OBSERVE4~R Published by the American Psychological Society

Vol. 4, No.1 January 1991

latest on the prosthetics of hearing? Sandra ScaIT, who heads the APS Society ThisClose to publications committee, said, " Short reviews allow the non-specialist in any given area of psychological science to read what the specialists are saying. It Publishing New Journal wiU give the reader a few references to pursue, but not overburden them with detail in an area in which they have some j'J{S has firmed up plans for a new is the latest?" in specific specialty areas. interest but do not intend to become a journal and is about to contract for For example: What is the psychobiology specialist." its publication. It will be like none other of sleep? What does cocaine or heroin do The search for an editor-in-chief and now existing in psychology. Each issue to memory? How cognitively competent four or five editors is now under way. will have several mini-articles only a rew are infants? What is the latest on how [See the "Call for Editors" on pg 3.] pages long, written by experts in the children learn to read, and how is that "The editorial board will have a very big various fields, hitting the high spots and related to auditory perception and literacy capturing the essence of what is going on and education in general? Or what is the SEE NEW JOURNAL ON PAGE 3 in significant topic areas of psychological science. The commissioned articles, 10 to 12 per issue, will answer the question "What NSF Panel Recommends

INSIDE Behavioral Directorate 1991 APS Convention 4 APS Credit Card 7 NSF Task Force Agrees with Behavioral and Social Scientists APS on Psych Net 7 Election Ballot Notice 7 WASHINGTON - Christmas came early for research psychologists, with a National House Science Committee 12 Science Foundation (NSF) task force playing the role of Santa. After two days of Lifetime APS Members 13 hearings, the Task Force on Looking to the 21 st Century decided to recommend that a separate directorate be established for the psychological, National Medal of Science 15 SEE NSF ON PAGE 10

Departments Spotlight on Research - Test Bias & Bilingualism 8 APS Cumulative Record - APS Member Distribution 15 The Student Notebook 16 Lab Notes- Austin Peay State Univ 19 Letters to Editor 23 Organizational Profile - Classification Society 24 Announcements 25 Employment Bulletin 29 APS Exec. Director Alan Kraut (center) testifies before NSF Task Force. William WiJson (left), Am. Sociological Assn., and Warren MiJler (right), Am. Political Science Assn., also testified.

American Psychological Society. 1511 K St., NW. Suite 345. Washington, DC 20005-1401 • 202-783-2077 •The American Psychological Society President lames L. McGaugh Psychological Science: Past Presidenr Janet T. Spence PaSt Presidelll Charles A. Kiesler Secrerary Kathleen E. Grady Inquiry and Implications Treasurer MiJtan D. Hake] Members at Large Gordon H. Bower Nancy E. Cantor R. Duncan Luce Virginia E. O'Leary James L. McGaugh Bonnie R. Strickland Presidenl, APS Staff Executive Director Alan G. Kraut Director ofGovernment Relations Sarah Brookhan As we all know, psychological Director o/Communications Lee Herring science is not a new endeavor. It has, as Director of Special Projects Beverly Hitchins Administrative Assisfalll Pamela McCray our history books tell us, been around Administrative/Financial Officer Patricia Redmon for at least 112 years, that is if Leipzig Membership Officer Allen Walker in 1879 is to be accepted as the founding place and date. Perhaps it is best to The APS Observer consider the founding date as an era - Publisher Alan O. Kraut Editor Lee Herring the period from 1880 to 1900 - to give Staf/Wrirer Don Kent Wundt, Ebbinghaus, James, and The APS Observer (ISSN: [050-4672) is the monthly Thorndike proper recognition. The aims publication of the American Psychological Society of the pioneering psychological scien­ James L. McGaugh (Fedeml TO Number: 73-1332437). On alternative tists of the 19th century are those that months. beginning with February, the Observer con ~ sists of the APS Employment Bulletin. Editorial and guide us today. And our inquiry has advertising offices are at APS, 15 11 K Street, NW, built on the findings and theories of the third APS-hosted Behavioral Science Suite 345. Washington, DC 20005~140l; Tel: 202~ 783-2077. Fax: 202-783-2083. Email (BITNET): these pioneers. They wanted to know Summit will meet in Houston, Texas, to APSKLH@UMUC; (PsychNe,): APS. then, as we do now, the nature and bases continue the process - initiated at last of experience and behavior. year's conference - of developing a Contents copyright © 199 1 by the American Psychological Society. All rights reserved. Although I am willing to admit bias, I national research agenda for psy­ find it difficult (actually, impossible) to chology. The ai m of this effort is to The Observer is mailed to all APS members. The non~ member subscription rales are $30 (domestic) and $40 imagine a more interesting and intellec­ provide a guide for those involved in (foreign) per year. Send subscription requests to the tually challenging scientific task. And, establishing research funding policies address above. Third ~cl ass postage is paid a[ Washjng~ and priorities. The basic assumption ton, DC. Postmaster: Send address changes to APS, although it certainly must have been 15 1t K Street, NW,Suite345, Washington,DC20005- exciting to be among the first to apply guiding this effort is that psychological 1401. scientific methodology to the explora­ scientists must be more effective in Contributors: Unsolicited articles, announcements, tion of the mind, it is no less exciting communicating their research questions, and letters to the editor should be submitted to the today. In fact, it seems to me psycho­ their findings, and the implications of Editor at the address above. Subm it o nedo uble ~sp aced logical science is even more exciting their findings, to those who create and paper copy via mail, fax, or email. If submitting material on computer disk, submit a paper copy and a today because of the facts, theories, and implement research funding policies. wordprocessed or ASClI file on Macintosh (3.5") or techniques that are now available to aid This is an important undertaking of DOS (3.5" or 5.25") disks. Neither hardcopy nor disks will be returned. our inquiry. We can inquire into the the representatives of over 65 psycho­ basic principles of perception, emotion, logical organizations. But, beyond that, The classified ad rate is $4.00 per line (6 thought, judgment, memory, language, it is an effort that we should all be lines minimum). Copy must be received and interpersonal behavior. We can engaged in on a continuing basis. With a by the 15th or tbe month preceding the examine how these processes differ little thought it should not be too month of publication. Advertisers are invoiced after publication. An editorial among individuals and change over the difficult to justify our inquiry. After all , calendar and a display ad rate sheet are life span of individuals. as someone not too long ago said - available upon request. And, the fact that this is the Decade with respect to psychological science - Contacl : of the Brain reminds us that we can it is difficult "to imagine a more inter­ APS Obsen1er and examine the brain processes underlying esting and intellectually challenging Emp/oymelll BIIlIetin these processes. Progress continues to scientific task." And, if I had said it, I 151 1 K Streel, NW. Suile 345 be made in all of these and other would add the obvious point that it is WashinglOn. DC 20005-1401 challenging areas of psychological also difficult to imagine an area of Tel: 202-783-2077 Fax: 202-783-2083 science. science with greater implication for the Email (BITNET): APSKLH@UMUC Later,this month the participants of welfare of our society.

APS OBSERVER January 1991 NEW JOURNAL FROM PAGE 1 mental and cognitive areas, physiological • and neuroscience areas, industrial and task," Scarr said. "Our vision is that there applied areas, or clinical and counseling will be editors across the specialty areas of and health areas. psychology and they wi ll commission "We have a chance to weave a tapestry reviews on exciting topics close to their of scientific psychology," APS President own areas of expertise. No one person is James McGaugh said, "with all the ideas going to be intimately familiar with the of modem psychological science repre­ whole content of the journal. So we sented. Or, psychologists can use indi­ certainly need an energetic group of vidual reviews as snapshots and say: editors to put this together," Scarr said. ' Look what is happening in my field, isn't Sandra Scarr "Let me urge members to send in nomina­ it wonderful? ' "Where else can you get tions for these important jobs." that?" McGaugh asked. "Everything will A substantive editor might take on depend on the initiative, energy and vision "We hope this new journal will have a developmental and social psychology as of the editorial board and the people they unifying effect among psychologists," one general field , for example, or experi- invite to write the articles," McGaugh Scarr said. "One of the major goals of emphasized. APS is to bring together science and the "But we can presume that the very application of science and to help psy­ readable, very timely articles will cover all chologists keep abreast of major develop­ Nominations areas of psychological science, and that ments across our fields. The short reviews Sought over the course of a year or two there will will be extremely useful in that regard, be hardly an area that has not been at least because people will invest 15 minutes to for the touched on," McGaugh said. "They will understand something that may be far be short, readable review articles but afield for them, but they probably would Founding Editors scientific articles, representing the best of not go to a more ponderous publication of psychological science." and struggle through two hours' worth of A 1992 launching date is the goal of the it. " APS' New Journal APS Publications Committee, which has The journal will come with APS been working on the concept of this membership for the first year (1992). second APS journal for almost a year. In After that, an optional subscripti on charge The American Psychological Society addition to Scarr, members of the Com­ announces the search for the chief mittee include Marilynn Brewer of UCLA, founding editor and four associate William Estes of Harvard, Alan Kazdin of editors for its newest journal (yet to be We hope this new journal Yale, and Lynn Nadel of the University of named). will have a unifying effect Arizona. The Publications Committee came up among psychologists. This bi-monthly journal of short with ideas about specialty journals that SANDRA SCARR reviews will complement APS , existing seemed needed in one field or another or flagship journal, Psychological that would fill gaps, Scarr said. "But the Science, and will publish material in all Board of Directors in its wisdom said, will be added to the dues. areas of leading-edge psychological 'No, we want to address all the scientists "It will be particularly useful for research. The chief editor will be an and scientist practitioners in psychology,'" instruction," Scarr said. "One of the eminent psychologist with editorial Scarr said. "So we came to the idea of a things APS has wanted to do from the experience in premier journals, and be journal of short reviews of areas of current very beginning is address instruction in a broadly based leader in scientific interest, on the leading edge of topics that psychology. Like Psychological Science psychology. a lot of people would be interested in. the new journal wi ll give professors a "Other current reviews in psychology view of all the leading edges of the fields. Send letters of nomination specifying are heavyweight. This one will be We think of it as a journal that can be "chief' or "associate" (list areas of designed to communicate with people assigned as class material because of the competence) editor, incl uding self across all of psychology. There won't be major topics it will cover and the brief nomination, to: any ponderous jargon or assumptions that nature of the reviews and leading refer­ some journals make about knowledge you ences provided," Scarr said. Sandra Scarr, PhD, Chair should already have." McGaugh also emphasized that in APS Publications Committee While Psychological Science is an addition to being "enormously helpful to Beauchamps archival journal, the second APS journal people who are teaching" it will also be Route 6, Box 8 will be designed for a half-life of two to important for people on Capitol Hill as Charlottesville, V A 2290 I four years, because in that time psycho­ examples of what psychology can contrib­ logical research will have moved on. ute. D.K.

