THE EL EM ENTS
W ELS H G RAM M AR
S AM UEL EVANS M A Loud J. , . . ( )
H E M E OF T H E CO UNT Y S CH O OL L N E F . AD AST R , LA G NI
n n C C uto i C ic or the iv. o mb id T elt U . oll e Ca e. r f rr eg , r g i n A uthor of S tud es i W elsh Phonology,
S tudies in h G ramma nd hilolo W els r a P gy,
The L atin Element in W elsh elsh nd n lish xe cises , W a E g E r ,
h i and sis uestions N n h a mma els Pa s n A nal and otes o W els G r . W r g y , Q r ’ E dito o Dr ch Fri Oesoedd G uild o G aduates S e ies r f y 31 ] ( f r r ). ’ ’ Joint Editor of Chaucer s Prologue and Knight s T ale .
S IXTH E I I D T ON.
PUBLISHE D B Y
JO HN E . S O UTH L L 149 DOCK E E NE W POR T M ON. A , , STR T, , E W P mom N ORT, ,
E . TH P S HER . JOHN SOU ALL, UBLI R EF E FIR E I I P AC TO ST D T ON .
N com ilin this little book I hav e t ie d to iv e omine nce p g r g pr ,
I b ule and e xam le to the fi st e le me nts O f W e lsh G amma . y r p , r r r
A ll de tails hav e bee n ca e ull e xclude d e xce t whe e h r f y , p r t e y we e th u h t to illust ate some im o tant oin t in the lan u r o g r p r p g age .
I h ope the b ook will be Of se rv ice to thre e classe s Of stude nts ( 1) Th ose b oys and girls of our County S ch ools wh o are takin g up W e lsh f or the Junior Ce rtifi cate Of th e Ce ntral W elsh Board ; (2) ’ W e lsh - s ea kin uee n s S chola sh i Candidate s f wh m it p g Q r p , o o is
to b e h ope d an e v e r- increasing numb e r will take up W e lsh as th e ir O ptional lang uage ; and ( 3 ) English me n wh o de sire to ac quire some knowle dge of W e lsh without hav ing to maste r at the v e ry thre sh old
a mass of de ta il which is mo e con usin than he l f ul and wh , r f g p , ich only se rv es to discourage th ose wh o migh t oth e rwise soon maste r
th e language .
I hav e sough t to illustrate all rule s b y means of suitable e xamples
drawn from the classics Of W e lsh lite rature . R ule s with out e x
am e a a e l nde sto d v e b d n d F pl s re r r y u r o e n y a v a ced stu e nts . or
j unior pupils the y are ab solute ly meaningle ss.
The u il who wo ks th ou h th is little G amma consci ntiousl p p r r g r r e y,
will no doub t be able to e nte with o t u on a stud Of o o r pr fi p y Pr f . ’ A BE JJ S two scholarly v olume s on the same sub j e ct in the Parallel “ ’ G amma S e ies N 94: r é d a a g d r r r ew W o f c d u a r 7 a y ) AM u W N n e , M
M th anks are d e W e nk n ne s E . B . A . L e ctu e y u to . J y Jo , sq , , r r
in M e ntal and M o al S cie nce at the Univ e sit Colle e A be stw th r r y g , ry y ,
f or kindl e adin th ou h the oo - shee ts and ivin me the y r g r g pr f , g g f be ne fit o his advice .
N M EL E VA S . SA U J.
n s ct 8 A gle ey, O , 1 99.
2 2 09 9 3 3 R EF E T E FIF E I I P AC TO H TH D T ON.
HE te xt h as b e e n thorough ly re vise d through out ; be side s
a la e numb e Of additions in de tail the ch a te on initial rg r , p r
mutations h as b e e n re writte n and made much fulle r.
Th e chapte r on de riv ativ e s and compounds h as b e e n much e n lar e d : W e lsh unlike E n lish still e tains t o a e ma kab le de e e g , g , r r r gr the actice Of wo d- b uildin and th e e is no de a tme nt Of W e lsh pr r g , r p r ’ G rammar more worthy of serious study ; it e nlarge s th e stude nt s
v ocab ula and iv e s h im e ate e cision in th e use of w o ds. ry, g gr r pr r
It is e x e cte d th at thus e n la e d th e G amma will ade uate l p , rg , r r q y
h e d Of ndida . a f mee t t nee s ca te s for C W . B . ce ti c te s O all de r fi gra s. Those re ading f or the Junior may safe ly omit th e matte r in small print .
E . S A MUEL J. VA NS
an e ni L l g f , 1 X mas, 907.
R E E P FA C TO THE SIXTH EDITION.
The alte a i in th e di i re l f in Th e r t ons is t on a al o m or import ance . wording Of a f ew p aragraph s h as b ee n ch anged with a v iew to
re ate cle a ne and sh t se nt en h as n dde d h g r r ss, a or ce bee a to t e
Ch a te on in p r Pars g .
A M E VA N . S U L J. E S
L lan e ni g f , b Fe ua 1 1 . r ry, 9 0 L E OF E TA B CONT NTS.
O R TH OG R APHY TH E ALPHAB E T ACCENT Q UANTITY SPE LLING T H E W E LSH ALPH ABE T NOT CLASSIFICATION OF CONSONANTS SOUND CHANC E S
E TY MOL OG Y T H E ARTICLE NO ON NUMB E R DIMINUTIVE S R ULE S OF G E ND ER — ADJ E CTIVE S G E ND E R NUMB E R COMP AR IS ON NUME RALS PRONOUNS A N D PRONOMINAL ADJ E CTIVE S E R S P ONAL PRONOUNS . POSS E SSIVE ADJ E CTIV E S POSS E SSIVE PR ONOUNS R E FLE XI VE PRONOUNS D E MONSTR ATIVE S R E CIPROCAL PRONOUNS I E E NT RROGATIV S . R E LATIVE PRONOUNS IND E FINIT E PRONOUNS AND ADJ E CTIV E S TH E VE RR W YE CONJUGATE D DYS C A F BARNAR
’ F A R D . I R E . ORM TION OF 3 SINO . P S NDIC T H E PASSIVE v iii. E E TABL OF CONT NTS . ADVE RBS PR E POSITIONS CONJUNCTIONS INTE R JE CTIONS — D E RIVATION PRE FIX E S SUFFI X E S COMPOUNDS SYNTAX W ORD ORD E R CONCORD OF VERB AND SUBJ E CT ARTICLE NOUN ADJE CTI VE NUME RALS PRONOUN S AND PRONOMI NAL ADJ E CTIVE S PE RSONAL PRONOUNS POSS E SSIVE ADJ E CTIVE S D E MONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS D E MONSTRATIVE ADJ E CTIVE S R E LATIVE PRONOUNS INT ERROGATIVE PRONOUNS AND ADJ E CTIVE S IND E FINITE ADJ E CTIVE S AN D PR ONOUNS TH E VE RB T H E ABSOLUTE CONSTRUCTION T H E SUBJUNCTIVE M OOD Yw Oes M ae S dd NG E , , , y , DISTI UISH D ADVERBS PRE POSITIONS CONJUNCTIONS Q U E STIONS ANS W ERS W ORDS NOT E ASILY CLASSIFI E D INITIAL M UTATIONS T H E I ADDITION OF NITIAL H . x E I E E E E VE CONTRACT D, RR GULA R AND D F CTIV RBS W ORDS SIMILAR IN SOUND BUT DIFFE R E NT M E ANING PARSING AND ANALYSIS OR TH O R A PHY G .
CHA PTER I .
THE B ALPHA ET .
l — Th e followin le e s ons i u e th e el . g tt r c t t t W sh A lphab et Name Of Name O f L e i i mall. tte . Ca tal. m ll Ca tal. S S a . L e tte p r p r. A a a L 1 11 ell
B b bi M In em
C C cc N 11 en Ch ch ech O O 0 D d d P p pi Dd dd edd Ph ph Hi E e e R r er F f ef R h rh rhi
Ff ii e fi S 3 es G g e g T t ti Ng ng e ng Th th eth H h hi or h a U u u I i i W w W L 1 61 Y y y
The following combin ations for S imple sounds are some times adde d
Nh hese are n t i N h n h M h mh uh . o ad al g , g ; , ; , T r c they occur only in construction and are the nasal forms f tiv el 0 ar 1 b elow V O es e . . . 9 o c , p, t, r p c y ( p ).
— - NOT E ~ i M ediall as in a —e n ion c m- h ar-u . . y ng h , y , in d o ii. Th n f the h stands f r a dist ct soun . e ames o the le tte rs are s e lt acco din to W elsh Ortho a h p r g gr p y.
B 2 WE LSH GRAMMAR .
2 Th e onun ia io Of the v owels i . VOWELS : pr c t n s approximat ely indicate d in th e following table
lsh x le n li h n e l a . E e tte . E m s . fi e ch W r p g . a cam ah ma 5 tad far rage é pren men 6 hen i dim whim i hir queen 6 Hon Cot rob e 6 M fin ch ose l fl um “ M P 0. l L lutte p p , § our ruse
w HW m wood route firwd pool sou
‘’ ' e hyngad but neuf has a se onda sound identical wi h th t O f c ry , t a
hus M i l . u, t l NEW (R 1 7 V hypny lutte pryf W W ruse
— lis d nc c i. Th e En h te n e to nv e t l n NOT E S . g y o r a o g v owe l into h n is o e i n to W elsh Thus in En lish t a dip tho g f r g . 0 g no e is not M h i hil i lsh . S m l und w n W e e . 11 t e e is a p e so , e , g , 6 , r no trace of a I his s e c elsh is v uch k di hth on . n t e t W e m li e nch p g r p ry e Fr .
i Th e v alue s iv e n ab ov e to th e le tte s are me e r xi i . g r r app o ma n h s i n uncin e nch h li s are tio s. T u n o o u t e ot ude d. , pr g Fr , p pr r This is not the case in W e lsh with th e e sult th at th e lit , r q ua y or timb e O f th e sound oduce d is not e xactl th e same in b o h c se s r pr y t a .
h s h f in jii. Y a t e v alue O u - ma n s a M onos llables : e . . d n h n thi t n ti ht ( ) y g , y , ; y , ; y , g .
‘ ’ ( E xce ptions : y h as th e primary or ne utral v alue as in d nion men in oclitics th at is ( y , ) pr , . wo ds that h av e no acce nt Of th ei own b t r r r , u a e for this u ose e ad with th e ollowin wo d p rp r f g r , ‘ ’ ’ ’ ’ as the in ‘ d n the man y, y y , . Th e most common oclitics are : m d th r pr ix y, y, y
m A dv e b i n R e ]. Pro g n i n ; r ; c o ). W S I 0 o N m m fldze n b In th e asi s l ble tha one s llab e ( ) y y l , e l n nem e child . e l nt n e, g , g y , y ; p y , . WE LS H G RAMMAR . 3
h In whe n w v w c . . vawdle d ( c) any syllable follo ed by a o el g , d
elo uence we l au beds. q ; g y , ! h i h h hw ] sail mw nh a d In t e d t on e . . d ( ) p g 1 x, g , y , ; y n o nt e y yme .
ntl h n e de d b h e F e ue w e e c t e consonantal W e . . ( ) r q y pr y , g , l n hosta w n b au aces w st o es e . g y , g ; y , f
(f) G e ne rally in the pre fix cyd and in the first e le me nts dw i h i f unds i n ab ic . c t O c om o f mo os ll e . e p , y , g , y o, b h b R h d c h e n rf f r T e n r sne e s. y y , y y y , y , y g
N B — h as some time s the v alue Of W e lsh e Y i . . me e . . , g , gy , b as ust as te like . , j ; yg ,
’ iv The sound of a in lad ma n so common in E n lish is n . g , , g , ot lsh found in lite rary W e .
3 — P NG S : h en two dissimila v owel . DI HTHO W r unds are utte e d without a b e ak b etwe en the m we so r r , I el w h v e th e f et a . n W sh e a ollowin g DIPHTHONG , g ' - W fi a m uL lé . diphthongs cm f af as in eth he went iw as in lliw olou fie a , , c r ’ i that he oed trees ai ma , c , ’ au aur old oi clol lockin , g , g ’ w hawl a i ht ou o u om thei a , r g , fr r ion sons ow w ala ei meib , o ! s ! b reuddw d a d eam uw Duw G od eu y , r , cw llew lion W llw r om lete , y y , c p te rn a kin w d w h e is ey y , g y , y y ,
S w m at a t w dz v Q n ( u ll f a d ) . 4 — N NAN S C S . . O O T
l m n hav e th e same v alue s as in En lish b . , d, , , , p, t, g
a d as in En lish c is always h r g cat. ch is a S pirant some what S imilar t o th e S cot ch ch in ttu l It is ne v e ch in En lish 10011 b ut more gu ra . r g t e charact e r or ch ar r .
in hin En ih in his neve as . dd . g t , r t
r in f neve in for En . v o f o f . f g , , r 4 WE LS H GR AMMAR .
h = E i r ff n . f n fo . , p g
E i t n ve s in in n . n e e a . g g g g , r g
n E n n in sin g g . g g . ‘ W he n n and g b elong to’ difi e rent parts of a comp ound the y hav e se a ate v alue s and must b e onounce d like n p r , pr g in E n lish e E x l — B n cor an . am e s an o . Ba g g r p g r (fr ), & e e d e n coe d c . H ng o (fr. H ),
h in h and neve silen as in onou h En . h g , r t r . h emm e d ll e e en s e ulia sound It is th e s d sound of r pr s t a p c r . ur unilate al 1 If th e v ocal o ans b e in eadine ss to ro r . rg r p noun e tl in En lish an le 11 can b e a iv e d at b att end c g t r , rr y ing to two particulars (i) Emit th e b reath more fre ely th an wh en pro ducin ti and g , ii L et th e e mission Of the b ea h b e ontinuous ( ) r t c , sudde n explosiv e t at th e b innin h m i n g /v eg g . 7) : Alwa s st on l illed like in en h e e and r y r g y tr r Fr c p r , L at fur Th e sound is odu e d b a idl v ib atin . . pr c y r p y r g th e t on ue a ainst th e ums Of th e u e t e eth g g g pp r .
= is i neve : z a in t En l h s n sin s a hs. g , r p
= i n neve in i h n hi r as th s. th En . t t g ,
NOT E — Th e le tte s k v and 2 h av e not be e n include d r j , , q , , x, in the ab ov e Th e occu in b o owe d w o ds onl : as Je usale m . y r rr r y r , il 1 &c e 6 . V rg , 2 ,
5 — h e e re NO E E E in elsh Cont ast a . . T r SIL NT L TT RS W r th e E nglish monosyllable E VE with th e Welsh dissyllabic E FE The En lishman is S O used to E E ha . g FINAL MUT t t h e must always b e on his guard against treating fin al E in elsh in e me w W th sa ay.
A ain in En lish the P and are S ilent while g g PSALM L , in th e elsh e uiv alent is full sounded and th e silent W q L y , P isa e a s d pp r , CH A PTER II .
ACCENT .
- De finition : A N Ofte n c alle d the B 6. CCE T , SYLLA IC E is th e S e cial st e ss O f v oi e laid u on a ar ACC NT , p r c p p ' ’ ticular s llable in a wo d as E n lish man im os sible y r , g y, p , ’ ’ l h d r u ea s allu o owe ul and e s a a t . W g , r g g, p rf
N B —A nt must b e di stin uish e d om e m hasis some time s . . cce g fr p , - which is the s e cial v oice st ss laid u on calle d thought accent, p re p in a se nte nce in orde to e x e ss the me anin Of th e lat a word r pr g te r, in e . . g , ’ i a gwnae th . I t t It was ha t did i .
' The e m h asis is on the wh ole wo d m fl b ut the acce nt Of th at p r y , ’ ' wo d is on the fi thus m - tf r , y
7 — P S N F THE A N : In wo ds Of mo e . O ITIO O CCE T r r th an one syllable T H E ACC E NT IN WE LSH I S ALMOST INVARIABLY UPON T H E PE NULT OR LAST SYL LA BLE B UT NE O .
’ ’ ’ x - r u te a allu - o able l u - i en E s. : da a s a l o ab g , r ; g g, ; g g , ling . E X CE PTIONS : Th e following are th e most import ant e xc eptions
E E N T H E E WORDS ACC NT D O LAST S YLLABL . - e w a e b - nouns In - - - an e i v ati v e un ( ) V r 01, au; hau, d d r no s in b for th ese te ti n re diss ic in i in mina o s a llab o . id, r y r g
’ ’ ’ E xs : os oi avoidin coffau emindin b whau . g , g ; , r g ; y , enlivenin a u i n g ; p r fyi g .
(b ) The reduplicated pronouns ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ m fi t di efe n ni chw chwi hw nthw y , y , , y , y , y y. 6 R WE LS H GR AMMA .
Cer ain diss llables b e irmin in s m e . . ) t y g g y y g , 2 ’ ’ ’ st en a can storm a sto m ml n adhe e m udd y , ; y , r ; y y , r ; y g , ’ ’ he hides b ut note : sten - au ans storm - dd sto ms ; y , c ; y y , r ; ’ ’ ml - u e m u - i ul n adh rin dd o hidin acc . to e . y y , g ; y g , g ; r
' ’ a a fm (d) A f ew oth e r words as drachefn l g . { W ool wf n B h i l a e n . B o d o d n e tain t e i o i na cc t N. orr we w r s Ofte r r r g ’ as hil o hi p Os p .
ii h e l e . i h v w The ac n in d ht n s alls u on e t o . ( ) ce t p o g f p t firs , g W dd a oos g y g e. iii hi ( . ) The following hav e no acce nt apart from the word to w ch they are attach e d
8 , yr, y, ydd, ys, fr, dy
N QUA TITY .
8 — l h sim le el m e b S H OR T . e s v ow s a b a W p y ( ) LONG, ( ) , (c) e w ; thus in r i n 0 m d sea s lo g . " - in m r e d s is sh t : o o o d eas or . ( a ct
- « t oi 7 4 A o in mdrio sailing l 3 611 W at M ( a) A she lrt gowe l is in quantity h alf - way b e twe e n long and In ualit it is alwa s O e n q y y p .
b om ii - n i . h l lo S e amma ians ado he te ms . a ( ) gr r pt t r ( ) long , ( ) f g , i e i . c i i h e h e s e t v l f or h i ii. ii s o t e t e . lon sho t . closed (i ) r , r p y ( ) g , ( ) r , ( ) r
we a m ( “ e S h o and cl d h b n di i h e i 2 ( ) rt ose av e not ee stingu s d n .
Closed vowels are t hose which are cut 0 3 b y th e suc
9 — IN .
S IMPLE VOWE L S A ND DTPHTH ONG S in an U N- ACC E NT E D s llab le are alwa s m lw y y tw fi )
‘ e in h n d st an e in llon dd uiet . . o o g , y , r g ; y y , q dir a ne wy, fi . H R 7 W E LS GR AM MA .
l — N B IN S . O. ACCE TED S YLLA LE
I —A E E in an a en ed s llable . SIMPL VOW L cc t y
A — M ONOS YL L A B The E of a monos llable . % VOW L y is eith e or « E r LONG CLOS D .
in t e e is lon e . fin i th . . a g , , f r , g
in tAn unde th e a is losed. , r, c
" (a) The v owel IS n CL OS E D wh en followed by T W O or MOR E CONSONANTS
’ bo in hollow cOrs a . p t, , g
(b ) W h en followe d by a single consonant th e length Of th e v owel is somewhat unce rtain
fin l n ain with M e . . c son o g , , g ( g) g , ( y
— OF E O NE E . B . WORDS MOR THAN SYLLABL
(i) ACCE NTE D FINAL SYLLABLE S follow th e same rule as m nos llables o y .
ii In all oth e ases th e v owels in wo ds O f mo e than ( ) r c , r r l h r N one syllab e are eit e r 2292; o e r LO G . (a) Th e v owel in ev ery syllable is W 1) wh en followed t e b two or mo e onsonan s . . y r c , g , ’ L a j l nt hild in n n 4 . in n o i i . e é , c a ta , r [ M ] p y i‘ f g
(b ) L ong v owels in monosy llables b e come
ltim e s les e . enu at llab . p y , g , “ I m roedd sea m r sea o s . d , ; , M M " E a v wel l e main " l e (c ), L O S D o s in monosyllab e s r c os d in t l s e l im e s llab e . enu t a . p y , g , ' n head en rwn ound- head é . p , ; p g , r 8 W EL sH GR AM MAR .
II — DIPHT H O he second v owel of e v e di h . G ry p th ong is always Jth e quantity Of a diphth ong b e ing l det e rmine d b y th at Of th e first v owe .
(i) In MONOSYLLABLE S and ACCE NTE D FINAL SYL L A B L E S
(a) Th e first v owel in
u ei e eu cw iw w w ai, a , aw ; , y, , ; , oi, o , u , ll e xs . enera . g m ,
in crows z W t / c W ch ou obta n b a p Et a w. E i . r , 3 , 3/ w v ou in . lliw ol wau ea . g , g , c r cl dd hed e t i tu n n aw . o i . , g r , r g bta nest rh i thou o i . W Ch ou ive ce O . , , y g dWC d sa in Duw G od y , y g . , . or b i in neu . w l v . , y , g
Th e st v owel f i l n xs w d b O as w s o e . ae ( ) fir , y, g g , blood O d t ees b w d ood be . ; , r ; y , f
a c c c wr/
NG S PELLI .
— lt is impossible to formulate rules that may b e onside e a isfa to on this ub t ite s Of W elsh c r d s t c ry s j ec . Wr r hav e b e en too ead to follow hei own th eo ies e a d r y t r r , r g r le ss Oi th e e xample set the m in the classics Of Welsh lit er m i e ature and a rea an in ons sten ies can b e det e t d. , g t y c c c
It ma b e Of some se vi e howev e to the oun studen y r c , r, y g t to point out c e rt ain facts and tendencies in Welsh ortho a h gr p y.
( 1) The doubling of consonants is generally av oided ev e n in clo ed a cente lla l H n e w ite s c d sy b e s. e c r
t a a eb , nswer, not atteb . W ELS H G R AM M AR . 9
(2) n and r howev er are doubled in close acc ente d syllables
cerr not cer h nn not h n yg, yg y y, y y.
(3 ) DO not double the n or r if anoth er consonant f ll f o ows, or i final.
Hen e cardod a dole anio irin en head c , ; t , f g ; p , .
E e lu n h f Onne as . ions : rr a drove nn . o xc pt gy , ; y , p ,
4 No e the fre uen Of the se uen e e as in ( ) t q cy q c y, teb li e llew s sleeves men l oves. yg, k ; y , ; yg , g
5 The e mina ion an b s Use i ( ) t r t s i d u in v er .
a W h en th e e edin le e is w as s lwi ( ) pr c g tt r y ,
(b ) If th e v owel of the prece ding syllable is 0 or as o i o n rofi t n os en w r i esti . , p , r y g ; p , g
0 W h en e Of the enul is a mu at ed a owi ( ) p t t , t , bein silent f t w be nt c sile . g ( . a , )
he wise u e l bu s u as in c addu r in . Ot r , y g
6 A n If v - - ( ) s a d ai : the e rb noun ends in io, as t eithio t avellin the adi al fo m Of th e e e din di h , r g, r c r pr c g p th on will ene all b e ai hus t e ithio is f om taith a g g r y ; t r , ou ne b ut if the v e b ends in u the di hthon will j r y ; r , p g b e as in tr thu n as ae stati . , , g
E e ion : e ‘fieithu f m fi ith o c a . xc pt y , r y
A an u N s (7) u d e . ote that an and not eu is used a a lural e mina ion thus ethau thin s A lso in v e b p t r t , p , g . r nouns as laub e n cleanin leans n On th e o h e hand i . g , g, c g t r in o best use cu en &c . g r , , 10 EL M M A R W SH GRA .
8 A i au and as th e di hthon s ai and eu o u ( ) , , : p g cc r onl in nal s llabl In an oth e osition th e b e ome y fi y es. y r p y c nd l ei a en es e iv e e . r p ct y, g . ,
taith teithio t M
Ha“ 01 s euau 4 1W “ M a :fire 6 M ac o D Is not an e xce tion f or the is consonantal and the aioni p l , _ s ll b ic s uctu e Of he w o d is d -i n - i y a tr r t r a o .
A o e mains unch an e d in all ositions as r g p , ‘ ' maethu b. M c aeth M caethiwe d
(9) Wh en th e syllable pre ceding the accent ed one ends in a v owel or in th e li uids m 11 n th e as i ate , q , , g , r , p r ll is frequently insert ed at th e b eginning Of the accented lla le ex s b : s. y , fl‘ ’ brenhinoedd f om b rénin hin arh aus ontinuous ( r } g p , c , tin las g.
N B — Th e e are e xce tions n l all the se ul s . . r p to e ar y r e .
l2 —THE W B N . ELS H ALPHA ET IS OT PERFECT.
In a perf ect alphab et :
(i) THE RE Is ONE SYMBOL AND ONLY ONE FOR E VE RY E E N S PARAT SOU D .
(ii) COMPOUND SYMBOLS OR DIGRAPHS SHOULD E E E TH E E R E E E e th R PR S NT SOUNDS OF TH I L M NTS , . g . , sh ould=t and h as h ea d in th e En lish an - hill r g t .
Ne w n l h , i We s we hav e
(i) The symb ols u and y representing more than one S ound :
a as in um ve i . U ( ) p p, f b = i as in U ain twent ( ) g , y. silent in Iudde on e w ut h e et ention (c) w , J s ; b t r Of u in this word has b e en strongly obj ected f 5 to, c . abov e .
12 R M W E LS H G A M AR .
— f e lle r . n o A S S O n a d o II I t . URD ( t c HARD , SHARP E E i e onsonan s e ui in a E BR ATH D), . . , c t r q r g SHARP T NSION In th e organs Of spee ch
h mh uh h rh h 0 c if h s t th 11 u . ; , , , p, p , , , ; , , z g ;
B S N N Of en alled or E . A S O T ( t c SOFT, FLAT VOIC D), consonant s re quiring b ut LITTLE TE NSION in th e organs Of spe ech producing th em
i. w
— Th e i ids r B . m n n h uh n h h a e O te n N. l u l 11 m r q , , , , g , r , , , , g , , f i d s h din The ms no suf ici n e s n v e n un e a e a ate e a . e se e e t a o g r p r g r f r , h w f r in in with the cl s i ation iv b o e v e o te e a s c s e n a ov e . r, rf r g fi g
III A din to the O F E E hie fl . ccor g ORGANS SP CH c y used in th eir production
a L abials or li onsonants : b w. (fi p c p, , b Dent ls or t h onsonan s : d t th s v a oot c t , , dd, , . bi - h fi L a o dentals : f , it, p . - m mh fi L abia nasals : , . D nt - n n uh fi e o asals : , . l s U Pa atal : i. ° G u u al or th oa onsonants c ch h . 0 tt r r t c , g , , ? t - h G utturo nasals : ng , ng .
i L in uals : l 11 rh . ( V g , , r ,
The is n h e im t s i n f el h I V . re a ot r por ant cla s ficatio O W s n w h conso ants hich cannot b e applied to Englis consonants. M an initial onsonants in elsh unde o han e as y c W rg c g ,
into b due to th e in uence O f the e edin wo d e . . p , fl pr c g r , g ‘ ’ n head b e omes ben afte ei his : thus ei ben pe , , c r , , ead A is the f m f this t e wo d must his h . s adi al o O b p r c r , h r looked for in a di tion unde H ence th e follow b e c ary r p. las i ion ing c s ficat .
A A A NS NAN S : ch w it h n s . R DIC L CO O T ( ), , , , , c , m h 11 ; ; r .
