira) 262 PGRS second-class treatment 206 Sarawak Rajah 64 Second World War see World War II Sarawakian Chinese 140, 148 security 4, 149, 180, 189, 226, 267, 354 Sarawakian Dayaks 148 national 39 Sardjijo 291 security clearances 133 Sarekat Dayak 31 security forces 184, 205, 210-5, 218, Sarekat Islam (SI) 74 244-6, 248, 272 Sarekat Rakyat 74 see also Sarikat Sedau 211 Rakyat Segerak (Serikat Gerakan) 282 Sarikat Rakyat 73 Sei Nilam 234 Sarsono, A.J. Witono 133 see also Sei Nyirih 234 Witono, A.J. Sei Pangkalan II 233 Sastroamidjojo, Ali 122 Sei Raya 231 Satok, Fachrie 106 Sei Segak 231 savagery 30, 54, 284 Sejangkung 203, 279 Sawa, A. 134-5, 149 Sejiram 71 Sayan 219 Sekadau Chinese 2 schooling 162, 203, 239 Sekadau conflict 76, 225 schools 17, 32, 69, 90, 98, 160, 162 Sekadau Dayak legislature 82, 295 Chinese community 72 Sekadau district head election 288, 305 Chinese mission 72 Sekadau ethnic politics 87, 90, 307 Dayaks enrolment 67, 160, 163 Sekadau ethnic population 56, 89, 159, Dayaks response to 17, 54, 71-3, 88, 194, 228, 304 162 Sekadau pemekaran 12, 274, 281 government 88-9, 295 Sekadau sultanate 58, 60 influence of sultanate 49, 71 Sekadau transmigration 189, 191 leftist influence 120 Sekayam 274, 281 mission 17, 33, 71-2 Sekber Golkar 129, 174 see also Golkar nation building 39 Sekolah Guru Atas (SGA) 161-2

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Sekolah Guru Bawah (SGB) 161 Sianturi, Bonar 180, 315 Sekolah Melayu see Malay School Sibale 72 Sekolah Tinggi Pemerintahan Dalam Siberut 51 Negeri (STPDN) 166 sickle 213, 220 Sekubang 61 Silat 58 Sekujam 61 Silitonga, W.S. 126-7 Selakau 277, 279 Simanjuntak, Mian 252 selesai masa tugas 124 Simin, Barnabas 269-71 self-government 95 Simpang 53, 58, 60, 82 Selimbau 55, 58 Simprong, Sabran 171 Selimbau sultanate 57-8, 62 Singanan see senganan Seluang 193 Singkawang 12 Seluas 142, 203, 211, 279 Singkawang Chinese 2 Semangai, Apang 69 Singkawang colonial times 55, 81, 98 seminary 78, 86, 90 Singkawang education 72-3 Semitau 58, 84, 87-8, 142 Singkawang ethnic conflict 142, 211-2, Semitau directly ruled area 64 214-5, 217 Semitau ethnic population 57, 89 Singkawang ethnic politics 253, 292 Semitau ethnic poulation 57 Singkawang ethnic population 56, 89, Semitau pemekaran 274 159, 193-4, 223, 225-6, 228, 279, 304 Semitau proselytizing 55 Singkawang leftist 120 Semitau sultanates 58-9, 64 Singkawang missionaries 72 Sempadung 213, 234 Singkawang municipality 291, 302 Semparuk 213 Singkawang palm oil plantation 186 Senakin 138, 145, 150 Singkawang pemekaran 12, 274-5, 277-9 Senangi 234 Singkawang political parties 112 Sendoreng 234 Sino-Japanese War 75 Sengah Temila 180, 278 Sinsang, Diit 134 Senganan 34, 50, 53-5, 66-7, 73, 87-8, Sinsang, F.X. Jos Diit 131, 135, 316 101-2, 197 Sinsang, Jos Diit 131, 135, 319 Senoadji, Umar 128 Sintang Catolic teachers 295 Sensibo Baru 193 Sintang colonial times 64, 70, 76, 82 Sentral Organisasi Buruh Seluruh Sintang Dayak 9, 61-2, 73, 75 Indonesia (SOBSI) 121, 127 Sintang Dayak bureaucrats 157-8 separatistm 8, 25-6, 44, 250 Sintang Dayak legislature 290, 295 Serang 234 Sintang district 86, 104, 158, 172, 174, Serawai 61 189, 297 Serbs 43 Sintang district head 82, 86, 103, 177, servant, domestic 61, 68 180-1, 245, 260-1, 263, 302 settlement pattern 43, 222, 226-7, 231, Sintang district head election 47, 178, 233 180-1, 260-1, 307 shifting cultivation 40, 185, 187, 198 Sintang DPD 105 short contract 60 Sintang DPRD 104, 116, 126, 169, short declaration 60 175-6, 180, 295, 305 Siantan 278

