First Phase English Laboratory Project

College: IPTCE

Grade: 3rd Basic

Teacher: Elizabeth Revolorio

Matter: English Laboratory

Students: Key:

Karla Alejandra López Caal #17

Juan de Dios Osorio Bran #22

José Julián Rivera Poncio #26

María José Seb #31

Dulce Mariana Serrano Villeda #32 Introduction The following work is from Group # 5, which contains various information on the that we found most interesting to the participants.

We will start by taking a tour of Scotland, we will continue with Canada, then we will take a tour of , and last but not least . We will talk about the typical foods of each , its capital or city, its and other interesting facts.

Since each culture and country is different, it is very good to know about other countries that are not your own. This work was very interesting due to the fact that we learned about other countries that were not Guatemala

Brainstorming

First of all we Secondly, each one distributed the investigated the information, and country that he we said what each was assigned and member of the then we gathered group would do. the information.

Third, we review As sixth point, we the information, corrected some seeing that it did errors, we gave it not have any errors to the coordinator or something was and she uploaded it missing. to classroom.

In fifth place, As fourth place, Juan de Dios we gave all the gathered the information information and already collected passed it on to us. to Juan de Dios. Scotland

It is the northernmost of the four constituent countries of the . Together with England and , it is part of the island of , covering a third of its total area; it also consists of more than 790 islands. It limits to the north and west with the Atlantic Ocean; to the east with the North Sea, to the south with England and to the southwest with the North Channel and the Irish Sea. The Scottish territory covers 78,772 km, and its population was estimated at 5,463,300 inhabitants in 2019, which gives a population density of 67.5 inhabitants per km2. The capital is Edinburgh, while Glasgow is the largest city and its metropolitan area concentrates 40% of the total Scottish population. Scotland takes its name from Scotus, a Latin term meaning Irish (the plural form is Scoti, Irish). This refers to the Gaelic settlers of Ireland, a country that the Romans initially called Scotia (feminine form of Scotus). The Irish who colonized present-day Scotland they were known as Scoti. The Romans of the High Middle Ages used the name Caledonia to refer to present-day Scotland. The was an independent state until 1707, when the Act of Union with England was signed to create the . The union did not alter Scotland's own legal system, which has since been different from that of Wales, England and , which is why it is considered in international law as a distinct legal entity. The survival of its own laws, and a differentiated educational and religious system are part of Scottish culture and its development over the centuries.

Scotland Flag

The cross is the symbol of Saint Andrew the Apostle, the patron saint of Scotland. The color of the background of the flag was variable, from light blue to navy blue, depending, apparently, on the type of dye available in each area and era. When it was incorporated into the UK flag, navy blue was used as the background color. However, in 2003, a Scottish Parliament commission established that the flag's official background color is Pantone 300 (i.e. 0, 114, 198 in RGB color model or # 0072C6 in HTML color codes) , a color somewhat lighter than the Pantone 280 of the UK flag. The dimensions of the flag are not officially established, although they are usually 4: 5,2 3: 5 or 2: 3. The cross bars should be 1/5 (that is, 20%) of the height of the flag. According to legend, in 832 King Angus II of the Picts led the Scots in battle against the Angles, commanded by Aethelstan of , near present-day Athelstaneford Township in East Lothian. King Angus and his men were surrounded, and they prayed for their lives. During the night, Saint Andrew appeared to the king and promised victory. In the morning, both armies saw a white cross appear on the blue sky, representing the cross on which Saint Andrew had been martyred. This appearance gave the Scots courage, while the Angles became demoralized and lost the fight.

Scotland Costume The kilt, popularly known as the kilt, is the most typical garment in Scotland and Ireland. It consists of a skirt that is part of traditional men's clothing. It is currently used only for great occasions such as weddings, conventions, etc. It is often claimed that the color of the kilt traditionally differentiates the different clans from the Scottish Highlands region. However, a famous study by historian Hugh Trevor-Roper, entitled The Invention of Tradition: The Scottish Highland Tradition, shows that the kilt, like the bagpipe, as a symbol of Scottish and Irish national identity, it was elaborated much later than what is implied: Far from being a traditional Highland dress, it was invented by an Englishman after the Union of 1707, and the different clan tartans are even a later invention. The essay is included in the volume The Invention of Tradition (1983), Hobsbawm and Granger (eds, pp. 23-48. Barcelona: Critique). The particular design of each type of grid is sometimes referred to, by extension in relation to the fabric, with the term tartan. It is important to note that although underwear may or may not be worn under the kilt (as the wearer prefers), tradition says that a "true Scotsman" should not wear anything under his kilt. However, in 2010, Scottish Tartans Authority Director Brian Wilton described that in some circumstances the tradition of not wearing underwear could be childish and unsanitary and considered "an affront to decency.

