J Biodivers Endanger Species Volume 9:1, 2021 Journal of Biodiversity and Endangered Species

Research Article Open Access Endemic Freshwater Fish Diversity and Habitat Ecology of India Baliarsingh 1* and Nandi 2 1Department of Biodiversity, University of Jeypore, , India 2Department of Biodiversity, North Odisha University, Odisha, India Abstract In the present study, the fish diversity was examined in relation to habitat parameters of water bodies in district, Odisha, INDIA. The samples of water and fish species were collected in summer, rainy and winter seasons from six collection sites from April 2016 to March 2017. A total of 66 species of fishes under 43 genera, 25 families and 9 orders has been recorded. Highest species diversity was observed in the Cyprinidae (28.7%) followed by Bagridae (12.1%). The fish fauna includes 52 Least concern (LC), 3 Near Threatened (NT), 2 Data Deficient (DD) and 9 Not Assessed (NA) as per IUCN. The study shows that water bodies of including numerous economic importance food fishes as well as ornamental fishes belongs to freshwater, marine and brackish water habitat. In the study 46 species coming under capture fishery, 48 species have ornamental value, 19 species for culture and 7 species under sports fishery. The study shows that river and water bodies support considerable diversity of fishes and water quality will be recommended for aquaculture and wildlife propagation. The study will be useful for conservation planning and management and for future assessment after interlinking.

Keywords: Fish fauna distribution • Jagatsinghpur • Odisha water quality parameter

Introduction Jagatsinghpur district lies in 86”.3’ to 86”.45’ East Longitude and between 19”.58’ to 20 North latitude. There is a stretching of 67 km of Jagatsinghpur coastline from Nuagarh to (Figure 1). The district endowed with Over the year, freshwater ecosystems have put up with human beautiful rivers namely Devi, Alaka, Biluakhai, Kusumi, Hansua, Kuanria intervention resulting habitat loss and water quality degradation. Many fish and Lunijhara rivers & Mahanadi is the major rivers passes through this species have become highly endangered, particularly in the water bodies district. where demand of freshwater is high. The main cause of habitat loss and destruction, making barrages for water abstraction, industrial use, and domestic consumption introduced exotic species, Pollution and impact of global climate. India constitutes about 1027 freshwater fish fauna, which is highly diverse in nature and 13.92% of freshwater fish fauna contribute by Odisha. Out of the 6 coastal districts of Odisha, Jagatsinghpur one of them, which has a total area of 1759 (km). Jagatsinghpur is surrounded by Puri district in south, district in west, Kendrapara district in north, and Bay of Bengal in east. The people in the seacoast area like Ersama, Olara, Ambiki, Paradeep and Kujanga mainly depend on fishing for their livelihood. The first over study on marine and freshwater fishes of Odisha were made. Subsequently, fish fauna of Odisha have been studied and described by many other, recently from. However, no detail study has been taken up so far on the fish fauna of Jagatsinghpur district of Odisha. In the present study a systematic data base of fishes has been prepared based on the Figure 1. . Showing sampling sites in Jagatsinghpur district, Odisha. research study and available literatures. Also, the habitat characteristics of rivers of Jagatsinghpur district of Odisha are provided [1-6]. Fish sample collection Collection of Fishes and water samples were from 6 identified locations Materials and Methods namely Machhagaon, Ganei, Kujanga, Paradeep, Balikuda and Ersama during May 2016- April 2017 (Table 1). Fish species were collected using Study area different types of net like gill net, cast net and dragnet by the help of local fishermen. Some species were collected from landing center and fish Odisha is one of the coastal state, which situated in eastern part of markets in the coastal town and immediately photographs were taken, India extends from 17° 49’ N to 22° 34’ N latitude and 81° 27’ E to 87° 11” E small species were preserved in 10% formalin solution where large fishes longitude. The district Jagatsinghpur is one of the coastal district of Odisha. were preserved after given one incision on the abdomen and fixed [7].The The district is bounded by four district, Cuttack in the West, Kendrapara detailed identification and taxonomic analysis have been done at Zoloogical district at its North, Puri District at its South, and Bay of Bengal at its East. Survey of India (ZSI) Gopalpur and Kolkatta, West Bengal.

*Corresponding Author: Baliarsingh BK, Department of Biodiversity, University of Jeypore, Odisha, India ,E-mail: [email protected]

Copyright: © 2021 Baliarsingh BK, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Received: February 02, 2021; Accepted: February 16, 2021 ; Published: February 23, 2021 Baliarsingh BK, et al. J Biodivers Endanger Species, Volume 9: 1, 2021