APS OBSERVER January 1991 2Q •The 1991 APS Convention:

What You've Been Asking For • • •

'IX]'hat do you think of most psychology the location is convenient for sight-seeing emotion, organized by APS President " l' conventions? A common complaint in Washington. Baby-silting services will James McGaugh, will feature presenta­ is, "The presentations worth listening to be made available through the hotel tions by Joseph LeDoux, George are too few and too scattered out." concierge. On Friday night Jerre Levy Mandler, Susan Mineka, and Robert The APS convention is a different kind will present a general-interest "bring the Zajonc. of convention. First, about half the family" lecture on the functions of the Other symposia topics: Consciousness program consists of invited speakers and right hemisphere of the cortex. You won't and unconsciousness; Behavioral com­ symposia; the rest are carefully selected want to miss it. plexity and brain complexity; Multi­ by peer review of submissions. All Other presentations already on the specialty approach to memory, Leader­ speakers are advised to pitch their presen­ schedule include the Keynote Address by ship, Attention and the brain, Psychology tation to a broad audience of psycholo­ Nobel Laureate Herbert A. Simon and and women's health issues, and the APS gists, not just to fellow specialists. invited addresses by: John Flavell, student award symposium. (Posters will provide more specialized Rochel Gelman, James Greeno, Alan presentations.) Marlatt, Richard Nisbett, Henry Second, the program has only three Roediger, III (with commentary by speakers' sessions at a time, plus posters Daniel Schacter), Eric Schopler, and and displays. All the rooms are physically Harold Stevenson. close to each other; you will never have to The Presidential Symposium on pass up an interesting talk because you don 't have time to get there after the previous talk. Here's a sneak preview . .. Third, APS is working hard to make Learning and Thinking Viewed as this a very inviting experience for your Situated Practices family. The Sheraton Washington is offering rooms at a mere $85/night, and I describe progress toward a view of knowing as a person's capabilities for interacting in situations with other people and with the resources that the situations Rachel Gelman provide. Research on students' reasoning UCLA about quantitative functions and learning algebraic representations is discussed. Transcending Initial Conceptual Frameworks Can Be Difficult: John Flavell The Case of Number Stanford Univ Early skeletal principles facilitate initial Ann Howard The Development of Children's constructions of number knowledge and Leadership Knowledge About the Mind the idea that numbers are generated by Research Institute counting. Still, such constructivist tenden­ Recently there has been a great deal of cies can be a two-edged sword, especially The Duality of Leadership and research on the early development of when initial conceptions do not incorporate Followership: Social, Cognitive, and children's understanding of mental events later ones, as is the case with fractions Organizational Perspectives which are numbers even if they are not and processes. One strand in this develop­ integers. ment is the child's understanding of the Leaders without followers? Impossible, appearance-reality distinction - the ability claim participants (Edwin Hollander, to reflect on the fact that something can Robert G. Lord, George B. Graen, appear or seem to be one way while really Kenneth E. Clark), as they chart intersec­ being another. In this talk I summarize our tions of leader-follower domains, offering developmental research on the appear­ theory and research on quality of leader ance-reality distinction and related work, relations, social-cognitive processes in present a theory that may explain research perceived power, and leadership-making in results and relate them to other findings. transforming work group professionals into self-managing teams. APS OBSERVER January 1991 •

John F. Kihlstrom Susan Mineka Henry Roediger, III Univ of Arizona Northwestern Univ Rice Univ .dl. ... The Psychological Unconscious Evolutionary Memories, Emotional Transfer Appropriate Processing Processing, and the Emotional This symposium presents an overview Disorders Various tests of memory of knowledge of four exciting research areas dealing with often reveal different effects as a function the nature and effects of unconscious The study of emotional disorders has of the same variables. For example, mental processing. Phil Merlkle will advanced significantly through research on pictures produce better performance than discuss recent research on subliminal interactions of memory,· cognition. and words on some tests, but the reverse on perception, with some comments on emotion. Specifically, anxiety and depres­ others. This puzzle can be understood subliminal advertising; Art Shimanura will sion are associated with selective process­ from a framework emphasizing transfe r provide an overview of "memory without ing of inlormation, which serves to cenfirm, appropriate processing; performance on a awareness", especially in neuropsycho­ reinforce, and enhance the emotion. test benefits to the extent that prior logical patients; Ken Bowers will discuss Selective associability of fear with evolu­ processing of information is consistent with the role of unconscious processes in tionarily significant stimuli may also (or transfers to) specific test requirements. thinking and problem-solving, especially mediate nonrandom distribution of phobias. incubation and insight; and Marzu Banaji and Tony Greenwald will discuss implicit attitudes, with a special focus on prejudice.

Richard E. Nisbett Duane Rumbaugh Research Center Georgia State Univ for Group Dynamics , Brain Complexity/Behavior G . Alan Marlatt Complexity: What is the relationship? Univ of Washington Who Uses the Normative Rules of Choice? A hallmark particularly of primate Harm Reduction: Reducing the evolution has been a large and complex Risks of Addictive Behavior Three factors predict whether people use the cost-benefit rules of brain. Elaboration of the cortex has been microeconomic theory in their everyday pronounced. Yet, what are the specific The purpose of this presentation is to decisions. These are effectiveness in adaptive functions, processes, and describe the harm reduction approach to achieving desirable life outcomes, intelli­ behaviors afforded by large brains? Have the modification of addictive behavior. The gence, and training in economics. These intelligence and new processes emerged? goal of the harm reduction approach is to empirical findings support the claim that Has learning been enhanced? Let's ! reduce the harm or risk of the addictive cost·benefit reasoning is normative. Participants: William Calvin, behavior on a step-by-step basis. Individu­ Alan Kamil, and als who are unable or unwilling to adhere Kathleen Giblsoln .~/" to a total abstinence or zero tolerance requirement may still be able to make meaningful changes in their behavior. Example from the Dutch application of TURN THE P AGE FOR MORE harm reduction policy will be compared With the American counterparts to this CONVENTION HIGHLIGHTS policy. Recent data demonstrating the application of this model to reduce the harm of alcohol abuse in young adults will be presented.

MONUMENTAL MEETING .IPS OBSERVER January 1991 • CONVENTION HIGHLIGHTS FROM PREVIOUS PAGE ______

Robert B. Zajonc Univ of Michigan

Affect and Awareness Daniel L. Schacter Herbert A. Simon Harvard Univ Carnegie-Mellon Affect reactions can sometimes be elicited by stimulus input so minimal that What is an "Explanation" of Behavior? Source Memory: Multiple Perspectives the individual has no conscious access to it at all. Yet these reactions are capable of There is increasing evidence that The cognitive revolution in psychology influencing preferences, judgments and source memory, the recollection of the introduced a new concept of explanation, behavior. Behavioral and neuroanatomical episodic source from which a specific item and new methods of gathering and evidence that supports a model explicating or fact was acquired, can be dissociated interpreting evidence, These innovations how these phenomena occur and how they from item or fact memory. The symposium assume that it is essential to explain are organized will be presented. examines various perspectives focusing on complex phenomena at several levels, issues such as brain systems in recollec­ complementary, not competitive. As with tion of source, selectivity of source the other sciences, such complementarity memory deficits in elderly adults, failures of makes possible a comprehensive and Convention source memory in eyewitness testimony, unified experimental psychology. and theoretical models. Participants include Arthur Shimamura, Maria Travel Funds Zaragoza, Marcia Johnson, Eric Eich.

Students seeking financial assistance to attend the 1991 APS convention can Harold Stevenson apply for travel funds. The Student Univ of Michigan Caucus, in conjunction with APS is Eric Schopler raising money for student travel to the Univ of North Ten Years Later: Chinese, Japanese, Washington, DC, convention. Money Carolina And American Children Grow Up will be made available only to students presenting research or making some Treatment Fads Versus Long-term When Chinese and Japanese children other significant contribution to APS Empirical Concepts are young, they excel as students and are happy, well adjusted children as well. such as volunteering to work at the registration desks. Division TEACCH is the first statewide, What happens later? Does high academic university-affiliated program for autistic and achievement come at great personal cost? To apply for travel funds: please similar children. I review seven concepts Through comparisons with American send a letter of application (limit to one and principles, viable and useful for students we gain new insights into the page) indicating your purpose for directing both educational treatment and correlates of academic success. attending the convention and your empirical research. Implications for contribution, the title of your presenta­ multidisciplinary training and cross cultural tion, if you have submitted a proposal, applications will be discussed. your status (year in school), and your institution to: Lisa Fournier, APS Convention Job Bank & Travel Fund, Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL 61820, tel.: 217-367-8790. Applicants Placement Center must be an APS Student Affiliate. Non­ members are ineligible to apply. On June 13-15, 1991 , at the Sheraton Washington Hotel in Washington, DC, APS The deadline for receipt of applica­ will operate an official Job Bank/Job Placement Center during APS' third annual tion is May 1, 1991. Travel funds will convention. Prospective employers and job seekers are invited to participate. be awarded once the final decision is Specific job openings will be sorted into three job classes: academic, c1inical/ made on all proposals. Students are counseling, and industrial/other. A one-page foom must be completed and returned urged to apply early even though no to the APS Washington Office by May 31. More infoomation will be included in decision may have been reached on future issues of the Observer. Applicants are asked to pay a minimal processing fee proposal submissions. The decision will of $5, and employers $25. Job Bank participants are not required to be present at the also be based on financial need (e.g., convention to participate. proximity to Washington, DC).