Scottish language

* Celtic languages: The only Celtic language that is still preserved in Scotland is Scottish Gaelic, spoken in some areas of the Highlands and the Hebrides, but previously spoken in much larger areas, as the place names attest. A variant of Gaelic was also spoken in southwestern Scotland, around Galloway, and also in Annandale and Strathnith, but has now disappeared. Both languages come from Old Gaelic, a descendant of primitive Gaelic as well. In the past, several British languages, now extinct, were also spoken in Scotland. The most important was the Cúmbrico language, spoken in the Kingdom of Strathclyde, as well as in Cumbria, in the north of England. The Pictish language, which forms an independent branch within the Celtic languages, once spoken by Picts from the Shetland Islands to Fife, has also completely disappeared. The language was disappearing when the Picts were successively invaded by the Scots, the Britons and the Anglo-Saxons, each with their own language.

* Germanic languages: Two Germanic languages are spoken in present-day Scotland: Scottish and Scottish English. Scottish (in English, Scots or Lowland Scots) is spoken in the south of Scotland, in the area known as Lowlands. It comes from a northern variant of the so-called Middle English known as "Old Scottish". Scottish has the peculiarity of being a multicenter language, with very diverse varieties and dialects, to the point that it is not possible to define which is the "correct Scottish". Indeed, this diversity is a source of pride for Scottish speakers. Scottish English, meanwhile, is the standard dialect of the English language spoken in Scotland. In it you can find Scottish and Scottish Gaelic influences. The northernmost variant is a distinct dialect, Highland English, further influenced by Scottish Gaelic. Another Germanic language, the Norn language, was a Scandinavian language spoken in the Shetland Islands and Orkney, as well as in Caithness, in the northernmost part of Scotland. When the islands were ceded to Scotland by Norway in the 15th century, both the Scottish government and the Church of Scotland discouraged their use, so it was eventually replaced by the Scottish languag Canada Located in the extreme north of the North American subcontinent, it stretches from the Atlantic Ocean to the east, the Pacific Ocean to the west, and north to the Arctic Ocean. It shares a border with the United States to the south, and to the northwest with its federal state Alaska. It is the second largest country in the world after Russia, and also the northernmost. It occupies about half the territory of North America. Because of its climate, it is one of the 15 countries with the lowest population density in the world, with approximately 4 inhabitants per square kilometer. The territory occupied by Canada was inhabited by the various Aboriginal population groups for millennia. Since the late 15th century, numerous British and French expeditions explored along the Atlantic coast, where they later settled. France ceded almost all of its North American colonies in 1763 after the Franco-Indian War. In 1867, with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation, Canada was formed as a federal domain of four provinces.6 7 This started an accumulation of provinces and territories, and a process of autonomy from the United Kingdom. . This increasing autonomy was highlighted in the 1931 Statute of Westminster and culminated in the Canadian Constitution Act of 1982, which broke the vestiges of legal dependence on the British Parliament. It is governed as a parliamentary democracy and monarchy. constitutional with Isabel II as head of state. It is a bilingual nation with English and French as official languages at the federal level. Canada is an industrially and technologically pioneering and advanced nation, largely self-sufficient in energy thanks to its relatively extensive deposits of fossil fuels and extensive generation of nuclear power and hydroelectric power. Being one of the most developed countries, it has a diversified economy, which makes it independent due to its large deposits and abundant natural resources as well as trade, particularly with the United States and Mexico. It is currently a member of the OAS, the G-8, the G-20, NATO, the OECD, the WTO, the UKUSA, the APEC, the , the Francophonie and the United Nations. It is considered one of the countries with the best quality of life.

