The Decline of Eastern Christianity Under Islam: from Jihad to Dhimmitude: Seventh-Twentieth Century Pdf

FREE THE DECLINE OF EASTERN CHRISTIANITY UNDER ISLAM: FROM JIHAD TO DHIMMITUDE: SEVENTH-TWENTIETH CENTURY PDF

Ye'or has popularized the concept of dhimmitude in her books about the history of Middle Eastern Christians and Jews living under Islamic governments. Ye'or's historical work is severely criticized by academic specialists in the field, though it has been praised by some authors writing for a popular audience. Ye'or's other books have also been a subject of controversy. Bat Ye'or was born into a Jewish family in Cairo, Egypt in In she attended the UCL Institute of Archaeology and moved to Switzerland in to continue her studies at the University of Geneva[8] but never finished her master's degree The Decline of Eastern Christianity Under Islam: From Jihad to Dhimmitude: Seventh-Twentieth Century [9] and has never held an academic position. I had witnessed the destruction, in a few short years, of a vibrant Jewish community living in Egypt for over 2, years and which had existed from the time of Jeremiah the Prophet. I saw the disintegration and flight of families, dispossessed and humiliated, the destruction of their synagogues, the bombing of the Jewish quarters and the terrorizing of a peaceful population. I wanted to understand why the Jews from Arab countries, nearly a million, had shared my experience. She was married to the British historian and human rights advocate David Littman from September until his death in May Many of her publications and works were in collaboration with Littman. Her British citizenship dates from her marriage. Ye'or is credited for employing the neologism dhimmitude which she discusses in detail in Islam and Dhimmitude: Where Civilizations Collide. In her writings she has credited assassinated Lebanese president-elect and Phalangist militia leader Bachir Gemayel with coining the term, [14] although later she has also claimed that she invented it herself and inspired him to use it through a friend. Ye'or describes dhimmitude as the "specific social condition that resulted from jihad," and as the "state of fear and insecurity" of "infidels" who are required to "accept a condition of The Decline of Eastern Christianity Under Islam: From Jihad to Dhimmitude: Seventh-Twentieth Century. Dhimmitude is the direct consequence of jihad. It embodie[s] all the Islamic laws and customs applied over a millennium on the vanquished population, Jews and Christians, living in the countries conquered by jihad and therefore Islamized. I stress Though Bat Ye'or acknowledges that not all Muslims subscribe to so-called "militant jihad theories of society," she argues that the role of sharia in the Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam demonstrates that what she The Decline of Eastern Christianity Under Islam: From Jihad to Dhimmitude: Seventh-Twentieth Century a perpetual war against those who won't submit to Islam is still an "operative paradigm" in Islamic countries. According to journalist Adi Schwartz from Haaretzthe fact that she is not an academic and has never taught at any university, but has worked as an independent researcher, has, along with her opinions, made her a controversial figure. He quotes professor Robert S. Up until the s, she was not accepted at all. In academic circles they scorned her publications. Only when Bernard Lewis published the book 'Jews of Islam' with quotations from Bat Ye'or did they begin to pay any attention to her. A real change toward her emerged in the s, and especially in recent years. Lewis, though, on another occasion, called the notion of Jewish "dhimmi"-tudei. British historian Martin Gilbert in his book A History of the Twentieth Century has called her "the acknowledged expert on the plight of Jews and Christians in Muslim lands" who "brought the issue of [their] continuing discrimination to a wide public. Mark R. Cohen said that Bat Ye'or "has made famous" the term dhimmitude, though he thinks it is "misleading". He feels that "[w]e may choose to employ" it keeping in mind that it "connotes protection its meaning in Arabic and that it guaranteed communal autonomy, relatively free practice of religion, and equal economic opportunities, as much as it signified inferior legal status. Michael SellsJohn Henry Barrows Professor of Islamic History and Literature at the University of Chicagoargued that "by obscuring the existence of pre-Christian and other old, non-Christian communities in Europe as well as The Decline of Eastern Christianity Under Islam: From Jihad to Dhimmitude: Seventh-Twentieth Century reason for their disappearance in other areas of Europe, Bat Ye'or constructs an invidious comparison between the allegedly humane Europe of Christian and Enlightenment values and the ever present persecution within Islam. Whenever the possibility is raised of actually comparing circumstances of non-Christians in Europe to non-Muslims under Islamic governance in a careful, thoughtful manner, Bat Ye'or forecloses such comparison. In a review of The Decline of Eastern Christianity Under Islam: From Jihad to Dhimmitudethe American historian Robert Brenton Betts commented that the book dealt with Judaism at least as much as with Christianity, that the title was misleading and the central premise flawed. He said: "The general tone of the book is strident and anti-Muslim. This is coupled with selective scholarship designed to pick out the worst examples of anti-Christian behavior by Muslim governments, usually in time of war and threats to their own destruction as in the case of the deplorable Armenian genocide of Add to this