APS OBSERVER January 1991 APS Members Deserve,

Earn Credit APS has just signed an agreement with Trans National Financial Services, a company that will offer a new credit card service to alt interested APS members. MBNA America, the wortd's largest affinity bank, will administer the program. This new benefit offers advantages to individuals, and the Society as welt. Within the next few months APS members will be receiving a letter describing the offer and benefits in detail. Here's a preview ofa few benefits to come:

Students Earn Credit, • a high line of credit - up to $5000; • no fee for the first year; Too! • bigh levels of travel protection and more travel-related services at no additional cost; While they can't apply this "credit" • 24-bour service for routine inquiries - 365 days a year; toward graduation requirements. • immediate casb availability tbrough an international network of banks; students will find this program • supplemental car rental insurance; especially inviting, since MBNA • one~hour credit line increases; America will offer them an initial line • no liability for lost or stolen cards; and of credit ranging between $3,000 and • emergency cash and airline tickets. $4,000 just by taking advantage of this opportunity. This service helps APS encourages members to take a serious look at the program. APS benefits too! students establish a credit rating, an From each transaction, APS will receive a percentage of the amount charged by the often difficult task for young people. APS member using the card. Members can get the credit they need and support APS at the same time! We see this as an opportunity to offer another benefit to our members.

Increased Computer Accessibility

Attention Thanks to APS' recent acquisition of an email address on Psych Net, APS Members ... the APS headquarters office in Washington, DC , is now even more accessible through computer-based telecommunications. This will be especially helpful to those APS Members who subscribe to Psych Net Watch Your Mailbox for .. . and who are located at institutions that do not have links to systems The Arrival of Your .. . such as Bitnet or Internet. Psych Net is an electronic networking and database system with headquarters in Rigdefield , Connecticut. Besides the convenience of email, Psych Net subscribers will have easy Official 1991 Ballot access to information about APS and its activities.

Use the Ballot to vote for your The PsychNet email address for APS offices is: APS candidate for APS President and candidates for 3 vacancies on the APS Board of Directors. Accessibility through/,cademic Networks Users of academic netWorks such as Bitnet and Internet should Complete the Ballot and return it continue to use the same APS email addresses as they have been using : to APS with a postmark of no later (General address): APS2@UMUC than February 15, 1991. (Observer Editor): APSKLH@UMUC (Exec. Director) : APSAGK@UMUC.

APS OBSERVER January 199 1 • Spotlight on Research by Eleanor Siegel ------Achievement Testing: Addressing the War of Words On Fairness Bilingualism's Impact on Test Scores

explicit effects on memory and learning. recognition research to an audience at the "One distinguishing feature of language Psychonomic Society's fall, 1990, Lawmakers, psychologists, educalOrs, backgrounds," he points out, "is the age at convention. He discussed whether one's and parents hold strong opinions about the which people acquire English." age at the time of English acquisition Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) - all Prior to Palij's research, no one had influences performance on verbal tasks. A different. Recent arguments focus on the methodically identified age of English preliminary look at language background exam's fairness to minorities and women. acquisition as a component of cognition. surveys reveals "roughly a 10 point drop The controversy is expected to endure But work such as Palij's also "may in SAT scores for every year in which recent revisions 10 the SAT which take provide a theory for more general models English acquisition is delayed," he effect in 1994. Since the debates regard­ of language usage," says Wallace Lam­ concluded. Similar negative correlations ing minorities center on the mediating role bert, a McGill University professor of between subject's scores on a SAT verbal of language, data from psychologist's psychology who has researched the task and their age of English acquisition research on linguistics will help illuminate problems of cognition and bilingualism also appear evident, he says. major aspects of the SAT conflict as well and is interested in bilingual social Preliminary results from Palij 's English as answer other important questions about psychology. Palij's model is useful, says word recognition experiment suggest that language. Lambert, because it focuses on comparing Some key information to help resolve two groups, native English speakers and the issue will emerge from research in non-native English speakers. [There is] roughly a 10 point progress like the studies by psychologist In the United States, bilingual research drop in SA T scores for Michael Palij, an Assistant Professor at assumes urgency as an expanding bilin­ New York University in the Department gual population drastically changes the every year in which English of Applied Psychology in the School of country, notes New York University acquisition is delayed. Education, Health, Nursing, and Arts professor Doris Aaronson. "Swelling MICHAEL P ALIJ Professions. numbers of non-English speaking students Palij uses SAT tasks to measure present countless educational and political knowledge of English as he studies challenges," she explains. subjects who acquire English between the language background differences among One of a handful of U.S. psychologists ages of 6 and 12, and after 12, performed native English speakers and non-native intensively researching bilingualism's poorer across the board in all the SAT English speakers. He seeks to determine impact on cognition, Palij presented the tasks, "indicating they may have had a whether bilingualism has implicit and/or results of particularly relevant word uniform problem with language." Each SAT component: antonyms, sentence completion, analogies, and text compre­ Keeping Score hension, he says, "was significantly negatively correlated with the age of English acquisition." Today, nearly 387,000 foreign students study in the United States, Viewed from another perspective, these an increase of 5.6 percent from 1988-89, according to the Institute of results, says Lambert, point out that the International Education. The institute reports that these numbers "earlier children pick up a second lan­ have steadily risen for the past five years. Currently, over 35,000 guage, the higher their SAT scores. That students are enrolled in intensive English programs in the United is an exciting finding." But, before States, an increase of 17.8 percent from the 1988-89 period. The anyone signs up a 2-year-old in language Institute was formed in the 1970s to help institutions keep informed school, Palij would be the first to say his about international educational exchange statistics. research is unfinished. He wants to L:======~~e:x~am~in~e~th~e~c~h~ar~a~c~te~n~·s~ti:cs~a~b~o~u~t~lan~g~u~ag~e~ _____ - APS OBSERVER January 1991 mance - Palij replicated the findings of stronger their educational content because• Coltheart and Winograd ("Imagery as a the y were educated somewhere other th an within-subject fa ctor has a huge effect"). in America," Yet the correlation between levels of Having difficulty with th e SAT task recall and AEA was low, indicating no definitely does not reflect cognitive systematic trend between AEA and recall abilities, emphasizes Lambert. Palij and of English words. "People who acquired Jim Cummins concur. Cummins is English relatively late could recall English Professor in the Modern Language Center words nearly as accurately as nati ve of the Ontario Institute for Studies in English speakers," says Palij, "suggesting Education in Toronto, and he researches that the experiment identified certain language learning among minority general cognitive or memory mechanisms populations and is author of the popular that the SAT tests, what it means to know operating at a low leve!." Such mecha­ book Empowering Minority Students. a language, and what the SAT exam nisms help people remember English "Good data exists on what it means to reflects about language. words independent of their proficiency. learn 'a second language," says Cummins, In the past, psychologists have ignored "These cognitive mechanisms serve to "Poor research done in the 20s held that language variability, preferring to concen­ indicate how we gain a toehold in a new learning a second language has a negat ive trate only on native English speakers. domain like learning a language, or influence, but work since the 60s shows Some studies establish relationships learning facts or events," he suggested. the opposite effect. When bilinguals between the age of word acquisition and But AEA appears to affect higher-order continue to develop both languages, that cognitive function, while other studies effort exerts subtle but significant effects characterize a "critical period ," a time­ on their ability to manage language. If we frame for learning. Palij believes age is Having difficulty with the perceive the brain as having the same not a fa ctor in learning language, and he SA T task definitely does properties as muscles, then we see it asserts, "People of any age can learn not reflect cognitive continues to develop through use. Knowl­ fluency if sufficiently motivated." edge is enhanced through processing two abilities. languages. " A Taxonomy of Speakers WALLACE LAMBERT But data does not exist to explain what Palij's taxonomy of experimental characterizes different language back­ subjects developed out of New York cognitive or memory processes. "What grounds, whether language background University's language background those processes are," he says, "we real1 y differences systematicalIy affect perfor­ surveys, which the university initiated in don't know yet." No one fulIy knows mance, whether and how exposure to 1987, a ti me when 66 percent of the why non-native English speakers achieve another language changes people, and introductory psychology students were inadequately on a SAT task. Palij what the SAT realIy measures. Such native English speakers. In 1990 that speculates one possible reason is insuffi­ pressing questions demand some sunshine, number fell to 58 percent. Since 1987, cient vocabulary or scant experience with and psychologists can contribute some over 1,000 introductory psychology a vocabulary item. Lambert suggests non­ powerful solar lenses through their students have been surveyed. For his native English speakers simply need more continuing research on language and experiments, PaJij categorizes subjects time to take the SAT, or they should be cognition. into English native speakers and subjects tested in their stronger language. By selecting English as a target, Palij who acquired English as a second, third, Increasingly, psychologists believe the may provide researchers with many or later language. SAT reflects something other than ability. answers to thes~ questions. especially as He then divides the English native In a research article in Psychological English rapidly 'assumes the position of speakers into two groups: The first group Sciellce (March 1990), Katz, the new international language. People includes either English monolinguals or Lautenschlager, Blackburn, and Harris are working harder to acquire English native English speakers who are bilingual, noted that sludents could score "welI because of its status and prestige in the but who acquired English first. To further above chance on a SAT reading compre­ world. That could mean using AEA as a categori ze this latter group, he considers hension task" - even when text passages variable will spawn a gigantic, interna­ their specific age intervals - before 6, were deleted. The students appeared to tional subject poo!. from 6-12, and after 12 - at which they rely on th eir generalized world knowledge Palij's data, combined with that of acquired the non- English language. The to answer questions, the re.c;;earchers other U.S. psychologists and Canadian second group includes subjects who suggest. psychologists like Lambert and Cummins acquired English as a second, third, or The case countering arguments that - while differing in methodology and later language; this group is further aptitude is the source of difficulty on the hypotheses - will help ferret out re­ classified by age of English acquisition. verbal SAT materializes in studies, says sponses to the complex questions about a Looking at the effect of age of English Lambert, which ilIustrate that the later bilingual society that citizens must answer acquisition (AEA) on recalling English students "enter their English education, in the nex t decade. words - an aspect of memory perfor- the poorer they may be on SAT, but the