The se le tte rs are found as initials Of words in th e ir radic al or i d ctionary form. E W LSH GR AMMAR . 13
B A or S N A NS NAN . DERIV TIVE ( ECO D RY) CO O TS b ch (1 dd f n u h l m mh n uh h th , , , , , g , g , g , , , , , , p , r , .
Th e le tte s ch b d m n be lon to b oth classe s f r , , , g , , , g . or b e side s b e in adical th e are O te n mutate d o ms Of c g r , y f f r , p, t, c , He nce if th e u il who is not v e se d in th e laws of i b , d. p p r mutat on in W e lsh fin ds a strange word b eginning with any Of the ab ov e consonants sa with b in th e c ou se Of his e adi n h e , y , r r g . must lOOk f or it in th e dic tionary unde r p as we ll as b b e fore ab andon h e se a ch ing t r .
he th ll win u a i z f Fu t e o o m t ted o ms n v i . el as r r f g f r f , , , like ;
ll so thus io - mor ow & d uch b e to c . an s o ow d f y, , ; ry , r , , rr e words in l as lam lam larwm ala um lili lil and a fe t , p, p ; , r ; , y ; w o he rs a e nte e d as adic al o ms in dic iona ie s re r r f r t r .
— 14 NS N N ma b e su - v . RADICAL CO O A TS y b di ide d into
A — The immu able onsonants : ch alwa s f ll w . t c ( y o o e d b w ff h n S y ), , , , .
Th ese n nev b e mu ca e r tated.
B — Th e mutable onsonants : c b d 1 . c , p, t ; g , , ; 1 , m h , r .
NOT E — VOW EL S also may b e classifie d as mutable and mmutabl i e .
h re T e mutable vowels a a, e , o, w, y.
* The immutable vowels are i and u.
N S OUND C HA G ES .
15 — E v e wh e e in lan ua e th e e is a st on enden . ry r g g r r g t cy to do away with UNN E CE SSARY E FFORT in th e articulation O F Henc e i s O f WORDS and COMBINATIONS WORDS . t i h n n l w e onounce slabs as slabz and in elsh t at i E g ish pr , W
i u b in b ith s eckled fe m. b raith . i s m ta le r , p , E M 14 W LS H GRAM AR .
h as b een edu e d to abe S O a ain ith v owels aper r c r. g W thus in th e En lish wo d m n it is evident that th e g r a y, chan e f om a t o i or is onside able and b efo e we g r y c r , r h av e le f th e a we tr to ad ust our o ans of s e ech t , y j rg p for th onun ia io of the omin i This edu es e pr c t n c g . r c
— - a t o e a soun d half way b etween the original a and the f h e n s llable Th e s mb ol a ma continue to b e i o t e xt y . y y w itte n as in En lish man but its soun d ill b e that r , g y, W
of the elsh e . Or a ain th e a ma ome to b e w it en W g , y c r t e in which case the i h a au e d th e ch an e will as a , t t c s g , l En lish di a Th at is c l t h as u e in s e a . e ise ha r , g , pp r pr y W take n place in
i En lish men from man th ou h th e int e mediate ( ) g , r g r sta e ni manni g ma , .
ii elsh eni thou sin est from anu n in si . ( ) W c , g , c , g g
— Th e v owel h e e e mains a te a tiall ilati NOT E . 1 r r f r p r y assim ng
the a.
In elsh soun d han e s are due to W , c g
A — HONET C A S S — A desi e to make e v e . P I C U E r ry c m in tion f soun ds as eas f ul i le o b a o y o artic ation as poss b . This may b e seen in
(i) Th e AS S IMILAT ION O F UNLIKE SOUNDS to one anoth e as car he loves e i thou lovest or r, , ; c r ,
11 Chan e due to the S H IFT IN OF TH E E ( ) g G ACC NT, t a 3 1 1 t f f r e i 9 . eca ai est o old e . . e g , g , f r , f r , r ?” 2 ' t e - h af llofi a £om lloi- hau so ti thou and g ; ; , , d th un a en e d . cc t y, y
B A NA L OG Y : Chan es made in a o dance with . g cc r ce rtain rules Which do not really apply to the cases in
uestion e . . q , g ,
The han e of final - b -d - in o t c in the Com c g , , g , t p, , , R 1 WE LS H G AMMAR . 5
arativ u h ke s la e h p e Proper b e ca se t is ta p c in t e comp . f o e uali and in th e su e lativ e e . . z q ty p r , g M f ode n e lsh : t e t ecach t eced t eCa . r W g, , , M t f edi aev al t e t e ach t eced eCa . g, g , ,
Th e (1 of iwrnod da b e ome s 11 af e w th ei ht on g , g, c t r y , g , th e n l f i n w iwrno a a o o sa niwrnod n d. gy th , g — NOT E (i ) Th e chang e into n afte r saith and naw is due to the ac t hat h e n me nde d o i in ll in - n W n f t t se u rals e r g a y . yth gyg r
- had n.
ii. The ollo n st ik n instance s of analo e ue ntl ( ) f wi g r i g gy, fr q y heard in conv e rsa tion are not sanctioned b y lite rary usage
oi mb her mot r o e c o m - the as i ation am, he (c rr t f rm 01 ma ) p r of the be in on the analo of e n head oi hen m g gy p , ; p , ’ d & d i co ec t o m hea c . an a a n m aw g , gyda m r d ( rr f r , ‘ r ‘f a ih brawd) the change of the b in brawd into 111 be in due th ac tha th e no mal o m of g to e f t t iy, r f r ’ du hi h n Th w b othe r m o ce s t s c a . us d ( pr ge bra , r ; y mraw m b ot d, y r he r.
16— N W . M U A T O OF O L T I V E S .
The mu able v owels a e o w ma unde o th e t , , , , y, y rg following ch anges
a in o 1 car he loves e i thou lovest t ( ) , ; c r . . 2 flu o 3 r fl i as t th win d s . in t i e e s. d. e . ( ) , a , r g g pr 3 dr lou h u r r r l e d . as a a . ( ) y, , p g ; p y 4 f d lu f de d she e . ai as da a . ai ( ) , , p , p 6 in o as n old h n olde t y, he , ; y , r . 0 in o as in h a o h lu rth o . . t y. p rt , p rc ; p py w in o 1 r ou f m o as c wn nd n . t ( ) , . , r ; e . cro 2 a wmwl loud lu c m lau ( ) y, w , c ; p . y y . in o as o f m r e b r sh t . b . y t , y , r e e oe in o w n n lamb l w . as oe . t y, , p y
A nd the diphthongs
in o 1 i a r a n u in se a s d aen tho l . dra . t ( ) , . , r ; p 2 m eu as maes ield lu. eus dd ( ) , & , f p y .
ai in o ei as s in sound lu. seiniau t a , ; p . E R 16 W LSH G AMMAR .
17 — U E O F E M uTA TIONs — om h v . S S VOW L . Fr t e ab o e e xample s th e student will se e that mutations of v owels are now oft en used in grammar to mark
1 G ende 2 numb e 3 th e 2nd and 3 rd sin ( ) r ; ( ) r ; ( ) g. i f s ndi o v e b s. pr e . c . r
— N NA N C A NG 18 CO S O H ES . . T
Th e nine MUTABLE CONSONANTS are
c p, t, , b , d, s, 11, rh , m.
Th ese change s take place
1 In th e b od of a wo d as ab e f om old a e ( ) y r r r er p r . Th e y are more readily seen in DE RIVATIVE S and COM as th e se fo ms can often b e anal sed into h ei POUNDS , r y t r ns it uent a t s withou an knowled e of the his o co t p r , t y g t ry m f th e lan ua e e . . anioddlawn unwillin f o an o g g , g , , g, r M d llawn .
(2) Just as in compoun ds th e initial of one element is change d unde r th e influenc e of the t e rmination of the e cedin element so in a h ase or sent en e th e initial pr g , p r c of a word may b e ch ange d unde r the influence of the i f th ec edin o d hese han es are te rminat on o e pr g w r . T c g t ermed
l9 — Th e N A M A N OF NS NAN S . I ITI L UT TIO CO O T ,
l w s 9 44 , e a/t and will b e dea t ith fir t . ( 1 E1 )
Th e ch anges which th e mutable consonants may under o wh en initial are iv en in th e followin able g , g g t
— h e xam les iv e n th e mutations are oduce d b B . In t e N. p g pr y
d th ei he r i m thus en head d b e n th head. y, y ; , ; y, y ; p , ; y , y
J " l l x WVE L S H GRAMMAR .
S nd R adi al Nas l ou , c . a .
ith head p p , t t oed oot r , f 0 c f aill iend ch f aill y , fr y
b rawd b o he b , r t r (1 dafad shee , p ardd a den g g , g r
11 ll fr boo y , k rh han ortion r , p m ma son b ,
a e nd and dd e s e ctiv e l disa ea s ( ) W h re b a (I be c ome f r p y, g pp r .
b Initi al into mh ( ) m is ne ve r mutated .
0 A f te he r h and m e main unch an ed ( ) r ei, , b d g ll r r g h s b r the t u rawd b othe r i b raW d he b o . , r c , r r
d A te m m e main unch an ed mab son ( ) f r iy, y, ll rh r g ; , f b m n ma o . y , y s The conditions producing initial mutation will b e dealt wi h in la h t e s nd the a en i t te r c ap r a pp d x .
2 —IN T N —In U wo 0. OM OS O ds an C P I I . COMPO ND r d E R I E th e initial mu able onsonan of ev e a D VATIV S t c t ry p rt , e e tin of ou se th e s is mu at ed un de the in L a d d xc p g c r fir t, t r h us fiuence of th e r e cedin element . p g T ‘ “ J in o b as en head e rb n a ainst b p t p , ; y , g , y. h u e b end cow- house t d t o s . y, ; y, c car iend h ar amiable g , fr ; yg , . b t hodd will aniodd un i n s w lli nes . , ; , g
d dd de ten deudde twelve . g, ; g,
wr a w h - wr vendo m n ert r. g g , ; g , ll 1 llawn ull b oddlawn willin , f ; , g . rh r m i maw eat enf awr immense r, gr ; , .
h e e are man e e ions mo e a i ula l in the T r y xc pt , r p rt c r y case of de riv ativ es as
(1 in o 11 doe h wise annoeth oolish t , t , ; , f . e HA PTER III C .
M OG ETY OL Y .
2l — E is th a b an h of amma whi h . TYMOLOGY t r c gr r c deals with th e E and E CLASSIFICATION, INFL CTION D RIVA TION of words
o ds are I E a co din to th ei W r CLASSIF D c r g r FUNCTION, h e en e T us i i e ei use in a s nt . h n . . , t r c
’ 1 l i d flo wr a h man wa Ta d o im a s es. ( ) gy g g , p y g
2 Cef is a an o he ave a a dal d dd me ood . ( ) g , g g p y
T ] disch a es a diff e ent function in th e two sen en es a rg r t c .
Th e classes thus obtain e d are called PARTS OF SPE E CH
The O F E E in elsh are — A E PARTS SP CH W RTICL , E E E E PR E POS NOUN , ADJ CTIV , PRONOUN , V RB , ADV RB , N I E E I TIO . , CONJUNCTION , AND NT RJ CTION
N E VE E - OUNS , ADJ CTI S , PRONOUNS , V RBS , PRO NOMINAL P E and some E are E E or R POSITIONS ADV RBS INFL CT D, c han e d in o m in o de to indi a e a h an e in hei g f r , r r c t c g t r f un ion ct .
Th e sum total of th e in fle ctions of noun s and pronouns ll E E is ca e d D CL NSION .
Th e infl ections of VE RBS and PRONOMINAL PR E POS T N m k ir I IO S a e up th e CONJUGATION .
ADJ E CTIVE S and SOME ADVE RBS are INFLE CTE D to in i a d r f d c te eg e es o COMPARISON .
S E E E are also E E like noun s OM ADJ CTIV S D CLIN D .
2 0 WE LSH GRAMMAR .
In th e ase of lleidr thie and S ais E n lishman th e c , f, , g , e s is added to th e stem which has b e en disguised In th e
as n he - ass asen she - ass y , , ho n bo ho en i l gy , y g , g r crwt n bo e oten i l y , y r , g r
— 28 G ende r is also distinguish e d (3 ) By th e use of diff erent words for the masculine f minin and e e .
Fe m.
b ach en bo eneth i l g , y g , g r d boar b w h sow b aed , c , r wd b othe r chwaer siste b a , r , r b ustach eidion bullock ann er hei e , , , f r carw h dd sta ewi hind , y , g g, cefnder cousin c fnith er ousin , y , c ceff l ho se e sse ma e y , r g, r c eilio co k iar hen g, c , ci do ast bitch , g g , chwe rwn athe - in- law chwe r mothe - in-law g , f r g , r daw son - in- law waudd dau hte - in- law , g , g r w thr uncle modr b aunt e y , y ,
was man‘ servant morw n maid- servant g , y , wr husband wrai wi e g , g g, f wr w a male b en w a emale a woman g y , y , f , dd am dafad e we hwr , r , mab son me h dau hter , rc , g nai ne he w nith nie e , p , c tad athe r mam mothe r , f , taid rarui athe r nain randmothe , g f , g r tadcu mam u , g tad- da ma m- dda
rw bull b uwch cow ta , , 21 WE LSH GRAMMAR .
29 — The masculine is f o med f m the feminine in . r ro , th e case of
w m W dd a oose ceilio dd ande fro . g y , g r, g y , g - tom- fr m h a t - a wr a h a cat o a ib cat cat. g c t , , c t , ,
N Th e names of some animals bi ds and Epicene ouns , r fish are e i ene that is some are mas uline and some are p c ; , c i i f eminine ui e r es e t v e of th e sex of the ob e . hus , q t r p c j ct T
er r ea le s od n ish and b rith ll trout y , g ; py g y , f ; y , , are always masculine ; while : colomen dove and neidr snake are alwa s , ; , , y fe mini ne .
When it is desired to distinguish th e se xes it is customa ry t o add gwryw and benyw in th e case of some of the se w r o ds e . . , g ,
M al ale . e . Fe m eryr gwryw eryr b enyw colomen wryw colomen f enyw
B —Ii we e e minine th e o d be s ne d in N. ul . cryt r f b w ofte to 1, th us e fen w S imila l l n is e e e v e n in , ryr y . r y co ome f minin colomen wryw.
Com a e also lent n hild and b ab an in ant whi h p r p y , c ; , f , c r alwa s mas uline e v en wh en li f m les a e y c app ed to e a . Th ese words are e xc ellent illustrations of the fact — too ofte n forgotten that G ender and S ex are not con v e ible e ms G ende is a distin ion in the wo ds hile rt t r r ct r , W x is a diff e en e in th e ob e s name se r c j ct d.
NUM BER
3 0— The R is fo m ed f om th e L PLU AL r r SINGU AR .
1 B E of the T E R E hus ( ) y CHANG IN NAL VOW L, t S in . M e anin Pin g g . . a S ant saint saint a tarw bull teirw a b ustach bullock b ustych e cyllell knife cefnder cousi n cefndyr 22 WE LSH GRAMMAR .
in i M e an . P u S g . ng l into y cyfyrder second cousin cyfyrdyr y fi ordd road fiyrdd
e . y castell castle cestyll
. r ou h r r e . y arad pl g e yd
e . . y an rn bone esgyrn
. f f e . ai da ad shee p de aid eiy haearn iron heiyrn
a M os de iv ativ es in - ad and - iad denotin th e a en ( ) t r , g g t, f m th ei lural b chan in in o ai or r p y g g a t .
i w a ee lw c e d d k e lu ce id a d. a . i , p r ; p ofi ir a iest ir e iad off e iaid. , pr
NB b l N uns in - - f r th lu a . e a o ad i d add n o e l . V r , a , a p r
alwad a all alw d u lu. a a . g , c ; p g
d farniad ad udication d farniadau. y , j y
— NOTE In M e diaev al Welsh e is ch ang ed into y in l S e en a sta u s r. r , r ; p . y unb enn hie tain unb nn , c f ; y .
(2) By adding a SUFFIX M anin . S ing . e g pen head llwyn loin llyyn crb cibyn cib au b ryniau pech aduriaid pryfed m e rched ewinedd
dann edd bysedd modrybe dd E M W LSH GRAM AR . 23
i M ni S n . e a n . P u g g l . ewythr uncle e wyt hredd nith niece nithoedd m or sea moroedd afon river afonydd llw n bush ove llw ni y , gr y merthyr martyr merthyron dyn man dyni on camel camel camelod cwcw cuc koo cwcwod geneth girl geneth od cyf nith er female cousin cyfnith erod ( a) -0 d is almost e ntire ly confine d to name s of th e lowe r animals : The most c ommon e xce tions are and p geneth cyfnlther.
b The lu al su fix -e dd is e ula l adde d to na me s f or ( ) p r f , r g r y
a ts of the b od as e win dant s iv e n ab ov e . p r y, , , by , g
0 - - are th e most livi of the lu al su fixe s in ( ) au, iau, ng p r f d is int oduce d into the lan a e it will W e lsh i. e . if a ne w wo u , , r r g g , - - e ne all o m its lu. in au or iau. g r y f r p ,
d E I VE e ndin in -der - did -dod -edd - d - acth ( ) D RIVAT S g , , , , y , , - - o m the i lu al b th e addition of - au Thus : ean der as, e s, f r r p r y , g , h e e xam le s are am litude lu. e an de rau. Ot p , p g r p we ndid wea kness w b odae th kno wled e g , g y , g wdurdod autho it riodas ma r ia e a , r y p , r g wae le dd lowline ss b re nh ine s ueen g , , q b w d li e y y , f
- dd - in h u l e e De iv ativ in a n t e l a . . ( ) r es ai, o p r , g , t uest led er we ste i gwe s ai g , g g on llatai love messenger llate ion (f) -e dd h as be e n re place d b y - oedd in : isla nd n s olde n s n s oedd edd . y y , ; y y ( r y y ) ir nd ir ti t , la ; t oedd re dd). d i wat d f r d f w e oedd redd . r, r ; y y ) k n b nhin b nhi b e nin i re re n . r , g ; oedd edd) nd a f w h a e ot e rs.
f th in e nds in - n or - en that su fix is usuall d o d (g) I e S g . y , f y r ppe h in ion i add d o e t e lu al te m at s e e . . b e f r p r r , g ,
- - ownin n a rabbit lu. owni n g e , ; p g 0d
me ddW - n d unka d me ddw- y , r r on
- f - dife r n a d o lu. di e r ion y , r p ; p b ut also dif eryn - nau
— hi l d s N T a l to sin ula nouns in - and B . T s u e oe O n N. r pp y g r y - b e l s 3 5 ow . en forme d from colle ctiv e v . 24 E W LSH GRAMMAR .
(3 ) By a change of th e INTE RNAL VOWE L and th e of a ADDITION SUFFIX . S in M nin l e a . P u. g . g nant brook nentydd mab meibion claf a sick person cleifion naf lo d c eato neifion r , r r ei saer carpenter S eiri eu maes field meusydd ei gait word geiriau eu nau den fi euau o llawr floor 110riau y cwrdd meeting cyrddau
y. y c wmwl cloud cymylau owe wll hood ca c c llau , p y y — N E - OT . i. The thi d me th od is st ictl s akin a sub division r , r y pe g , f h 2 o t e nd.
ii. c c llau i th lu i o in most e dit ons f h Bible . w y s e p . f rm o t e — 3 1 S ome noun s form th eir plural by adding th e suffi x t t o th e sin ula b ut to a E E Th fol no . e g r, R LAT D FORM lowing are some of th e most common e xamples of this
Relate d form to
W hi Ch ill . e ndin Ble anin . l al z P g P ur . is adde d . ste p camre camrau song caniad caniadau belie ver cr edin credinwyr Christian cristionog Cristionogion sister chwior chwiorydd earthquake daeargrynfa daeargrynfaau fear dychryniad dychr yniadau grace grasus grasusau rain gwlawog gwlawogydd flood llifog llifogydd night noswaith nosweithiau partition parwyd parwydydd curse rh egfa rh egféydd inclination t ueddiad tueddiadau writing ysgrif eniad ysgrif eniadau 2 W E LSH GRAM MAR . 5
— 3 2 THE PLURAL O F COMPOUND NOUNS : If th e attribu tive eleme nt omes st th e se ond element alone will b e c fir , c c hanged in th e plural tafarn - dy public - house tafarn - dai gw eithiwr workman gweith - wyr gweddi- wr one who prays gweddi- wyr ysbi- wr spy ysbi- wyr — NOTE If th e i b efore - W r is a part of th e pre ce ding l m n t lu hus w wr e e e t it is ret ained in h e p . T g eddi w a e and wr man t he wise it is dro e eddi . g , pr y r, g , O r pp d as in the lural of w i wr p g e thi . — 3 3 S OME NOUNS HA VE T W O OR MORE PLURAL FORMS Th ey may b e div ide d into two classes ( 1) THOSE WI THOUT DIFFE RE NCE O F ME ANING ni u Pl . M ea ng . an el an el en l an lion an elion g g gy , gy , g ast ell board estyll estyllod castell castle cestyll castelli pe dell pan pedyll padelli c loch bell clych clych au afr oat eifr afrod eifrod g g g , g g sant saint saint and seintiau ty house t ai t eian * e estua b ook ab e roedd eb r ab r ry, r y * m Or sea moroedd myr * stone meiui main
n n ed ea o bl n ddau blw dd bl d bl n dd edd. y y , y y r y y y y e glwys church eglwysi eglwysydd
ll th r lette e istle ll t h rau 87. ll th ron y y r, p y y y y meistr maste meistri meistriaid r , meistradoedd
m n d mountain m n ddau m n ddoedd y y d y y , y y plwyf parish plwyfi plwyf ydd t r ef town tre fi trefydd llith lesson llith oedd llithiau G wyddel I rishman G wyddyl G wyddelod b w all bw ell ar e hatchet b w eill b w ill y , y , y y
Eb r m r ain are e outside oe t . y , y , m , rar p ry 26 WE LSH GRAMMAR .
(2) THOSE WITH DIFFE RE NCE O F ME ANING '
in i l S . M e an n . P u g g . b on 1 b east a b ronnau r ( ) r , p p (2) hillside b ronnydd c n or l ounsel advi e c n horion y g ( ) c , c y g (2) council cynghorau llwyth ( I) tribe llwyth au (2) load p erson ( 1) person p e rsonan 2 a son le man ersoniaid ( ) p r , c rgy p sb r d 1 s i it sb r doedd sb r dion y y ( ) p r y y , y y (2) ghost ysb rydion 3 mood ou a e sb r doe dd ( ) , c r g y y
— 3 4 TH E FOLLOWING A R E IRRE GULAR
in M anin Plu S . e . g g . c elain corpse celane dd de igr (and deigryn) tear dagrau gwraig woman gwragedd lleidr thief Hadron r n na neid s ake dr edd, nadroedd rhiain (and rhian) lady rhi anedd cawg e wer cawgiau crafanc cla w crafangau ci dog cwn croen skin crwyn oen lamb dyne s (and gwraig) woman gwrage dd (from gwraig) troe d foot traed gwr man gwyr b rawd brother b rodyr g wae w p ang gwe wyr Gar relative ce raint gof smith nai ne phe w neiaint ych ox yeh en S ais E nglishman S ae son llaw hand dwylaw mah ar en ram myh eryn
28 WE LSH GRAMMAR .
3 6— N E T H E S NG N OUNS US D IN I . O LY ( 1) A b stract nouns as long as th ey remain ab stract
fn r bo n s c lon id hea eo d a ld es a d tiness. , ; , r ff ddlondeb aith ulness tristwch sadness y , f f ; , .
(2) Ce rtain names of mat erial
l b ead aur o d b a a . , g ; r , r ian ve men n butte a sil . r , r ; y y , r
— 3 7 NOUNS USE D IN T H E PLURAL ONLY
a warth e cattle te lerau te ms m s ar oe dd bowels ( ) g g , ; , r ; y y g , , nt ail f i t lun e s s a n s. r ; y gv , g
Nefoedd is lu. in o m nef he ave n b ut it is usuall sin p f r (from , ), y g in meanin g.
’ E s n dd i n f dd e . g . gyn o r e oe H c in n e as ended to heave .
b Ce ain ad s used as nouns ( ) rt j .
bla e . . enion the i st a ts f om blaen o e deillion g , , f r p r , r , f r ; , f om dall bli il n & nd b e chio tlodi n c . r , ; , o ,
3 A — lanedd u cl ch u 7 . E P as lodion ce a a DOUBL LURALS g , , y , chwedleuon dilladau eneuau lloiau ne e seuau eian &c . , , g , , g , t ,
3 — 8 CAS E .
elsh noun h v n s n in s W s a e o ca e e d g .
d l b its n and (a) Th e c ase of a noun is asce rtaine part y y positio ,
a tl b h e e nin of h se nte nce V S ntax . p r y y t m a g t e . . y
3 9— M NUTI DI I VES . Diminutiv es are formed ‘
A —In th e sin ula b m eans Of th e suffix es . g r y
a M sc . - s f a l e er on m . ittl s an as d n man d n an . (0 r f e m. ) y , y ( ) p n a ambkin en lamb oena l . o , ; , - k ma h b r c a hillo . e n s . b n ill n n y ( c ) ry , y y , c E M 29 W LSH GRAM AR .
n e ° dern n a e e e m da i e littl i . as . ( c ) r , p c y , p c r f wo r f a ittle wo m n l m. p y , r , p y y , r rhafi a o e rh efi n a small o e , r p y , r p . ant a st in t , r g, ho d t enn a st in n . c r y , r g b el n a e a el all e lit tl ball ill. p , ; p , , p e eni a l le e we lamb o n lamb o itt . , g, i can son can a ditt . , g g, y i e wh e awr hou o a littl il . , r ; r g,
B — In th e lural . p
S lan hild en lantos little hild en. O p t, c r ; p , c r wra edd women wra eddos oor women g g , ; g g , p . lambs w os amb ns w n n l i . y , ; y , k - - h d ion men d nionach oo mo tals aCh iac n . , , y , y , p r r lant hild en lantach little hildren p , c r ; p , c . amb w nach a k n w n l s l mb i s. y , ; y ,
4 — * FOR THE G N OF N NS 0 RULES E DER OU .
A s th e e is NO E E R E E R in W elsh th e names r N UT G ND , m l s thin s re eith e as or f em . of se x es g a r c .
Th e following rules dealing with th e gender of this of nouns will en e th e stu ent me assi ta class r d r d so s nce , u h e are v e in om lete b t t y ry c p .
( 1) Prop er names hav e th e gender of th e common nouns denoting th eir class
h us a The names of th e E and T ( ) S ASONS , MONTHS , f w k r m c din t en er o th e e e a e as . o es on to he d DAYS , c rr p g g mis m h m r m . s on f t o eas . mont an d m . da o . d dd . y ( ) , ( ) , y ( ) y
b Th e names of R E N and E ( ) IV RS , TOW S , COUNTRI S , and th e E E F TH E B E are FE N E L TT RS O ALPHA T MI IN ,
’ For a de taile d e at e n th e A uth o s S tudie s in elsh tr m t V . r W ” nd hil G rammar a P ology. 3 0 E W LSH GRAMMAR .
o es ondin to th e ende of afon ive t ef town c rr p g g r , r r ; r . ; wlad ount ll th ren lette e xs g , c ry ; y y , r ;
Teifi Ti D f dw v . Dee , y y r y, . C e Cheste L lun in n a . da L ondo r, r , . C mru W es L l e r E land al . o n y , g , g .