the attempt to demonize the so-called Islamic threat to Western civilization and the end-product is generally unedifying and frequently irritating. Sidney Griffith, the head of the department of Semitic and Egyptian Languages and Literatures at the Catholic University of America wrote in a review of Decline of Eastern Christianity that Ye'or has "raised a topic of vital interest"; adding, however, that the "theoretical inadequacy of the interpretive concepts of jihad and dhimmitude, as they are employed here", and the "want of historical method in the deployments of the documents which serve as evidence for the conclusions reached in the study" serve as dual barriers. He goes on to say "[quotations] are presented out of context, with no analysis or explanation. One has the impression that in their bulk they are simply meant to undergird the contentions made in the first part of the book", concluding that thus Ye'or has "written a polemical tract, not responsible historical analysis. Robinson writes. To list errors of fact would probably fill this entire number of the Bulletin. According to Beinin, this perspective has been "consecrated" as "the normative Zionist interpretation of the history of Jews in Egypt. Robert Spenceran American anti-Islamic polemicist[33] described her as "the pioneering scholar of dhimmitude, of the institutionalized discrimination and harassment of non-Muslims under Islamic law". He argued that she had turned this area, which he believed the "Middle East studies establishment" has hitherto been afraid of or indifferent to, into a field of academic study. Irshad Manji describes her as "a scholar who dumps cold water on any dreamy view of how Muslims have historically dealt with the 'other'. Her books Eurabia and Europe, Globalization, and the Coming of the Universal Caliphate are about the alleged relationship from the s onwards between the European Union previously The Decline of Eastern Christianity Under Islam: From Jihad to Dhimmitude: Seventh-Twentieth Century European Economic Community and the Arab states. Ye'or argues that Islam, anti-americanism and antisemitism hold sway over European culture and politics as a result of collaboration between radical Arabs and Muslims on one hand and fascists, socialists, Nazis, and antisemitic rulers of Europe on the other. I know her and have a great respect for her sense of anguish Bruce Bawerwriting in The Hudson Review on Eurabia: The Euro-Arab Axiswrote that "[n]o book explains the European Muslim situation, in all its complexity, more ably," "[i]t's hard to overstate this book's importance Eurabia is eye-opening and required reading for anyone seriously interested in understanding Europe's current predicament and its probable fate. Bat Ye'or has traced a nearly secret history of Europe over the past thirty years, convincingly showing how the Euro-Arab Dialogue has blossomed from a minor discussion group into the engine for the continent's Islamization. In delineating this phenomenon, she also provides the intellectual resources with which to resist it. Will her message be listened to? According to historian Niall Ferguson"future historians will one day regard her coinage of the term 'Eurabia' as prophetic. Those who wish to live in a free society must be eternally vigilant. Bat Ye'or's vigilance is unrivalled. The notion of "Eurabia" has been dismissed as a conspiracy theory by other commentators. In order to accept Ye'or's ridiculous thesis, it is necessary to believe not only in the existence of a concerted Islamic plot to subjugate Europe, involving all Arab governments, whether 'Islamic' or not, but also to credit a secret and unelected parliamentary body with the astounding ability to transform all Europe's major political, economic and cultural institutions into subservient instruments The Decline of Eastern Christianity Under Islam: From Jihad to Dhimmitude: Seventh-Twentieth Century 'jihad' without any of the continent's press or elected institutions being aware of it. Carr argues that Bat Ye'or is the "main inspiration" for many conspiracy theories current on the far-right. Furthermore, Carr notes that "[s]tripped of its Islamic content, the broad contours of Ye'or's preposterous thesis [in Eurabia: The Euro-Arab Axis ] recall the anti-Semitic conspiracy theories of the first half of the twentieth century and contemporary notions of the ' Zionist Occupation Government ' prevalent in far-right circles in the US". Ye'or's Eurabia theory gathered additional media attention when it was quoted and praised by the perpetrator of the Norway massacre Anders Behring Breivik in his manifesto released on the day of the attacks. She is considered as its "main ideologue", with roots in Ye'or's Eurabia important to the movement. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Main article: Dhimmitude. Main article: Eurabia. This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. August Biography portal Egypt portal Judaism portal United Kingdom portal. The Washington Times. Archived from the original on 1 November Retrieved 3 August Foreign Policy. Griffith November International Journal of Middle East Studies. Lappen 5 April American Thinker. Archived from the original on 10 October Retrieved 4 August A History of the Twentieth Century: — Most of those who went elsewhere did so as 'stateless refugees, among them Gisele Orebi later Gisele Littmanwho was to become the acknowledged expert on the plight of Jews and Christians in Muslim lands, and their vigorous champion: her book The Dhimmi. Jews and Christians under Islam, written under the pen name Bat Ye'or, brought the issue of continuing discrimination to a wide public. The