APS OBSERVER January 1991 NSF FROM PAGE 1 Break with the Past Urging that they "break with the cognitive. economic and other social patterns of the past decade," APS Execu­ sciences, Currently, those sciences are tive Director Alan Kraut asked the task included within the NSF Biological, force to support and guide the establish­ Behavioral and Social Sciences (BBS) ment of a separate directorate. Further, he directorate. Approximately two-thirds of said, "the Behavioral and Social Science the task force members are biologists and directorate should be funded at a level one-third are from the behavioral and comparable to other directorates and in social sciences. keeping with NSF as a whole." It is generally thought that the task force's position was in large part a The BigMo Nancy Cantor response to the virtual unanimity of the The momentum behind the separate behavioral and social science research directorate escalated in 1990, starting with detailed consideration to the treatment of community on the question of a separate a call for study of the concept both by the behavioral neuroscience, saying that "one directorate. APS-initiated Behavioral Science Summit aspect we wish to avoid is any unintended participants and by a subcommittee of the negative consequence to one of our fields Twin Piques: Voice and Visibility BBS Advisory Committee. These events [due to] a restructuring at the Foundation." There was widespread agreement that a were in tum cited as influential in the "As with all NSF directorates," said separate directorate would be the key to introduction - into the legislative hopper Kraut, " a separate behavioral and social providing these disciplines with a stronger of the 10ist Congress - of H.R. 5543, the sc ience directorate should be created in a voice and greater visibility at the higher Behavioral and Social Science Research way that encourages, not discourages, administrative levels within NSF, two Directorate Act, and a directive from the multidisciplinary and interdirectorate things that have consistently been lacking Senate Appropriations Committee to NSF research activities." for the behavioral and social sciences to respond to calls for a separate director­ under the current structure. ate and increased funding for behavioral Deeper Meaning Psychology's presence was felt not and social science research. Some in the field attributed deeper only throughout the process leading to the This momentum helped produce a meaning to the concept of a separate establishment of the task force, but also in manifest consensus among behavioral directorate, saying that it would in effect the hearings, during which several science groups in favor of a separate disconnect biological psychologists from directorate. Witness after witness from the their colleagues in other areas. Michael behavioral and social sciences spoke Davis and Tom Carew, Yale psychologists eloquently saying that a directorate was who appeared on behalf of the Society for needed to offset funding inequities that Neuroscience, vehemently agreed with the had characterized BBS support for need to "increase the status, voice and psychology and other behavioral and funding level" of the behavioral and social social science disciplines in the past sciences, but were concerned that a new decade. directorate would be "counterproductive." "The history of psychology has clearly Biology and Behavior shown that individual and social behaviors The impact of a separate directorate on are inextricably intertwined with biology. research involving both biology and It is simply no longer appropriate to ask behavior was one of the few concerns whether behavior is determined solely by Michael Davis voiced by behavioral groups. APS social or biological factors. Instead, we psychologists testified on behalf of a Executive Director Alan Kraut addressed now want to know how these two factors, number of groups. this issue in his testimony, saying that which we all agree determine behavior, APS Board Member Nancy Cantor was "lines [between directorates] are drawn as interact and how an understanding of their the sole psychology representative on the much for administrative convenience as interactions can best describe or solve the task force and is credited with bridging for scientific logic. And wherever those scientific problems under study," said many of the gaps in understanding that lines are drawn, interdisciplinary activi­ Carew and Davis in their written statement. initially existed within the group. Cantor, ties, either within or between directorates, According to Carew and Davis, from the Institute for Social Research at are readily supported." behavior is ex tremely important to the University of Michigan, said after the "Clearly, there is a special relationship neuroscience and a subs tantial portion of hearings that "the task force has really between some biology programs and some the Society for Neuroscience's member­ moved beyond disciplinary turf issues" behavioral programs," said Kraut, "and ship - an estimated 18-20 percent - is and is working well together. there is no reason why a separate director­ made up of psychologists. ate has to interfere with that relationship." Similar concerns about a separate Kraut urged the panel to give more directorate were raised by University of

APS OBSERVER January 199 1 Wisconsin psychologist Charles Snowdon, these areas of science." Vulnerability Issue Raised representing the Animal Behavior Society. In a similar vein, James Greeno, Chair In contrast to the strong opinions Snowdon conveyed the Society's opposi­ of the Governing Board of the Cognitive voiced by psychologists and others, tion to a separate directorate based on the Science Society, characterized changes several biology organizations did not take assumption that it would mean a split that have "transformed the scientific study a position on the concept ofa separate between behavior and biology. of intelligence and information" over the directorate, deferring instead to their Acknowledging that interdisciplinary past 35 years. colleagues in the behavioral and social collegial interchange is particularly "The scientific content and methods science community. However, it was important in the academic setting, Kraut involved in these developments are quite evident that most biologists feel it is said that this doesn't necessarily translate distinct from those of biological science, important to maintain a behavioral to NSF, and he cautioned that the task so that it strains the capability of an component in the new directorate. force "shouldn't make the mistake of administrative unit dominated by biology A few witnesses invoked the "vulner­ confusing intellectual exchange with ability" argument, saying the behavioral administrative structure." and social sciences "needed" biology to In what many considered a surprise protect them. This created a momentary move, the task force is responding to this ripple through the audience where several issue wi th a proposal to establish a psychology representatives questioned the behavioral component in the biology paternalistic tone of the comment. directorate and a biological program in the Hunt addressed the issue of political new directorate. While many details vulnerability head on, saying "in a remain to be decided, Cantor said that the democracy, we should stand up and be task force will propose a structure that counted." He also described the behav­ would both increase representation for the ioral and social sciences as "naturally behavioral and social sciences and at the diverse" and called for an NSF structure same time ensure a strong presence for Marilynn Brewer that can handle such diversity. neuroscience and animal behavior within "Pretending they [the behavioral and the biological directorate. to support the development of our field," social sciences] are just a branch of Within the new directorate, Cantor said said Greeno, a psychologist at Stanford biology just won't work," the fei sty Hunt the task force has agreed there should be University. told the task force. strong support for biopsychology and Other consequences of inadequate NSF Later, economist Charles Schultze model systems focusing on human behavior. funding were cited, such as a lack of effectively disposed of the iss ue , noting preparedness to meet national emergencies that "Senator Proxmire was able to award Ch-Ch-Ch-Ch-Changes and a narrowing of research objectives. Golden Fleeces without regard to what There were compelling arguments that Asked whether this was due to a lack of directorate they were in." (This is a a new structure is needed to respond to representation at NSF or a lack of enthusi­ reference to former Senator William changes that have occurred in basic asm in the field, Kraut said emphatically Proxmire's practice of citing individual research in psychology and other behav­ that it was a matter of representation. "For federal research grants as wasting tax ioral and social sciences, many of which example," he said, "look at the critical role money. Many ofProxmire's targets were rely on NSF almost exclusively for of behavior in the AIDS epidemic. We in the behavioral or social sciences.) support. Marilynn Brewer, professor of would have been in a better position to Schultze also noted that the protection psychology and Director of the Institute respond to the crisis if in the early 1980's argument doesn't hold up well in light of for Social Science Research at the the NSF was supporting basic research on the funding problems experienced over the University of California - Los Angeles, attitudes and belief systems." "Instead," past decade in the behavioral and social testified that "neither the level of funding he said, "researchers have been playing a sciences. nor the organizational support base have futile game of catch up, and the AIDS kept up with the growth" of social virus is winning." Task Force Report in '91 psychology despite "heroic efforts" by Earl Hunt, professor of psychology at In all, more than 50 organizations NSF program staff. the University of Washington speaking on presented oral testimony to the task force This lack of resources pits large, behalf of the Federation of Behavioral, in the two days of hearings and hundreds extended grants against "one-shot labora­ Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, more provided written statements. The tory studies that rely on college student pointed to the influence of insufficient task force will use information from the subject popUlations," said Brewer, NSF funding on the discipline of cognitive hearings and other data provided by NSF testifying on behalf of the Society for science. He said that since much of the staff as the basis for a report. The task Personality and Social Psychology. She funding comes from the Department of force's recommendation for a separate concluded that a separate directorate is Defense (000), "cognitive science is directorate will be included in an interim needed "to assure adequate representation oriented toward 000 problems" rather report, scheduled for January 31,1991. of the current knowledge base and than larger national needs. The target for the final report is April, promising initiatives that have emerged in 1991. •