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Sintang education 88, 160, 163, 167 egalitarian 76 Sintang ethnic composition 228 insular 336 Sintang ethnic conflict 225 multi-ethnic 40 Sintang ethnic population 56-7, 89, plural 36 159, 173, 194, 223, 225, 304 small-scale 58 Sintang general election 101-3, 136, stratified 349 171-2, 174, 238 Soedarso 110, 134 Sintang land conflict 219 Soedirman 85 Sintang leftist 125-6 Soedjimin, P.F. 114 Sintang missionaries 91 Soedjono 96 Sintang palm oil plantation 185-6 Soegiyo 265 Sintang pemekaran 274-5, 281 Soeharto 121, 130-1, 240, 246, 258, Sintang political parties 128, 291 263, 298 Sintang region 69 Soeharto regime 219, 260 Sintang religious conversion 206 Soekarno 3-4, 21, 23, 37-8, 85, 106, Sintang sultanate 55, 57-61, 63, 65, 75 109-11, 114-5, 117, 121-3, 130, 139, Sintang towns 225 152, 170, 312 Sintang traditional leader 204-5 and Oevaang Oeray 117 Sintang transmigrations 191-2 Soekarno-Hatta 35, 96 Sintang village governance 202 Soekarnoist 123, 129 Sistem Pendidikan Nasional (Sisdiknas) Soemadi 133, 291 313 governor 123, 134, 149 Slamet A.H. 115, 121, 126 Soemardji 180 slash-and-burn 185 see also swidden Soemitro 261-3, 267, 298, 317 culture Soemitro, Bambang 126 slave trade 61 Soeng, Khin Njoek 82 slavery 16, 32, 61, 66, 70, 347 Soe’oed, H. Malik bin H. 82 social class 16, 18, 160 Soeparto, R.M. 96 social domination 234 Soeryamassoeka, Daniel 88, 163 social isolation 72 Solok 286 social mobility, upward 16, 54, 61, 68, Somak, Aloysius Milon 282 77 Sonan, S.S. 182, 317 social ostracism 71 Sosok 224 social outcasts 66 Sosrowerdojo, Hadisubeno 122 social participation 286 South Africa 24, 45 social status 2, 13, 16, 35, 70-1, 74, 76 South Kalimantan 7, 22, 71, 165, 184, social stigma 30, 71, 160 205, 214 social strata 18, 61 South-Ossetia 43 social stratification 16, 61, 357 South Sambas 278 social system 16, 51, 60-1, 65, 73, 220 South Sulawesi 7, 22, 31 social ties 54 Southeast Asia 18, 39-40, 52 social vilification, less 54 Southeast Asian 40, 330 social violence 240, 354 sovereignty 3, 19, 59, 96 social welfare 63 Soviet Union 27, 36 society Spain 33

397

Taufiq Tanasaldy - 9789004253483 Downloaded from Brill.com09/25/2021 09:52:32AM via free access | Index spiritual world 75 subjects, free 70 Spoor, Colonel S.H. 85 Sudhi, Haji 84 Sri Lanka 33 Sudin, Setiman H. 181, 262, 264 stability, economic 47, 183 Suhaid 58 stakeholders 281 , Bambang W. 293, 331, 340, stamp, rubber 176, 206, 258 342 standards, living 185 Sukadana 56, 58-60, 82, 89, 274 state boundaries 25 Sukendro 128, 130 state laws 204 Suku Anak Raja 61 State of East Indonesia 20, 95, 320 Suku Darat 62 State of East Sumatra 95 Suku Orang Bumi 61 states suku penduduk asli 114 native 63 Suku Sanggau 61 pro-Dutch 85 suku terasing 40, 198 puppet 139 Sulawesi 3, 8, 18, 22, 39, 51, 190 unitary 95, 108, 168 Sultan Hamid II see Hamid II, Sultan weak 41, 96 sultanate administration 17, 67-8, 90, station 160 private television 241 sultanate boundaries 55 state television 241 sultanate capitals 17, 55 statistics, crime 220 sultanate rule 60-1, 70, 77 status quo 275 sultanate system 18, 66-7, 75 stembusaccord 99 sultanates stereotype 41, 88, 220-1 first Islamic 52 negative 222, 233, 248, 312 minor 64 stereotyping 222, 249 native 35 stonemasonry 234, 237 sultanates status 74 strata, lowest 61 Suluh Kalimantan 91 strategic posts 1-2, 5, 24, 37-8, 73, 155, Sumatra 3, 8, 16, 18, 22, 33-4, 52-3, 183, 260, 310 74, 85, 122, 129, 137, 139, 141, 184 students, bonded 164 northern 347 Suar 20, 89, 97-8 southeast 52 Suasana 97 Sumatri, Edi 316 sub-cultures 201 51 sub-district head positions 168, 310 Sumenep 227-8 total 158 Sungkung 144, 146 sub-district heads 4, 98, 104, 132, 137, Suparto, K. Ng. Bambang 96 145, 157-8, 161, 165, 167-8, 263 Supersemar 121 local Dayak 219 Surachman 122 sub-district levels 157, 159, 251 Suryadarma, Flor 316 sub-districts 11, 98, 157-9, 161, 203, Suryansyah, Gusti 316 211, 224, 231, 277-9, 294, 301-2 Susilo, P. 115, 121 conflict-affected 211 Sutedja, Governor 111 Subardi, Lukas 263 Suwandi spelling 94 subject 7, 29, 64-6, 88, 299 Swapraja 82, 84