(2) Nam es of TR E E S and FRUIT are f e minine : exs
de wen oak t ee afallen a le t ee r , r ; , pp r . eirinen a lum e en a ea , p p r , p r . But afal an a le is m as . , pp , c
3 E - are Also wo ds th t ar ( ) V RB NOUNS MASC . r a e u ll of E O F E E wh en use d n un us a as o s. y OTH R PARTS SP CH , ml dd the i htin wi th S r a e truth. y y , f g g ; y g r,
4 One a t O f e v e com ound noun is sub stan iv al ( ) p r ry p t , th e oth e is att ib utiv e thus in elusend t is th e sub r r ; y, y ntiv an elusen is th e a t ib ut e Th e ende of sta e d t r . G r a om ound is th e same as that O f its sub stantiv al elemen c p t,
e . . g , k lusend almshou In . li e t m . house e s . y, e, y ( )
lon c o s- f ik f n croes s oad . l e lon . oad la e , r r , ( ) r , .
(5) Th e gender Of two classes Of nouns in many in stanc es may b e gath e re d from th eir form ( a) M ost monosyllab les containing th e v owel w or ‘ ’ ine c w n M w n . o mas ul e . b l h b s are . y c ; g , , p , ry t ‘ ’ monosyllables cont aining th e VoWel or e are n wen tu ent must b wa ffo . Th e s d e e f eminine e . . , g , , g r x i es S ill Of thinking th ere are no e c ept ons t o th ese rul . t th e influenc e O f th e v owel in det e rmining gender is con ‘ siderable : thus th e North Wales word for table is ’ ’ m whil i S uth ales it is b o d b wrdd as . e n o , c , W r , ’ ’ A r hu a r o d G on This enden f em. as . , t r F r r t cy to h armoniz e v ow el and gender in monosyllables elsh nouns h as led to a ch ange of g ender In sev eral W . th e L atin masculine pont ( e m) h as b e come th e Welsh ‘ ’ f eminine ont and m ediaev al elsh mas uline p , W c E W LSH GRAMMAR . 3 1
’ ‘ ’ chw edl and nef are now f eminine S O ll s on e , , . y c f eminine h as b ec ome masculine on account of its 6 9 y .
(b) The gende r of deriv ativ es is re gularly dete rmine d b y th ei suf es thus de iv ativ es in - ni are mas ulin e r fix r c , ’ as e ni b r ntni while those in e are feminin e g , y , g, , l L l aw S h t n e v Eida e d e . ee a e o D ri ativ s as e . g, y g ( c p r )
’ — G A M B OL D S R E W illiam G amb old in his A n lo- W e lsh UL , g ” G amma ub lish ed o mulate d th e ollowin ule f or r r, (p f r f g r finding th e gender of nouns
“ A n wo d be innin with an Of th e mutab le consonants y r g g y , e xce t ll and rh if u on uttin in a osition be o e it it p , p p g y pp f r , s initial consonant doe s naturally ch ange into its ligh t sound ; as melin elin case ase such w o ds are in allibl of th , y f ; g , y g y ; r f y e fe minine ge nde r ; b ut if th e initial consonant ch ange not th e re on we ma ustl conclude such wo ds to b e of th ma cu ine up , y j y r e s l ” de as br th n breth n ma ch ma h e n : e c . g r y , y y ; r , y r
Un o tunate l thi s ule doe s not h e l us much f or th e knowle d e f r y r p , g wh e n to mutate e su se s a cle a e ce tion Of e nde pr ppo r p r p g r. CHA PTER IV
D ECTI E A J V S .
1 R 41 . G N E DE .
S E i f fo m OM adj ect v e s indicat e gender b y a ch ange o r . The f e minine is forme d from th e masculine :
B a E of the E E n 7. i. y CHANG INT RNAL VOW L i . 4 (a) w into 0
f m M / o u n d rwn ound e . n AI e . . c o . g , , r ; cr f
trwm heav om . , y ; tr h h S W rt d ows so . , r y rt
(b) y into e
h n m n b small fe cha . e . . be a . g , yc , ; f n f cr st o cre . y , r g
s ch dr se h . y , y c and (c) i into ai in th e case Of
t e kl f m b r th . b i h s c ed e . ai r , p ,
By th e SOFT MUTATION of th e INI TIAL if th e onsonant b e mutable n wh en th e c , a d immediat ely afte r th e noun it qualifi es <1 d n as a ood man d nes d a a ood woman . y , g ; y g , g S
— 42 Th e student S h ould to th e us Of t f m f m in ad e iv es : in addi ion e h e e . or j ct t to hos iv in restric e en under ii. ab ov e no e th e follow t g , t g tions
a Th e f m fo m is n v f un with the lural ( ) e . r e er o d p
Thus : c llell lem a sha ni e from ll m y , rp k f ; y ves llem b ut cyllyll llym (or llymion) sharp kni . E M W LSH GRAM AR .
(b ) Th e v owel is nev e r mutat ed in th e comparative or su e lative p r .
Thus taith fer a sho t ou ne M , r j r y. {w )
b ut taith f rach a shorte ou ne y , r j r y.
(c) Vowel change is confined to i M . ONOSYLLABLE S and a FE W DIS S YLLABLE S ; mainly th e follow mg
M sc M ani F F a . e M a M nin e n . e m. sc e a . m g l . g . b rwnt foul b ront bychan small b echan crwn round cron l b yr short b e r d n dee p dotu cryf strong cref (hwn this hon gwyn white gwen hwnna that honna gwyrdd green gwerdd hwnn w that honn o llym sharp llem llwm bare 1lom melyn yellow melen trwm heavy trom b rith speckled b re ith
11 Th ei om ounds as . r c p ,
- r ou d headed f m . n r en wn n e e on . p g , r , p g
N E — E v en in the ase of h ese h e e Is a rowin OT c t , t r g g n n m ins ea of th f eminine e de t o use the as . d e t cy c , t
i f m h av e h us thou h ia th lan ua e is e . we can T , g , g g , , bscene lan ua e iaith frwnt o . , g g
NB — e mons ad e iv es hwn In th a of th e de . . . c se j ct , , m never u lant ed b th e hwnnw and hwnna th e f e . is s , , pp y mas c .
43 — 11 N R . UM BE .
S ome ad g tiv es h av e a lu al fo m b ut th e t enden j g p r r , cy h ere again is to use th e singular form with plural as well as singular nouns
Th e lu al is fo med as in nouns No e how p r r t , eve that th e onl suf x es are r , y fi
i - i0n as ( . )
w wh w on tlawd oo tlodion ‘ d n te lu. ni i ; , , fi , g y , , p g y p r , fi é D 3 4 E W LSH GRAMMAR .
— ' - - — 1L - u aft - hr - - x ( ) o er di , gr, t , u, w z e s
S in M e anin Plu g . g . . b udr dirty b udron h agr ugly hagron llathr smooth lleithron
du black duon gweddw gweddwon b ut t ew at and lew b ave make t ewion and lewion , f , g , r , g .
iii - iaid in th e ase of ( . ) c gwan weak gweiniaid but also gweinion
44 —COM PARIS ON OF A DJECTIVES
Th e r e are FOUR D E GRE E S O F COMPARISON IN WE LSH * —P E E OF E R E OSITIV , COMPARATIV QUALITY, COMPA ATIV E S E T E PROP R , UP RLA IV .
— 45 Th ese are forme d in two ways
A S E OR E E . YNTH TIC INFL CTIONAL M THOD
To form ’ i e m f e Th o . o . ( . ) c p q (ii ) prop er
iii su e l. ( . ) p r t h e ositiv e o t p .
ositiv e P . glan fair hardd beautiful fi ol foolish
ime s calle d TH E E o E UA TI VE DE G R E E . S ome t QUAL r Q §5 w l
3 6 WE LS H GR AM MAR .
4 — B A R P E M E O . 6 . NALYTIC RIPHRASTIC THOD TO form
m f e u l l a e o a . a e m r s (a) Th co p . q p c o
b o e mw mo e ( ) pr p r y, r
The su e lativ e mw af most (c) p r y , f i b e o e th e osit v e e . . r p , g ,
itiv o of E s m . . Com o . o e . C e P p q p . Pr p r gorthrechol mor orthrechol mwy gorthrechol overpowering S upe r1
mw af orthrechol y g .
— 47 This has b ecome th e regular method with
A d e tiv e s Of hr or mo e s ll l s a ee ab e e . . ( ) j c t r y , g ,
rh fel ar wa li e orthr mus t ranni al &c y g , r k ; g y , y c , .
b A d e tiv es fo med b refixin di not En un ( ) j c r y p g ( , g .
- - and h a t to a able o able t o nouns e . y L( p , c p f, ) , g
didw ll di not tw ll deceit without uile y ( , y , ) g h law h ll w hand dexte ou a s. y ( y , ) r
— 48 With the analytic method compare
a Th e use of mo e and most in En lish ( ) r g .
b The almost univ e sal se of lus mains u etc. in re nch ( ) r p , , , F .
49— J S OF G C M N AD ECTIVE IRRE ULAR O PARIS O .
itiv e Com of os Com . u l P p p S pe r .
E . q Prope r. * * agos near ne se d nes nesai * * b ach small lleied llai lleiaf bychan * * b uan quick] cynted cynt cyntaf
Th e se are o med om th e ositiv e acco din to ule f r NOT fr p r g r , b ut o the com a ative o o m fr m p r pr pe r f r . E 3 W LSH GRAM M A R . 7
S u e ] p r .
old
long young Ieuenged * low ised much cymaint many ( cynif e r l cymaint llet ed c fle d , y cymaint fuch ed ’k lcyfuwch l n f b ae a , foremost l f last O a , diweddaf last , § enn af hie p , §c f tr ech tre ch af stronger superior eithaf urthest , f rif hie p , c f
Oth e r comparativ e s and supe rlative s formed from noun s are n euach mo e deacfl amse ach mo e timel de wisach (a) a g , r y ; r , r y ; , e e able lle sach mo e o itable rh e itiach mo e need ul pr f r ; , r pr f ; , r f
o rh aid ne ed . (fr m , )
f most di ni ied b de he i af urddasa . ( ) wisaf , r ti ; , g f
h e ar orme d om th e ositiv e acco din to ule T e s e f NOT fr p r g r , b ut from th e comparativ e prope r form.
' Th e se are o med h om the did and e n. f r NOUNS , p 3 8 WE LSH GRAMMAR .
S till th e se ma b e om ad e ctiv e s in - 0 1 as an e uol amse rol , y fr j , g ,
- h a o a f or 0 1 a d o i i n . h d m be e d n com a so e . r or ] r ore y r pp p r , g , g , g , rh a orach rh a oraf g , g .
B — N. h A m e n ad . nd di e n ot wis th ou c om . a e t he e g ( j ff r , r , g arativ e in unc n h mal com tion is ositiv e in o . e ce e o p f , p f rm H t f r arati v e am nach p ge .
— 50 E A G R M P F A . QU L DE EE OR CO . O E QU LITY
This de e e e ui es a mo e detaile e s i tion gr r q r r d d cr p .
— — ° 51 i T O Its use is two- fold . FUNC I N (a) TO indicate the p osse ssion of a ualit in e qual q y _ de re e with somethin ls g g e e .
’ e x A c e fe a aeth maith O i w dd e f n wah an . y y , y ’ glwyfus cyn wynned a r eira
A nd he went out om his esen e a le e as fr pr c p r, h n w —II K 2 in v . 7 w i s s o . s te a . g .
i i it m u u l n Th s s s ore s a functio .
(b ) To indicat e th e possession of a quality in a v e ry h d e e In this nn ti n i f e m f hig egr . co ec o ts orc is ore that o u l th f th m th e s e . an o p r e co p .
G orweddais ar w ellt las tan s nf f rio deced e . . g , y g g , y y y a hawddgared (wrth fy ngwlad fy hun) oedd y gwle dydd l i r w tirion pell y gw e swn g p O olwg a eu g astade dd . I lay down on the green sward musing how very fair and l vel as om a ed with m own count we e the distant o y, c p r y ry, r h nt l n I had u t obtained a l m se lands of w ose pleasa p ai s g s g i p . r d Ba d Cwsg .
52— —Th m f i ssed in sev e al ii. O e o . O e . s e e F RM . c p q xpr r ways
a B me el addin - cd to th e ositiv e as— deced ( ) y r y g p , e m l and hawddgared in ab ov e xa p e . W E LSH GRAMMAR . 3 9
b B la in c n b e fo e and a b e fo e onsonants ( ) y p c g y r , ( r c ),
f - e f v w ls t e th e f m in . a b o e o e a o cd e . g ( r ), r r , g ,
’ w n r i a as wh no e e a e ite as s w. yn y n d r ,
( c) By prefixing cy eyd eyf cym cyn cys to / f l win 51 k ”M Ln . in noun s r ol e . e t a a o a o . : c r , g g , g 4
c h as lon as f m h le n th cy y yd a g ( ro yd, g c b w o the same wei ht w wei ht eyd yd ys a f g as( p ys, g ) e width cyf cyfled a as wid as lied, c c f werth o e ual value with werth value yf y a f q g , ) cym cymaint ( c mmaint s much as m in siz e y ) a a a t,
cyn cynddrwg a as bad as drwg , evil c s s l as ood as tal a ment y cy ta a g , p y )
In c f wch a as hi h as y u , g ,
x d w h h he . is e e t the m . a u c i oyi pr fi d o co p j. ( g r)
(d) By th e positive preceded b y mor and followed
a a e . . , g , g ,
’ eir = wh e mor wyn a r a as it as snow.
N — his me hod is le ss idiomati h an and B i. . . T t c t (c) f r 47 should not b e re ely used e xc ept as stat ed in pa . .
i B ewa e of su h onstru tions as mor nted for c n i . r c c c gy y r = as uick gynte d o met fuan q .
M UTATION : Wh en cyn in this sense is followed b y a i n mutable consonant th e latt er undergoes th e soft mut at o . m l v e S e e e xa p es ab o .
ll is an e e tion h en e xc p , c
e n llawn ed not e n lawne d as ull. y ( y ), f 40 WE LSH GRAMMAR .
53 — N M A U ER LS .
A dve bial r . o i st se ond etc once twice one tw etc. . etc , , f r , c , , , . 1 c ntaf unfed unwaith y , 2 dau dw ail eilf e d dw waith , y , y 3 tri t air t r d dd tr dedd t eir waith , y y , y g 4 edwar edair e dwer dd edeir waith p , p p y p g {pedwaredd 5 um um umed umwaith p p, p p p 6 chwech chwe chwech ed chwe waith , g 7 saith seithf ed seithwaith 8 wyth wyt hfed wythwaith 9 naw nawf ed nawgwaith 10 de den de f ed den waith g, g g g 1 1 un ar ddeg unf ed ar ddeg unwaith ar ddeg 12 deuddeg deuddegfed deuddengwaith 13 tri ar ddeg trydydd ar ddeg t eirgwaith ar ddeg 14 pedwar ar ddeg pedwerydd ar ddeg pedairgwaith ar ddeg 15 pymth eg pymthegf ed pymth engwaith 16 un ar b ymth eg unfed ar b ymth eg unwaith ar b ymth eg 17 dau ar bymth eg e ilfed ar bymth eg dwywaith ar b ymth eg 18 deunaw deun awf ed deunawgwaith 19 pedwar ar pedwerydd ar pedeirgwaith ar bymth eg bymth eg bymth eg 20 pgain ( m ugeinfed ugeinwaith 21 un ar hugain unfed ar hugain unwaith ar hugain 3 0 de ar b u sin de fed ar hu ain den waith ar hu ain g g g g , g g , tri deg tri degf ed tri de (n)gwaith 3 5 pymth eg ar pymth egf ed ar pymth engwaith ar hugain hugain hugain 3 6 un ar bymth eg unfed ar b ymth eg unwaith ar bymth eg ar hugain ar hugain ar hugain 40 deugain deugeinf ed deugeinwaith 41 un a deugain unf ed a deugain unwaith a deugain 50 deg a deugain degfed a deugain dengwaith a deugain * 60 triugain triugeinfed triugeinwaith
O te n w i n ru ain and o i in tte t s me t mes tri a . f r g , g R WE LSH GRAMMA . 41
a dinal A dv e bial. C r . r 70 deg a thriug ain degfed a thriugain dengwaith a
80 pedwar ngain pedwar ug einfed padwar ugeinwaith 90 deg a ph edwar degf ed a ph edwar dengwaith a ngain ph edwar ngain canf ed canwaith 200 dau gan(t) }deuganf ed deuganwaith {deugan(t)
. 1000 mil , 4 milwaith m rdd m rddiwn y , y {mil miloedd mil 0 filoedd
54— D u tri e war are in e t ed for ende a , , p d , fl c g r . dau m dw f tri tai adwar ( ), y ( ) ; r p
This infl ection takes place
( 1) In th e simple num erals
u dd n two men dw dd nes two women da y , ; y y , .
(2) W h en added to oth er nume rals to denote th e
tri d n ar dde thirteen men y g, ; tai d nes ar dde thirtee n wome n r y g, ;
u n t w e nd b t o ( a) h n dau, tri a pedwar, are us ed in multi plication hence
tri de thirt edwar n ain ei ht g, y ; p g , g y ;
ir n in neve ai de eda a . r t r g, p g
N B — Th on is lea : and . . e e as c dau in he r r , tri pedwar, t se c ases uali the othe nume als de n ain and no th n q fy r r ( g , g ), t e oun to which h e d t compoun num e ral re fe rs.
E e tion :M il b in f em e uir m f e . es th f o m xc p g r q e e . r dwy,
r . d fil two thousa fai edai e . w nd r , p , g , y , . 42 WE LSH GRAMMAR .
(b ) Wh en forming COMPOUNDS with oth e r numerals h enc e deudde triu ain g, g
5— m m u n t nd wer . b t o il 5 Trydydd ( . ) a ped ydd ( ) ( a ) f m f m f nd f tr e . a edw redd . h av e e . o s d dd a r , y ( ) p ( )
h ese as o dinals are sub e t to th e same onditions T r , j c c
of usa e as dw fair and d ir. g y, pe a
— 56 Pump and cant are written pum and can wh en a noun imme diat el follows th e nume ral : y “
5 u" n u e . . ca wr a h nd ed men g , , r .
S imilarly ch wech is usually ob we b efore a noun — 9 chwe diwrno wei h E cs . e . . d t i. . g , y g xx ;
But o asionall the fulle fo m o u s as cc y r r cc r ,
h — E sa v i 2 c we c adaim. h y . .
— 57 Deg is sometimes writt en deng b efore words b egin nin with d m n or a vowel also e ula l with bl nedd g , g , , , r g r y y ,
blw dd ea e . y , y r, g
rn fr diwrnod ten da s den wr fr. deng niw od ( . ) y ; g (
wr ten me n . g ),
t nth n nos fr nos mis fr en mo s de . en . d g ( ; g ( ), n ni ht te g s.
n fr bl ne dd ten ea s den awr den ml e dd . g y ( y ), y r ; g fr w n hou s a r te . ( . ), r
m h m h n for eu de t e . S o deuddeng , and py t e g d d g , py g
— n w i n in or in 58 Triugain is O fte r tt e truga , triga .
44 E R W LSH GRAMMA .
hus tri de a thri is refe able to tri- ar- dde ar hu ain t g p r g g , and ne w deg a ne w is b ett er than pedwar ar bymth eg a h e dwar u ain p g .
— 64 DISTRIBUTIVE NUME RALS : These are expressed in W elsh b ir umlo u ion as in En lish hus y c c c t g . T
b ob n un ac un one b one y , y ; b ob n ddau two b two y , y ; b ob n dri th ee b three y , r y ; & & c . c .
— 65 W h en a numeral 18 used In apposition to a pe rsonal onoun it mus b e e e e b pr , t pr c d d y
1 i 2 Th ss s v 1s n nd e s. as e o es e ad . in th e t a d ( ) p j p r ,
m m u e two c da w .
i ou tw chwi e ch dau y o.
2 ill in th e 3 r e s ( ) d p r .
wo hwy ill dau the y t .
— h s N B minal su x . T u . . Thi n S i l a ono e o . ma be m s p rs. pr y p y pr ffi
ae th a ill dau the two we nt. nt , y PTER CHA V.
N N A ND N M N J PRO O U S PRO O I AL AD ECTIVES .
66—1 E A L PR ONOU Ns . P RSON CL ASSIFICATION P ersonal pronouns may b e divided according to FORM into two classes ’ 3 S E : m mi ef fe &c ( ) IMPL , , , , . m fi b C U : minnau &c . ( ) OMPO ND , y ,
— - 67 Each of these classes may b e sub divided thus
S M E N mal mi me ti thou thee a : i. or : ( ) I PL , I , ; , , ; ef he h , , im, it, &c . ’ - r m 11 . P o ost vocalic Infi xed : , me ; ’ th thee &c , , . m m fi I b C N i. E ha ic or R edu lica ed : ( ) OMPOU D p t p t y , m sel m el &c me s . y f, y f ; minnau also me n . n unc v I Co j ti e : , , al o & s , c .
— he s nd h unc io NOT E T te rm Emph atic a Conj unctive re fe r to t e f t n. the th an th e o ms Of the onouns ra r f r pr . — 68 (a) S IMPLE
mi fi i ui , , . i hwi t , di . c . m f f e f hw t hw . . e o. n ( ) , , y, y
f In le - a ( . ) . lw , m NOT E — M i ti te hi ui chwi hw in Such e x e ssions as mi , , , , , , y, pr e ddeuaf , I sha ll come , fe ddaw , he will come , see m to hav e lost som thin of th ei onominal v alue In the se conne ction th e sh ould g r pr . s y alled or b e c formal introductory personal pronouns. 4 6 WE L S H GRAMMAR .
- v c lic ii. Post o a ,
in S g . ’ m ’ th ’ ’ m i s ( . ) , ’ f 1 i - S ( . ) ,
( b ) COMPOUND i E m h i . p at c.
in Plu . S g . myfi nyui tydi chwychwi "‘ m ef e e f0 hw nt - hw or J( . ) , y y l(f hyhi hwyntwy
* E — F and are th e e ula collo uial o ms in G w n dd . 0 efo e NOT r g r q f r y , b ut th e y are not c ommon in lite rature
h ne b d l n - L l r T ri A de r n G wrt w a n a o . y f o y y g yf y y . Chwi e we h e ich lle nwi ac fo g e .
n unc u. Co j tive . i S ng .
nnnnau
tith au
ntau (m . ) y f b ith an ( . )
— NOT E ll h is mode n e lacin olde w ntell . wyt au r , r p g r y
69— C S E — a Th e E and A . ( ) NORMAL MPHATIC CON r nd E e s onouns a e used in th e . a JUNCTIV p r . pr NOM ACCUSA
TIVE cases.
(b ) Th e post v ocalics are found only as DIRE CT OBJE CTS
' f i iv v o a trans t e erb .
B - Th e ar use d th th e - or with an oth e . e n wi n N. y ot verb oun y r noun. E 47 W LSH GRAM MAR .
— h 3 R D E f th E E T . . o e 70 G . e ND R P RS SING NORMAL, E MPHATIC and CONJUNCTIVE p ersonal pronouns h av e diff e ent fo ms for th e and FE M r r MASC . .
A ll h o s r in ff e e ntl in h m an t e the r a e used di r y t e asc . d f em .
Compare English whe re a similar rule applie s.
— 7 l h - E are used af e T e POST VOCALIC P RS . PRONOUNS t r a t nd h e S h o t wo ndi n in v w l e a o ds e a o e . y, , pe , , t r r r g
’ m dawant e . . ac no a g , y y g and the e the will leave me r y .
’ ’ N B —Th s u d a n t . . e 3 rd e . se te ui o is s E VE i or u. p r f r , , , N R
— 72 a e os - v o ali e s on is nev e la ed ( ) Th p t c c p r . pr . r p c ft e th e v e b th a ov e ns it a r r t g r .
b If th e onoun is e hati h owev e the no mal ( ) pr mp c , r, r f xed or u ilia of th sam e and num is a a e e s. added ( fi x ry) p r . aft e th e v b r e r .
’ fe h w l . dd e . e o di g , t , he sa w ou even u o . y , y
With this compare French
il v oud ait me v oi m r r , oi he would like to see m e m a ic e ( ph t ).
c Th e e etition of the e sonal onoun h owev e ( ) r p p r pr , r, is now common ev en whe n no a ti ula e m h asis is , p r c r p intende d ,
’ ’ Thus fe h welodd (ii is Of e n a me e e uiv ale nt of fe h , t , t r q t w l e odd. 48 E R R W LSH G AMMA .
— 73 A fter a PRE POSITION the pronoun it gov erns is
ith i se a el e mi h E e a e ssed e . w t me . da i r ( ) p r t y xpr , g , gy , ; mi t i , o me . or (n) more frequently a pronominal suffix j oin ed to th e preposition
without me nn f e with me . ; g y ,
74— Ti ch wi Ti is mo e f e u n l us han h u , : r r q e t y ed t t o En lish It is e ula l used in g . r g r y ( 1) IN ADDRE SSING THE D E ITY G wyb ydder h eddyw mai Ti sydd Dduw yn Israel L et it be known this day that Thou art G od in Israel 1 Kin s xv iii 3 6 g , . .
(2) For th e LOWE R ANIMALS ’ M ellti edicach wyt ti na r holl anifeiliaid g . a d bov all — n 4 Thou rt cu se a e cattle G e . iii. 1 . r ,
e t s Ofte n use M ore ov r , i i d
(3 ) To e xpress contempt or familiarity
red m mlaen a dan osaf i ti b e h chwane Ty y , g t y g Come on and will show ou mo e— The an el to , I y r g r Ba dd Cwsg .
’ Contrast Bardd Cwsg s respectful way of addressing th e angel ’ = ”” Beth y gelwch i r ( gelwch ct r) tair hudoles yna 4
A nd sometimes
v (4) In addressing children Plentyn b ach pwy wyt ti W hose little child are you 1?
T E —The use of h at all f or a noun in th e sin ula is uite NO . o wi g r q Thus in th e M ab ino ion the kni h ts e ula l use ti mode rn . g g r g r y
h d ssin e v e n Kin A thu or his uee n G we nhw far. w e n a dre g g r r q , y W E L S R M R H G A MA . if)
75— 11 S S S S J . P A S O E IVE D ECTIVE .
These are div ided into two classes
(a) NORMAL
S ing . f m l st . sin our , y, y , .
2nd d th . ei h our y, y c , y . 3 rd ci his her t u i s. c the , , , , , ir.
M ediae v al e lsh the N mal A d In W o . o ms r POSS j. f r we re
in S g . l m . n v vv , y , vy. an, yn.
2 . d y. awch , ych .
3 . 0 b e o e h un . b e n in y ( f r ) y, an (0 fore hu e ).
It was W illia m S ale sb ury ( b orn ab out tra nsla tor of the Ne w Te stame nt into W elsh wh o inve nte d or a e , g v c urrency to the
mode n o ms i ein eich . r f r , e , ,
(b) POST - VOCALIC OR INFIX E D ‘
in S g . l t ’ m s , ’ 2nd th , ’ ’ 3 rd i w , ,
’ ’ ’ T E — i w is use d instead of i and u a te the e osi i O . . t on N f r pr p i.
’ consti tute s th e onl di e nc n b e w h ii. w y ff re e i form t e e n t e post d nd the ost- v ocalic e s on li ss a . a . Voca c po . j p p r pr .
i iii In a sin th e e o e th e student must think Of the i n . o p r g r f r func t , which will e nab le him in all cases to distin uish th e tw g o.