APS OBSERVER January 1991 Rep. Brown to Chair House Science Committee

WASHINGTON - When Congress structural biases that appear to have returns to Washington for the 102nd created permanent disparate funding for session, U.S. Representative George E. the behavioral and social sciences at the Brown, Jr., (D-CA), will be the new Chair Foundation. " of the Committee on Science, Space and Brown, a physicist, has been a member Technology. This is the Committee of the committee since 1965. During responsible for authorizing the programs those 25 years he has pursued a wide and policies of the National Science range of interests, with an emphasis on Representative George Brown, Jr., (D-CAl Foundation (NSF). alternative energy development, space Brown, who in the past has served as technology policy, and environmental Science Foundation; in October he was chair of the Subcommittee on Science, protection. His leadership led to the initiated as an Honorary Member of Sigma Research and Technology, has long been creation in 1976 of the Office of Science Xi, the Scientific Research Society, and he recognized as a supporter of the behav­ and Technology Policy as a mechanism to was selected to receive the AAAS Philip ioral and social sciences. Most recently he foster long-range planning among federal Hague Abelson Prize. gained particular notice among psy­ agencies, and the establishment in 1972 of APS Executive Director Alan Kraut chology researchers as a co-sponsor - the Office of Technology Assessment hailed Brown's ascendancy to the head of along with former Rep. Doug Walgren (D­ (OTA), which assists the Congress in the Science Committee as "'welcome PA) - ofH.R. 5543, the "Behavioral and shaping federal science policy. He has news" for the scientific community in Social Sciences Directorate Act of 1990," served as a member of OTA's governing general, and for psychology researchers in which will be considered when the 102nd body, the Technology Assessment Board, particular. "We have worked with session of Congress is convened in since its inception. Representative Brown for many years. He January, 1991. In 1990 alone, Brown received three is extremely responsive to the interests of In introducing the legislation, Brown major science awards. In May, 1990, he our discipline, and he is widely recognized said "it is my hope that by establishing was presented with the Distinguished as having a broad perspective when it this directorate, we will remove the Public Service Award from the National comes 10 federal science policy." +

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The American Psychological range of current psychological issues (Publishers), 27 Palmeira Mansions, Society. in association with the and research. It publishes reviews as Church Road, Hove, East Sussex, International Union of Psycho logi­ well as empirical contributions, and BN3 2FA, England. All discount cal Science (!UPSYS), is pleased to reports on national and international subscriptions should be accompanied announce a special discount price for developments in psychology (Interna­ by a note stating that the subscriber is The International Journal of tional Platform Section). Furthermore, a member of the American Psycho­ Psychology (UP). Members of the the journal contains an invaluable logical Society, and by payment in US American Psychological Society will calendar of conferences, meetings and dollars (bank drafts from UN regis­ be entitled 10 subscribe to the journal seminars in psychology throughout the tered banks only please) or instruc­ at (US) $35.00 per annum (6 issues), a world. tions to debit your American Express, discount of 78 % from the institu­ APS members who wish to take Visa, or Mastercard. Include your card tional price and 30% from the advantage of the discount arrangement number, signature, and date of individual price. should send their subscriptions for the expiration of your credit card. UP is the only journal providing a 1991 volume direct to !UPS YS, c/o world-wide perspective on the whole Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Ltd.

APS OBSERVER January 1991 Insurance Some Say APS Will Rates Rising? Last Them All Their Lives

APS Offers Making the Decision to Become a Lifetime Member of APS Professional Liability Psychologists who give $1 ,500 for a Science Foundation project. One goal is lifetime membership in APS seem to be to increase teachers' knowledge of equity Insurance just as varied as, and not necessarily any issues in order to reduce the perpetuation at Competitive Rates richer than, the broad range of other APS of biases that exist in American society. members. She also teaches developmental and Observer staff contacted a few lifetime educational psychology and this semester A reliable and affordable members and asked them what made them is teaching advanced research methods for insurance package, offering: take the plunge. Among them are a graduate students. college professor, a top executive of a Coverage up to $1,000,000 per billion-dollar corporation, and a high Executive Decision • incident and up to $3,000,000 school/college counseling psychologist. Andrew C. per year. Hilton is Executive Educated Decision Vice Presi dent of Legal fees and court costs are Teresa M. Coltec Industries. • paid in addition to policy McDevitt, an Inc., a large multi­ limits whether or not you are educational devel­ product industrial opmental psycholo­ corporation that Andrew C. Hilton liable for the charges made gist who is associate makes landing gear against you. professor at the for big aircraft, large diesel engines, College of Educa- Teresa M. McDevitt power stations, and a variety of compo­ Specifically designed for our tion. University of nents for industrial machinery. He members who: Northern Colorado, said, ''I'm 33 now, explains his decision to become a lifetime and I hope to have several decades of member of APS in these terms: Have a part-time private good productive work in the field. " ['ve been a lifetime psychologist and • clinical or counseling practice Monetarily it makes sense, given the costs. the profession has served me well, (10 hours or less of practice "I have membership in more special­ although I'm nOt really practicing as such per week) ($307-$520 per ized organizations such as the American these days." Educational Research Association and the Hilton, 62, started as an industrial year) Society for Research on Child Develop­ psychologist with the old Psychological ment. But it's really very important for Corporation and then went to Raytheon. • Are engaged in academic, me to have a sense of the field more and from there to International Telephone educational or research generally in psychology. That's where I and Telegraph, and finally to Coltec 28 actitivities ($78-$128 per see APS filling the need." years ago. Now he is one of three persons year) McDevitt has not attended any APS on the senior management committee who meetings, and she says that while she run Coltec through the Office of the Chief Do various kinds of full- or reads Psychological Science with some Executive. • part-time industrial interest, "my reasons [for APS member­ In becoming a lifetime APS member, consulting ($295-$498 per ship] are mainly with the society and its his "interest is to encourage research in representation of psychology as a research psychology as distinct from th e practice of year) endeavor in general. I think I will always psychology," Hilton said. have the background I got when I started "For younger people, the lifetime • Students ($30 per year) out in more mainstream psychology and I membership is a bargain. but in our case want to maintain that. Paradigms will shift it's a matter of supporting the organiza­ Contact Tony Spohn of over the next decades, and APS is going to tion." Maginnis and Associates help me keep in touch with them. Hilton's wife. Irma R. Hilton. is also a (1-800-621-3008. Ext. 29) McDevitt is currently co·director of a psychologist and became an APS Donor (In Illinois: 1-800-621-6585, model program for training elementary when she contributed $1,000 to APS upon Ext. 29) for further infomlation and application. teachers that focuses on science and mathematics. It is a five-year National SEE LIFETIME MEMBERS ON NEXT PAGE

APS OBSERVER January 1991 LIFETIME MEMBERS has worked for 10 years. He received his NEUROSCIENCE AND FROM PREVIOUS PAGE PhD from the Union Institute in Ohio four CONNECTIONIST THE'O--RY--­ years ago. edited by Berkowitz said, "I think it's important Mark A, Gluck. David E. Rumelhart joining the Society. As a social psycholo­ SIantotd UrlwKslty for people in the field to keep up-to-date A VokJme In the D9Ve/0pment. In gist who teaches research methods to Connectionlrf 1IleotySerles ______clinical psychologists at Yeshiva Univer­ on information, research and generally on sity, she has seen conflicts sharpening things going on. I felt APS was the Written to< cognitive scientlsfs. psycholo­ organization that would do this best for gists, computer scientists. engineers, and between the future professional clinical neuroscientists, this new book provides an psychologists she works with and those at me. We are all involved in things of this accessible overview of how computa­ the psychological science end of the sort here in our counseling section. And tional network models are being used to model neurobiological phenomena. equation. She would like to see these rather than pay annual fees, I thought the conflicts resolved but does not see one-shot lifetime deal would be in my best Contents: B.L McNoog,ton. L Nodel, Hebb-Marr interest. I intend to be a longtime member NeflNorks and the Neurobiological Representa­ evidence that the two groups are working tIoo ot Actloo In Spoce. M.F. Bear, LN. Cooper, in that direction. of APS, and so why not be a lifetime Molecular MechanlsmsfOf Synaptic Modiflcation member? In the Visual Cortex: Interaction Between Theort and Exper'ment. I. '"'anger, J. Ambros-lngerl

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APS OBSERVER January 199 1 Patrick Suppes became the sixth behavioral scientist to receive the prestigious National Psychologist Receives Medal of Science when he accepted the award from the President of the United States this past November. Suppes was one National Medal of Science of two behavioral/social scientists who received the nation's highest scientific honor in 1990. The citation for Suppes Slates that Sciences. Among numerous other honors, he Suppes' work also has extended into applied he received the award: became an APS William James Fellow in 1989 areas such as the use of computers in and was elected to the National Academy of education. His strong interest in children's For his broad efforts to deepen the Sciences in 1978. language has been focused on research on theoretical and empirical True to his areas of research, Suppes grammar and semantics. understanding of four major areas: responded that he was indeed a bit surprised to The 20 recipients of the medal in 1990 the measurement of subjective have been selected for the medal because the were selected from approximately 150 total probability and utility in uncertain "probability has been so low for behavioral nominations. There situations; the development and scientists (0 recei ve the award." Suppes have been 264 testing of general learning theory; the indicated that "among behavioral scientists. R. Medals awarded semantics and syntax of natural Duncan Luce, Richard C. Atkinson, and since 1962, the first language; and the use of interactive William K. Estes, have been the most year ,of the award's computer programs for instruction. influential on [his] work." ''They have each existence. played a unique role," he said. Approximately Suppes is Lucie Stem Professor of While concentrating his efforts in basic 2,500 nominations Philosophy at Stanford University'S Institute research on measurement theory, especially as have been reviewed for Mathematical Studies in the Social applied to decision theory. and learning theory, to date. Patrick Suppes

TheAPS Applied, 1/0 and Business & Mgt Cumulative Record Blo, Comparative, Physio & Psychoblo

Clinical, Community, Counseling & Health Distribution ofAPS Cognitive Members Among Developmental Major Fields Of Psychology Educa!,1 & School