Decline of Eastern Christianity Under Islam: From Jihad to Dhimmitude: Seventh-Twentieth Century Magazine'. I was born in Egypt, in Cairo, into a family of the Jewish bourgeoisie, of an Italian father and a French mother. My grandfather, to whom Egyptian nationality was accorded by exception, was crowned Bey by the Ottoman sultan. My father decided to renounce Italian nationality as a result of Mussolini's racist laws, but when Nasser came to power, my mother's goods were confiscated because she was French and my father's because he was Jewish. We were forced to stay home, we were chased out of public places and at that moment we decided to flee Egypt. Many fled secretly from fear of being imprisoned. We were forced, like all Egyptian Jews, to sign papers according to which we renounced all our goods, our passport and our nationality, for those who had it, since the Jews had been for the most part Ottoman subjects and not Egyptian. The Jews promised in writing not to demand anything of the Egyptian State. The only right we had was to take one suitcase, which was searched and thrown to the ground and 20 Egyptian pounds that were taken from us anyway by the customs officials, not to mention the insults and acts of terror in front of my parents, both of whom were invalids. Whitehead 9 June Rutherford Institute. Archived from the original on 3 March Archived from the original on 24 October Retrieved 27 April The National. Archived from the original on 22 April Retrieved 26 August Archived from the original on 2 June Dhimmitude - Wikipedia

This book, along with Bat Ye'or's other works on dhimmitude, is regarded by the current academic intellegentsia in a similar fashion to how books on the Soviet Gulag were regarded by the academic Jacques Ellul, historian, theologian, and sociologist, is one of the foremost and widely known contemporary critics of modern technological society. Born in Bordeaux, France, Ellul received a doctorate in the history of law and social science in from the University of Bordeaux. In he was appointed professor of social history at the University of Bordeaux, remaining there until his retirement in Although influenced strongly by his early reading of the Bible Marx, Ellul has been unable to synthesize Marxist doctrine with Christianity. These readings and experiences have influenced his later philosophy and writing. Ellul has taught and written extensively in his areas of specialization - Roman law, the history and sociology of institutions, Marxism, propaganda, and technique in society. He also served in the French Resistance during World War II, worked as a lay pastor, and has been active with various theological organizations, including the World Council of Churches. In addition, Ellul has been active in the The Decline of Eastern Christianity Under Islam: From Jihad to Dhimmitude: Seventh-Twentieth Century movement and has worked to prevent juvenile delinquency and violence. Sincehe has been editor of Foi et Vie Faith and Life. Although retired as a teacher, Ellul has continued writing. One of his writing projects is an autobiography to be published after his death. Ellul has provided a sociopolitical as well as a theological analysis of contemporary society in more than 40 books and articles. The Technological Society established Ellul as a social critic. The book has had a major impact on the collective consciousness of a society just beginning to recognize the central role and force of technology. Here Ellul develops the notion of "technique," a concept much broader than technology: "Technique is the totality of methods rationally arrived at. His subsequent books, especially The Political Illusion and Propagandafurther develop and refine elements of this central theme. This "trilogy" of books reflects Ellul's desire to alert readers to the dangers of technological determinism and thereby help them transcend it. Because of a dialectical approach separating his sociopolitical and theological studies, Ellul has often been criticized as overly pessimistic in his sociologically based writings. His theological works, however, provide a more positive perspective and counterpoint to his sociological work. Among his other works are Autopsy of Revolutionwhich questions what kind of revolution is realistically possible, The Humiliation of the The Decline of Eastern Christianity Under Islam: From Jihad to Dhimmitude: Seventh-Twentieth Centurywhich expands upon the concept of "human techniques", and The Technological Bluffwhich discusses the state of contemporary society, especially in regard to such technologies as computers and genetic engineering and the progressive "discourse" that surrounds their societal incorporation. In this study, newly translated into English, Bat Ye'or provides a lucid analysis of the dogma and strategies of jihad, offering a vast panorama of the history of Christians and Jews under the rule of Islam. A pioneer in a virgin field of research for which she coined the word "dhimmitude," the author has included in this essential work a documentary section illuminating the decline of Eastern Christianity. In two waves of Islamic expansion the Christian and Jewish populations of the Mediterranean regions and Mesopotamia, who had developed the most prestigious civilizations of the time, were conquered by jihad. Knowledge of this historical background is essential in order to understand contemporary events and developments so that future challenges can be faced within a context of positive religious dialogue and reconciliation. Bat Ye'or - Wikipedia