— i ad l u li 76 a The ossess v e . a wa s a es a noun ( ) p j y q fi .
include s e - no n Noun th verb u .
wrth s b th c oss e . . d oe . g , y gr , y y r ’ v lit o m ecei n i m derb n to e ei e me . t vi . y , r c , y r g 50 W EL sH GR AM MA R .
b T e t - v c li ad r d fte o i h os o a oss e . a e use a 3 ( ) p c p . j r , , , mo na tua da and sometimes oth e wo ds endin , , , gy , r r g in v owel e a . . , g ,
’ uth um i w artref — I went o o e g t his h me .
77— E T - h en th e ossessiv e ad ectiv is em MPHA IC . W p j e hati th e o es ondin s n i d af h e e . o . s a ded e t p c, c rr p g p r pr t r
noun e . . , g ,
mh n f lant m hildre . y , y c f mhlant i o h ld n m wn i e . y , y c r
cf en h— me s nf nt s m hild en e a . . Fr c , y c r m es enfants amoi m own hild en , y c r .
This addition of th e implied pe rsonal pronoun is now ommon e v en wh e e no a ti ula em hasis is in end d c r p r c r p t e . Thus “ w ofte , fy a i, n fy llaw.
78 —III S N N . PO S ES S IVE PRO OU S ;
in Plu. S g .
r e iddot m n r i d m ou i e e d o s. ( y ) , . (y ) , r r iddot thine r iddo h ou e e c s. (y ) , . (y ) , y r In r iddo h r i d nt . e is e d thei s. (y ) , (y ) y , r
f . r ei di he f d s. m & (y ) , r ( . . )
H e re again E MPHASIS is indicated by th e addition f th e im lie s n O d e . o oun e . . p p r pr , g ,
r e iddot i r idd t &c y i ; y e o ti ; .
— - NO T E . Eidd0f eiddot e iddom eiddoch are m ode n b ack , , , , r form ti ns h e n Th e M e di e a a o from t e 3 rd p rso . a v l f orms are
in S g .
u Vi i me ( or ). te di u ( ).
' idaw f m. r e e ( ) y ( ). f idi h . r e i 1( ) y ( ).
52 W E L sH GR A MMAR .
onouns. Co es ndin A d Pr rr po g j ectives.
2m e s cf L t i e a . . d p r . ( . st )
m tha n u S h wnn or h wn na . t ear o or g . a y ( ) y y ( yr yna honna or h on yna y ( or yr yua l hynne or nyu yua (indec . ) y (or yr yua Pl rhai na those nea ou or r u . y y , r y y ( y y a
3 r cf L at ille d p ers. ( . . ).
S h wn acw that onder r c (a) g . y y y ) a w h on acw y ( or yr) acw or b yn acw (indecl. ) y ( yr) acw Pl hal acw those onde or r acw . y r , y r y ( y ) S h wnnw that or r h wnnw ( b) g . y ( y ) honno y ( or yr) honno or r h hynny (indecl. ) y ( y ) ynny
h t “ Pl hal h nn r ein hose or r . h nn . y r y y, y y, y ( y ) y y
' ‘ — Hw w efe s to an ob e t s oke f u NO I E l. nn n o b t . r r j c p , f i h out o S g t .
d u the o f i If th A . is sed n un is su ien e oss. l i . P j fic t y D f r whi h i i ut th e e A t . s n e u tl de ne d w tho . o s en fi , c c q y d d o e e . . r pp , g ,
w b the e F mra d hwn m ro he . y , y r r
82— The E E are alwa s use d with a ADJ CTIV S y NOUN, w e e f r h l d e en th d . art . o n w ich is p ace b t e y yr, a d the f th e d m ns ativ e s Thus rest o e o tr .
r n ma or r nw hwn this name c w e . y y y ,
Th e use of rhai in this position appears in th e plural th n un of e pro o .
F r th use and osition of th e adve b s ma na w with the o e p r y , y , ac , de monst ativ e com a e - ci he re and a the e in e nch r p r , s, r , Fr
i in h r z Frc nch c Vin o i e m . ad . Th s w e e e c ci. ( . ) D j and W e lsh win y g yma. — ii D on u :This here =Frcnch ce ci cc ici ( . ) e m . pr o n ( l ),
W elsh hwn yma. R R 53 WE LSH G AMMA .
83 — Y h h h — e d h R E E r wn r n r n s e un e t e . , y o , y y r LATIV
84— VI R N . RECIPROC AL P O O UNS .
i lst e s ein il d one anothe d . ( ) p r . g y , r z ud eich 3 rd eu
E am l wn in dd we love one anothe es i . x p car e g ly , r cer ch h ou w eic gilydd, y car nt eu il d the a g y d, y
h n onl two e sons or arti s re on e ii. e e a ned ( ) W y p r p c c r , y naill y llali is Oft en used
ill t e love each othe e . . r n n h ca a t a . g , y y y r
85 — VII N G N . I TERRO ATIVE PRO OUN AND A J VE D ECTI .
“ a P w m f Q what man or woman 7 ( ) RONOUN p y ( . . ) who 1 pa beth ? beth ? what x v w w l— ? e s. pwy h n who is this one
A r lw dd be h a f nni di i mi ci wneuthur 7 g y , t y L o d what will thou have me to do i r ,
b A DJE C’I‘ IVE : Pa who what alwa s followe d b a ( ) , , , y y noun or pronoun
’ “ e w y ma n e . . Pa ddu s n dde f l T di 4 g , y W hat god forgives like Thee ?
is use d ike L like Pwy l at . quis Pa qui
86— N RELATIVE PRO O UNS . i' z who w wh h that a, , hom, ic , .
b e fo e consonants r b e fo e v owels whom y ( r ), y ( r ), , E S R W L H GRAMMA .
a i alw E r E E f v s ays SUBJ CT o DIR CT OBJ CT o a e rb .
e . . g , Pwy a all fod yn gadwedig W ho (is it) that can be saved Eich b rawd a feddyliwn It w ou b othe that ant ( as) y r r r I me .
re u e f r ll l y, yr a s d o a other case re ations
’ Dyma r fan y carwn fyw T his is where I should like to live . Y dydd y daeth y newydd The da on whi h the ne ws ame y c c .
NB —De monst ativ e and oth e on uns are often . . r r pr o used to strengthen or supplement the R elativ e
in Plu. S g .
hwn m w o i a r a . h which he that b a a ( ) y ( ) , , y r r hon a f she that b ai a y ( . ) y r r b n a what that whi h r h n a y y , , , c y y
w a b neb a whosoeve sa l . ( ) y , r . y sawl a y n pwy b ynnag a pwy b ynnag a b e h b nna a whatsoeve t y g , r .
' 0 Pa b nna is ad e tiv al and is onstructe d with a ( ) y g j c , c
noun or onoun e . pr , g .
a dd n b nna what man sceve p y y g, r .
— I IN N R N N A ND 87 X . DEFI ITE P O OU S A J S D ECTIVE . amr w seve al awb eve one all of e sons y , r p , ry , ( p r ) arall S in anothe r ob eve all ( g ), p , ry, ereill othe others rh ai some numb e r, , ( r) chwane mo e rh w some kind a e tain g, r y , ( ) c r dim an thin nothin rh wun someone , y g, g y , lu h oll 0 11 all rh w rai some . , , y , (p ) ne b an bod nobod sawl man , y y, y , y eth some uantit etc p , (q y) . AP ER CH T VI .
88— B THE VER .
he e is onl ONE R E in elsh T r y GULAR CONJUGATION W .
The v erb may b e
a P E as s af lea n ( ) RSONAL dy g , I r ;
r b E as s ir ii am tau ht o d . ( ) IMP RSONAL , y g , I g
The impersonal form is generally rendere d by th e passiv e li in Eng sh .
— 89 M IDDLE VOICE : Ce rtain transitiv e v e rb s with ym prefix ed S how a close resemblance to the middle v oice i h i f in G eek The are E E X E . s. t e a t on o th e r y R FL IV , , c w e e t r oor Thus v e rb is dire cted to ards th ag n o d .
sh c othe et olchaf wa l s c. g , I ( , ) h el lchaf was m s . ymo , I y f
90— M S he e are E E moods IN OOD . T r ONLY THR DICA TIVE E E and E , IMP RATIV , SUBJUNCTIV .
— NB The e is NO E in elsh . . . r INFINITIV MOOD W
The E - whi h mos losel ese mbles it diff e s V RB NOUN , c t c y r , r in some important particulars from th e English infinitiv e S a v n . ( . y t x)
— 91 TENS ES : The regular v e rb h as only FOUR SIMPLE E E of th e E : P E E S I E E T NS S INDICATIV R S NT , PA T MP RF CT , A O R IS ’I‘ E E , PLUP R F CT , G E M 5 W LSH GRA MAR .
Th e re are MANY COMPOUND TE NS E S formed by me ans
f the v e a t E - E E o b w f m and he . r y , I , PARTICIPL Q UIVAL NTS
he v b d c d X . e T e an i o oun h av e S I sim le te nse s i . r wyf ts mp s p , , the PRE S E NT H A B I'I’ U A L and PAST IMPE RFE CT HABITUAL in addition to the ab ov e .
— ’ 92 THE COMPOUND OR PE RIPHRASTIC TE NSE S
The se must always b e used for th e PE RFE CT and FUTURE PE RFE CT
e w f w e di d s u have lea nt . g . y y g , I r . b daf we i d s u h ll e ea d d s a hav l nt. y y g , I r
xe nd i c o d a le o r he e ct. E . W yf a ts omp un s h v e simp f rms fo t perf
93 — FUTURE T E NS E : Th e PRE SE NT is use d for the E FUTUR .
94 — P E The e are no S im le a tici ial . ARTICIPL S . r p p r p
m h T e v e b - oun e ede d b a e osition f or s in We ls . h r n pr c y pr p is use d inst e ad .
e n d s u lea n n . : i . g . y y g , r g
(lb — BOD bein g.
A PE . RSONAL . i E . INDICATIV .
n Inde ini Prese t f te .
Plu . S ing . l w f w f a m m e e d m. d w ar . . y , y y , I y , y y , 2 w t dw t thou art eh d ch ou are . y , y y , y , y y , y 3 w d w mae oes ut d nt m e nt the a e . , , , , , , r y y y _ y y y , q y S dd s he she it is y , y, ( , ), WE LSH G R AMMAR .
it s n Pre ent Habitual a d Future. in Plu S g . .
1 b ddaf am wont to be b ddwn we are wont to be . y , I , y , , and I shall be and we shall be b ddi thou art wont to be b ddwch ou are wont to be y , , y , y , and thou wilt be and you will be b dd he is wont to be b ddant the are wont to be y , , y , y , and he will be and they will be — M W i I B [Past mperfect.
Oe ddwn was oedd m oe dde m we we e , I y , , r oeddit thou wast oedd ch oe dde ch ou we e , y , , y r oe dd v doe dd he was oedd nt oeddent the we e , , y , , y r
n a I Habitual. Past mpf.
b y ddwn was u ont to be b dde m we we e wont to be , I y , r b ddit thou wast wont to be b dde ch ou we e wont to be y , y , y r b ddai he u as wont to be b dde nt the we e wont to be y , y , y r
A st r Pre rl e?) ori o te te . w
b u n was or ha ve bee n b uom we we e or have been r , I I , r b uc st thou wast or hast b uo h ou we e or have been , c , y r been
3 b u he was o r has been b uont huant the we e or . , , , y r have been
Pluperfect. l b uaswn had bee n b uascm we had been . , I , b uasit , l 2 j be e n se ch ou had b n . thou hadst b ua ee , y b ue sit l , 3 e i he ha b e n b uascnt the had been . b un n d e , , y
11 E E . . IMP RATIV l b ddwn ma we be let us . y , y , 2 b dd be thou b ddwch be ou . y , ( ) y , (y ) 3 b ddcd e e d lst him b ddant let the m be . y , p , y , oe d b id he r it be b , ( , ) 58 W E L S H GRAMMAR .
iii S . T VE UBJUNC I . n Prese t.
1 . b ddw f b w f be b ddom b om we be y y , y , I y , ,
2. b dd ch b h thou be b ddoch b o h ou be y y , yc , y , c , y
3 . b ddo b o he be b ddont b ont the be y , , y , , y
as Im Au “ w P t perfect. 1 b ddwn n we e de m b aem we we e . b d y , M , I r y , , r 2 b ddit b aet b ait thou we t b ddech b aech ou we e . y , , , r y , , y r 3 b ddai b ae b ai he we e b ent b aent the we e . dd y , , , r y , , y r
" W W J U Pluperfect. m u f i S a e as l . In e P p d .
- - iv E O v . T E E E T S . . V RB N UN . PAR ICIPL QUIVAL N
b ei e bein . od b n s. n b od , g Pr y , g
e f wedi b od havin been . P r . , g Fu r fo about to be t . a d, .
B M P NA R M S O S . . I ER O L F
E INDICAT IV .
esen s d s the e is it is . Pr t y , y y , r , ( ) es Hab Fut b dd s b ddis b ddir the e Pr . . y y , y , y , r he ill be wont to be t re w .
Pt m f oeddj d the e was. . I p , r
Pt m f H bi ual b ddid the e used to be . . . a t I p y , r
A or and e fe t b uw d the e was or has been . . P r c y , r
lu e fe t b uasid b uesid the e had been. P p r c , , r
T E S UBJUNC IV .
b dder the e ma be y , r y b ddid b aid the e y , , r would be
b ua i b uesid the e s d, , r would have been
E IMPE RAT IV .
b dder let the e be . y , r
— e awn e tae t e tae e taem e tae ch e tae nt Note th e Forms p t , p , p , p , p , p , e d i and e tasit e tasai from p , f, p , p ,
60 W E L S H GRAMMA R .
iii S B N . U JU G T IVE .
Present. 1 dv s - w f - . g y dysg om * 2 d s - e - y - . y g ch eh) dysg och
3 s - o - . dy g dysg ont
The subj unctiv e imp erfect and plupe rfe ct are ide ntical fo m with the same t e nse s f n i i r o th e i d cat v e .
- - iv . E O v E D E T E S V RB N UN . . V RB A J C IV .
dv s - u d s - edi lea ned g y g g, r
d s - adw ca able o bein y g y, p f g le nt ar .
v i T E - E E T S . PAR ICIPL Q UIVAL N .
esent. e e t Pr P rf c . v n d s u lea nin wedi d s u havin lea ned y g , r g y g , g r
u e F tur .
ar dd s u about to lea n y g , r .
NO T E — In olde lit e atu e and still in oet e sonal r r r , p ry, p r forms in - d prec e de d by a v owel oc cur for th e more usual fo m i - e mode n s n t . . r r , g
lV d lw fus nid a leifwaith y g y g , G wn ct meinwe n w en w it — G o wen a h a a h . r O . , g , y g .
’ ’ G oddau f armerth o m nerthyd Yw D dd B iwe — G or en a n a d dd h d. Ow y r y . .
9 NA L R c B M ER S O O M S . . I P F
i D E T . . IN ICA IV
n F Im A is lu es a d ut. ast . o t. Pr . P pf r P pf dv sg - ir dysg - id dysg - wyd dysgas- i d dysg - cd dysge s- id
* o ms like b ot f or b ch m nnot for m nn ch or m nnech are F r ( y ), y ( y y y ),
- o T he e r se ldo b c k o h 3 d . v a mati ns ro m t e r sin . bo m nno f r f g ( , y ) y y m cc o ur. W EL SH GRA M M AR .
d s er n S T E es . . UBJUNC IV (Pr ) ; y g
iii E T E d s cr : . . IMP RA IV y g
m u f sub re he same in fo m th s The i f and l . . a t as o e p . p p j r f iv o the indicat e .
The following e xamples illustrate the use of imp e rsonal forms
i rf an hn ones A nerchir y cy a od g Jo J . n ll be add essed b John Jone The meeti g wi r y s.
Y i lw a w llo b ren n a e id C s a n . n le vellaunu The ki g cal d Cassi s.
s w eu hiaith n t r B b el Cymy g yd y a . Thei ton ue was on ounded at the Towe o Babel r g c f r f .
’ s wers l we w i r l Dysge id y a r g a th O b aen . The lesson had been lea nt seve al times be o e r r f r .
4 ,
? — 11 CO O TE S E O S 98 MP UND N F RM .
A E S O O S . . P R NAL F RM
i. T VE INDICA I .
— W f n d s u a l esen on inuous m ea nin . Pr t c t y y y g , I r g — ese n habi ual and fu u e B ddaf n d s u am wont Pr t t t r y y y g , I r hall be lea nin to le a n o s . r , I r g J , ) — f we di d s u ha e lea n f I e fe ct v r t. P r W y y g , I
2, Burn n d s u y y g , P on in uous it . c t W f we bod n d s u ha ve bee n y di y y g , I l n ear i n . f g l fl m f t — Ft i . on inuou Ocddwn n d was lea n s s u ni . p c y y g , I r g i — Pt. m f . habi ual B ddwn n d s u used to lea n I p t y y y g , I r .
lu e fe c — Oeddwn we di d s u had lea n t. P p r t y g , I r — lu f . ontinuous B uaswn n d s u had been lea nin P p c y y g , I r g. 62 W EL H R S G AM M A R .
— u u e e fe ct B ddaf we di d s u shall h ve a lea nt. F t r P r y y g , I r
Pf c tinu u — f l ut u e . on o s B dda we di b od n d s u shal F r y y y g , I have been lea nin r g.
ii . E E IMP RAT IV .
1 B dde d or hoe d i mi dd s u L et me lea n . ma lea n y ( ) y g , r , y I r .
ii S B N T E 1 . U JU O IV .
e sent— B ddw f n d s u be lea nin Pr y y y y g , I r g .
— ‘ f B ddwn or b awn n d s u we e f m i ce 11m ast im . le arnin u P p y ( ) y y g , I r g , — lu e fe B cldwn or b awn wedi d s u had lea nt d e nt s/M N M P p r ct y ( ) y g , I r ,
utu e e fec — B ddw f wedi d s u shall have lea nt F r P r t y y y g , I r .
iii E - O . V RB N UN .
B d u lea n od n s in . y y g , r g
— 99 The oth e r pe rsons and numb e r of the tenses in the éh 5 indicativ e and sub j un ctiv e are e xpre ssed by conj ugating f ntinu u in i h e es. o o s di s as th e v e b w . hus t . r y T pr c c 7, 1 follows
P111.
1 W f or dw f n d s u Ym or d m n d s u . y ( y y )y y g ( y y ) y y g 2 W t or dw t n d s u Ych or d ch n d s u . y ( y y )y y g ) y y )y y g 3 Yw d w mac oes s dd Yut d nt or maent n . (y y , , , y (y y )y u or sy) yn dysgu dysg .
COM POUND IM PER A TIVE is conj ugate d l n un Thus the persona pro o .
b dde d i mi dd s u ma lea n . y y g , y I r thou lea n i ti may r . he n iddo may lear . a n iddi may she le r . n i ui may we lear . ou a n i ch wi may y le r . the lea n may y r . 3 wu ss GRAM M AR . 6
— N OR M 101 B . P A L COM POUND IM ER S O F S .
These are similarly formed with the aid of the impe rsonal f e w f . fo ms o the v e b . r r y , g
esen ontinu u in ativ e : s or d s s u Pr t c o s dic y ( y y ) yn dy g .
2— H N 10 FOR M A TION OF T E S IM PL E TE S ES .
e ula v e has two tense S T E S Th e r g r rb M .
i TH E T T E TH E E S E T S T E . i. S S PR N M ( ) PA M . e Th e two stems of d s u are ° . g . y g ii s i. d as ( ) dysg ; ( . ) y g .
(a) From the PRE S E NT S T E M are forme d
1 Th e e se ense e s na an im e s n n o l d o al. . pr t t , p r p r
2 T f e n m l h e ast im sonal a d i e sona . . p p . p r p r
m e r e r The o is i s an 3 S . O f th e 3 . d d in a r t p r . g p * sonal.
- v - v Al so th e v e rb noun and e rb adj e cti e s.
From th e PAS T S TE M are formed
1 Th lu al n 1 t an 2u s S in f th e e a d s d d . . o . p r pe r g o ist a r . 2 T l f im he u . e s. an e s. . p p p r d p r
- - i The ch an e of th e into in the fi st and 2ud e t s. sin . g a ai r p g - of th e ao ist is due to a lost consonantal of . d e d def d. r i ; af , ai
Note that the te rminations Of the plupe rfe ct are the same as th ose of th a e p st imperfe ct .
* It is conv e nient and p ermissible in a de scriptiv e G rammar like this me d o the ese nt to sa th a 3 rd sin . of he ao is is o , y t the g t r t f r fr m . pr ste m th ou h it ma not b e co e ct h isto icall . , g y rr r y 4 E M 6 W LS H GRAM AR .
— NS etc 103 M UT A TIO .
' (a) A s -a in th e last syllable of th e ste m is mutat e d into 0 unde e rtain onditions th e v e b barnaf ud e r c c , r , I j g , i h e n u at ed in illust a ion s e r co j g r t .
— A E S O O S . . P R NAL F RM
I DI CA (i. ) N TIVE n Prese t.
Plu. Plu. S ing .
1 b arnaf b arnwn b arne m .
2 b ni b ernwch b arne c . er h 3 b a n b a na b arnant b arnent . r ( r )
A st r Pr terlte lu ori o e . P pf.
nai b arnasom b arnase m 1 . ber s 2 b rn ist b arnasoch b arnascch . e a
3 b arnodd b arnasant b arnase nt .
i i J . R A T VE . i . S B NOT IVE ( ii . ) IM PE I ( ) U U
1 b arnwn b arnw f b arnom . y 2 rna b arn b ernwch b arne ch b arne ch . b a , e b arnan arnO b arnont 3 . b arn d t b
- (iv . ) VE R B NOUN.
b arnu
- R C P L E E L E NTS . ( v . ) PA TI I Q UIVA
Perl.
we di b arnu
— E S O O S . B . IMP R NAL F RM
I D C I E i. T V ( ) N I A .
f rni Fa b ernir as m . be d e and t . Pr s. P t I p f arn i A o is b arnw d b a ned lu . b es d r t y , r P p
I and R E . S B J NCT I E . 1 and iii. M PE R T V E S U U V 1 . A I P b arne r W E LS H GR AM M A R . 65
’ (b) If two W s come togeth e r in the conj ugation O f a v e b one is dro ed h en e r , pp , c
lwn we are callin not alwwn ga , g, g .
If th e esen s em e nds in - w or - w as cl w at (c) pr t t y a , y
- i f hear wrandaw a listen the ast s e m in the lu . I ; g , I , p t p p h i en in - - e and lii ral of t e ao s will d ws ws . p r t y , a , g
cl wsom we hea d wrandawswn had liste ned y , r ; g , I
tal- ai a and welaf see also make als- om , I p y, g , I , t , w - m et g els o , c .
If the esen stem ‘ ends in - id - iw - l - n - an pr t , , , , yg , - i is Of en . inse ed b efo e the e sonal e mina ions and t rt r p r t r t , lik wi e f h - f e s b e ore t e as O th e past ste m .
- - newid han in newid i ai han e etc . , c g g ; , I c g ,
e - i- is han e e c n wid a d t . , I c g ,
l - - e d iw e oachin e dliw i ai e oa h etc . , r pr g ; , I r pr c ,
- - e dliw i ais e oached etc . , I r pr ,
dal holdi al- i- af ho d etc n d l . , g , I ,
el- - is held etc d i a . , I ,
- - derb n eceivin derb n i af eceive etc . y , r g ; y , I r ,
- - i e ed et derb n i a s e iv c . y , I r c ,
- - i e c nn o e in c n i a o r etc . y yg, ff r g y yg , I ff ,
- - is o e ed etc c n i a . y yg , I ff r ,
e Bwrw th owin es s e m e wri- ai bwri . . :b ( ) , r g ; pr . t g , I th ow ast e m b wri s as b wrias- m w thre s a o e w. r ; p t ,
In M e diae v al W e lsh th is v erb ch anged its - w into -y in fin ite tenses as b r e is l s e s in m t . s . ao ist b rir es. indie . i e y y , p r g r : y , pr p r sonal.
(f) The contractions of v e rb s with present ste ms in -0 and - na are illus a e d b the on u a ion of t i tr t y c j g t ro , tu nin and arhau ontinuin v A endi r g, p , c g. . pp x . F 66 WELS H GR A M M AR .
— INDI 104 O A T O OF TH E 3 R D E S S E S . G . F RM I N P R . ING PR
This m end in - e d b n a a . . s a a a. y , g y g , r
- It is mo e usual h owev e to le v e out th e a. as b a n r , r, a , r , an In h c S e t e in e n l wel is ene all d s c . a a h a v o y g, t t t r g r y t R ul o m i n mu ated. es f utat o
i r in the las s llable of th e ste m b e omes ( . ) e o o t y c y,
- i e e . h a ve r d he she t iv s. . : odd i h d d r i g r , I g ; y , y y, ( , ) g
- o ai break t r he she it b eaks. t rr , I ; y , ( , ) r
- i u he llos a b n ll s she it bu ns. g , I r ; y g, ( , ) r
- at eb ai answe et b he answers. , I r ; y ,
l- i w l f ene wel he ee we a see O s s. g , I ; g y ( t r g ),
But note
- i i e e cod a ise v e s cw d h she it is s. , I r , g y , ( , ) r
mol- ai aise mawl and moi- a he she it , I pr ; , ( , ) aises pr . sodd- ai sin sawdd and S odda he she it , I k ; , ( , )
sinks.
d wed- ai sa d waid and d wed he she y , I y ; y y , ( , s eak p s.
a or 0 in th e las s llable b ut one of th e s em if t y t , followed b e or 0 in th e ne t s llable b e omes e . y x y , c
n hosaf she w den he e . . da s she s it shew . g , g , I ; gy , ( , ) arhosaf sta er s he she it sta s. , I y ; y , ( , ) y
a in monosyllabic stems b e comes ai or ei
t afi- ai th ow teiflhe she it throws , I r ; , ( , ) . saf - ai stand saif he she it stands , I ; , ( , ) .
ut t l- ai a ta] he b a she it a s. , I p y ; , ( , ) p y ad- ai leave e mit ad he she it leaves g , I , p r ; g , ( , ) , its perm .
CHA ER II PT V .
A DVER BS .
— 108 A DVER BS may b e classifie d
A —A o din to Fimction . cc r g
(a) A DVE RB S OF TIME he dd w to- da ll nedd last ea erioed eve r y , y y y , y r , h eno to- ni ht nt o me l b h ever , g gy , f r r y yt , doe este da we i wedi a te r n awr now , y r y g d , , f y , e chdoe da be o e wa ds a ter weithian now , y f r r , f , este da r awron nn eu ust now y r y y gy , j neithiwr last ni ht r aw an eto a ain et , g y r , g , y echnos ni ht be o e eisoes al ead drachefn a ain , g f r , r y , g last b eun dd dail tradw th ee da s y , y y, r y for to- mo ow b eunoeth ni htl he nce y y, rr g y trannoeth the ollow b eun os eve eleni this ea , f ry , y r ing day night trenn dd da a te r y , y f to- morrow
(b ) A DVE RB S OF PLACE acw onde na the e Oddeutu about , y r y , r , adref home home uo the re o di am lch , , y , d gy , wa ds d aw onde about r r , y r artref at home tanodd under o di ma hen e g , , d y , c allan out i t u u wa ds trwodd throu h , y y, p r , g ma he e i lawr down tanodd unde y , r , , r hwnt onde i waered down oddi tanodd , y r , , ar 01 behind trosodd ove unde , , r r n 0 1 back uchod above y , , laen o wa d isod below ym , f r r , WE LS H GR A M MA R . 69
(c) A DVE RB S or MANN E R A ND D E GRE E
n dda well o athe mw af most y , g , r r y , n well bette lled some what mor so y , r , , n h awdd easil fell so o b how much y , y y, p , y , e n as so mw mo e the y , , y, r n h d to ethe r am en othe wise rh too y g y , g g , r , y, nam u onl y , y
A DVE RB S OF A FFI RMATI ON
do es n W ir trul ve il n ddil s ertainl , y y , y, r y y y , c y, i u u ie es r ddia ndoubtedl etc . , y y , y
(e ) A DVE RB S OF N EG A T ION :
i ni ac a e no n d not n not n . , , ; , ; g , na na not do no , d, ; nad , .