Experimental & Perception

General & History

Neuropsychology

Quantitative, Math'l & Measurement

Social & Personality

Other and Misc

o 5 10 15 Percent of Total APS Membership

APS OBSERVER January 1991 The Student Notebook by Travis Langley Call For Nominations recommendation to Student Notebook and undergraduate student members of Editor Travis Langley. APS. The student applicant must be first APS student members will elect new Responsibilities would include prepar­ author on the project, and another copy national officers to the AP5 Student ing reports on Student Caucus activities must be submitted in accordance with the Caucus Executive Council at the Society's which would go through the Student prodeudre outlined in the initial APS Call June conference in Washington, DC. Notebook Editor to Psi Chi. Keep in mind for Proposals. The deadline for both Student members are therefore invited to that all applicants must be students. As it regular APS proposal submission and the submit a personal statement or platform has been our experience that student Research Award Competition is January announcing thei r candidacy for specific members in general tend to assume other, 25 , 1991. offices and briefly stating why they are "more qualified" persons apply for such Application for the APSSC Research running. To help the voters make in­ things, we typically are not inundated with Competition differs from the APS Call for formed decisions, the candidates' state­ applicants. Proposals in that each applicant must ments will be printed in the May Ob­ submit a summary of the project not to server. Each candidate should provide a exceed 1500 words. Entries should be double-spaced. The project's title, wi thout statement not to exceed 100 words, school Student Research Awards address, and status as a student in 1991-92 the applicant's name, should appear at the (e.g., junior undergraduate or second year top of each page. Entries must include the graduate), and send two copies to both (I) By now most student affiliates should following: Page 1: (I) a title page with Student Caucus President Kenn White and have received by mail a call for submis­ the applicant's name, school, address, and (2) Student Notebook Editor Travis sions for the first APS Student Caucus phone number; Pages 2 and beyond: (2) Langley. All candidacy statements must Research Competition. For the benefit of the purpose and rationale of the study; (3) be received no later than April 1 in order those students who may have joined too the methodology; (4) major findings (with to appear in the May edition. recently to have been identified in our the appropriate statistics and significance Council positions include President, mailing li st, we are pleased invite you to values; and (5) conclusions and implica­ Secretary, Treasurer, Editor, Graduate submit an entry in the competition. Three tions. Advocate, Undergraduate Advocate, and students will be chosen to present their A letter of recommendation from a Past-President. In the event the current research at the APS annual convention faculty member involved in the project is President is unwilling or unable to serve as June 13-16 in Washington, DC, and to also required and should include the Past-President , this officer will be elected receive a $250 cash award. Each is following: (I) the purpose or goal of the and referred to as Member-at-Large. The contingent on the students' presence and project; (2) the student 's role and extent of APSSC charter allows for more than one participation at the convention. his or her invol vement in the project; and person to serve in one office in some The competition is open 10 graduate (3) the student's general understanding of cases. For example, there could be two the research topic. Graduate Advocates or two Undergraduate Judging will occur in two phases. Advocates. Committee chairs and other The APS Student Caucus represents all Initial judgment will be based on the the Society's student affiliates. It is not special officers such as National Chapter project itself, and the identity of applicants an honor society, and there are no chapter Coordinator are appointed by the President will be concealed in this phase. The top dues. All chapter chairs are additionally entries will be re-evaluated with the letter subject to approval by the Executive recognized as members of the APSSC of recommendation. Awards will be given Council. national Advisory Commiltee. Students or faculty wanting information about to the two top graduate projects and the 1 APSSC school chapter applications top undergraduate project. should can lac!: To enter, four copies of the entry and I Psi Chi Correspondent letter of recommendation must be sent to , Donna Desforges Carolyn Roecker, Department of Psy­ Dept. of Psychology chology, University of Iowa, IA 52242. Regardless of Executive Council Box 32878 elections, we are presently in need of a Psi Those student s chosen wi ll be contacted in Texas Chrislian University the spring. Inquiries should also be Chi Correspondent. National officers in Ft. Worth, Texas 76129 Psi Chi, the honor society in psychology, 817-921-7414 directed to Carolyn Roecker at 319-338- have said that they would provide the APS BITNET: RP711 PS@TCUAMUS 9817. Student Caucus with coverage in the Psi See details on page X for applying for Chi newsletter. We would like to invite When applying, student chapter founders APS Student Travel Awards. These anyone who might be interested in taking are asked to provide information about awards are intended to help defray costs on such a task to send (I) a brief letter the inslitution, department, and students, associated with traveling to the national and to designate a facuity sponsor. outlining qualifications and (2) a letter of APS convention.

APS OBSERVER January 1991 Conversation with APSSC President Kenn White

Q: As you see it, what is the APS Student are the future leaders of APS and of Caucus? psychology as a whole. Kenn Wh ite KW: It's an organization of the student The student organization was founded affiliates of APS. It is not an honor in June, 1989, at the first APS convention sponses to a que stionnaire sent by Kathie society. Membership is contingent in Alexandria, VA. Basically about Chwalisz (a graduate student at the exclusively on maintaining student twenty of us, graduates and a couple of Un iversity oflowa) asking student affiliate status with APS. It is our hope undergraduates, got together to discuss affiliates about issues of importance ro that the interests of all students will be issues: why we were there, what got us them and their expectations about APS. represented through the Caucus. Students involved in APS and psychology, re- We decided to make all of the students who were at the first meeting Advisory Board members, elected Kathie as our University Chapters Update President, and devised a couple commit­ tees to start getting organized. We Since the summer edition in which we Additionally, we are pleased to communicated through the summer, some recognized sponsors and student chairs at recognize and acknowledge the newest of us met again in the faU, and we soon the first twelve Student Caucus chapters, chapters: elected an Executive Council of six there have been some changes in leader­ members - now there are seven - both ship and we would like to thank those who Penn State Un iversity graduates and undergraduates. Today, we State Co llege, Pennsylvania have brought us up to date: represent over 3,600 student affiliates. Bonnie Eberhardt. Student Chair We have a number of established Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia programs and are a solid and accepted Amy Wasserman. Student Chair Mill saps College Marshall P. Duke, Faculty Sponsor Jackson. Mississippi group within APS. The Society was Edmond Venator. Facuhy Sponsor founded, among other things, to enhance University of West Florida, Pensacola, Florida the quality of education in psychology and Nazareth College John David Watt, Student Chair research training. We thought that we Steven Vodanovich, Faculty Sponsor Rochester, New York Paula Cewin, Rachel Kiehle, Student Chairs could facilitate that purpose as a voice for University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan Phyllis Ladrigan. Faculty Sponsor students (0 communicate with other Center for Group Dynamics professional members as well as to the Clinch Valley College of the University of Steve Fein, Student Contact board of APS. James L. Hilton, Faculty Sponsor Virginia Wise, Virginia Q: What is the role of the Caucus? KW: There are several roles. We Hendrix CoIlege, Conway. Arkansas Glenn Gamsp, Faculty Sponsor Veronica Thessing. Student Chair advocate on behalf of students on such Ralph McKenna, Faculty Sponsor Kenyon College issues as funding for various projects. For Gambier, Ohio example, we raise funds and di stribute Sarah Murnen, Faculty Sponsor Luther College, Decorah, Iowa awards for student research and travel to Susan Linnerooth, Student Chair the Society's arinual convention. The David Bishop, Faculty Sponsor Central Michigan University Mount Pleasant. Michigan Caucus represents student interests in a Mills College, Oakland, California Carol Gohm, Student Chair number of committees, for example, I Lynda King. Faculty Sponsor Katherine Rosenblum, Student Chair national task forces on graduate and • Dean M. Marier, Faculty Sponsor Univers iry of California-Irvine undergraduate education. If not repre­ sented, we are at least kept informed of University of Evansville, Evansville, Ind iana Irvine, California John Lakey, Faculty Sponsor Beverly Ann Sandeen , Student Chair some of the major iss ues on Capitol Hill Ellen Greenberger, Faculty Sponsor and within NSF and NIMH. The leadership of the parent organiza­ ATTENTION! State University of New York-Purchase Purchase, New York tion has bent over backward to help us. STUDENT CAUCUS CHAPTERS Gregory Osgood, Student Chair We're not independent of APS - by Lynn Winters, Faculty Sponsor definition, we are a group within it, a Please keep us informed of your activities. If forum or voice for students. your student officers or faculty sponsors have Slippery Rock University Q: What benefits do students get by changed since your last report, please inform Slippery Rock , Pennsylvania APSSC Secretary Paul Reber or the Chapter Danielle Galt, Student Chair Recruitment Chair of your currenr status. John Sample. Faculty Sponsor CONTtNUED ON NEXT PAGE