Canada's Flag In 1964, Lester B. Pearson, Prime Minister of Canada, created a committee to study the possible change of the flag, this issue was not without controversy and had detractors. 3 were presented and the one chosen was the one based on the Royal Military College (Royal Military College of Canada). The design that we can currently see on the was definitively approved on February 15, 1965, replacing the English flag. Since then, on February 15 of each year, Canada's National is celebrated. The current flag is made up of two rectangles on the sides, a white square in the center, and a red maple leaf adorning the center. The Canadian flag is known by various names. It is generally called the ‘ of Canada’. In English it is known as 'The Maple Leaf' (the flag of the maple leaf) because of the central leaf that adorns the flag. Its name in French also refers to the maple leaf, calling itself ‘l´Unifolié’ (the single-leaf flag). The patriotic feeling that your flag generates in Canadians is very remarkable. Most Canadians know the lyrics of the national anthem and have great respect for the values that the flag of their country represents. Canada is a country where the fight for human rights is not stopped due to the diverse origins of the country's inhabitants, of Native American, French and English roots, among others. It also fights for the educational integration of its inhabitants, with the aim of offering a stable employment future to young people, both native and foreign, who decide to forge a future in Canada.

Typical Costume of Canada It is evident that the typical costumes represent what is the identity of a country and Canada is one of them, that you can find many costumes of which many of them have been influenced by British and French origins, the latter being to a lesser extent. It is important to mention that Canada is a country that does not have a typical costume as such, this is due to its great cultural diversity, however there are still costumes that stand out from the crowd such as the Mounted Police uniform and of course you cannot miss the Typical Canadian costume of the first indigenous inhabitants. To talk about the typical clothing of Canada you have to know that in reality the country does not have typical clothing as such, although we can highlight the costumes of the tribes that inhabited the territory before the arrival of the English and French, as well as the uniform of the Mounted Police, which is one of the most characteristic of the country. The typical clothes of each place show the culture of that country or of the peoples or communities that inhabit that territory. Because British, French and indigenous influences can be found in Canada, they do not actually have a typical dress as such, although it is possible to find different costumes that show the cultural heritage of the country. * Typical Canadian costume for men and women Although it is true Typical Canadian costume does not really exist, that is, there is no specific typical costume as such, even so there are costumes that identify them, one of them is the Mounted Police uniform, in which a characteristic symbol of what has been made has been made. It is its identity and culture that differentiates it from other countries. This uniform has great historical value, since it has been used for years, it has even been used since wartime, which gives them great value unlike other suits without a doubt Although in Canada it does not have a typical suit as such, it would undoubtedly have that well-earned position where the most curious thing is that today it is still used by the police.

Canada language Among the languages spoken in Canada, only English (known by 90% of Canadians) and French (known by 60% of the population) have official status. The Canadian constitution itself recognizes two official languages, English and French, and all constitutional acts are in both languages. The Inuktitut stands out for its official status in the Northwest Territories, in Nunavut and in Nunavik, Quebec. According to the 2001 census, of 29.6 million Canadians (33 million in June 2006), Anglophones represent about 59.3% (17.3 million) and Francophones 22.9% (6.7 million ) of the population respectively. 11.6% (5.2 million) had another mother tongue. Another 380,000 had more than one mother tongue. English belongs to the Germanic family like German. The Romance and Germanic languages, official (English and French) or not (Spanish, Italian, German, Portuguese and others) are of Indo-European origin, western branch (centum). The mother tongues of the majority of Canadians, about 80% (more than 25 million) share this origin. According to the 2011 census, 5,470,820 Canadian residents had an unofficial language as their first language.

* Classification of the languages of Canada:

* Official languages of European origin:

English is from the branch of Germanic languages. French is from the branch of Romance languages.

Brazil With an estimated area of over 8.5 million km², it is the fifth largest country in the world in total area (equivalent to 47% of South American territory). Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the east, Brazil has a coastline of 7491 km To the north it borders the French overseas department of French Guiana, Suriname, Guyana and Venezuela; to the northwest with Colombia; to the west with Peru and Bolivia; to the southwest with Paraguay and Argentina, and to the south with Uruguay. In this way, it borders all the countries of South America, except Ecuador and Chile. Most of the country is included between the terrestrial tropics, so the climatic seasons are not felt in a radical way in much of its territory. The Amazon rainforest covers 3.6 million km² of the territory. Thanks to its vegetation and climate, it is one of the countries with the most species of animals in the world. Brazil, until then inhabited by indigenous people, had its first contact with Europeans in 1500 AD. through a Portuguese expedition led by Pedro Álvares Cabral. After the Treaty of Tordesillas, the Brazilian territory was the segment of the American continent that corresponded to the , from which it obtained its independence on September 7, 1822. Thus, the country went from being a central part of the kingdom of Portugal to an empire to finally become a . Its first capital was Salvador de , which was replaced by until a new capital, Brasilia, was built. Its current constitution, formulated in 1988, defines Brazil as a presidential federative republic.The federation is made up of the union of the Federal District, the 26 states and the 5,570 municipalities.