(i) A DVE RB S OF D OUB T
Odid b hance im robabl . , y c , p y
ond Odid hw rach e ha s etc. y , p r p , Odid na
(g) INT E RROG A TIVE ADVE RB S
- a L at . ne . a b d r d when ) p ry , p y ,
aie indeed lie a le whe e 1? , , p , r i ? h am h et a is it 1 a w c . , p , y, a fodd how p , i L onid, s not ( at . nn no e).
(h) DE MON S T RATIVE A DVE RB S
dacw there is d na there is d ma he e is , ( ) y , ( ) y , r ( ),
etc .
ll ma lo he e ll na lo there y , r ; y , .
(i ) NUME RAL A DVE R R S :
unwaith on e dw waith twi e etc . , c ; y , c ,
(j ) INT RODUCT ORY A DVE RB S
r d ddo y’ y ) y , Y 70 E W LS H GRAMMAR .
B — A v . d e rb s may b e classified according to th e ir origin
i d b ( . ) A v e r s formed from adj e ctiv e s b y placing yn b e fore th e 1at te r.
e . . da ad ood n dde well g ( j ), g ; y , diwe ddar late n ddiwe ddar latel , ; y , y.
G wn i ae th e waith yn dda. H e did his wo k well r . ’ Dae th f me istr s i rhw o y Cw g yn lledradaidd m ym . M master l c thil bind e y S ee p ame steal y to m .
The se adv erb s must b e carefully distinguishe d from pre dicativ e ad e ctiv e s : the o me alwa s modif v e b s ad e ctiv e s or othe j f r r y y r , j , r adv e b s wh il th i ih e e latte ual un or onouns e . . r , r q fy no s pr , g
Ond e r b od e u all r oe e e ll s n r f g u yn wan, e to y dd u h wy y y g y . B ut thou h the ir o i i i i st on g p wer was l m ted the r w ll was r g.
“ W an and gryf are pre dicativ e adj e ctiv e s qualifying gallu and he w ll s es e ctiv e l y y r p y.
— N0 T E Th e . e b s a c a ik h ad e cti e s o . se adv r re omp re d l e t e j v fr m wh ich the ar e o me d e . y f r , g
ositive. of E Com . o e . S u e l. P Comp. q. p Pr p r p r
de ell n o en. n c tal. w y d . ys yn y r
NB — f n is d in h com . O e . . . y roppe d t e p q
11. om nouns : doe e chdoe ne ithiwr we ithiau. Fr , , ,
From nouns and adj e ctiv e s (numeral or pronominal)
d a d b le of hedd he co with L at. hic this and w ou t yw ( g . , y dydd) = he no n nos or noe th be un dd om e n th e accus. ( o ) ; y (fr p p , of ob O lde o and d dd b e unoe th = e n + p , r p p , y ) ; ( p p = noe th) ; we ith ian from we ith on ( y waith h on) ; yr = awron ( yr awr h on) e tc .
From nouns with pre positions
i f n m n dd mounta in ma n man c om a e L at. y y ( y y , ) ; y (y , p r illico the e om in loco i mac s i me wn n ol , r , fr ) ; , , y , = ” mlae n f or n b o e th e e . n so te nin y , y y ( y r , pr p y f g “ ” ” th e b on th e analogy of th e predicativ e yn ; or = b o e the mo nin trannoe th t an a doub le t y r , r g) ( r , fi
= » f s and noe th c o nate with L at . noc o tra L at . an tr , g
L at. matutinus e rs talm e tc . tom) ; em me ityn ( ), , h E S 71 W L H GRAMMAR .
v . From nouns with pre positions and posse ssiv e adje ctiv e s
trach ef n = t a+ci he r +ce n ; in me diae v al W e lsh ( r ( ) f )
tra e i efn and trae c fn we e used e . . ( ) g (u) e r , g
A c n w d nt erde t rac ov n nam u ac e u hw ne b y y y g , y , y y k drae onyn. A nd in walking they continuously looked backwards through — ea . M ab . c l 8 f r o . 76 .
n e rioed lit . in his li e er i+oed : e irmoe t i m li e is , + , y , ( f f
common in M e diae v al W e lsh).
v s ~ i. Pre po itions used adv e rb ially e ithe r with or without te rmina tions. c nt we di u u ddi n Oddi no nne u o y ; g ; y o ; y a ; o y a, y , gy , g = = I ish o unde cf . o le dd lit. under the le t to ( r f r, g g , f one looking e astward) ; trwodd ; tanodd ; trosodd ; i h isod ; uch od ; h e b io (from h e b ) ; rh aco (from r ag).
v u F om t unc ted s nte n , r r a e ce s = = i dyma (gwe l) d(i) yma ; dyna (gwe 1) d( ) yua. = = dacw (gwe 1) d(i) acw ; llyma (gwe )l or ( sy)11 yma ; = llyna (gwe )l or (sy)ll yna.
v ii mi iv e i . Othe s the o i in of which is not cle a e h a s i t r r g r, p r p pr adv e rbs.
ne u neu ne ud b th to nam u. , r, ; y , e y CHA PTER III V .
PR EPOS ION IT S .
— 109 PR EPOS ITIONS may b e classified as
— I . S E : i wrth er etc IMPL , , g , .
— 11 CO O - - . : o ddi wrth etc MP UND , .
III — E . OS IT O S E S : er llaw er b on O PR P I NAL PHRA g , g r , hos ac .
— l lO The S IMPLE and CO MPO UND may again b e S ub iv i e d d d.
A a o in to inflec ion in o . cc rd g t , t
(a) Those to which no PRONOMINAL S UFFIX E S can b e / added : M ed . a o m f a z éu n tre 2 M M 4 4 , e e ; fi ,
.:i a fi with about or erb n a ainst b , g, , , f y , g , y 90 , i A h eib o b ast m n b in oaths c n befo e , , y, p y , y ( ) y , r a r 6b».
“ e r b at is below se h notwithstandin g , y, , rc , g tua tua towards er sin e erf dd b M , g, , c g y , y ’ mewn in uw h above er s er s or durin , c , y , , f , g wedi wedi a ter da da with nes u to till g , , f y , gy , p , flui d . ) a ish a towa ds P r , r
Th e onominal fo ms uch is lit =over thee unde od od . pr r , ( , r hee h h n o on u a e t s ew a uwch d is we e n e d. ), t t a r c c j g t 73 WE LS H GRAMMAR .
(b ) Th ose to which PRON OMI NAL S uFFIxE s may b e added
The following are th e most common m i W ith out onom ii. Cor es ondin ono . Pr . r p g Pr
re itions. S uffix. P pos
on am af on me g , , ? to towa ds at af to me i » , r , M er or erOf or m sake d , f , f y with b ’ a ud ) enn f with me gap , , y fi g y , i with t h eb of without me h gh, ou ,
h dof h d- ddOf ove me y , y , r o i to into i mi i m to me , , , fi ll-c am rh a be o e om be o e rha of be o e me rom me g, f r , fr f r g , f r , f
M a i rhwn betwee n rh n of between me g , y g , tan dan unde t anaf danaf unde me , , r , , r trosof drOS Of ove me or me , , r , f ou h t rwof drwof th ou h me g , , r g wrt f to me hy , ’" M d n in M A. a J w J nof in me ( y , y , am dan am danaf a out me on me ( ) , b , 0 +ddi am dau oddi amdanaf om on me L ) , fr ddi ar oddi arnaf om on me om me ) , fr , fr ddi wrth oddi wrth f om me ) y , fr g +hon ohonof o me om me ( _ ) , f , fr
B A ain e ositions ma b e lassi ed ac o din to . g , pr p y c fi c r g th eir origin int o
a om nou ns : h d c f eir d s o osite t u a ( ) Fr y ; y y ( ), pp ; ( ), towa ds arth 51 towa ds d a with f om e y d r ; p , r ; gy ( ), , r , union un tio n er b n O ld dativ e ase of en , j c ; ( ) y , c p , head .
b om ad e ctiv es : er Olde ei om a e ish ( ) Fr j g , r g r (c p r Ir
ai nei hbou rin nes c n f om c nt c y nt - ai g r , g g) ; ; y ( r y , ) uwch is m n doublet of th e osse ssiv e iv com ; ; y , p , a e ench m n p r Fr o .
imitiv e e osi ions as i am an drO S t rw (c) Pr pr p t , Q , , , g , , y,
etc . 74 W H ELS GRAMMAR .
1 11— N U A TI N OF P NO IN L E OS T O S CO J G O RO M A PR P I I N . Pronominal prepositions are infl ected for NUM BE R and E S O Th ei on u ation consis s of th e e t es det e P R N . r c j g t r yp r mined b y the v owel conn ecting th e pronominal suffix f e nd e i i xs o th l st e son a th e os t on e . : p r pr p ,
- - 2 - - - - 1 . n i 3 . h f da a . heb o i wrt y
S 1 danaf heb of wrth f g . . y 2 danat h eb ot wrth t . y 3 d n m d m wrth o m a o h eb d o . . . ( ) ( ) ( ) f i f hi f dani h eb dd wrt . ( . ) ( ) ( ) w h Pl 1 . danom h eb om rt m . y 2 danoch h eb och wrth ch . y 3 dan nt h eb dd nt wrth nt . y y y
— k s s i lu . N T E . r s f ma e s rd . trosto m t o t i. O S T o o 3 g ( ), r p trostynt.
T rwof makes rd s . trw dd tr ddi f . lu. trw n . 3 g y o wy ( ) p y ddynt .
- . d is th s con u a d : . 1 h d ddof or h dof 2 iii Hy of u j g te S g , y ( y ) ; ,
- - - h d ddo or h dot 3 h d ddo h d ddi Plu. l h d y t ( y ) ; , y y , , y
- - ddom or h dom 2 h d ddoch or h doch 3 h d dd nt. ( y ) ; , y ( y ) ; , y y
v is con u ate d : in . l enn f 2 . G enn t 3 i . G e nnyf j g S g , , g y ; y ; ,
anddo anddi Plu. l e nn m 2 e nn ch 3 an g g , g y ; , g y , g ddynt .
v Imi is i e ula : S in 1 imi or im 2 iti or it 3 iddo . rr g r g , , ; , ; , iddi Plu. 1 ini or in 2 ich i or iwch 3 idd nt. , ; , w ; , y
me dia ls w s c n u te d lik danai b onai v i. Oh onof in e v al e h a o a e o W j g , oh onat, e tc.
x d d ms rn dd n dd n fo h onadd n v n. The e te n e o a a t ona t r o t f r , y , y ( y ),
mm n . n dd n e tc . in th e 3 rd lu. we e once co da a y t, , p , r o
l2— E S T S E S l PR PO I I ONAL PHRA . Th e following are only a f ew of the most c ommon ar b en u on erllaw nea n h lch about , p g , r y g y , ar h d alon 0 ach os on a count o m m s amon y , g , c f y y g, g er mw n or the o ble id on a ount o n erb n a ainst y , f g , cc f y y , g sake of
76 W E L S H GRAMMA R .
1 l4— IN ER JE ON T CTI S .
fi ei ! fie I twt ! tush I h a ha I wele ! behold I
o h t o t o h I ysywaet he m re the pi y I etc. och ! ow ! I na hat neu ! lo I behold I now c , r ( taw hush I ob solete) CHA PTER IX .
— VA VES 115 DER I TI .
PR E E s FIX .
Prefixes generally produc e initial mutation of the words he are a a h hese mu a ions will e to which t y tt c ed . T t t b indicated h ere by the radical form of the simple word a ke s af e the de iv a iv e Th e s uden will added in br c t t r r t . t t ob serv e that the soft mutation is much the commonest h n e c a g .
— a NE TI E OR A T E l lG ( ) GA V PR IV IV an, am, at; (11
xs annoe th doe th wise im udent e . ( , ), pr wdd wdd eas di icult anha (ha , y), ff e h a ch es ect dis es ct amar (p r , r p ), r pe ; afi dd ll dd success mis ortune wy ( wy , ), f dib s wei ht unim o nt wys (pwy , g ). p rta
b I TE S IVE or A E T T E : dar ded di ( ) N N UGM N A IV , , , dir, en some imes er 9 am m dis, dy, ( t an , , (y )
darddil n dil n ollowin a e l e xs. y ( y ) f g e g r y ; d d b d verdict edfry ( ry ), ; di dde f odde f su erin o (g ), ff g al f dial di+, c . alon, el n to aven e ( g g g y ), g ; djr el cel sec et g ( ), r ; s nt distaw (taw), ile ; d al mal dili ent yf ( ), g d r d t ed come y e , yr , ; e nfawr e rfawr maw ve eat , ( r), ry gr annwn the bottomless pit ; h anno seen in o i aweh e ni En . to g g , , g , g
L at. ace to ur e egg, r), g ; e hud hudo easil led oolish ( ) y , f ; n n oam ewy (gwy ). f ; mdlawd tlawd ver oo a ( ), y p r am eledd and m eledd celedd cti n g y g ( ), prote o . 7 S H 8 W EL GRAMMAR .
e es deno in bac a ain t (c) Pr fix t g k g ad, a , ail, dat.
" e xs dla is llais vo . a ( , ice), echo ; a b h e b te ( , e b), answer ;
ail- dde chre u d chre u innin n ( e ), beg g agai ; e il s oe s second a e n oe ( ), g , agai ; dadwne d wne d doin undoin y (g y , g), g ;
datod dodi unt i n undoin . ( ), y g , g
(d) Th e following cannot b e readily classified
all another othe of . L . alius alltud tud countr land , , r ( ), ( , y, ),
allf orio to ex o t. , p r
a ch chie rinci al archdderw dd de w dd a chd uid. r , f, p p , y ( r y ), r r
m a ith i t n cam is c mwa wa th ans essio w on . , (g ), r gr , r g e d c l c m c n c s to ethe with e ual z— c denw e nw na me y , y , y , y , y , g r, , q y ( ), sake c fiawn llawn com lete c morth o th su ort ; y ( ), p ; y (p r ), p p ; l l u ldin o c nna da ho c stal tai l e ual value e ual. y ( ), p g ; y ( ), f q , q i — als ad e t v e s c m . f . v . o j c o p o e q c n be ore i st c nllun llun c nwe isiad a chie or ime y , f , f r , y ( ) ; y , f pr ministe r.
has a de e ciato o ce like G ee k dus in d b r d om r d dy pr ry f r , r y y (fr p y ,
orm d chwe dd rom we dd o m countena nce ill- avou ed f ) ; y (f g , f r , ), f r , l d ch an rom a n i u double t of du h a a sat e. g y ; y (f c , r
h co . with L . be or echdoe doe este da da be o e ec , ( g f e ; ( , y r y), y f r este da e chnos nos ni ht ni ht be o last y r y ; ( , g ), g f re .
at some what i. he of n m n askin . go, ( ) r r, ; g y ( y ), g ma fix ll ii. It is a o l e in o wn e tc. ( ) f r pr g g ,
ove too ve orlawn wn too ull v ull get , r, , ry g (lla ), f , ery f .
cont a to back h ili - wrth wrt wr ciliwr a back slide . g , r ry , ; g g ( ), r h a t to eas b law llaw han xte ou y, p , y ; y ( , d), de r s. rh a be o e rh a wele d wele d seein ors in g , f r ; g (g , g ), f ee g. tra be ond ver tra hlith lith in a con used state , y , y ; p (p ), f . tr th ou h tho ou hl tr frith b ith s eckled s otted th ou h y, r g , r g y ; y ( r , p ), p r g and th ou h r g .
a o mal e fix adde d to wo ds b e innin with and son y, e , f r pr r g g s a con
nt s ar sb r d L . a as om s i itus . t e smw th tc e c. , y g , y y (fr p r ), y , e , ;
of . ench e e xed to wo ds b e innin with s st 8 0 as Fr pr fi r g g p, , ,
s it om L . s i itu Th e s in e nch h as n i ed e pr (fr p r s). Fr ow d sappe ar
h e . é almos e v e w e e . tat L . s s t ry r , g (from tatu )
m e flexiv e mb w ll w ll disc etion conside ation mladd y , r ; y y (p y ), r , r ; y
dd to st ike to i ht. (Ha , r ), f g R 79 WELS H GRAM MA .
1 1 — 7 S UFFI XES .
N N- X E S O U S . l . UFFI
— d h f . di the e n e of de iv tiv Non a Th e m. and in ca te t e a es. ( )-{ ( ) g r r
T NS of t e M A (a) Th e following form AB S T RAC N OU h sc . E E - eb - e - d -dod - dra -edd - i - iant -ant G ND R d , d r, di , , , , , , , ' - - - - n - i ni -m - rw - wch aint, id, yd, ineb , io edd, o , , ydd, ,
fi ddlonde b aith ul ness rh ddid eedom y , f f y , fr w lder modest me b d in anc g y , y y , f y cal ndid heartine ss w lltine b hastiness o , g y , Duwdod G odhe ad wirionedd truth , g , c fle ustra O ortunit daioni oodness y , pp y , g d n rni dialed , ve g eance oe , coldness osledi ha rdshi e ni ene , p g , rgy llw ddiant success e uo rw dd uilt y , g y , g madde uant o ive nes dio e lw h sa et , f rg s g c , f y di ofaint w ath llawe n dd o g , r y , j y
Norm S ome de riv ativ es e nding in a f e w of the se suffi xe s
are e minine e . . : f , g
ca de d a dole trind d t init . r , ; o , r y tuedd inclina tion tru are dd me c c n h anedd , ; g , r y ; y g ,
orf oledd re oicin and tan nefedd eace are some times g , j g , g , p ,
fe minine .
weddi ra e ce nadwri messa e mission. g , p y r ; , g , ce nfain he d b rain rivil e o m l t, r ; t, p eg (f r er y ad wid romise me l de , p (for r y
ce lf dd d art werth d dista . y y , ; g y ( ff)
doe thine b , wisdom (b ut also
cref dd eli ion. y , r g
f which is a v ian rm = d dra o der a t f o Ol W e lsh tra a thin . ( r ) , g = he ad . rhw dd s . rwydd t j y , ea y
(b ) S uffi xes denoting th e AGE NT or INS T RUM E NT
' - o wr i In. wrai r nwr b u er we ithiwr wo ke ’ ( g p y , y ; g , r r ;
olchwrai washer woman. g g,
- ech adur sinne . adur p , r
- c fie ith dd t anslato . ydd y y , r r
- - a d 0dres iachawdwr saviour mherodres em ess. w wr , ; y , pr H R 80 W EL S G AM M AR .
- i. with the v owe l of the e cedi s llable a e cte d 4 d, iad ( ) pr ng y ff r mutate d— if it is mutable — the denote e son doe as o y p r , r, k lle d d o ill d d ce idwad ee e ca w i dia ne who k s llad . Ce nna , p r ( d ) , ( ) , mission messen r er is usuall f e . ge , p , y m
1L with the v owe l of the e ce din s llable unmutate d th e o m ( ) pr g y , y f r
v e b al nouns cadwad a kee in lladdiad a killin cuttin . r ; , p g ; , g, g n me i s in G alwad a calli is so t me e m ine . , g, f
Other e xample s are N n i. A n 11. e bal ou . ge t. V r
b e irniad ad udicato d f arniad ad udication. , j r y , j de il d tena nt daliad a holdin ia , , g dad e in iad a sin e dad aniad a rende in g , g r g , r g e irchiad a su liant arch iad a e uest , p p , r q
e ilwad a summone calle alwad. a callin g , r, r g g
- love- messen i. a ent In. or lla tai e ai : g ( , g r ;
inst ume nt aw rb w sai ba omete m ne ai index . ii. r y y , r r ; y g ,
— i hu n nd m an r re fe m. OT E . Buddai a c a c n a a e a N , r , y y , ,
- mudan a dumb e son llw f an a sta e c flafan an , p r ; y , g ; y ,
u hte h osan stockin . sla g r ; , g
ll r ca ndlestick the n is a asitic or ino anic m. canw a arn ( y n, , p r rg , n ar n at - is c onne c with h rn c ompare in ; arn not ted aea .
(c) Th e following cannot b e readily classifie d
- co ach dwa c frinach sec et. ach (m. r , rf ; y , r
- - lan ua e : C m ae the W elsh lan ua e Ce m we aeg , eg g g y r g, g g ; y g,
Cornish lang uage.
- scienc art : ie ithe hilolo ramade ammar is eg e, g, p gy ; g g , gr ,
masc . — - ab st act nouns om ad e ctiv e s fe m. acth , 4 3 0th ( r fr j )
h i ae th election e tif eddiae th he ita e. e t oled g , , r g
E —A mr wiae th va iet wasan ae th service hirae th NOT . y , r y ; g , ; ,
on in are masc. e nn ae th chie is not ab st act. l g g, p f, r
- e nd as h e noun to which it is suffi xe d ull d rnaid aid (same g er t ), f y ul a ha ndf .
- alanas massac e riodas weddin . as g , r ; p , g
- h sul f an action : colle d loss. cd denote s t e re t o ,
- ll n es leet llawe s sleeve. as y g , f ; , WE LS H GRA MMA R . 81
- f a a dwedin lace oedfa meetin morf a ma sh is trigf , g p ; , g ; C , r ,
masc. )
ri f an dwelle lace» t g . r:P
- d same nde as th e noun to which it is suflixe d o , awd ( ge r )
d a blow with the ha nd lf od a blow with a a w ym od, pa , p ; od on u taf , t g e ;
n d rite. die d, dri k ; ef od,
- h f a e s a Note th at cd, adde d to t e name o n instrument, d note blow.
0 m. sw ddo o icer s af arno ha e. g ( y g, ff ; y g g, r
m t i is o te n u e l ormal as in rhis l ba k t mestl te es . f p r y f , g , r ; y , p
For S UFFIX ES of G ENDER and NUM BER as we ll as DIM INUT I vn s — n uns um s see unde r o .
— A E T E S F IX E S 118 n . DJ C IV U F
lik some what haf aidd like summer w d idd rustic. sidd, e, : , ; g la a ,
J aw rom maw reat : werthf awr valuable . r (f r, g ) g ,
- om a riend ond o dial ar even e ul. g ar (fr car, f ), f f : g , r g f
- n n ull o : di llawn di llon unath ul r dlon llawn, lawn, lio , io , f f g , g , f ; p y ,
- - r ll breadth ull o : d frll d water waedl d llyd, lyd (f om ed, ) f f y y , y ; g y ,
bloody.
- u o J z nefol heavenl b wiol livin . ol, 101, f ll f, y , y ; y , g
- = - - - L at. na osus ull o : oe nus ain ul . us ( Eng . ous, , ), f f p , p f
- - Fo se e de ve b . r adwy, edlg , un r r
- - i c n . :sdwy and edlg are usually passive n f un tio , e. g
b u in a ve few instances e . . t they are active ry , g
a a man ull o eelin . dyn te iml dwy, f f f g
d d a contrite hea t. calon stu die i , r gy g — c i the creakin latch G e r. Owe n. y glicied wi hied g, g
- - - F d d see above : also cha te r on nume als. or ed, ed , yd , p r
G 82 WE LS H GRAMMA R .
119— VE - O RB N UN .
e m omm n are - - l - i - exs Th ost c o 0, o, , u . ,
llithro sli in b reuddw dio d eamin holi , pp g ; y , r g ; ,
uestionin d s u lea nin . q g y g , r g
‘ - - - - “ - - 0 A 18 0 an, ian, ain, ed’ ied’ 9 g , fan’ yll, XS
u h an rumblin sef llian loiterin o h ain oan t c , g g ; y , g ; c , gr in wele d seein w lied wat hin ehede g ; g , g ; g y , c g ; g, l uddfan oan/in f ndin in r se ll sta . f y g ; g , gr g ; y , g
a - - hav e a ausa iv e an in i ( ) hau, au, c t d choat v e
e . g . cofi u em ndin f me or a i co m . , r g ( , y) d ddhau dawnin d dd da y , g ( y , y).
(b ) -a conv eys the idea of gathering or busying oneself
e . g cneua atherin nuts cnau nuts , g g ( , ). chwedleua ossi in chwedlau sto ies , g p g ( , r ). ini b i eini n ce oca e n c o en . , gg g ( g, p y)
CO PO S M UND . S ub stantiv e sub stantiv e :
w r- lch atmos he e en- - mwnw l hazdlon a dra . y gy , p r ; p g , g - -l b eu d owhouse teu u amil . y, c ; , f y
- f ddin Ca marthen n- daf anda Cae r Lla L l . r y , r ; , ff haf summe esidence r r .
Verb -noun sub stantiv e :
h o - faen whetstone es n- faen horseblook g , ; gy , .
S ub stantiv e adj ectiv e
en- wan wea - minded b on- o h red- breasted p , k r g c , .
A dj ectiv e sub stantiv e
dr c - in drw hin oul weathe laS - for the blue y ( g ), f r ; g ,
sea .
t hud - em a ub s h - nan a dr valle d , r y ; yc t, y y.
S YNTA X .
CHA PTER X .
120— O D OR DER W R .
— TYPE A Th e N ORMAL ORDE R of words in a Welsh sentenc e is as follows :
1 . E . 2 S E T T T IT S T E S . 3 R ES T V RB . UBJ C AND A RIBU .
OF T H E S E TE E e . N NC , , g , n ‘ t ’ t dddodd i mrawd l fr ri anre i r b ach en neithiwr y y y g g . M b othe esented the bo with a book last ni ht y r r pr y g .
121— Thjs o de h owev e ma b e INVE TE for the r r, r, y R D sake of E A S S MPH I . The emph atic word is always b rought to the h ead of the nt n e Th e ab ov e ma b e inv erted thus se e c . v
’ a F mrawd roddodd l ir n anre i r b ach en neit iwr ( ) y y y g g h . It was my brothe r that presented a book to the boy last ni ht g .
mr w L l fr roddodd f a d etc . (b) y y ,
It was a book m b othe ave etc . y r r g ,
Yn anre rhoddodd etc . (c) g y , t b other ave etc It was as a esen m . pr y r g ,
’
d b a h an rhoddodd etc . ( ) I r c g y , b othe ave etc It was to the bo m . y y r r g ,
mr e Neithiwr rhoddodd f awd tc . (e) y y ,
I ni ht that m b othe etc. t was last g y r r, WEL S H GRA MM A R . 85
The student use d to English word orde r must b e on his guard against placing any part othe r than th e v e rb at the b eginning of the sentence unless that part b e e m hati The e IS h owev e one e ma kable lass of cxce p c . r , r, r r c p tions which may b e spoken of;as
22— E — his t e S h oul b e on ned t the 1 TYP B . T yp d c fi o use of th e v e b with th e fo mal e sonal onoun which r r p r pr , is ft en m nie h e e Th e wo d o de o acco pa d b y t relativ a. r r r in this typ e is
2 R E A 3 E 1 . O E S . O V TI E . . . F RMAL P R PR N . L V RB
4. B E S T OF S E TE E N NC .
E xamples S i lst M i erddais L ani llin n o . g . g y o n — O M Edwa ds I walked n lli . fr m L la fy . . r .