Dhimmitude is a polemical neologism characterizing the status of non-Muslims under Muslim rule, popularized by the Egyptian-born British writer Bat Ye'or in the s and s. It is a portmanteau word constructed from the Arabic dhimmi 'non-Muslim' and the French serv itude 'subjection'. The term gained traction among Serbian ultra-nationalists during the Balkan wars in the s and is popular among self-proclaimed counter-jihadi authors. Scholars have dismissed it as polemical. The medieval Jewish philosopher Maimonides adopted this practice of submission for non-Jewish communities in his codification of Judaism 's rules of war. For him, the potential enemies of Israel who sued for peace and submitted, accepting the Seven Laws of Noahwould be saved from slaughter but obliged to pay a tax, and relegated to a despised and subordinate position, and 'shall not raise their heads to Israel'. The term was coined in by the President of LebanonBachir Gemayelin reference to perceived attempts by the country's Muslim leadership to subordinate the large Lebanese Christian minority. In a speech of September 14, given at Dayr al-Salib in Lebanon, he said: "Lebanon is our homeland and will remain a homeland for Christians… We want to continue to christen, to celebrate our rites and traditions, our faith and our creed whenever we wish… Henceforth, we refuse to live in any dhimmitude! The concept of "dhimmitude" was introduced into Western discourse by the writer Bat Ye'or in a French-language article published in the Italian journal La Rassegna mensile di Israel in Maimonides redeployed the Islamic concept in outlining the rules for war, which involve what an enemy population The Decline of Eastern Christianity Under Islam: From Jihad to Dhimmitude: Seventh-Twentieth Century accept if they sue for peace. They must accept the Noahide Lawssubmission and taxation. This Islamizing innovation, one of many formative Arabic impacts on Jewish philosophy, [16] regarding servitude, apparent also in his language had little earlier basis in Jewish laws regarding residents in Israel ger toshav. Noah Felodman and David Novak note that it bears a close parallel with what Islamic law requires of dhimmis, non-Muslims desiring to live unconverted in Islamic countries:. Robert Irwin 's review stated that her book Islam and Dhimmitude confuses religious prescriptions with political expediency, is 'relentlessly and one-sided polemical,' 'repetitive', 'muddled', and poorly documented in terms of the original languages. Her book stretches from massacres of Jews from Muhammad's time to the poor press Israel receives in modern times. It is, he opined, a book even Israel's keenest supporters can do without. It denounces Christians for failing to back Jewish resistance to Muslim repression. Irwin thinks that the author is rankled by the failure of Palestinian Christian Arabs to assist Israel against their Muslim neighbours. Her facts are accurate but devoid of context: many ordinances for times of crisis had to be continually renewed and quickly fell into The Decline of Eastern Christianity Under Islam: From Jihad to Dhimmitude: Seventh-Twentieth Century. Both Jews and Christians often flourished, Irwin notes, under Muslim rule, and the laws of shari'a were frequently flouted. He cites Bernard Lewis 's analysis of an anti-Jewish poem in terms of the envy of the The Decline of Eastern Christianity Under Islam: From Jihad to Dhimmitude: Seventh-Twentieth Century for the fact Jews were doing rather well in the poet's milieu at that time, a point that concluded:'To the citizen of a liberal democracy, the status of dhimmi would no doubt be intolerable - but to many minorities in the world today, that status, with its autonomy and its limited yet recognized rights, might well seem enviable'. Sidney H. Griffitha historian of early Eastern Christianity, dismissed Bat Ye'or's dhimmitude as "polemical" and "lacking in historical method", [ citation needed ] while Michael Sellsa scholar of Islamic history and literature, describes the dhimmitude theory as nothing more than the "falsification" of history by an "ideologue". Mark R. Cohena leading scholar of the history of Jewish communities of medieval Islam, has criticized the term as misleading and Islamophobic. If we look at the considerable literature available about the position of Jews in the Islamic world, we find two well-established myths. Both are myths. Like many myths, both contain significant elements of truth, and the historic truth is in its usual place, somewhere in the middle between the extremes. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article is about a neologism. For the traditional Islamic legal concept, see Dhimmi. Permanent status of subjection in which Jews and Christians have been held under Islamic rule. Akbarzadeh, J. Patterns of Prejudice. The Decline of Eastern Christianity under Islam. From Jihad to Dhimmitude. Seventh-Twentieth Century. Islam and Dhimmitude. Where Civilizations Collide. Whitehead, An interview with Bat Ye'or. Archived from the original on 24 July Retrieved 21 September Fri Tanke. Human-Etisk Forbund 3—4 : Retrieved 22 June Griffith Princeton University Press. Theoria The Decline of Eastern Christianity Under Islam: From Jihad to Dhimmitude: Seventh-Twentieth Century On the way Maimonides is used to define whether Palestinians in the occupied territories are ger toshav or not, see further pp. In Ma'oz, Moshe ed. Sussex Academic Press. Categories : Islam and other religions Political neologisms Religion and politics Religious discrimination Counter-jihad Pejoratives. Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August Namespaces Article Talk. Views Read Edit View history. Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file. Download as PDF Printable version.