398

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Sweden 8 temenggung 81, 201, 204 swidden culture 51 Temu see Tamu symbols tengkawang 219 ethnic 33, 218 tensions national 197 ethnic 225, 276, 305, 313 Syukur, M. Yusuf 291 inter-ethnic 304, 307 intra-ethnic 306-7 Taib, M. 84 Tepo village 138 Tajib, H. 149 Terentang 278 Talangah village 192 Terompet 97 Taman 52, 86 Thailand 39 Tamu 147 Then, Hon Tjhiap 82 Tamzah, M. 149 Thoma, Stephanus 171 Tan, Bu Hiap 115, 119 Thomas, Yoseph 282 Tan, Budiono 269, 271 Thomba, Laurens 172, 291 Tana Toraja 24 Tiang 72 Tanah Seribu see Vierkantepaal Tim Sebelas 253 Tani, Martinus M. 92 timber exploitation 206 Tanjung village 210 Timor 51 Tanjungpura 2, 53, 123 Tio, Kiang Sun 82, 84 tarekat 249 Tiong, Aspan 174 Taum village 147 Tiong, Saijan 106, 111 tax, special 35, 54, 57, 61-2, 66, 68, 93 titles, aristocratic 16 tax collection 199 titular head 21 tax revenues 56 titular military rank 144 Tayan 53, 58-60, 70, 75, 82, 87, 89-90, Tjhan, Siauw Giok 117 212, 224, 274, 281 Tjhoen, Jan Pau 82 Tayan ethnic politics 87 Tjina Komunis (Tjinkom) 143 Tayan sultanate 62 Tjong, Bun On Paulus 112 teachers 17, 34, 54, 68, 73, 78, 91, 117, Tjong, Hian Kong 115, 119 119, 164, 288, 295, 297 Toba 197 religious 295-7 Tobing, R.P.N. Loemban 106 teaching profession 164 Toding, Daniel 180 Tebas 203, 211, 213-5, 233-4, 279 Tohir, M. 123 Tebidah 61, 69 Toho 217, 277-8 Tebuah Marong 193 tokoh tua 91 Tekuwaan, Hubertus 291, 294 Toraja 7, 24, 31 Telajan 92 Torajan 33 telecommunications, advanced and con- Torajanese 31-2, 61, 180 flict escalation 44, 225, 255 totok 118 television stations 241 TPI 241 telok belanga 303 traditional ceremony 204 Telok Pakedai 278 traditional leaders 33, 81, 144, 195, Teluk Keramat 203, 214, 234, 248, 279 199, 201, 203-5 Teluk Melano 206 traditional markets 235

399

Taufiq Tanasaldy - 9789004253483 Downloaded from Brill.com09/25/2021 09:52:32AM via free access | Index traditional rule, existing 36 Turks 18 traditional structure 204 Tutsi 42-3 traditional symbols 216 Tutu, Desmond 45 traditional systems 216 TVRI 241 traditions, oral 200, 284 Transcaucasia 43 Uddanum 61 transfer of sovereignty 3, 96 Uduk incident 147 transformation, political 15 Uduk Village 138 transition, political 7, 21, 42, 45, 47, Undang-undang (UU) 275 139, 257 unemployment 206 transmigrants 190, 193 unilateral action 126-7 local 189 unitary government 309 transmigrasi see transmigration United Nations 26 transmigration 5, 39, 123, 184-5, 189- United Nations Development 90, 193, 198, 206, 218-19, 236, 331 Programme (UNDP) 239 government-sponsored 226, 234 United States 30 organized 219 United States of Indonesia see Republik plantation-linked 226 Indonesia Serikat transmigration projects 183, 185, 189, Universitas Tanjungpura 181, 270 191, 226, 233 university education 162, 164, 167, transmigration sites 185, 189-92 238-9 transmigrations, spontaneous 39 unprocessed logs 183 transportation 44, 92, 142, 185, 198, unrest 127 218, 225-6, 247 Chinese 223 hampered river 188 regional 70 tribal status 30 social 124 tribes 31, 39-40, 68, 216 Untung, Colonel 123 isolated 39 upper Kapuas 53, 58 native 30 Usha, Rusny 182 tributaries 57 Usman, Henri 265-6 tricycle 235, 237 Usman, Sadjali 101-2, 174 Trisakti incident 258 Usman, Syafei 265 Trisakti University 258 Usman-Kadir 288 troubled regions 7 USSR, former 33 trust 93, 138, 143 Utusan Daerah 5, 254, 268, 271 popular 204 members 269, 271-2 regime’s 129, 152 Utusan Golongan 268 Tshai, Frans 294 Tswana 31 vacancies 163 Tujuh Belas 210 political 46 sub-distrct 211, 279 Valenberg, Tarcicius H.J. van 91 Tumbang Anoi 284 Van Ophuysen spelling 94 Tumbang Titi 217, 225 vehicle operators 237 Tundang, E.D. 33, 134, 149 vehicles Tunjung 30 electoral 4, 131, 219