2nd Di ei enn i f n mlaen g g ad y d y . Thou hast leave o o eed — M an L lw t pr c org yd.
’ 3 r M Fe ci i i m ll ell d e m p odd y mh e b . He a ied me ar a wa — Bardd Cws c rr f y g .
Fe m Hi rod o r nu r h m d dd o c . . y g y yn — S he gave the same command Edward James. l Ni w Plu. st a droisom ein h neb au y . e tu ned our aces — Bardd Cws W r f g .
2ud Ohwi ellwch h d ru arn y e o. You can de u on it pend p . r D ych y Prif Oesoedd.
’ 3 rd Hw a i watwarasant e f y g . The mocked him — M a k v 4 0. y . r .
l23 — M an elsh w i e s and es e iall ansla o s y W r t r , p c y tr t r , use e B sometimes instead of e A no mal o de typ typ r r r,
e . g . Ei we n wrth ddisgyblion a ddy dasa t o.
H d ci aid to hi - ohn v i 12 les s . is is p m. J .
This D e e i d ho S hould read : yw dodd disgyblion wrt . 8 E S H R 6 W L G AMM AR .
124~ CONCOR D OF ER B A ND S UB V JECT.
It Will b e conv enient to consider this important question h e e as it is intimatel onnect ed with the o de of wo ds r , y c r r r in th e sen en e t c . T — he v e rb has (a) T W O NUMBE RS S INGULAR and PLURAL .
A nd b T E E E S O S in e a h numb e — 1st 2nd ( ) HR P R N c r , , n 3 rd a d .
i Of these th e IS T n 2ND he l sT 2ND a d S . and t ( ) ING , , , 3 R D and E S O T T E OW N S E T . P R . PLURAL C N AIN H IR UBJ C i i hou ovest etc . e . . a a I love e t l g , c r , ; c r , ;
Consequently ii and di in
caraf fi I love e i di thou lovest , c r , stand really IN APPOS ITI ON to th e sub j e ct contained in th e e v rb .
It ill ondu e t o sim li i howev e to t ea th ese W c c p c ty, r, r t n un f e pro o s as sub j e cts o th v e rb .
ii R re I DOE N O T The 3 D S is difi e nt . T S OT ( ) ING . C N AIN ITS OW N S E T whi h mus h e efo e b e se a a el UBJ C , c t t r r p r t y f e resse d or im lied om th e ont e t e . . xp p r c x , g
’ N o i id myfi a th wrthod dd d . I as not I t e thee t w hat r jected .
Y mae gan y llwynogod ffeuau. ox have ol F es h es.
The ab ov e ob serv ations will help the student to under stand the following rules of concord
— — T E A N E i sub e followin l 25 . O O . e . YP RMAL RD R, , j ct g the v e rb .
3 R D S THE S E T i TH E E B E THE . ( . ) V RB WILL IN ING IF UBJ C
(a) A NOU NI aXM fim {sna i l rw ei u i fran e . G ei on W ria . g . y g r g g h The words of the raven are hars . WE LS H GRAMMAR . 87
A R O O OTH E T A E S O A (b) P N UN R H N P R N L . — Pwy yw hwn l W ho is this one 2 — Pwy yw y rh ai hyn l W ho are these 2
IF TH E S UBJE CT IS A PE R S ONAL PRON O UN TH E VE RB AGRE E S WITH IT IN NUMB E R AND PE RS ON/
C e e i fi I believe r d , e ui ieve Cr dwn , we bel ; ed dd nt u he believed Cr o a . y ,
NB —If the sub e b e om ound if it onsis s . . j ct c p c t of two or mo e nouns or onouns onl th e a ne r pr , y p rt xt the v erb is to b e aken in o onside a ion t t c r t ,
’ u hum m c fail i wele lle E t i a y l d y . M nd an I went to see the la e y frie d p c . H h 1 t in wi h i. e e eut um is st S in . a ee r g , gr g
— — l26 INVE RTE D ORDE R S ub j e ct pre ce ding the v erb
iii TH E VE E S S E E E us Is IN T H E ( . ) RB , UNL PR C D D BY , 3 R D E S O S P R N ING .
M fi a wnaeth b n It was I that did thi y y s. Y plant a dorrodd y fi enestr : It was the children that o the windo br ke w. Dywed wrthynt mai ci ewyllys oedd y cai y sawl a ab er ’ hai i r duwiau adw ei f ain ac a os n ll s ond cai t g r t , r y y y , y ’ y sawl NAD YM OS TYNG E NT i hynny ymadaw o i wasanaeth ef - Dr ch il Oesoedd . y y Pr . ( p.
12 — E B iv TH E E E E S T TH E 7 TYP ; ( . ) V RB AGR WI H A NTE CE DE NT O F THE RE LAT IVE IN NUMB E R A ND PE RS O N
M i s rif ennais a w ote . y g , I r ’ A r a ostolion a f ne asant iddo cwbl a wnaethent p y g y . A nd the A ostles o Him all the had done p t ld y . 88 WE LS H GRA MMAR .
— - 128 In CO ORDINAT E S E NTE NCE S h aving the S AM E b S E T rule i a b ill a l onl to th e s v e . UBJ C , ( . ) ( ) ( ) W pp y y fir t r Th e oth e r v e rb s Will b e in th e same numb er and pe rson as the sub e e j ct, . g
Dych welodd y b ugeiliaid a gogoneddasant Dauw am yr h oll b ethau a glywsent ac a welscnt
A nd the she phe rds returned and glorified G od for all
the things they had heard and seen .
— 129 The other rules giv en ab ov e are applicable to - e en en es co ordinat s t c . CHA PTER XI .
— 13 0 THE A R TICL E .
— l3 l P OS IT IO N : The article always pre cedes th e noun or ad e tiv e whi h it e fe s e to . . j c c r r , g
d n the man c fiawn the u t s . y y , y y , j
— 13 2 G OVE RNME NT : The article produces th e soft mutation if the n un immedia el f ll ws n is o t y o o ,( a d fem. and
dd nes om d nes the o an w m . y y (fr y ),
B — ll an h r t N. d a e n t mut e t oon . T o a d llenad he m ; y , ; rhw f the oar y , .
Oth erwise it t ake s th e radical sound
wra edd fem th e women y g g ( . . h e n d n c t ma . y y (mas . d nion c the men y y (mas . .
In the case of cardinal numerals the A rticle
o e ns th e mutation in au and (a) v r d dwy, g wi law au dd w dd . e . . dd n g , y y y y
(b ) is followed b y th e radical in all the othe rs
i hudole s h e . . a n. g , y t r y en A i r Deddi y D g .
— e f is e S E A S in En lish th e d . art us d to l3 3 U : g . divi u ls r cl ss tin uish a ti ula in d a o a es e . . g p r c r , g
d n the man . y y ,
r ada bi ds the bi ds. y r, r , r 90 E S M W L H GRAM AR .
It is further used in Welsh
(a) With th e de monstrativ es
i To st en th e e rel v e ( . ) r g n th ati
’ Yr Hollalluo w ein Duw ni r hwn a n han g y , y fonodd a a t t . mi n u e The A l ghty is our G od who se t s to the .
If un e t f ii a no in enes o m de m . v o a . ad ( t r , r j
e d n hwn this man . g . y y , .
th f ew me of e b i a na s towns coun ries &c . . ( ) W , t , , g
M w thi r A mw t hi S hre wsbu Drefnew dd Y y g , y y g, ry Y y , N wtown e .
Y Bala Bala Y W dd u M old &c , y gr g, ; .
But not with L lundain L ondon R h d che n Ox o d M an , ; y y , f r ; c inion M ancheste Cae d dd ardi &c . e , r ; r y , C ff,
It is use d in
Yr fit E Yr l Ai t. Eida tal . , gyp , I y Yr A lb an S otland Yr n n ia , c . I dia, I d . Yr A meri A me i a Yr Iwerddon eland &c g, r c . , Ir ,
The A rticle b efore many of th ese words is nothing b ut th e initial v owel or syllable of the noun indistinctly arti culat e d misun e s ood and det a h e d : hus , d r t , c t
Y Be o is f om A b ermo rm r . Y M w thi is f om A mw thi &c y g r y g, .
The analogy of instances like th e ab ov e would prob ably h e n me s e xtend t e use of the A rticle to oth r Proper a .
— = mm n h line ende B . B ala u le t is a co on oun of t e mascu N. ( o t ) g r nc the use of the A ticle with th e lace name and he a b sence he e r p , t h m ti n Y B ala of t e soft uta o : .
Th e A ti le is not used with C m u W ales L loe r r c y r , ; g , En land &c g , .
el i h n me f iv e It is rar y use d w t a s o r rs.
2 9 WE LS H GRAM MA R .
13 7— O T T O OF T E S T E A ND P IN AND DURA I N IM , DI ANC E S E : h en a noun has an of h ese meanin s M A UR W y t g , its initial consonant
i ill unde o th e sof mu a ion when followin ( . ) W rg t t t g
th e v e b e . . : r , g
Bum no l e w i h y aw r g a t . have o ten been the e I f r .
M i ddof dd M awrth ddy . shall ome on Tuesda I c y.
’ ’ M ae entre f acw b um milldir o r m6r r p . e ive e o the s That villag is f mil s fr m ea .
— m onl h e ws NB . If an ad e ctiv e e cede s the noun th e o e s . j pr f r r y mutation.
ii ill remain in its radi al fo m if it s ands ( . ) W c r t f he n en h ead o t se t ce .
um u L lawer gwaith y b y o. M n i been the e a y a t me have I r .
D dd M awrth dof y y , n Tuesda shall ome O y I c .
’ ’ um mill r o r m6r W r entre f acw P di y p , l e Five mi es from the sea is that villag .
13 8~ NO UNS A ND ADJ E CT IVE S US E D PRE DICAT IVE LY
re usuall e ede d b n e . These a y pr c y y , g
David a kin f n ir h in is . M ae Da ydd y c , g
N d nt n h fion f el lant ef . id y y y y , p tr
The are not bold like town hild en. y , c r
—~ he so t mutation e xce t in B . The edic ativ e n ove ns t N. pr y g r f p n the case of ll and rh which re main uncha ged. S 9 WE L H GRAMMAR . 3
If howev e the edi ativ e noun or ad e iv e s ands , r, pr c j ct t at the head of the sen en e the n is usuall d o ed t c y y r pp , n he ini ial emains in the adi al fo m e a d t . t r r c r , g
B enin w Daf dd r y y , It i k n avi s a i g D d is.
H fion nid d nt fel lan e f y y y , p t tr , Bo he are no i o n ld t t l e t wn hild e . y , k c r
— l3 9 THE A DJECTIVE .
l — Th e ad e tiv e la f e h e 4o P O S ITION i. j c is p ced a t r t in h noun els e . . W , g ,
d n a ood man . y da, g
1 Th e ad e tiv e is some imes made to e ede th e 1 . j c t pr c wev e e s e iall in oe e noun ho . . , r, p c y p try, g ,
’ O ! p le mae efi aith dwyf ol waed ? " i ne bloo l— whe e is the e ect o d vi d . Pant cel n 0 ! r ff f y y .
iii S ome ad e iv es mus e e de th e noun . j ct t pr c ,
a rif hie and ene all hen old ( ) p , c f ; g r y , ;
i e iv e s e b osse ss v e ad . . ( ) P j ct , g ,
m b on l a m s . y , y
0 M os inde ni e ad e iv es e . ( ) t fi t j ct , g
me thin s bai e hau so . r p t , g
c fr w dd n su h a e son . y y y y , c p r
NB — an 1] nev e re e e Hen A rall d 0 . e . . r p c d c
he o he lle r ll t t la e . y a a , r p c f meb d 011 m whole in an y y , y f cy.
e ls v (d) The num ra q. . 94 E S A W L H GR MMAR .
iv . In a few ases th e ad e tiv e v a ies in meanin c , j c r g a o din to It s osition e cc r g p , . g .
uni i. r nui d the onl house g y g y, y .
ii. t nui a lonel hou e y g , y s . m i m ddefn dd o u ca : . ca wr n se y , g . i fion a o i. m oked t k ga , cr s ic . i wi Dduw the t u wi : . r e real G od g r y g r , ( ) . ii ri . sto wir a t ue c edible sto y , r ( r ) ry.
— E T i h en E E ° M l G OVE RNM N ( . ) W PR C DING the noun t \ ( L ) (a) Th e CO MPARAT IVE S are followe d by the RADICAL form of the consonant
c n de ed d dd as wa m a da y c y , r y. a wa me da t ecach d dd . y , r r y
(b ) Th e POS IT IVE and ofte n the S UPE RLAT IVE produc e th e soft mutation
i duw he t ue G od w D t . y g r , r r h naf wr the oldest man y y , .
(11 ) Wh en F O LLO WING the noun
i l nsonan of th e ad unde oes the ft Th e init a co t j. rg so muta ion af e a eminine noun in th e sin ula numb e t , t r f g r r . f Otherwise it re mains in its radical orm .
la e iver mawr a . afon faw r. r (f ), rg r
u afon dd mawrion la e rivers. b t y , rg tir da ood land tir is mas , g c
NB — If th e ad e tiv e a lies to two or mo e nouns . . j c pp r of diff e ent ende its initial muta ion will b e de e mine d r g r, t t r m i el e e es by th e noun which im ed at y pr c d .
n d nes dde a ood man and a ood dy a y , g g
nes a d n da woman. dy y ,
E S M 96 W L H GRAM AR .
2 P0 wi h the su e la iv e is e uiv alen to En h ( ) t p r t q t g . t e with th e comparativ e ; e . g .
o en o ntaf the sooner the bette g r p gy , r .
— l 46 NUM ER A L S .
a Pum ch we can are ad ectiv al hile um ch wech ( ) , , , j , W p p, , e ul l sub st nti l cant are r g ar y a v a .
b Den deudden mthen are ad e iv al b ut ( ) g , g , py g j ct , de deudde mthe like most othe nume als ma g , g , py g , r r , y r e i e b e eithe r nouns o adj ct v s.
— l47 POS ITIO N : S imple numerals and the first ele ment of compound numerals pre cede th e noun which they ’
ualif e . . q y, g
nu d dd one da . y , y
d dd ar hu ain the ent - r unfed tw i st da . y y g , y f r y
xc n f alwa s follows the noun E . Cy ta y . d c f the d d nta i st da . y y y , f r y
— If und nu e al E m . m o is w i te n n d . T . th e co wo NO . t as o e e p r r r , g , d udde twelve or if one e le me nt indicate s h e numb e of ime s e g, ; t r t h he is to be take n as e dwar n ain our sco e e i ht he t e ot r , p g , f r , g y, t
l u e al e ce de s he noun o. . z who e n m r pr t , g
edwar n ain ml nedd ei ht s p g y , g y year .
— O E E T i M ost Ca dinal ume r 148 G V RNM N ( . ) r n rals a e followed b th e adi al fo m of th e su e edin nsonan y r c r cc g co t .
f h e u i ii nu e m . dau dw ov e n t sof m a on e ( . ) ( ) , y g r t t t , . g
un wrai wrai one woman g (fr . g g), . f i f ill I dau a ll . c a two ien gy (fr y ) fr ds. w f eill c feilles d y gy es (fr. y ) f —l n h are n t mu e f r B . l a d r o a a e e un . N. t t d t g
un llaw one hand nu h ee one o , ; r , r w. WE LS H GRAMMAR . 97
iii i t . and chwe as a e t c ( ) tri p r p, , .
tri hw s r w s th ee ounds p y (f . p y ), r p .
iv um th h naw en eu n ( . ) p , sai , wyt , , d g , d dde g , ngain, can nasalise the b of bl nedd blw dd n and Often th e d , y , y y , f o diwrn e . od ; . g
sai h niwrnod seven da s. t , y
h h e ui e th e sonan mu ion f V. s it w t a o t ( ) a , y , r q r t t t p, , 0 hus . T
s it ennill even tan s. a h b , s s z a
All Ordinal num e rals
a A re followe d b the R adi al in th e followin noun ( ) y c g ,
mas uline e . c , , g
e son seithfe d dd Y trydydd p r ; y dy .
v m tation if the f ollowin noun is (b) G o e rn th e soft u , g f e minine e . , . g ,
a ail res ; ail b ennod ; y drydedd w ith .
N - en w i e s has b ec ome an e e ion B . A .il in e . , r c t r t r , xc pt , in that it is made to gov e rn th e soft mutation in th e
f e minine e . ll in the . : masculine as we as , g d Yr ail ddiwrno .
ti n e i ws the ansi o . Th e B ble she tr , g
' f r S muel b ut A il L fr Brenhinoe dd A il a . L ly ; , y y
l49 - NUME RALS WIT H NO UN S
i A noun uali e d b a nume al should S b e ( . ) q fi y r ALWAY
S L e . INGU AR, g
n n th ee men tri dyn (not dy io ) r . E S 98 W L H GRAMM AR .
* Bu u h noun is no e e in form t tho gh t e w r gard d as sing. it is lu al in mos of its s n a ti al ela ions unless of p r t y t c c r t , h e nume al ualif in it is one T us ou se un . h c r t r q y g ,
(a) The v e rb will b e plural wh erev er a plural subj ect oul ui e um e R e s f e w d e ha n b ul o on o d . . : r q r t t r, V . c c r , g
Dae h dau dd mlaen o f t yn y ac anerchasant y d r .
T o en a o wa d a add w m c me f r r nd ressed the crowd.
mon i es re u e b Th e de s a v a t in th lu al e . ( ) tr t p p r , , g
i d h n these th ee en tr n m . Y y y , r
(0) The qualifying adj e ctiv e Of ten takes the plural in e i e on . . : fl ct , g w f uw fli h — l d ch t ion S am . Vi 10 y . . .
If howev e th e nume al is use sub s an iv el , r , r d t t y, th e noun if ov e ned b 0 o will b e in th e lu al as , g r y , f, p r ,
tri ar dde o nion thirteen men g ddy , . — N. B . o must be used a te thousand f r mil, ; myrdd, myrddlwn, t n nd Th c io i e thousa . is onstruct n is Ofte n use d with compos te
iii The noun if i m i t ume l o fo m . a t ( ) , t co bines w th he n r r one om ound is c p ,
G ene all S in l a u a e . ( ) r y g r, g
w thnos a wee from w th ei ht and nos ni ht. y , k, y , g , , g
thefnos a ortni ht f om mthe n teen py , f g , r py g, fif , ' o n h n s i t. , g
Originally the noun de pe nde nt on the nume ral was in the G e nitiv e imil i v sin la and th e Plural. S ar ty of form b e tween th e nominati e gu r G e nitiv e lu al le d to h m de —For de taile d discussion Of P r t e o rn rule . a ’ th e que stion se e th e A uthor s S tudies in W elsh G rammar and ” Philology.
100 WE LS H GRAMM AR .
ft e onom e i iii se ii a . os ions e U i . ( . ) , r pr pr p t , g
f or af o ata i at ii, t me . Pwy bynnag a ddél ataf ii nis bwriaf e f allan m —John Vi 3 ddi . 7 . .
’ E ifar w enn f i ddal i th er n — Dr d y g y by di . ych Prif s e d y Oe o d .
iv Use i wh en in a osi ion ( . ) pp t
to a ossessiv e ad as (a) p j.
n s u the tea hin o me fy y g i, c g f
a i m athe . iy nh d , y f r
- e s on (b ) to th e post v ocalic p r . pr
’ fe m d s odd i he tau ht me . y g , g
- Th b ov e ule s a l to the use minnau fin au NOT E . e a r pp y , n , lnnau.
— e s sin . ti di 153 2nd p r . g ,
( 1) Use ti
Af t er onominal e osi ions (i. ) pr pr p t
ti to thee to ou. atat , , y
m ase af e a v e b endin in Wh en no . c t r r g
d s aist ti thou didst learn. y g ,
(2) Use di ev erywh ere else
d s i di thou learnest y g , ;
d s odd di he tau ht thee. y g , g
a l to the use of tithau dithau. The same rules pp y , 101 W E LS H GR A M M A R .
— 154 3 rd lu. h hw n p wy, y t
(a) Hwy is th e regular form
he d s ant hw t lea n. y g y, y r
b Hw nt is howev e Oft en met wi h as ( ) y r t ,
d s ir hw nt the are tau ht y g y , y g ;
d h with the a w nt m. gy y ,
Hw n is seld m use n h e min i e ase an is y t o d i t no at v c , d rarely found
i A f e n m e in he 3 r e s lu . t d . . ( ) t r a pro o . pr p . p r p
at nt wrth nt etc y , y , .
m . A s ob e e th 3 r e lu to a v b in e d s. . as ( ) j ct r p r p ,
d s ant carant etc y g , , .
l 55— om i e f h Idi at c us o i ii , i c wi, iddo ei, iddi hi, iddynt hwy : These phrases are oft en use d to S how that the person or persons refe rred to take a ke en inte re st in what is s a ed e t t . . g .
D na chw rfa lw diannus y i i y yd . That w l ee r on as a success u a ma . f c r r, k
Bw h r e e nn c im y n g s ho . G o a ou on h on — M a ino i n t is missi . b o . , I pr y y , g
A c ar f r iti mae no b ob e h a hair i dd n y , y p t y ’ ’ bio we n un dy n ll 0 ho o i h . A nd mark you eve rything is there to induce a man th n bette o h el - B r ws to a dd C . i k r f ims f. g
A simila idiom o u s in L a in he e it is alle d E hic r cc r t , W r c t
Dative. 102 W E S H R M A L G A M R .
— l56 F ORMAL PE RS O NAL PRONOUNS
The se are used in affi mative s temen s onl e a . r t t y, g
’ th adwaen w w — M k 24 M i a d . a v . p y y yt r .
’ A c ai a oriadau lwm l s fiene t f ll g p fe g oe s ri y ygaid. A nd with his leaden keys he looked the windows of m e es — Bardd ws y y C g .
Fe : This is the form use d for the masculine with the 3 r e S in f e d s. . o th v e b p r g r .
— N. B Th e s k i . u ma dis in c on f 1 . e ono ns t t o n m n pr r u ber , perso , and in th e c ase of the 3 rd e s. S in d also th erwise th e i , p r g , gen er ; o r function in a se ntence closely re se mble s th at of an introduc tory b l a i l adv e r ia p rt c e .
2 The ov e n he mu i . . y g r t soft tat on
Fe is regularly used with the impersonal forms of th e e b and then its fun tion is u el a v e ial e d b . V r , c p r y r , g
Fe mdre chw n ale d y yd y g . at e o t ade G re ff r was m .
— 15 O S T - O E S O O S 7 P V CALIC P R . PR N UN
Position They are infixed b etwe en a word e nding in a el n e nsiti e v e b s whi h ov e n t em v ow a d th tra v r c g r h .
The pre ce ding word is usually
a The e s. on mi ti fe e tc . ( ) p r pr , , , ,
Th e elati e r b ) r v a o y.
The v e s c) ad rb ui, oni
or d A on unction as na e. ) c j , , y, p
- ase inv a iabl a cusativ e in esent da elsh e . . C r y c pr y W . g
’ Ef l he me e a m we odd saw . g ,
WE LS H GRAMM AR .
— 162 DE MONS TRATIVE PRONO UNS
f The sin . h n h nn are use d e e en e g y , y y, r r c act or a statement made or im lie d f p ,
Pwy ddywe dodd hynny ? " W ho said so r
— 163 DE MON S TRATIVE ADJ E CT IVE S
S ometimes a osse ssiv e ad e tiv e is used wi h hwn p j c t , instead f t e a ti le Thus o h r c .
d n hwn this man y y , . f m h th s on o ine ab wn i s m . y , f
are used in the sin with eth g , p ,
thin : and sometimes with r d e mse time e . g p y , r , , g
eth h n th s thin i . y p y , g r ams er h nn that time y y y, .
4— 16 R EL A TIVE PR ONOUNS .
— 165 P OS IT I ON : Th e relativ e pronouns
e n i f e a (subj ct a d d re ct Ob j e ct o the v rb ). — y (b efore consonants) representing all othe r and r b efo e v owels ase ela ions y ( r ) i c r t ,
re l f a a wa s la ed b e o e th e v e b e . y p c r r , g
Efe a anfonodd lythyr at y b renin a elwid CaS v ll wa on .
He sent a lette to the n C aunus r ki g called assivell . Dr ch Prif Oesoedd y y . G wyn fyd y b obl y mae yr A rglwydd yn Dduw idd nt y . Blessed are the eo le to whom the L o d i G od p p r s . WE LS H GRA MMA R . 105
— l66 US E : Th e relativ e is used
r u d e tiv al sen en es S e e e am les To int od ce a j c t c . x p b ov e a .
In sim le sen en es of an inv e te o de p t c r d r r,
H we af yn a ddy d . It th that sa is is I y.
mraw w e o n Fy d a ddy d dd hy . It was m brothe that said this y r .
Ym or hw saf a y g p y . He e shall est r I r .
In simple sentence s of normal orde r Typ e B
’ Ni ch arb e wn b n o r a d y d o. e shall a e ou thi t e W sp r y s im .
167— CONS T RUCTION
is alwa s S E T or D E T O E T f i. a O a v e ( ) y UBJ C IR C BJ C rb .
Wh en S UBJE CT its syntax Will de pend upon th e typ e of senten e in whi h it a ea s se e o d O de 120 c c pp r ( W r r r , etc . )
a TY E A In sen en e s f this k n will ( ) P . t c O i d a re quir e 3 R D f th e v e b in the E S . S e a dless o he e s n r P R ING . r g r t p r o and numb e r of th e ante cedent M fi y a wnaeth hyn . I d h t was I that id t is.
lant a fi en s r Y p dorrodd y e t . It was the hildren that b oke the windo c r w.
b T E B In sent en e s O f his kind th e on u ( ) YP . c t pr o n does not se em to ente r into th e syntactical construction E S 106 W L H GRAMMAR .
of th e senten e for the v e b a re es not wi h th e relativ e c , r g t , h i nte ent e b ut wi ts a ed . . t c , g
a s rif nn is w ote y g e a , I r .
’ A r holl liaws 0 h on t a fo n yn gy dasa t. — A nd the whole multitude of them arose L uke iii 6 xx . .
’ A r A postolion a fynegasant iddo y owbl a wnaeth
e nt .
A nd the A o tl told hi t ne p s es m all hat they had do . L k ix u e . 10.
Y (yr) is use d for all case relations oth e r than sub j ect or di e t ob e t of a t ansitiv e v e b e : r c j c r r , . g .
’ t m nw n o Y y y ga yd y dd . The house in which was bo n I r .
Ym r s a y cry . He e he will emain r r .
( a) Y (yr) cann ot b e gov e rned b y a v e rb or preposition
x Its e xact function is the refore indicated b y th e conte t. hus in th e fi st e am le ab ov e the onominal re osio T , r x p , pr p p tion nddo in it is adde d to e lain . In th e 2ud y , , xp y , y l e h e v m n should it self i suffi ientl e ain b t ad . a a d s c y xp d y y , ’ b e parsed as a Pronominal A dv erb of Place (se e th e author l i ” 3 3 elsh a sin and A na s s . W P r g y , pp ,
— 168 OMIS S ION O F TH E R E LAT IVE
In ne ativ e clauses the ela iv e is omit ed e . i. ( ) g r t t , g
m r mai A phwy b ynnag ui syrthiai ac nid y g y . eth A nd whoso falleth not down and worshipp . i 1 1 Daniel ii . .
He re the affirmativ e would b e
nna s r thi ai A phwy b y g a y .
108 E S H M W L GRA M A R .
17O— INDEFINITE A DJECTIVES A ND R ON P OUNS .