APS OBSERVER January 199 1 THE STUDENT NOTEBOOK FROM PREVIOUS PAGE MSSC Officers 'E;r,.ecutive Counci( joining APS and involving themselves in ences this spring. Other organizations we the Student Caucus? have communicated with include the All the officers welcome students and KW: There are several. Ideally, we Society for Personality and Social others who wish to contact them about attract research-oriented students serious Psychology (APA Division 8), the Society concerns particular to their own offices. about their future and career development. for Experimental Social Psychology, and Contact Secretary Paul Reber for general inquiries. regional student conference in­ There are clearly more graduates, but the American Psychological Association formation, and other requests. Corre­ undergraduates also are represented on our of Graduate Students. spondence, inquiries, and submissions to Executive Council. We are aware of the Undergraduates especially can benefit the Student Notebook should be directed differences in interests, needs, and from our Mentorship program, a national to Editor Travis Langley. educational requirements. In fact, the data bank of professionals willing to speak Undergraduate Advocate on the council to students about their areas of interest. President Kenn White must be an undergraduate, and there have We run the APS Job Bank at each Cronkhite Graduate Center - 100B been undergraduates in other offices. national convention. We contact many 6 Ash Street Our most important project is develop­ Fortune 500 companies and major Harvard University Cambridge. MA 02138 Tel.: 617-495-8781 ment of APS Student Caucus chapters, universities who in tum send recruiters to BITNET, WHITEKE@HUGS EI There are a number of reasons for starting meet and interview students and profes­ Secretary (Information Networking) a chapter. First, students get a chance to sionals at the convention. Paul 1. Reber become active in APS at the local level. Q: What do you want to accomplish Department of Psychology At bigger schools, for example, there during your year as President? Carnegie-Mellon University Pillsburgh. PA 15217 Tel.: 412-268-8115 might not otherwise be easy opportunities KW: A main priority is establishing solid to meet outstanding researchers, or meet communication both with the professional Treasurer (Research Awards) Carolyn Roecker with other psychology students and members of APS and among students. Department of Psychology faculty. At a large school, it can be Furthermore, we want to get our message The University of Iowa difficult for a student to make a lasting to students who are prospective members, Iowa City. IA 52246 Tel.: 319-338-9817 impression on a professor. Some chapters to professionals, and to other psychologi­ Student Notebook Editor have taken a very business-like approach, cal organizations. My second major goal Travis Langley Department of Psychology organizing regional conferences and is advancing opportunities for student Tulane University getting involved in national committees. research. Students who are making New Orleans, LA 70118 Tel.: 504-865-5331 or 504-895-6338 Second, we offer Student Travel research presentations at the annual BITNET, PS3GA [email protected] Awards and strongly encourage students convention will be able to compete for the to attend the conference. Last year, we APS Student Research Awards (see details Graduate Advocate Kathleen Morgan made $3,000 available. on page 6). We are also developing a California State University Third is career development. Not only student research network and regional 5500 University Parkway San Bernadino. CA 92407 Tel.: 714-880-5570 do students get direct information on student research meetings. Our Student career development, but by attending the Travel Awards are related to this in that Undergraduate Advocate convention, reading the Observer and the they help students attend the national MJchael Beddows McGill University journal Psychological Science, students convention which has many benefits. 17138 Brunswich Blvd. are informed about state-of-the-art My final major goal is to investigate Kirkland, Quebec Canada H93 lL08 Tel.: 514-695-4526 research in psychology. Students serious and propose a permanent APS Student about graduate school or active research Fellowship. Ideally this would amount to Past-President Kathie Chwalisz get the chance to meet prominent people. a stipend and tuition waiver that would be 361 Lindquist Center lncreasing your career options demands available to a first-year graduate student. The University of Iowa more that simply being a good student. Eventually I think trusts could be devel­ Iowa City, IA 52246 Tel.: 319-338-4990 Many graduate programs and employers oped for scholarships for undergraduates Current Projects want more than good grades, they also who have shown excellent research and look at participation in organizations or exceptional promise as future leaders and Donna Desforges Chapter Recruitment Coordinator presentation of research papers. For scientist. I think that for now the graduate Texas Christian University students who are not able to attend the award is a more feasible priority. Part of Department of Psychology national APS convention, we are arrang­ Box 32878 the APS philosophy has been to develop Fort Worth, TX 76 129 Tel.: 817-921-7414 ing many satellite meetings at other one member at a time. If we establish one BITNET, RP7lIPS@TCUAMUS regional and national meetings. For fellowship, we will have made a tremen­ Lisa Fournier example, Psi Chi has been in dialogue dous accomplishment. Travel Awards Contact with us for some time and has committed 1 certainly invite comments and University of Illinois 308 E. Iowa SI. #5 space to us in its national newsletter and questions from anyone about our mission Urbana.IL 61801 Tel.: 217-333-2169 has invited us to several regional confer- and our programs. +

APS OBSERVER January 1991 Lab Notes The Physiological Psychology Lab: Traditional Training Hands-On and Do-It-Yourself For Undergraduates When psychologist Anthony Golden began designing the Animal Behavior Laboratory at Austin Peay State ates need to learn early on about the value same amount of equipment, it probably University in Clarksville, Tennessee, it of physiological research and, of course, would have taken more time and cost 10 was far from being a state-of-the -art multi­ the proper respect for and care of labora­ times as much. Students working in the million dollar complex. While it remains tory animals." laboratory also seem to be less intimidated ever so humble 12 years later, it gets the Although the Austin Peay laboratory by equipment that doesn't cost a fortune," job done. The "job" is training under­ occupies a modest area of less that 500 said Golden. In fact, most of the equip­ graduates to successfully and indepen­ square feet, it is equipped to conduct a ment in the laboratory was built and is dently conduct research in the context of a variety of behavioral measures and basic maintained by Golden and his students. traditional physiological psychology surgical techniques. It serves two of the This includes soundproof test chambers, laboratory. deparunent's four undergraduate labora­ infra-red activity monitoring devices, The Laboratory, housed in the Depart­ tory courses and supports several under­ operant chambers and computer interfaces. ment of Psychology, is directed by Golden graduate research volunteers and graduate who maintains that "we often forget that students working on their master's degrees doctoral candidates start out as extremely in the department's general/experimental excited undergraduates. It is imperative psychology program. If we fail to acknowledge the that we tap that enthusiasm, if we are "[ttook about 18 months to build the role of the undergraduate going to succeed at increasing the flow of original equipment for the laboratory at a department in the prepara­ undergraduates into the doctoral degree cost of about $3,000. [f [ had spent my tion of students who will pipeline. At the same time, undergradu- time applying for grant money to buy the pursue careers in scientific psychology, we are destroy­ ing one of our most valuable resources as a profession_ ANTHONY GOLDEN

c ~ " "§ The Zenith 386 computer, which serves as -'l , ~ a master controller and data logger, uses .~ .~ LABISH, an assembler-based language J. => developed by Golden for the specific ~ purpose of controlling behavioral research •~ equipment. The computer is capable of ~• c operating up to 12 chambers at a time and 3 ., prepares data for analysis as it is collected . '5 •iJ1 •, Broad Research Experience Emphasis 8 j ~ The strong emphasis on research experience in the laboratory reflects the overall departmental approach to its Golden at the computer that controls all of the lab 's operalions. CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE

APS OBSERVER January 199 1 L AB N OTES ______FROM PREVIOUS PAGE curriculum. The major requires both Doing A Lot with A Little statistics and experimental design along with a full year of laboratory experience. The laboratory's exceptional productiv­ The approach assumes that an understand­ ity is at least partially due to the fact that, ing of research design, methods, and except for dedicated portions of the ethics is cri tical within all areas of the facility, areas are more or less inter­ discipline. Directed studies and a senior changeable in terms of function. The use honors thesis option also are available to of solid-state equipment to transmit data to permit students to pursue their research a computer located outside of the workin g interests. laboratory also reduces space require­ The laboratory promises the best of two ments. Measurement devices for different worlds. "It is a compromise between the behaviors can be plugged directly into needs of a teaching and a research cables within the test chambers and laboratory," Golden says. "For example, require only a change of software to although research courses are taught in the become operational. Building the equip­ laboratory, live animals are never used for ment into the facility also conserves space LesleeWooton, who began her work in the demonstration. ,. and permits easier modification. lab as an undergraduate, prepares an animal Golden says students may watch Often unaware that physiological for the activity monitor. procedures on video tape or on a video psychologists conduct non-invasive monitor with a camera inside the test research, visitors and new students sional skill s and attitudes for many years room. When students conduct testing. it is typically ask first about animal welfare to come." always as part of the laboratory's ongoing and are impressed that all of the students As Golden continued his education, he research program. Typically, the junior/ working in the laboratory can address encountered a similar orientation at the senior level classes conduct pilot studies knowledgeably animal care and research University of Georgia. "I did my doctoral that will be followed up by other students. ethics issues. All students working in the training under the late Dr. Walter Isaac at Students from the research methods laboratory are required to learn and the University of Georgia," Golden says, course observe students from the labora­ understand animal care before research remembering. "Here too, equipment was tory classes as they conduct their research. activities are attempted. designed and constructed as needed. We Since 198 1, more than 60 studies have learned the traditional approach of crafting been completed in the laboratory. Many Getting Started the measurement technique to the behavior have served as undergraduate papers rather than the other way around." presented to the Tennessee Academy of Golden says building the laboratory at Sciences and the Southeastern Psychologi­ Austin Peay just came naturally. "I was Involving Undergraduates Is Key cal Association. lucky. I did my undergraduate training under Drs. Al and Donna Cone at The laboratory at Austin Peay illus­ Lynchburg College in Virginia. At that trates quite clearly th at research and time the Lynchburg College psychology training can take place in a smaller, laboratory was in part of the basement of a primarily undergraduate institution (the World War II quonset hut. Almost all our university's enrollment stands at slightly equipment came from the federal surplus under 5,000) without elaborate fu nding • depot in Richmond and we had to drive and an excessive an nual budget. the college's pickUp truck 70 miles to get "We are really more traditional than it. " unique," Golden says. "Before the big ., "The emphasis there, however, was on money days of the 60s, this is how undergraduate education. Interestingly laboratories operated. Most of our enough, about 12 publications came out of fundamental assumptions about behavior that laboratory in three years, almost all of came from laboratories, human and non­ them with undergraduates as co-authors. human , built in much the same way. Most of us continued on through the There is still a surprising number of them doctorate afterwards. Although the out there, teaching undergraduate students Becky Brockel, now a graduate student at laboratory was small and poorly funded, to conduct psychological research," he Austin Peay. resets equipment prior to as undergraduates we did not lack for maintains. conducting a test session. experiences that would shape our profes- "Often, doctoral programs train their

APS OBSERVER January 1991 r

students for post-doctoral appointments tion between haloperidol maintenance and and positions in other doctoral programs. periodic cocaine exposure. Monte Gates But, if you take a position, as I did, in a and Becky Brockel (1989) examined a small department at a non-doctoral similar phenomenon with imipramine and insti tution that isn't endowed with a well­ cocaine. Becky Brockel, Leslee Wooton, equipped laboratory. research can seem to and Stephanie Hansel have submitted an be out of the question," Golden asserts. abstract to the Southeastern Psychological "The choice shouldn't be between Association concerning their recent work