The Flag of Brazil The flag of Brazil is made up of a rectangle with a 7:10 ratio. Above this rectangle, a rhombus appears, and within this, a blue circle with a white band that contains the motto "ORDEM E PROGRESSO" ("Order and Progress" in Portuguese) in green, as well as 27 white stars. The current flag is based on the old flag of the created by Jean-Baptiste Debret in 1820. The changes were devised by a group of members of the Positivist Church, composed of Raimundo Teixeira Mendes, Miguel Lemos and Manuel Pereira Reis. The design of the blue disk was executed by the painter Décio Vilares. The flag was officially adopted by Decree 4, on November 19, 1889, drawn up by Benjamin Constant Botelho de Magalhães, a member of the Provisional Government. That day it was hoisted for the first time in a square in the Rio de Janeiro neighborhood of Praça da Bandeira. From the proclamation of the Republic on November 15 to 19 of the same month, another flag was used that imitated that of the United States of America. The current flags of some of the states of Brazil, such as Goiás, Piauí or , are inspired by this design. The current design, which includes a total of 27 stars, was officially approved through Decree No. 8,241 promulgated on May 12, 1992. The current flag of Brazil originates from the flag of the Empire of Brazil designed in 1822, whose symbols represented the royal families of Braganza and Habsburg, to which the first imperial house belonged.The blue disk of the current flag represents the sky of Rio de Janeiro on the morning of November 15, 1889 (date of the proclamation of the Republic of Brazil). It is shown as seen from outside the celestial sphere. Each of the twenty-seven stars represents one of the different states and the Federal District. The number of stars has varied throughout history as new states were created, from the original twenty-one.

Typical Costume of Brazil The typical clothing of Brazil is characterized by the variety of colors, the combination of indigenous and Afro-descendant traits. Brazil occupies a large part of the territory of South America, therefore the Brazilian clothing will vary according to the area of the country. * Typical costumes of Rio de Janeiro: Rio de Janeiro Carnival costumes. It's a flashy, tiny outfit that features sequins, feathers, glitter, and colorful accessories. Women wear high heels, sequined bodices and should not wear a thong smaller than 4 centimeters. In the case of men, they usually wear tight pants and show the chest. The typical clothes of Rio de Janeiro are characteristic of samba and in carnival it is accompanied by ornate floats.

* Typical costumes of Paraíba and : Celebration of the Juninas Festivities.The women wear colorful dresses that almost cover the feet, a fitted jacket with a high neck, and high-heeled boots decorated with buttons at the sides. Men typically wear a three-button knee-length jacket, waistcoat, hard-collared shirt, tie, narrow pants, and boots.This typical Brazilian clothing is used in the parade of flokloric dances of the quadrilha in the Juninas Festivities, which are three celebrations in honor of the winter solstice, held during the month of June. At present there are small variations in clothing depending on the region.

Brazil Language It is called Brazilian Portuguese, American Portuguese, Brazilian Portuguese or Brazilian Portuguese, to the variety of the spoken by the more than 200 million around the world. This variety is today the most widely spoken, written and read in the world. Due to the importance of Brazil within Mercosur, this variant is the one normally studied in the South American countries linked to said bloc, especially in Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay. There are also speakers of Brazilian Portuguese as a mother tongue in countries where there are large Brazilian communities, such as the United States, Paraguay, Peru, Japan, as well as in different countries in Europe. Before the arrival of Pedro Álvares Cabral in Brazil, there were more than a thousand languages in present-day Brazilian territory, spoken by indigenous people of various ethnic groups. These languages exerted a great influence on the Brazilian variety of Portuguese, not only adding new terms but also a characteristic intonation. Another great influence was exerted by the many African languages that came through the slave trade. Throughout its history, Brazilian Portuguese incorporated loanwords from indigenous and African languages, as well as French, Spanish, Italian, German, and English. There are several differences between so-called European Portuguese and Brazilian Portuguese, abbreviated: PE and PB (or PT and PT_BR), respectively. These differences occur in vocabulary, pronunciation and syntax, especially in vernacular varieties, while in formal texts the differences are significantly reduced. Both are undoubtedly variants of the same language and are therefore mutually intelligible. The differences between the different variants are, to a greater or lesser degree, common to all natural languages. With an ocean dividing Brazil from Portugal, and after five hundred years, the language did not evolve in the same way in both countries, giving rise to two simply different language patterns, not existing one that is more correct in relation to the other. It is important to note that within what is often called "Brazilian Portuguese" (português do Brasil) and "European Portuguese" (português europeu), there are a large number of regional variations.