A al] naill e h sawl etc are a om anied b the r , , p t , , . , cc p y in h e in ul noun t S a e . g r, g .
d n a ali anothe man y r , r .
* w ereill rh i etc are a om ani ed b the noun A mr a . y , , , , cc p y u l e in the l a . p r , g
amr w dd nion sever l n a me . y y ,
ll wer ll h ll ch m ll etc are Dim, a , o , o , pob , y ydig , a be , . , a om anie d b th e noun sometimes in the S in ula and cc p y g r, imes in the lu al o some . . z t p r , g
dim ll fr no book m ll fr u no oo di a b s. y , y , k
( a) G e ne rally the numbe r of th e noun de pends upon the me ning or position of th e adj e ctiv e
h . d n man i. L l r If t e noun ollows it is sin as llawe r ( ) awe f , g y , y ma n me n b ut if th e noun e ce de s i is lu. d nion lawe ; pr , t p ; y r, y men.
h hol e ce de s ollows th e noun. ell l pr , oll f = h ho whole th e take the noun in the sin . : e . . W en ll , y g g ,
r h oll f d or h d 0 11 the whole wo ld y y y y , r ;
wh e n th e = all de notin all th e me mbe s Of a class th e noun b ut y , g r , is lu al e . . p r , g ,
r h oll bla nt lant 011 all the chil d en y , y p , r .
b L w ollowe d b is a onoun e . . ( ) la er f y 0 pr ; g ,
a e b l man o l ll w r 0 ob , y pe p e.
amryw is some times used with a singular
e r wele d amr w G alan g , y G of al yn lle cynnal can Parch af anrh deddaf di , y , — T h ni irni r. e n w dd alan. ym or d drwg wyt G o Ow , Cy y y C S WE L H GRAMMAR . 109
h def icl c 0 ec e ded b t e . a t e is a onoun e . . ( ) 11 pr y r yr pr g ,
th 0 11 cu ou G wnae yr gor ,
A ll did their best.
Dim strengthe ns the negative in the se nte nce
e nn f no Nid oes g y ddim rth. no st en t I ha ve r g h.
Dim =nothin whe n used with out the v e b in answe to uesti ns g , r r q o , e . g . ,
dim n h d nothin at all. y y y , g
e h be o e th e v erb =little but little but ew ( ) Yc ydig f r , , f . di Ychy g yw y rhai sydd yn e i chae l hi. — F w there be that ind it. M a th 14 e f t ew v ii. .
= A te the v e b it a little some. f r r , ,
M i e f ais ch di m orth anddo g y y g gy g , n h I had a little assista ce from im.
Pob holl are ad ectiv al and should not b e use d alone , , j , ; b ut pob in such modern locutions as pob yn ddau
Olde ob dau is sub s an iv al. ( r, p ), t t
S awl when used with the article is not followed by a nou n ’
e . . Y sawl a m carant g , , — ov . VII. 1 . T hey that love me . Pr 7
P wb neb are alwa s onouns and mus b e use d a , , y pr , t l e a on .
He nce av oid such e xpre ssions as pawb dynion f or pob dyn or pawb .
R hyw and R hai distinguished * lu r is sin or lur h . al. a R hai is alwa s . w ( ) y p , y g p i kin b R hai denotes numb e rh w ual or . ( ) r, y q ty d
h i e hau some thin s. e . . r a g p t , g
rh w b ethau thin s o a e tain ind. y , g f c r k
R hai is followe d b the a i al rh w ov e ns the (c) y r d c , y g r s f mu i n o t tat o .
He nce amr w am +rh w is b oth sin ula and lu al and y y ) g r p r sh u n v s amral o ld e e r be u ed. E S R A 110 W L H G MMAR .
— l 7 1 THE VER B .
l72— TE S E S O F T H E I T E N NDICA IV .
TH E PRE S E NT T E N S E may b e
i nde nite as d s af lea n ( . ) I fi , y g , I r .
ii n inu us or habitual s f . Co o a d s a am lea nin ( ) t , y g , I r g ; or am in the habit o lea n n I f r i g.
NB — The lat e meanin is mo u u ll e es . e s a se d b . t r g r y xpr y the e i h as i fo m of th e esent t ense thus : p r p r t c r pr ,
tn Yr w f n d s u a lea n e s. con . m in . Pr y y y g , I r g
es h ab itual : B ddaf n d s u am in the habit Pr . y y y g , I o e nin f l ar g.
— l 73 FUT URE : This is usually e xpre sse d b y me ans of th e present simple form ; e . g . :
f hall lea n d s a s . y g , I r
But not infre quently b y
i G make shall make and a v e b - noun . wnaf ( ) , I , I , r , f hall lea e . wna dd s u s n . g g y g , I r .
' l hav an th e v e - n i f have shal e d b oun e . Or i. ca ( ) , I , I , r , g
Ni awn ei h wele d for g c g y y. e to- o o W e shall se you m rr w.
174— PAS T IMPE RFE CT : This e xpresses a state or action
not com let e d in th e ast e . . continue d b ut p p g ,
Dysgwn fy ngwers b ob nos. on eve ni ht I used to learn my less ry g .
Th e periphrastic form with oeddwn is O ften used instead of th e S imple form
Yr oeddwn n d s u y y g , nin I was lear g.
2 E S 11 W L H GRAMMA R .
— 179 THE VER B - NOUN
180— ITS S UB S TANTIVAL CHARACT E R
The student must b eware Of regarding th e Welsh v e rb noun as a me e e uiv alent of th e En lish in nitiv e mood r q g fi . It is much more of a noun than the latt er ; thus °
l e f art (a) It may b e qua ifi d b y th e de .
G an d mh oli b eth w r ad iodi O feirw gy y , y y gy . Questioning one with anothe r what the rising from the ho l —M k ix 1 dead( s ud mean j ar . 0. re (b ) Also b y an adj e ctiv e
anu da ood sin in . c , g g g
The noun de enden u on it as when de endent (c) p t p , p u on an oth e noun is in the eni iv e ase and unde p y r , g t c , r goes no initial mutation
rb n ta] the ecei t o a nt de me . y , r p f p y
Con as : derb niais as] received a ment tr t y , I p y ,
dal is a usa iv e ase and h as the ustoma cc t c , c ry mutation Of the ob j e cts wh en following a transitiv e v e b r .
L ikewise the Post - v ocalic or Infixe d Pronoun pre ceding t is th e ossessiv e = G e ni iv e ase in fun tion and not i P ( t c c ), ativ e hi s is eviden f om th e m e A us . u ion th cc T t r tat ,
e . . g , ’ h anmol a wnaeth and he ais her A i c ed . , pr
’ ssessiv e ov e ns the A s i a e mu tion Th e Po i g r p r t ta .
’ n as : Fe i oanmolodd hi he aised her wh e e the Co tr t , pr , r ’ we d b th e adi al and is hus in the a us ase i is follo y r c , t cc . c ’ nmolodd dire ct ob j e ct of ca .
i i is ov e ned b e os ons e . . (d) It g r y pr p t , g ,
r t l Cyn de b yn a . e o e the re ei t o a ment B f r c p f p y . 113 WE LS H GRAM MAR .
‘ h e u e r i e t b e c f v e ( e ) It may b e t s b j ct o d r c o j t o a rb .
e . . g ,
f i v i S ub e : as ad od in a ab o e . ( . ) j ct gy ( )
h li i b e t Cl waf iddo lw ddo n r ar o ad. (i . ) O j c y y y y as e the examination I hear that he has p s d .
S ill note that it has a ve bal fun ion thus t r ct ,
i It is e ssential to th e om le e on u a ion of a ( . ) c p t c j g t e a v rb .
In the periphrastic conj ugation it is modi fi e d b y i adv e b s e . . n r , g ,
’ Yr oe d n n n l ) A W u ‘ d y ca u dda. “ 3 ’ f f i nu dda is an adv o manne modi n a . . r y g c
18 l— TH E V E RB - N O UN WIT H PR E POS IT I ONS h (a) There is no special form for the PARTICIPLE in Wels . It is e xpresse d by me ans of th e v e rb - noun with suitable e ositions hus : pr p , t
Pr d s u an s u an dd s u lea n es. tc . n d dd p y y g , y g , g y g , r . n i g .
Pt wedi d s h a nt lit a lea nin to. u avin le . te . p y g , g r , f r r g.
F t t r d s u about to lea n lit on the oint u . o. a d . p y g , r , ( p o lea nin f) r g .
(b ) Th e v erb - noun gov erned by prepositions is also oft en use d
Wh ere in English we should h av e
e m o al cl u (i. ) T p r a ses
G n i mi ael ham den i s l n ent welwn y g d y wi ar y fy w , g In 0 blant r s ol y y g . Before I had an Opportunity of noticing the graveyard ould see a owd o the hoo hild en — artrefi I c cr f sc l c r . C C mru y . WE LS H GRAMMAR .
Noun clauses
welwn n e lur f o eu h thr w n me m e G y g d a a y dru Cy ra g . — I saw clearly that their teacher kne w W elsh Cart re fi u Cymr .
iii inal lauses ( . ) F c
mi iend r ch l l A ch da sb d i we ed e l n a os. y y y , p y g A nd spy- glass in my hand that I might see the distant — B r d ws a d C . near . g
- s i iv E n l h u o e is o e x b h in n t e . B . In is te n e ssed t e N. g p rp f pr y fi Thus the ab ov e might b e re ndered
- l s in ha nd s t dis r A nd spy g as to ee he ta nt nea .
i Con e ssiv e lauses ( v . ) c c
n n ui wel m r Er i o rin o i be b odd 6 . dd dd g y ry , y
Thou h he climbed to the hill- to he did not see the sea g p .
— - 182 A GE NT WIT H A VE RB NOUN
In a an b ar 18 1 the doe of the a ion im lie d ( ) d ( ) (p . ) r ct p in th e v erb - noun is e xpre ssed
i B means of the n un or onoun ov e ned b the ( . ) V o pr g r y
e . i to as : pr p , ,
dd s u when had lea nt wedi 1 mi . y g , I r ’ we di dd s u when the man had le n i r d n a t. y y g , r
Th e prepositional phrase denoting the agent is place d en th e e o ion and its v e b - noun in his ase betwe pr p sit r t c .
B of h noun or ronoun ne d b u . means t e ov e 0 ( ) y p g r y , m ra .
when had a nt w s u honof le . edi dy g o , I r ’ s u o r d n when the man had lea nt wedi dy g y , r .
He re the prepositional phrase denoting the agent is - n un place d after th e v erb o .
E S H R R W L G AM M A .
185— i with he ve b - noun t r .
Th e e osition i to is use d wi h th e v e b - noun pr p , , t r
i. A fte v e b s to deno e ob ec or u s o e e . . ( ) r r t j t p rp , g ,
Euthum 1 weled lle y . ent to see the la e I w p c .
L lafuri is lawe i unili m a r c y ga p . a u h uc I l bo red ard to s ceed.
ii A ft e nouns and ad e iv es wh en th e unde l in ( . ) r j ct r y g f e t or u i e a is that o ob ose e . . d j c p rp ; g ,
Buddiol i athrawiaethu.
table or doct ine Profi f r .
’ f lw n o l Nid wy addas i m ga y ap sto . o be alled an a ostle I am n t meet to c p .
G an fe d c maint d aw dd i wele d cwrs b d b a h y y y y y c ,
c és orchymyn i roi i ti olwg arno. A s you are so anxious to see the course of this little wo ld have been ommanded to ive ou a vie w r , I c g y — Bar Cws it dd . of . g
S O afte r
Nouns.
caiS
calon cysur chwant
tue dd
ll etc ew s . y y ,
Note that as th e function O f th e v erb - noun approximates t f a noun in th e G eni iv e ase th e e osi ion to tha o t c , pr p t H n e i r h t o h ds to disa ea . e dawn S s ad t e i s ee 1 t en pp r c , g f f p c , is more corre ct than dawn i siarad ; while chwant ym ’ and chwant i m date d for desi e to de a t alte na e ddatod , r p r , r t iti n f th e Bible in diff e re nt e d o s o . E R 117 W LS H GRA MMA .
A fte the tenses of the v e b w f to denote du (iii. ) r r y , ty,
possibility, etc .
Yr m i chw ar unwaith y gy yn .
W e are to start at once .
iv A f e arhau ontinuin dal holdin ontinu ( . ) t r p , c g ; , g, c in etc : g, .
lio i n fi ll n Da dd o o hyd y o g . e on as ar as the hi H ke pt swimming f s p .
— N 186 TH E VE RB - N O U FOR FINITE TE NS E S
Wh en two or more adv e rbial sentences are de pendent on th e same on un tion th e o e s ondin v e b - noun is c j c , c rr p g r sub sti ute d for the v e b in ev e S en en e af e th e st t r ry t c t r fir , th e sub e t if diff e en f om the st b ein e essed j c , r t r fir , g xpr b y o and th e noun or pronoun
’ a elw f a w acw Tr r y g eddio .
hile o and a onde — M a t i 3 6 W . v . . I g pr y y r . t xx
’ Os eth hwn wn i a e i orch m n o Dduw i ti. y p , a y y
th halt do th th a t o ou s is in nd G od ommand hee s . If g, c E odus v iii 23 x x . .
’ Os w rodd f n h erdde diad allan o r fi ordd ned g y y g , a my ’ l r f o m ca on a 0 1 y llygaid.
m ste hath tu ned out o the wa and hea t If y p r f y, my r wal ed a te mine e es — Job i 7 k f r y xxx . .
Ev en in indep endent compound sentences the v e rb noun is sometime s sub stitute d for th e v e rb in the se cond and followin t sen en es e . g c , g . ,
Ymchwelodd Brutaniaid ac il- ruthro a h y , a gwneut ur lan r g asd a .
The B itons etu ned made a esh attac and w ou ht r r r , fr k, r g carna c — Dr c P f O e . h ri eso dd g y y . 118 WE LS H GR AMMAR .
187— D E T OR E N T O IN IR C OBLI QU ARRA I N .
A NE T E S T TE E TS . GA IV A M N
These are always e xpressed b y clauses introduc e d b y us, nad
G welais n e efe ch en chu a os ad o dd yn w y r . sa w that n e a I he did ot d sire to st y.
’ C e w f r n r d na dda llwyddiant yth i w a . He believes he w ne e u ceed ill v r s c .
’ G wn n hwn w h ad a i g naet . now it was not he ho did t I k w i .
B A T E S T T E E TS . FFIRMA IV A M N .
i S T E r . T E TS O VE TE E se e a ( ) A M N F IN R D ORD R ( p .
Th ese are always e xpressed b y clauses introduced b y m i or a ( taw).
T sti f af y odd mai e e oedd gynt . He decla e that he as i st r d w f r .
Ohwi welwch a reu o ntaf daw m i go p gy y . You ee that the oone he co e the bette s s r m s r .
’ C ed mai e fe s n iawn r y . He believes he is i ht r g .
E r S T AT ME NT S OF NORMAL ORDE R (see pa .
(a) A n English A orist must b e e xpre sse d b y th e v e rb noun e , . g
’ Darllenaf iddo groesi r cyfandir mewn awyren . ea hat he o e the ont nent n a balloon I r d t cr ss d c i i .
(b ) A n English Plup erfe ct is generally e xpr e sse d b y th e
- v e b noun e . r , . g ,
Darllenais iddo roe si g . ead that he had ro ed I r c ss .
120 WE LS H GRAMMAR .
I89— THE A BS OL U E CONS TR UC ION T T .
— 190 This corresponds roughly to the ablativ e ab solute Latin and th e nominativ e ab solu e in En lish e t g ; . g . ,
L atin : Nihil es onden e e e se v us fe o se er r p t r g , r rr p
cussit .
En lish The kin answe in no hin th e slav e fell g g r g t g , n hi w o s s ord.
’ elsh A r b enin heb a ob dim s rthiodd caeth W r t , y y was ar ei le dd f g y .
— 191 In Welsh the ab solute phrase is e xpressed with the h elp of th e v erb - noun gov e rned b y th e prepositions
n in we di a te am about y , , f r , ar on about h eb without , , ,
A c efe n rha wele a le farodd am ad fodiad C is . y g d, gy r t He seein this be o e s a e o the esu ection o Ch ist , g f r , p k f r rr f r . - A ts ii 3 1 c . .
M ethasom inn i wneu ein oreu , a n au wed g d g .
W e ailed thou h we had done our best. f , g
— E a not e x e sse d. He nce NOT S . ( ) Yn bod is pr
A c e fe n b ro hw d. y p y — nd h in o het A u. A e be g a pr p cts 3 0. i A ehyda mi ysb e nddrych . — - H avin lass w th me Bardd Gwe . g a spy g i . g
( b ) Th e ab solute phrase is always introduce d b y th e conj unction
and. 8 , ac,
B N h a di f n L atin h is const uc tion N. . ote t t e e t m t , f r fro , r ma be use d in W e lsh f r a sub o dinate clause e v en wh e n the sub e ct y o r , j of the latte r is the same as the sub j e ct or ob j ec t of the principal
v e rb .
The ab solute const uction in W e lsh as in L atin is v e r , , , ry
ch a acte istic Of the lan ua e and should b e ee l use d. It is r r g g , fr y ot b e ncou e d En lish n to e rag in g . 121 WE LS H GRAMMAR .
— E l 92 THE ENG L IS H INFINITIVE PA S S IV .
— 193 What in English would b e the infinitiv e passiv e is in Welsh e xpre sse d b y
a The v e b - noun cael havin followe d b th e os ( ) r , g, y p
- s siv e d e tiv e n h e v e n un e . es a a d t b o . j c r ; g ,
f u li a n a h n Cael n s u bein ta ht t h vi m te i . y y g , g g , . g y c g Yr w f e t n a l i ny s u am bein au ht . y y c v g , I g g
or e fe abl , pr r y
(b ) S imply the v e rb - noun qualified by a possessiv e ad e iv e ov ide d th e v e b - noun b elon s to a t ansi ive j ct , pr r g r t e b and the osse ssiv e ad e tiv e ualif in it denot es V r , p j c q y g th e same p e rson or thing as th e subj e ct O f th e principal v e rb
’ De uthum i m s came to be tau ht dy gu, I g .
Contrast with this '
’ De uthum i h s came to teach ou t dd u . y g , I y G welais f m d sa w that was y o , I I .
l94— H T E S UBJUNCTIVE M OOD.
195— O : The v e b s o es ondin t o b ed bein F RM r c rr p g , g, and cael havin hav e distin t fo ms fo r a th e e se nt , g, c r ( ) pr and b the im e fe t sub un tiv e S e e A iden e and ( ) p r c j c . cc c A en ix Oth e v e b s h v stinct f ms nl in th e pp d . r r a e di or o y e se nt sub unc iv e S e e s t . d u pr j y g .
The past impe rfe ct ( e xce pting that of wyf and cat) and h f e t e lu . sub u cti e h n i t p p j n v e are th e sam as in t e i d ca iv .
196— S E h sh U T e subj unctiv e is not much use d in We l . It is mostly me t with in (a) Clause s e xpre ssing a wish
’ 0 na n f O bae ha hyd. W ould that it we e alwa s summe r y r . 122 WE LS H GRAMMAR .
(b ) Indefinite time clauses
H d oni elw f y dd y . Until ome I c .
(c) Indefinit e r elativ e clauses
Deue l d a dde o.
Come what ma y.
Ni lw ddai wna a f nn i y g ed y a . He ou not u c e o ha ou ld s e d d w t he w ld. c c ,
Final clauses L lewyrch ed f elly eich goleuni ger b ron dynion e i fel y gwelont eich gweithredo dd da chw . L et your light so shine before men that they may e ou o — M th e v 16 s e y r g od works at w . .
( e ) Conditional clauses wh e re it is implie d that th e ondition has not b e en ful lle d or is not likel to b e ful c fi , y fille di: ’ l A wn gyda chwi pe bae r tywydd yn fiafrio . hou o h ou the athe a vou able I s ld g wit y if we r w s fa r . im lie state ment— the weathe is not avou able ( p d r f r ).
— d i i h B . Th v e b in th a o s f h se se nte n s is ls n t e N. e r e p o s o t e ce a o i sub j unc t v e .
- , “ n 5 5 — s istin uishe S 197 Yw oes mae dd d d. i , , , y , g M
S E TE E S OF O O DE N NC N RMAL R R .
In an AFF RMAT VE S TATE ME T use mae I I N «
Y mae yn sie r gennyf nad oes dim yn aflan O h ono i hun c .
I am persuaded that there is nothing unclean of itself . m ns 14 R o a xiv . .
124 E S A A W L H GR MM R .
198— W dw f w t dw etc dis in ui hed yf , y y y , y yt t g s
Use the fulle fo ms w f e c in e to r r yd y , ydwyt, t . , answ r questions
’ A wyt ti yn fy ngharu i yn fwy na r rhai hyn ?
d yf A rglwydd.
Y o L ovest thou me mo e than these ea L d. r , r hn xxi 15 Jo . .
Elsewh e e and w et c are e omewha r wyf , yd yf , . , us d s t indifi erently ;
OS w t or w t n f n h ru i yd y ( y ) y y g a . thou lovest If me .
— 198a 0edd and byddai
In all b ut esent da elsh oedd Of en o u s wh e e pr y W , t cc r r we should now use b yddai
Da enn fi m ri i r m oed g y y di on a ab . l l — l 3 6 hou d ike to ondle the bo M a co 7 . s b . . I f y.
A w ch e d el rn n l n g y oedd ga a y t aw olwg . A nd how pleasing it would be to have a prope r view o the — B r f m a dd Cwsg .
199 A DVER BS .
200— Thc adv e rb ial or predicativ e yn
A dv e rb s forme d from adj e ctiv e s by prefix mg the ad v e rb ial n usuall d o th e n at th e b e innin of a sen y , y r p y g g
t e n e e . . c ; g , w G n yn dda. I know well. W f Nuw M o e n w r G d w ll o s. Da g y y . y k 2 WE L S H GRA M M A R . 1 5
G OVE RNME NT : The pre dicativ e yn gov erns the soft mutation :
n f m a G wn y dda ( ro d ).
If the yn is dropped th e initial consonant of th e gov e rned word
i e e i i l fo m if . v s to ts a a ( ) r rt r d c r ,
a th e wo d b e ins the sen en e e . . ( ) r g t c , g ,
W r f Nnw Da g y y .
(b) the word come s b etwe en the preposition yn and
- the v e un e . b no . r , g ,
P n nt n nwl f rif a ydy y ma gy . u — S mu ate Ed. a el. W he n they carefully calc l .
elsewhe e ma or ma not rev e to its adi al r , y y rt r c initial
r i l —2 am xix 27 Y b n a f do a ad a . S . . . y yd d (r c ).
l n f d oet adi al - ov iii 15 Os d a o d d h . . . y g y (r c ) Pr xx .
i i ft f o wi Nid w f nh st olaeth wir so m . y y y ( , r g r) S t ohn 3 1 . J V . .
2 — A D E R R S OF E A T O : ui nid na n e 01 V N G I N , , , nad, a .
i ith v e b s use ( . ) W r
nid nad nac b e fo e vowels. (a) , , , r
f n n n na b e o e o so a s. (b) ni, , r c t
With th e v e rb - noun or any part of th an the v e rb use
b e fo e v owels and onsonan s. nid, nad r c t 2 1 6 WE LS H GRAM MAR .
202— In addition to the ab ov e the followin ules mus , g r t b e Ob serv ed in the use of th e negativ es :
Ni nid are us ed in E A T VE S TA TE E T S , , N G I M N .
fe is i m t m Ni dra y at al ddi hwy. ould not est ain m sel an lon e I c r r y f y g r.
” i rh f e d wir e e fi Nd d n b . y y , ” I is not st an e ndeed said t i . r g , I
i le w ma Ni wn pa y y . I not what lace th know p is is.
b N nac are use in answe to ues ions ( ) a, d r q t
N c dw f No am not a . y y , , I d euaf No hall Na d , , I s not come.
(0) In negativ e clauses use nad for mai or taw (that)
’ m fi r bl enaf Cwn nad y yw a . know that am not the i st I I f r .
In ondi ional sen en es wh e e 05 e i are se a c t t c , r , p , f, p r f m the ne a iv e use ui nid ated ro g t , ,
n h Os chwi ni wra dewc . not isten If you will l .
e ith all o h e sub o dina e lauses use na nad and ( ) W t r r t c , , e im e a iv e use na nae with th p r t , ,
Na h echwch sin not. p ,
ina be not a raid N e . a o , f
B ddwch b a od am na w ddoch r amser y r y y . as ou now not the time Be ready y k .
t nl nid close l rese mble L atin non in unction Note tha z , , y f ,
and na, m u no n n
2 E H 1 8 W LS GRAMMA R .
— 205 T W O N E GATIVE S strength en each oth e r in Welsh
Ni b dd na wlith na wlaw y g g . The e will be neithe de w no a — in Kin s xv i 1 . r 1 . r r r g ,
— En l h ne i d N B . In is two at v e s e st o e ach oth e e . . g , g r y r, g
’ I h av e ot n h n n t g ot i g . ,
m lies t I ha s h I e ans an thin i h at v e ome t in . t m y g , p g
2 6— DE O S T T E E S : d m d n cw 0 M N RA IV ADV RB y a, y a, da ,
i ealit un t d sen en es d ma z wel di etc . are n a e , r y tr c t c , y g u h e etc ma see o er . y , y ,
f nd s n e hese modi we u e o . He c t y g l, r to d
Y n acw onv e th e two ideas of rest in a la e ma, y a, , c y p c o e Thus =here an h h n d it e . and motio t a plac . yma r
— ON 207 PR EPOS ITI S .
208— G OVE RNM E NT : (a) yn does not mutate the initial
- : consonant of the v erb noun ; e . g .
n arhau conti uin hi o t av y p , n g ; , r ( « 1 v i i uflb lin t 5 x f a ll s/I f (b ) In all oth e r nouns yn is followe d by the nas
of th e radical.
The -n of yn is assimilat ed into - m b efore m b p and into - ng b efore g and c Thus we hav e
f m an n N haer in Cheste o n d Cae . y g g , r, r y r rn M an e r at Ban o f om n and Ban o y g , g r, r y g r .
e n e sh not N h e ion : n C m a i W l n mrae . Exc pt y y r g, , y g g y g
(c) The following prepositions take the RA DICAL f orm f h e onsonan afte h e m : er s e rb n er e rf dd o t c t r t , cry , y , g , g y , wedi or wedi h eibio is mewn se h b a rhwn uwch g , , , , , rc , r g , g , , e a 0
e rb n trannoeth b the ollowin da . y , y f g y mh ell a te ou ne in ar eithio . wedi t y , f r j r y g f E S M 129 W L H GRAM AR .
d Th e f ollowin ov e n the soft mu ation : am ar ( ) g g r t , , at an h e b i 0 tan or dan os or dros trw or drw , g , , , , , tr , y y, h an h = wrt d d as ar as. , y f
e f n d. h b e nnad without e mission r. ce na g , p r ( )
wrth ddw n oes b a in the oss fr. y y gr , y c rry g cr (
dW yn . )
— = NOT E H d alon is so e imes ll we d b the adical e . . y g , m t fo o y r , g ’
h d lannau a on alon t nks o the ive . y g r f , g he ba f r r
e Th e followin ov e n th e S i ant mutation of ( ) g g r p r c , t a u e t a da . : : . p , , , gy , g
mi a d euaf da fr i shall ome with ou. d thi . t gy ( ), I c y
Othe onsonants e main in thei adi al fo m e . r c r r r c r , g
da mam with mothe gy , r .