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political 129-30, 285 Wahid, Abdurrahman 246, 261 verbal abuse 236 Wahid, Minun Abdul 115 Vermi, V. 287 Wallons 33 vertical social mobility 17 Wanita Indonesia 129 vervolgschool 88 warfare 218 victimization 248, 286, 351 traditional 138, 146 victims 16, 19, 23, 74-5, 147, 151, 214, tribal 57, 68 216, 248 wedana 82, 86, 98 Vierkantepaal 63 welfare 63, 282 village chiefs 16, 67, 201, 203-5 see also Werdojo, K. 24 temenggung West Borneo 52 village governance, traditional 286-7 West Borneo Council 82 Village Governance Law 201 West-Borneo Raad 81, 86, 92-3 Village Governance Movement 286 West Java 22-3, 166 village population 230-1 West Kalimantan 1-3, 53-5, 73-6, 79- village reorganization 200-2, 205, 213 82, 100-3, 108-11, 118-20, 125-8, village schools 67, 71, 91 139-43, 162-7, 183-6, 188-92, 240-6, village size 201 257-9, 328-30 villagers 187, 201, 203 communal violence 44, 211, 225, villages 67, 88, 142, 147, 194, 197, 244-5, 247, 328 201-3, 205, 209-11, 213, 216, 221-2, West Kalimantan Baperki 117-20 230-1, 233-4, 247 West Kalimantan Council see West- villain 70, 95 Borneo Raad violence 23, 41, 46, 145, 147, 215-6, West Kalimantan Indigenous 218, 222, 231, 233, 240, 327, 329, Community Alliance see Aliansi 334, 351-2 Masyarakat Adat mob 146 West Kalimantan Indonesian Christian rewarded 220 Communication Forum see Forum violent 79, 218, 220-1, 286 Komunikasi Kristiani Indonesia violent attitude 221, 241 West Kalimantan National Committee violent conflicts in Indonesia 346 see Komite Nasional Kalimantan Barat violent protests 151, 254 West Kalimantan Raad 85 violent TV 241 West Kalimantan Special Region Viqueque 178 Government see Daerah Istimewa voicing concerns 22, 25, 38, 40 Kalimantan Barat Volksraad 31 West Papua 8, 20 volksscholen 67 West Sumatra 7, 70, 201, 286, 337 volunteers 117, 119, 139 Westerafdeeling 55 votes 3, 100, 102, 110, 112, 172, 174, white flight 233 178-80, 182, 242, 267, 269-70, 287-9, Wibowo, Sarwo Edhie 129 291, 304-5 wild cultivator 198 voting 105, 178, 182, 267, 269, 281, Winokan, N. 84 288, 301-2, 352 Wiranto 246 voting behaviour 102, 238 Witono, A.J. 133, 139, 145, 149, vreemde oosterlingen 18 151

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Taufiq Tanasaldy - 9789004253483 Downloaded from Brill.com09/25/2021 09:52:32AM via free access | Index workers Yogyakarta 23, 110, 123, 162, 167 livestock 235, 237 Yoruba 31 religious 31, 164 young chickens 221 shrub crop 237 Yugoslavia 27, 43 World War II 3, 8, 10, 13, 15, 17-9, Yukundus 210 21, 31, 34-5, 42, 49-50, 71-5, 77-80, Yus, Thadeus 263 160, 309 Zainu’ddin 357 Yahyah, Noeh 88 zending works 33 Yamani, Hercan 104-5 Zhonghua Gonghui 141-2 Yani, General 130 Zulaeda 180 Yayasan Kesejahteraan Sosial Pancur Zulkarnaen 180 Kasih (YKSPK) 282 Zulu 31

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