Table 1. Details of sampling sites of Jagatsinghpur district. variation in the habitat attributes like pH, dissolve oxygen, water depth is the key habitat features and which were responsible for species diversity Sampling sites Position Elevation (ft.) Habitat type and distribution [9] observed the same pattern of habitat during his study 2.87 Machhagon 25 River by extinction of the fish species in a river conservation system and the 2.87 rich variety of the species which support to the conservation. The study is 2.87 the first of its kind for the water bodies of Jagatsinghpur district. It reveals Ganei 20 Rivers 2.87 66 species contributing about 35.4% of total fish diversity published from 2.87 Odisha. Kujanga 9 Rivers 2.87 Out of the 66 species some species namely Cirrhinus reba, P. sarana, 2.87 Paradeep 8 Canal, pond river Notopterus notopterus, Catla catla, Cirrhinus mrigala, Cirrhinus reba, Labeo 2.87 bata, Labeo calbasu, Labeo dero, Labeo rohita, Sperata aor, Sperata 2.87 seenghala, Wallago attu, Clarias batrachus, Heteropneustes fossilis, Anabas Balikuda 17 River 2.87 testudineus, Channa striata, and Liza tade, are identified as commercially 2.87 Stagnant water, important food fishes which potential of culturing within the river. Ersama 5 2.87 pond, river Apolocheilus panchax, Danio rerio, p. ticto, p. sophore, Acanthocobitis botia Lepidosephalus guntia, R. daniconius, Chaca chaca, Terapon jarbua, Badis Fish identification badis Scatophagus argus, Chanda nama, Nandus nandus, Trichogaster fasciata are identified as export value as ornamental fishes. The study The identification and classification of fish species were carried out indicates the fish fauna includes 52 least concern, 9 not assessed, 3 near based on the keys for fishes of the Indian sub-continent and relevant threatened, and 2 data deficient as per, reported the dominance of cyprinid standard literature. The preserved fishes in 10% formalin were identified fishes in south Asia [10].Species under Data Deficiency are often neglected following by consulting relevant literatures. The phylogenetically in conservation program [11]. It is possible that the partial distribution of arrangement of families and alphabetically arrangement of species under some of the single location species is endemic and threatened as well as genus. Relevant information on habitat, maximum size, fishery information, DD species might be underestimated owing to limitation in available data and IUCN conservation status against all fish species were obtained During the study four alien species like Cyprinus carpio, Clarias batrachus, from Fishbase [7]. Growth rate and maximum size of the fish determine Poecialia reticulate and Oreochromis mossamaicus which directly compete to prepare the list of cultivable fishes. Shape, size, and coloration pattern for food with the other indigenous species [12-14]. determine to prepare the list of ornamental fishes. Though Jagatsinghpur is a coastal district, abundantly available Water sample collection of brackishwater fish in the water bodies of the study area. The most dominant brackish water fishes like, Cyanoglossus puncticeps, Terapon The water quality parameters were checked with following standard Jabua, Scatophagus argus, Strongylura storgylura, are abundantly found in methods [8]. For each parameter, one reading is considered for average Machhagaon, Ersama and Paradeep areas. Interestingly, hill stream fishes of four samples. The water temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, were like Devario aequipinnatus, was also recorded from Ganei and Kujanga of determined in the field whereas the inorganic Phosphorus, Carbon, and the study location. The presence of hill stream fishes was really surprising Conductivity was analyzed at CIFA research laboratory. the researcher. It needed further confirmation for availability of these species in brackish water areas. The study shows the mixture of fish fauna like Results freshwater and estuarine fishes in widely distributed forms. There should be need of appropriate management strategy for the threatened fishes; captive The habitat, maximum size, fishery information and IUCN conservation breeding, brood stock management and seed production and ranching of status has been provided under classification of the freshwater fishes of seed in natural water bodies might be considered in this aspect. There is a Odisha. In the present study, 66 identified species belong to 43 genera and general lack of awareness of the local people for freshwater biodiversity in 25 families. The Order Cypriniformes consist of (2 families, 11 genus and 21 general Use of harmful fishing gear and methods, which is very common in species) and Perciformes (12 Families, 14 Genus and 21 species), next to coastal community should strictly monitor and controlled[15,16]. Siluriformes (5 families, 11 genus and 17 species), Beloniformes (1 family, 2 genera and 2 species), whereas Osteoglossiformes, Syprinidontiformes, Conclusion Synbranchiformes, Pluronectiformes and Tetraodontiformes were represented by (1 families, 1 genus and 1 species) each. The study show The indication of species diversity in different sampling sites has altered highest species diversity was observed in the Cyprinidae as attrubites habitat support fewer biological communities while less disturbed sites are family (28.7%) followed by Bagridae (12.1%). The study shows existence characterized by a diverse fish fauna in the variety of habitat. The study of 48 species worth for Ornamental fishery, followed by 46 capture (food) shows that primary habitat contributing to the maximum diversity, therefore, fishery, 19 culture fisheries and 7 sports fisheries. protection of these habitat like open river, shallow water, and deep pools The minimum and maximum surface water temperature of different recommended for conservation and management of the fish diversity water bodies of the study locations from 21.1° to 35.1°C with an average [17]. The fish fauna available in different water bodies of Jagatsinghpur value of 27.8°C. The pH from 7 to 8.0 with an average of 7.4. Dissolved district is useful for the coastal community as their livelihood [18,19]. The oxygen was observed from 3.6 to 8.5 mg/l with an average value of 6.0 mg/l. results of the present study may use as base line information for planning

However, level of CO2 was little high as per (ISI, 1982) which ranged from a conservational management of fish and fisheries resources of Odisha in 4.0 to 24.0 mg/l with an average value of 9.4 mg/l and dissolved inorganic feature [20]. phosphate phosphorus varied from 0.01 to 0.09 mg/l. with an average value of 0.02 mg/l. Acknowledgement

Discussion We are grateful to Dr. K. Venkataraman, Director, Zoological Survey of India for allowing us to identify some of the species collected from The study shows that the physical habitat variables play key role in Jagatsinghpur district. Also thankful of Mr. Akil Aktar for map designing. the distribution of fishes in the water bodies of Jagatsinghpur district. The

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How to cite this article: Baliarsingh and Nandi. “Endemic Freshwater Fish Diversity and Habitat Ecology of India.” J Biodivers Endanger Species 9 (2021): 238

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