England It is one of the four constituent nations of the United Kingdom. Its territory is geographically formed by the southern and central part of Great Britain, an island that it shares with Scotland and Wales, and about 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight. It is bordered to the north by Scotland, to the west by Wales - its two land borders - to the northwest by the Irish Sea, to the southwest by the Celtic Sea, to the east by the North Sea and to the south by the English Channel. England accounts for 84% of the population and 85% of the UK's GDP. The current territory of England has been inhabited by various cultures for about 35,000 years, but takes its name from the Angles, one of the Germanic peoples who settled there during the 5th and 6th centuries. It became a unified state in 927 and since the Age of Discovery, which began in the 15th century, it has had a great cultural and legal impact around the world. The English language, the Anglican Church, and the Law of England — taken as the basis for the legal system of many other countries in the world — developed in England, and the parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations. The - which from 1284 also included Wales - was an independent state until 1707, when Queen Anne of Great Britain signed the Act of Union with Scotland, to create the Kingdom of Great Britain. In 1801 the joined the Kingdom of Great Britain thus creating the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland until 1922. With the independence and since then it is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

The flag of England The flag of England is made up of the cross of St. George, that is, a red Greek cross on a white cloth. Raised in 1191, the historic flag of St. George became the flag of England. In 1801, when it was combined with the Scottish flag and the old Irish flag, it became part of the flag of the United Kingdom.

Typical Costume of England The typical costumes of the world are usually linked to a time in its history or to a certain dance according to the country. In the case of English clothing, it does not have an exponent identified as typical. However, the clothing of the Morris dancers is the closest to a traditional costume. It is a dance of ritual origin towards the earth practiced by men. In Wales, typical clothing is associated with that worn by peasants in the 18th and 19th centuries. While in Scotland it is related to the design of the clothing with the identification of each clan. Typical costume of England The typical costume of is the most traditional in England. The typical costume of Morris dance is the most traditional in England. A traditional costume for English dress has not been defined. Despite this, the Morris dance costume can be associated more with a typical costume from England, since it is originally from the country. The clothing consists of a white shirt and trousers, bells inside two cushions placed on the calves, and a wicker hat, adorned with ribbons and flowers. In the English tradition the bells and festive colors used in the hat serve the function of warding off evil and capturing fertility for the earth.

England Language The language spoken in England is English. It is the third most spoken language by millions of people in the world. Due to its political, economic, military and scientific influence. It has been spreading in other regions of the world since the 18th century. It is the language that is adopted in international speeches. The English language has three main dialects: English from England, English from Wales, and English from Scotland.

* English of England It is properly the English of England and groups the dialects of the southern , the and the north of Ireland. In the northeast region, English is similar to Scottish.

* Welsh English Welsh English is related to the Cornish language and the Breton language spoken in France (in Brittany).

* Scottish English It is the dialect of English spoken in Scotland. It is derived from Scottish Gaelic. A more distant dialect of this English is that of the Highlands, spoken with in the northern area.

* Romance languages Gallo-Romance languages: This language is spoken on the Island of Jersey and the Dgèrnésiais on the island of .

Conclusions Well, as conclusions from this work, we have that each country and culture are super different, the truth is that this investigation was to learn a little, or rather too much of each country, the flags are different and that characterizes each country, and their costumes, languages or something else, it is what makes that country unique, the truth is this was very nice, because it was not only an investigation, but it was learning about the world and we found it very interesting, since as I said before we discovered new things that until now some of us did not know, so it was something very nice and interesting and well, I think that's all about the conclusion of this work.

Anexos 1. What is the name of the typical Scottish costume? R// Its name is Kilt or Scottish Skirt.

2. What are the 3 types of English in England? * English from England. * English from Wales. * English from Scotland.

3. Where is Rio de Janeiro's clothing typical and characteristic? R// The typical clothes of Rio de Janeiro are characteristic of samba and in carnival it is accompanied by ornate floats.

4. What colors does the flag of Canada wear? R// Red and white.

5. What are the two types of Scottish languages? * Celtic Languages. * Germanic Languages.