1 teaching or doing research. If physiologi­ with p-chlorophenylalanine. cal psychology is going to continue as part of the di scipline, we must be able to teach Institutional Resource Sharing it to undergraduates as it real1 y exists, as a scientific endeavor. Undergraduate To further provide research experiences in physiological to undergraduates, a trial program was begun in 1989 with Al Cone, . . . equipment was designed now at Jamestown College in North Dakota. The program permits students and constructed as needed. from Jamestown to spend up to IO weeks It helped me decide to pur­ We learned the traditional studying in the laboratory at Austin Peay. sue a graduate degree in approach of crafting the The university has made these "research physiological psychology. associates" feel at home during their stay measurement technique to BECKY BROCKEL the behavior rather than the and provides them with parking and library privileges as well as access to GRADUATE STUDENT other way around. student housing when necessary. Through ANTHONY GOLDEN thi s program, the students are able to obtain experiences not available at their student s cannot be expected to learn the home institution. The first two students in role of research in the discipline unless the program, Becky Brockel and they are directly involved in research Stephanie Hansel both have co-authored themselves." This is facilitated to some papers based upon their research. "It degree by the fact that senior students, helped me decide to pursue a graduate whether graduate or undergraduate, are degree in physiological psychology. I expected to mentor new students in the found out what I could do," volunteered laboratory and to ass ist and serve as tutors Becky Brockel in talking about the in the laboratory courses. program. Although he would like to expand this Research Examples program, Golden says a lack of space and the commitment to students already in the Golden and his students produce a laboratory make expansion difficult to small but steady stream of research. often justify. "There are too many undergradu­ conducting several studies to "home in" ate majors and too few laboratories," on the basis of an effect. Marcia Wood Golden says. "We need to find ways to (1987), following up on research she share resources among institution s for the conducted in the department's honors overall benefit of the discipline. If we fail thesi s program, demonstrated that cocaine to acknowledge the role of the under­ exposure altered the ability to habituate to graduate department in the preparation of novel enviromnental stimuli. Denise students who will pursue careers in Squire (1988, 1989). also following up on scientific psychology, we are destroying her undergraduate research , was able to one of our most valuable resources as a identify specific attention enhancing profession." • properties of cocaine not seen with other stimulants. Similarly, Patricia LeDuc (1989) demonstrated a long tenn interac-

APS OBSERVER January 199 1 r

Nominees Letters to the Sought for APS William James Editor- r£n Fellows Award Behavioral Research and the Institute on Deafness and Other Speak Write Up Communication Disorders The APS William James and Fellow (WJF) Committee has Dear Editor: • set a March 1 deadline for the Be Heard! In reference to the November 1990 nominees for the 1991 WJF issue (VoL 3, No.6) of the Observer, I awards. This year two APS Send in Your Letters was very much interested to see the members will be chosen. Chair to the Editor coverage in the" ... Federal Research Lyman Porter and his commit­ Funding Bill" article (p. I ff). The tee, Rochel Gelman, Mortimer breakdown of NIH activities and the Mishkin, Anne Treisman, and Submit typewritten letters of up to 300 Senate Appropriations Committee remarks Robert Zajonc, plan to make words in paper form and. if possible, on on individual institutes (p. 5) were of their final selections by mid­ computer di skette: DOS (5.25" or 3.5" considerable interest to me, particularly in diskette) or Macintosh (3.5" diskette). April. light of the emphasis that APS has placed on behavioral analysis. As a former The William James Fellow is member of the Advisory Council of the an individual who is "internation­ National Institute of Neurological (at the ally recognized for his/her time: "and Communicative") Disorders outstanding scientific contribu­ and Stroke, and a current member of the tions to psychology." Individu­ Advisory Council of the new National als who have made such contri­ AAAS 1991 In stitute on Deafn ess and Other Commu­ butions to any area(s) of scien­ Election Results ... ni cati on Disorders (NlDCD), I have been tific psychology are eligible for a proponent of the value of behavioral this Award. research in programs having a strong The results of the 1990 ballot for the To apply for nomination, three biomedical content. election of officers to the American I would call to your attention the documents are required: (1) a Association for the Advancement of NlDCD as another institute of interest to letter of nomination, specifying Science are in. Terms for new scientific advocacy. Within NlDCD's the nominee's scientific accom­ sectional offices begin 20 February separate divisions of Hearing, Vestibular plishments and the impact of 199 1. The new officers for the and Balance, Voice, Speech, Language, the nominee's work; (2) two Section on Psychology (Section J) and Chemosensory Sys tems , there is an supporting letters from individu­ include: equitable mixture of behavioral and als closely familiar with the work biomedical scientific activity. Much of of the nominee and its impact Chair-Elect: the research done on hearing, speech, and • William K. Estes on the field of psychology; and language disorders rests on basic research (3) a complete curriculum vitae. in psychology, and th e field s of specializa­ tion of the scientific members of the ., All information should be sent Member-at-Large: Council have considerable overlap with together in one packet to: James L. McGaugh psychology. Lyman Porter, Chair, The Whereas I cannot speak for the William James Fellow Commit­ I nstitute, of course, I would welcome your tee, APS, 1511 K Street, NW, Electorate Nominating Committee: interest in its work, it s policies, and its Suite 345, Washington, DC Diana Deutsch and investment in behavioral science as 20005-1401. James J. Jenkins represented by its programs of research. Further questions can be Carl E. Sherrick addressed to Bev Hitchins, APS Senior Research Psychologist Council Delegates: Department of Psychology Director of Special Projects (tel.: Bryon A. Campbell and Green Hall 202-783-2077, Bitnet: Larry R. Squire Princeton UniversilY APSBHH@UMUC). Princeton , NJ 08544-1010

APS OBSERVER January 199 1 Classification Society of Organizational Profile I- North America

ORIGINS and PURPOSE: I Since its founding in 1969, the Officers: Classification Society of North Phipps Arabie Michael P. Windham. Editor. CSNA News/mer Editor. Journal of Classification Utah Slate Unive rsity America (CSNA) has sought t Rutgers University to advance the develop­ William H. E. Day ment of data-oriented ap­ A. D. Gordon Business Manager Book Review Editor. 10//l"IIal oIC/ossificatiol1 SI. John's Memorial University of Newfoundland proaches to classification. St. Andrews University. United Kingdom This includes numerical tax­ Richard C. Dubes. President onomy; multidimensional William H. E. Day Michigan State University Past-President and Editor. C1assificatioll Literature scaling and other ordination AlIIomate(/ Sean'/t Serl'ice Hemlan. P. Friedman, President-Elect techniques; clustering; tree Sl. John 's Memorial University of Newfo undland Fordham and Yesh iva Universities structures and other network Board of Directors: models (with somewhat less emphasis upon principal P. Arabie R. C. Dubes G. W. Milligan S. L. Weinberg components analysis, factor M. C. Cooper H. P. Friedman S. Nishisato M. P. Windham W. H.E. Day R. F. Ling P. Rousseau analysis, and discriminant analysis), as well as associ­ ated models and algorithms BACKGROUND: Founded in 1969 as "The Classification Society (North American Branch)," and renamed for fitting the latter. ''The Classification Society of North America" in 1984, the Society brought together evolutionary biologists, systematists, and data analysts who use and develop the techniques of MEMBERSHIP: data analysis and represenlation listed at the beginning of this Profile. Although the Society began with relatively few psychologists, the increased use of Current membership is ap­ classification techniques in psychological research has coincided with psychologists' proximately 400. becoming the most numerous constituency of CSNA, followed by statisticians, and biologists. Recent CSNA Past-Presidents include J. Douglas Carroll and Lawrence J. Hubert. Some of the other long-term psychologist members based in North America include Mark FUTURE PLANS: Appelbaum, Phipps Arabie, David Birch. Roger Blashfield, Fred Borgen, Tim Brennan, On June 14-17, 1991, the Norman Cliff. James E. Corter. W. Grant Dahlstrom, E. S. Edgington, Arthur Kendall , Jan de CSNA will hold a joint meet­ Leeuw, George W . Furnas, Lewis Goldberg. Bert F. Green, William Grove, Stephen C. ing with the Psychometric t- Hirtle, Eric W. Holman, Lawrence E. Jones, Roger Kirk, Maurice Lorr, Douglas J. McRae, Paul E. Meehl, Glenn W. Milligan, Shizuhiko Nishisato, Seymour Rosenberg, Harvey Society, at Rutgers University, Skinner, Yoshio Takane, Paul Thompson, Terence Tracey, Wayne Velicer, Joe Ward. Sharon New Brunswick, New Jersey. Weinberg, Suzanne Winsberg. and John H. Wolfe. Active statisticians well-known to psychologists include Past-Presidents John Hartigan and Joseph B. Kruskal. ASPIRATIONS: Members ofCSNA receive three publications: (1) The biannual Joltmal ofClassific:ation (JC) is methodologically oriented and emphasizes developments in the techniques of data Expand membership as well analysis li sted above. and it includes articles. software abstracts. and book reviews. (2) The as member benefits. Pro­ Classification Literature Automated Search Service is an annual bibliography (with related • mote the growth of the indices) ofrecentjoumal articles concerning classification and clustering, extracted from data International Federation of bases of the Institute for Scientific Information. The bibliography for 1989 cited 933 papers from 473 journals. (3) In addition to news about the Society, the CSNA Newsletter features Classification Societies. regular columns about books and sofLware, and surveys of particular interest to members. CSNA sponsors an annual meeting in North America and a biennial international meeting. The "Organizational Profile," a fairly CSNA is one of the charter constituents of the lntemational Federation of Classification regular feature of the APS Observer, Societies, which, along with CSNA, supports publication of JC and the biennial international infarms the research community about meetings. Other constituent Societies are based in France, Gennany, Italy, Japan, The organizations devoted primarily to Netherlands. Uni ted Kingdom, and Yugoslavia. See Also: serving psychological scientists and Day. W. H. E .. & Sokal. R. R. (1989). academics. It is difficult for anyone to Classification Society of North America: keep abreast of the various organiza­ For infonnation, contact: Ric hard C. Dubes, Twentieth anniversary. Journal of tions of potential personal interest. This Depanment of Computer Science. Michigan Classificotioll, 6, 169-170. section should help in that task. The State University, East Lansing. MI 4R824· ]027. Gower, J. C .. & Sneath, P. H. A. (1989). 25th Editor welcomes your suggestions as to Tel: 517-355-5240; 355-5210; fax: 517-33 6- anniversary of the British Classification organizations warranting coverage. 106 1: email: [email protected]. Society. Journal ofCJassijicarion. 6, 1-2.

APS OBSERVER January 1991