—I i f n NOT E . t will be ob se rv e d th at pre positions th at adm t o Co u ation— with the e xce tion of e r rh a rhwn and n— ov e n j g p , g, g y g r so i the ft mutat on. — Th e othe r pre positions e xce pt tra and a with its compounds r ll d a e fo owe by the radical.
— 209 US E : fi and its om ounds da tua are g , c p , gy g , g , use d b efo e v owels onl hese e me da tua r y. T b co a, gy , , b efo e onsonan s e r c t , . g .
da thi with thee with ou gy , , y .
e f t h da wi h im. gy g ,
= m deno es ins ume m t cu . a t tr nt ; gyda co pany ( L a . )
e Croesa e f ef u bl wv d b anll a n y b o . . g . a ga
He was welcomed with loud shouting by the people . 13 0
! — 210 Yn and mewn? In orde r th at th e student may clearly unde rstand th e diff e rence in th e use of yn and wn th e followin elimina ema ks are made mo , g pr ry r r
A o e noun is limite d in its a li ation to one Ob e t pr p r pp c j c ,
e . g .
Cae f rddin deno es some one ar i ula la e and no r y t p t c r p c , oth e r .
A ommon noun ma b th e addition of the a ti le or c y, y r c iv alent e limite to ne t e its e u b d o ob e . . q , j c , g
T house is ene al b ut t the house or f uh m y, , g r y y, , y y, y hou e can a l t o e an nl o e h u e m b ein s o n d o n o s . F o , pp y y r g E E it h as b e ome T G N RAL, c PAR ICULAR .
me n uns are i e i e u e rti ul e S o o n th v nat a a . . r ry r p c r, g
h e w b te n . n eu deat . tra d olde it a g , g y d , r y
“ R E S i se n wit ti ul un e : . U h a a no s . UL ) y p r c r , g
Nin c n Denb h n b h i i . y y , g n t in the house y y y, . ’ h f nh ad in m athe hou e n n s s . y y y , y f r n an eu in de ath y g , .
of h . en dans Fr c .
11 Use mewn with all nouns othe wise used ( . r
mown t in a house y, . mew t w dd in a house n ne ne w . y y , me wn munu in a e d, minut . f o . en h en Fr c .
211— G an with is sometime in e s tensiv e . , , , g
G an farw ti a f ddi farw , y . Thou shalt su el die r y .
W rth : Note it s idiomatic use in comparisons
’ Beth yw r afon wrth y mor W hat is the river compared wi th the sea
2 13 WE LS H GRAMMAR .
M ost othe r conj unctions are followed by the radical form Of th e consonant
N wr i aill ai gwr ynte g a g . Eithe an or woman r m .
ut 05 , pe , if : Os introduces a conditional Clause witho implying wh eth e r th e condition may or may not b e ful lle d or wh eth e t h een ful lle The mood is usuall fi , r i as b fi d. y indi i a v e e . c t , g
Os of 'n e fe W a dd r efe s or ion iddo g y y, y y y g p
he shall ask an e will he o e him a s o ion. If gg, ff r c rp L k 2 i. 1 u e x .
f e u f L i it th e indie . c . th se o at n si w h
Pe int odu es a su ositive lause and im lies h at r c pp c , p t supposition is eith er unre al or v e ry unlike ly t o b e come I e al t e ui e s the sub unctiv e mood e . . : r . r q r j , g
mrawd Pe hussit ti ma ui b uasai farw f . y , y
. he ha no ed thou hadst been he e m b ot d t di . If r , y r r f un iv e c th e use of L in i the sub . . at S i w th j ct
nd e v e t e us n n t not Pan a th rb o b : e pa yw, pa ydyn , n m m e a ae an aent . p , p g
’ Pan y w f nhad a m mam n f n wrt hod r y y y g , V ’ — i l v i . r l r v . sa m 10 A g w y dd e m de b n P xx . ’ — Edw Pan d nt n e i e nwae du r alon . y y y p r g , S mue l a .
The prep osition nes can b e used only with th e v e rb no un e , . g f nes myne d ohono until I go.
213 Q UES TIONS .
2 4— 1 A T E E S T O S : The inte o ativ e 1 . FFIRMA IV Q U I N rr g a ti les are —a ai p r c ,
e The y always stand at th e h e ad of a sentenc . E S W L H GRAMMAR .
Use N
r l /3 i w n f ll we v e 4 4 9 W i e b a e b . h . a h o o d . ( ) y r , g 7
l “ i l A ddaw eich b rawd A oud ; ( w e d a W ill your brother come 7m A welwch chwi y mynydd draw 2 Do you see yonder mountain a“
11 ai wi h all o he a s of S ee h in ludin the ( ) t t r p rt p c , c g v erb - noun
e ) Ai cerdded y ma c 2 me t r . Is he walking Ai yno y gwelsoch chwi ci Is it there you saw him
NB - n r i mi e . . a a d ai a e somet mes o tt d.
They are nev e r use d with the inte rrogativ es pwy and
D3 .
NE T E E S T O S ni nid are th e in e o a II . GA IV QU I N : o , o , t rr g iv e arti les t p c .
Use
i Oni onid wi h v e b s a o din to the initial ( . ) , , t r cc r g le er of th e latte ules f r use f nid un e tt r . V . r o o ni , d r s n a of the a v e b e y t x d r , . g
Oni fu e fe no ? 4 9 0 _ _ y ' ’ 1 w Has he not been there i 1 “ r ) i .flt Onid oedd e fe yno ? W ( M a e r e d / 9 W as he not there . Oni wyr efe hyn ?
Does he not know this i?
i u Onid with all othe a s of s ee h in lud n the ( ) r p rt p c , c g
- v e b noun e . . : r , g Onid h eddyw yr addawsoch ddod ?
a it no o- a 9 W s t t d y you promised to come . E 13 4 W LS H GRAMMAR .
2 5— NS W ER S 1 A .
(a) Q uestions introduced by ai re quire answe r
es or na e no e . . y , g , , g
m e ? Ie A i cerdded a na e . y , g
9 Y no I he k n . s wal i es . g ,
l in answe o ues ions int o u e b onid with S O a so r t q t r d c d y , h h e h a e v e e e e c h . a s of S o n t b . p rt p t r t r , g
I e Cnid he dd w r addawsoch ddod e na . y y , g
- as it not to da ou omised to ome Yes no. W y y pr c ,
b If the ues ion is in du e b a oni or ( ) q t tro c d y , , onid wi h a v e b th e answe will v a a o din to the , t r , r ry cc r g T E N S E OF T H E VE RB
i If th e v e b in the uestion b e in the O S T ense ( . ) r q A RI t , the answe will b e do es or naddo r , y , ,
A welsoch chwi cf 2 Did ou see him Q . y
Y o D es n . A ns . o, naddo. ,
m f e f e u t o e in an the ense . I the v b o th es i n b o ( ) r q y r t , the v erb must b e repe ated in the answe r in the proper f‘ e son and if the answe is ne a iv e it must b e e e ded p r , r g t , pr c by us or nae
A welwc hwi cf 2 Do ou see him 9 Q . h c y ) A ns G welaf (na welaf . Yes no) , , , (
If t e ues ion is aske b means Of w (c) h q t d y p y, pa, answe r will v ary with th e nature of th e question
Pw s dd a 2 W ho is there Q . y y yn
A ns ohn ohn . . J . J
' P b r w t hen will he come ? Q. a yd y da W
- A ns r To morrow. . o y.
CHA TER XII P .
217— M UT A T1 0N or T L CO S O A NTS INI IA N N .
= NOTE . be come s ch an in n f e is the a e t o . > , g s to , p r
Onl nine of th e onsonants re muta le y c a b .
TA BLE.
Ta, “ m .w l Co e . abov ( par par 19 e. )a
R adi al N l i . asa . t e c A sp ra .
PRINCIPL E S OF S O UND - CHANGE
M T T O rs A S S T O and it s ob e is to e cono U A I N IMILA I N , j ct mise e fiort in onun iation It takes la e to some pr c . p c e xt ent in other languages ; thus erf ect b e comes m e f e t an o ? i on e in n is i d d ) s oun d E l h . p r c , g pr c g H 3 7 W ELS GRAMMAR . 1
Note in these two e xample s that th e first and last con sonants Oi the significant or root word assimilate the ad T j oining consonants Of pre fix and suffix . hat too is the c ase in elsh wh e e it is e t ende d t o wo d W , r x l
NAS AL M UT ATI ON : Th e fir st st age i n th e assimilation of n+en is m en a fo m familia in M ediaev al li e a y p y p , r r t r t el e n t h - f m ure . But W sh do s o s o e e : the n a t er b e o t p r , c ing -m b y partial assimilation to the p in turn partially e li ses th e latte ha is onv e s it into mh Hen e c p r, t t , c rt . c th e stages are
n n m en m mb en or en y pe y p y ymh . ’ n ae n aer n N haer or N h r y C r y gC y g g y g ae . F w f Duw f w yn Du > yn y Hu .
T e m i T h sa e han es o u n O OS O e . c g cc r C MP I I N, g
on ro r C b Cymb o Oymro . L m a o els con a o at . o W h c mharu p r c p r y .
all doeth annoeth .
S OFT M UT ATI ON Not e that a vowel is a voiced or son ant s irant ha is a sof sound odu e d b a con inuous p , t t , t pr c y t thou h v e sli h e mission of th e b ea h ausin a v ib a g ry g t r t , c g r tion f th e l h o n th e t e n o v o a ds. O o h ha c c r r d, p, t, c, are voiceless or su d mu es h a is ha d sounds odu e d r t , t t , r pr c b y a sudden e xplosiv e opening of th e v ocal organs aft er a om le e s o a e Oi th e t c p t t pp g b rea h .
In h ese h e e is no v oi e for th e v o al h o ds o t t r c , c c r d not v ib e Hen e el- fl k a . w r t c a v o an e d p, t, or 0, will b e partially assimilated from surd or v oiceless to sonant or v oi e c d (b , d, Thus :
Old W elsh a e M o l : d. p r We sh : ab er . ma mab p . nd ei en i n a c b e his head. p , L i n plea
S imila l th e sonan mu es b d are h an ed in o r y t t , , , g , c g t th e sonan s i an s f dd — disa ea s unde th e sam t p r t , , , (g pp r ) r e n ti co di ons. E S W L H GRAMMAR .
A S T E M S t e PIRA UT ATI ON . ag s
ac an p appan a phan. at: ai a ai a hai e t r tt r t r, tc . ac a h c n accan a c an .
Th e tt and cc inv olv e su h a t on e o pp, , c s r g missi n of “ ” b ea h that the esis v oicin in o b d The r t y r t g t , , g . alte rnativ e is assimilation to the spirant character Of th e v owels flankin em S imila l in om ition g th . r y c pos L at . O ccasio W . achos. i us ff . c pp W . cy i sa a . ae h g tt W s t .
T W O FACT ORS hav e conside rably aff e ct e d the range and f use O mutations. q a A O e w h nasalises the b of blw dd n fi w v : . . t ( ) NAL GY g , y , y y f b e ause e r 1 s i h an naw o so se a . 5B . c a t d d . ( p )
T (b ) Th e growing use of mutations for purposes of S YN A X . Thus on honeti ounds th e initial mut able onsonant , p c gr , c of sub e t as well as Of Ob e t use d to b e sof ened af e j c , j c , t t r i - 3 r t m f b ut in a v e b n i d sin . as and r a ( g P I p . esen da elsh it h as b e ome th e ule th at th e ini ial pr t y W , c r t consonant of th e subj e ct is to re main radical afte r all f l w parts o th e v erb (se e b e o ).
— 218 R U L E s OF M UT ATI ON
The commonest change is
TH E AT I ON .
a A f e th e Defi it e A i le in an noun or ad e tiv e ( ) t r n rt c , y j c — l — S e i i l ume a s i h e Fem in . . : in lud n o d na n O t . c g r r g , g
b obl the eo le . y , p p ’ d a r tw n fe h and the entle mai . y rc , g i h b umed salm the t salm. y , f f p — NB Th e followin e main adical af e the Def . . . g r r t r
140 E S M W L H GRA MAR .
In add esses wi r i t r e i th o withou an n e on o. . z (c) r t j ct , g l h Frod r anw dea b et en . y y , r r r O Dduw ! O G od !
Da was da om was well thou ood se vant , ; (fr g ), , g r .
Ha was dr 0 7t ton wi ked se vant . , wg, c r ” mu d In an ad e tiv e a e a noun f eminine sm ular ( ) j c ft r , 4 g e . g . 1 i wrai dda a ood woman. 4 g g , g
e Likewise in the latt e Of two nouns if used ( ) , r , tiv ely with a f e minine noun singular : lw l de a te a s oon . y , p llw oon fwrdd a table s . y , p
on b en a wooden b id e . p t r , r g canw ll rff c e dle o a o s an . y g , rp c f é o an W er r w r a tall w andle . c w ( . g ) c ’ duwies ene fr we er the oddess en d . n us. y W r ( G ), g V dw r e no dd ddu a needl . y , Y F r n M o w n ai The Vi i a . y F r , rg ry
Owlad FOn the land o A n lese . , f g y Contrast
llawr e a wooden loo co d . , f r llw b r e a o h t o d ot at . y r , f p i n h d n C st esu the ma C ist esus. y y r I , r J
wh e e the initi l e m al e ause t e ll r a r ains radic , b c h nouns awr, llw r n r b a d d n a e masculine . y , y ,
” De fwrdd an most f e se on wo in e , , d o th c d rds th ab ov e ou s are s nta ti all A tt ib u iv e G enitiv es gr p , y c c y r t .
(f) S imilarly any noun in th e G enitiv e dependent on anothe noun is mo e or less at rib utiv e ln ha a t e and r r t c r c r, on that account t ends to sh ow initial soft mutation if the noun o whi it e e s f eminin e e n h d nds i . . , c p , , g
Te rnas D uw the kin dom o od d . y , g i Din Dr fol a a e name =a t a o l ian ul rt . y , p c ( r g r f ) W ran o o te Cae n W es . r g , rc r
A wr wed i weddi the hou o a e . d (g ), r f pr y r 1 WE LS H GRAMMAR . 14
N —E v en afte a masculine v e few i s B . in a ns an e . r ry t c ,
sof mutat 1on o u s e . . t cc r , g
he House o G od T Dduw t . y , f d’ Davi s. T Ddewi S t. y ,
f d he Hou e o Da - L u 9 T a d T s vid. c i. 6 Dd . . y y , f
his is a e and is ob abl due to T r r , pr y lw 1 An alo with feminine nouns e . . e s and ( ) gy ( g g y ), (2) Th e fact that th ese phrases are of common occur en e and the efo e mo e or le ss sub e t to th e ule of r c , r r r j c r t mu tio om o n ta n m c p u ds.
If nouns Of eith e ende sin ula or lu al are (g) r g r, g r p r , pre ceded b y an A dj e ctiv e in the Positiv e (and sometimes the S u e lativ e or a noun used at ib utiv el W elsh p r ), tr y, t ends t o e a d the m as om ounds and the ini ial con r g r c p , t sonant Of th e se cond word is softene d
h en d an old house y, . uf dd f was fr w s mo t obedient e v nt u a a s s a . ( . g ) r wi uw u v Dd the t e G od. g r , r n r hw al e o het a b o d s . g p y , f pr p m e e u ca dd fn dd im o se . y , pr p r w ian fr o oniant vain lo a o on t . . g g g ( g g ), g ry Duw M an Dd n the G od . y y ,
diod lestr a drinkin cu . , g p mor ain c an ar o the sea . g , m f — B . ne all n N. G e r y in W e lsh such word groups coale sce a d form e nuine com ounds as mil i e ho und wirf odd ood will g p , g , gr y ; g , g , consent winllan vine ard morfran a co mora nt b rb r d ; g , y ; , r ; y y ,
- luncheon b r oe s sho t le ed b rbw ll ash hast . ; y g , r gg ; y y , r , y
S till th ou h th e iv nd f he lan ua e is to u e , g na t e te ency o t g g re d c th e m all into com ounds the oce ss is adual and it is some time s p , pr gr , difficult to de cide wh e th e r th e two words h av e already coalesce d ;
e . he g . t forms
COél réf dd and co l éf dd ma be de e nded w a g y e gr y y f , g g
o Oniant and wa o bnian e tc . g g g g t,
A s the mutation is th i h c se the accent is the onl e same in e t e r a , y te st wh e th e r a p articular e xample is to b e writte n in two words or as a compound : th e two words are se parate if they re tain th e ir e s e ctiv e acce nts a h en an old ho use b ut if one is d o ed r p , s dy r pp ” the o m a c m o ound e . h end . y f r p , g . y E W LS H GRAMMAR .
h A ft e th e E TE A E T E S ambell mr w ( ) r IND FINI DJ C IV , a y , ir h ll h h h r 87 c w o r w unr w c di v a . y y , , y , y , y y g ( . p )
Also aft er th e INTE RROGATIVE A DJE CT IVE pa
mb ell wait fr i a h . wa th sometimes ( g ) . r holl d the whole wo ld f . y y , r unrh w le an whe e y , y r .
i In nouns aft e th e ossessiv e A d e c iv es ( . ) r P j t ’ h th ’ ’ hi d t ci i w s e . y, , y , , , , g
d le d f th wo d d s . y g y , y r ’ i t law to th hand h . , y ei b en his head , . ’ i w e h to hi da ht f s u e . rc , g r
( I minine nouns aft e O n l Nume l e n e di a a s . . (j F r r r , g
r ail ierch the se ond dau hte y , c g r. b edware dd b ennod the ou th ha ter y , f r c p .
N‘ B — In a elsh ev en in M as uline nouns . . y W , c ' f r e a . a te ail (v . p g
il wrn the second r a ddi od da . y , y r ail l fr the se ond book y y , c .
‘ (k) A ft er th e cardinal nume rals
16 (fe m e s
i fr wr i un wra . a one woman. g ( g g),
main a cal e . b ut 11 and rh e di . r r , g
u w on n lla , e hand. f o un rh od a, ne walk.
d u dw ii . a ( ) , y
dau frawd two b othe s. , r r
dw eneth two i ls. y , g r b ut occasionally initial c p t re main radical as
— 2 n i 9 h two a t Ki s i. dau art s . p , p r g — i d u m int doubl R e v ii. 6 a e a e v . . y y , x
144 E S W L H GRAMMAR .
In 18th entu elsh lit e atu e and e a lie it was c ry W r r , r r, customary to soft en the initial consonant of th e subj e ct ft e e f - 3 i Im a v b o ms in ai hat is the rd s n . ast r r r , t , g P pe rf e ct and Pluperfe ct no doub t due to th e influence of the n v w in t v e e al o el he b . fi r , g
e w O ch ai fachg n rth eni. a hil at b th we e to have r en w . If c d ir r G o . O
This soft enin of th e initial Of the sub e in the ase g j ct, c O f the sub stantiv e v e b was e tended b analo to oedd r , x y gy , oes and sometimes to oth e a s b oth Of th e sub s an iv e , r p rt , t t e nd th e s e v b a o . r r , g
S nf f riais w c e oe el arn nt lawn lw ( y y y ) y h d dd ga y o g . (I mused) what a delight it would be to have a full view o the — Bard ws f m d C g .
D m dd Duw e m n ygy y e. g y
O awen dda a wna ddyn . G od is pleased with a hymn of real poetry that a — r wen . man may compose Co . O
iv ou f e e m In an A d e t e aft e a n n minin sin e . ( ) j c r g , g i G wra dda a ood woman . g , g
11 In th e e o l noun s mi n n— Nominativ e ( ) P rs na Pro , min a A u iv e— if the v e e e es e or sa b d . . cc t r pr c , g
d s af ii or d s af 1 mi fi i lea n . y g y g ( ), I r d s ais innau minnan finnau > innan also y g ( ), I
l d 2 lea nt. J f f y n » . r i be I wel i e o me als . G odd f nnau. h saw
S imila l in ti an ti h u unle ss th e v e b ends in r y d t a , r t
- — — e t G weli di dithau, Thou and thou se s . l - — o we i it u aw th e t hee als . G a s di d ha , I s e
0 In the m and t Oi m1 minnau ti tithau in th e ( ) , , , iv e se e G eni Ca . t , , g
f l w h nd l a i m a . y , yfl
d aw dd dithau and th desi e . y y , y r WE LS H GRAMMAR . 145
(p) In a vggbj ollowing its subj e ct
el fr wel M i w i . is sa w a a s a . ( g ), I Pw no fr b ho b 9 f dd . dd w will e the e . y y y ( y ), r Yr ar lw dd a roddodd rhoddodd the L o d g y ( ), r ave g .
A ft e th e A v e b s ui oni na if the v e b b e ins in (q) r d r , , , r g
‘ b“ d“ " Il m“ I h as 1 , , g , , a1 0 3 1
i e u aw e fe h not . dd , will come ’ 9 oni welwn mi r mOr . do we not behold the sea . , l fr ewch be st na w h not down a . , c
NB — T e of t e sub . . h b in byddaf and oth er parts h stantiv e v e rb is sometimes softened b ut generally re mains radical ’ Oni b i r r l i ewi a gywi o o u ha g wydd c add d. thei H If r L ord had not fulfilled is promise . E w S muel d . a .
In A d e tiv al and A dv rbial e essions aft e th e (r) j c_ _ g xpr r redicativ e as z cr o p yn,
n dda well n de ai l y , ; y g, f r y ; b ut note 11 and rh remain radical
n llawen ladl n rhw dd easil . y , g y ; y y , y
n Yn is u u ll . s a d o e at the b e innin Of a sen en e ( ) y r pp d g g t c , and the onson nt t f a e urns to its a al o m e . di . c r r c r , g
Cwn dda now b ut wn n well da . y , I k , y g
iii. If n is d o e d in th e mid le of a sen en e th e ( ) y r pp d t c , consonant may or may not b e soft ene d
A hum ohon t oe ll fr ll n d a . ca p p y d g ( ). A nd ive o the e — m wer se M tt . xxv 2. wi a . f f .
Na he ha mw ach rha di w dd i ti b e h a p c y , g g y t f fr w et ddo waet a h . y g h ( . g ) S in no mo lest a wo e hin u e s t ome nto thee . r , r g c ohn v 14 J . . 1 46 WE LS H GRAMMA R .
iv e dicativ e n is alw d o e d aft e th e e o ( . ) Pr y ays r pp r pr p i t c l e sit on n . and th e onsonan emain s adi a . . y c r r , g
Pan nt n anwl frif ydy y m gy . h n he a e u at —E w S mu W e t ll alcul e . d a el. y c r f y c .
(8 ) A ft er the pre positions
am ar t an heb i 0 tan os trw wrth also , , a , g , , , , , tr , y, ; whe n = h d wh en it means as ar as and Often alon . y f , g
Heb Dduw h eb ddim without an thin i without , y g f G o — v e b d Pro r . at ‘ m Cheste W rth law hand O G ae o . , r , fr r
N —“ ” ll . B i is fo owed b the adi al in mi minn u . y r c , a ,
ti, tithau.
t A f e p when and the inte ro ativ e a ti le a ( ) t r pa , , r g p r c
Pan eth wh n he ame d a e . d , c A ddaeth efe Did he come 2
(11 ) In pr e sent day Welsh th e soft mutation has b e come the rule in a word when separat ed b y an int erv ening word or h ase f om th e wo d with whi h it is losel onne te d p r r r c c y c c ,
e . g A c w e di i d wed n d o ddy yd hy . A nd when he id th had sa is.
Contrast with this
e di we h vin th d d d n ha said is. W y y y , g
N — B This ule ove ides all o he s e . . . r rr t r , g
Daeth llawer uo b ut y , et h w Da yno la e r . notwithst anding t h e rule re quiri ng th e radical initial in th e sub e ct f a v e j O rb .
148 WE LS H GRAMMAR .
The e osition n in e a. pr p y , ; . g g
‘ iwe b d in the end o the o n n dd w ld. y y y , f r
h h ini f T E . owe v e doe s not nasalise t e tial o NO Yn r,
- a v b noun e . . : ( ) A e r , g
erthu sellin . yn gw , g
b C m ae W elsh whe n used alone ( ) y r g, ,
n G mrae in W elsh. y y g,
Bu n n N h mrae R h d ch en in Ox o d W elsh. t ote y g g y g y y , f r
n N h mrae R e ihl in Bible W elsh. y g g y g y ,
edicativ e wh e ollowe d b ar e . . The pr yn n f y pell, f , g l ar mh el , f .
h nalo of th e e This is no doub t on t e a gy pr p. yn.
iii Th e a dinal nume als um sai h w h naw ( . ) c r r p , t yt , , n eudden mthen u ain and its om ounds can de g , d g , py g , g { c p , wh en f ollowed b y
1 blw d bl nedd ea e . ( ) y d, y , y r ; g
en w e Y mae e fe yn dd g ml ydd o d.
He is ten years old.
2 diwrnod t hou h this not inf e uentl e tains its ( ) , g r q y r i i adi al in t al e . r c , g — 1 wrnod R ev ii. 0. deng ni . . wr — N wr n i no . um xi 19 a n di d . . . deg di nod . g — li f i NB Den alwa s nasa se s th e d O d wrnod. . . g y
— 221 THE A DDITION OF INITIA L H.
This occurs
i In O S af e the OS S E S S E D E T E S ( . ) N UN t r P IV A J C IV
’ ’ ’ m m ci i u w he r ein n our , y ; ld , , ; , f , ; ’ ' he f i m w, t ir ; mt u ’ w d h O M eu ha d t ei desi e . y , r r T M M E S M hi A R W L H G R A .
2! a t! In ain when ov e ned b ar on in omosite yg g r y , , c p
numb e e . s . r , g
nu ar hu ain twent - one g , y .
In E h e - v (iii . ) V RB S aft er t post ocalic PE RS ONAL PR O N O UN S ’ ’ ’ ’ m me him he r n us u the , ; i, , ; , ; , m.
’ E fe a u hanfonod hw nt d y . H he — L uke ix 2 e nt t m . se .
— 222 Th e following t able of Initial M utations is more r eo honeti all than th e one iv en i th e e t v n t . . r t , p c y, g x ( p H ). I7
S R i n N l oun ad al. S ona t asa . d c .
’ en head p , oed oot tr , f c f aill ie nd y , fr
b rawd b othe frawd , r r dy dafad shee , p ardd a de n g , g r
ll fr book y , han o tion r , p r n mab , so
NB — It will b e no i e tha wh at ma b e o nv enientl . t c d t y c y ” t e me th e D mut ation in this t able o es onds to r d y , c rr p ’ 15‘ J th e soft mut a ion of the e t . 4 s 0 1 4. a f t , 4 KM P, { t t x 4 ,
HA P R V C TE XI .
224— W OR DS M I A R I S O ND BUT D ER ENT S I L N U , IFF
IN M EA NING .
, A A L . . w
ai s The following are some of the most common : « d . M
s. ank di nit A bri, , r , g y
a re l. on. s. womb , pr bru, ,
a v b . oes se , a, , g , e myned
3 e with s. cattle . Pr p” buchod, ,
C and . bucks 3 ) i" byODOd, s ,
a nd b it ain ac, cj. , budd, s enef , g
a . with b . will be see g , pre p , bydd, v , , bod
as ag , CI"
interr. ticle ai, par
. i ld enclosu e c . or it cae s e ai, j , , e her , , f , r
b can v b . shuttin 81, i i, v . , v . , myned , , g ’ cau ad . hollo w a i, and his, and her , j , th an, wi his, with he r
s. in u w on cam, , j ry, r g
am s. ste st ide c , , p , r
m ad . c ooked w on ca , j , r , r g
can son oem h s. ch t co in arc , , es , ff , g , p
. whiteness lour h s. t can s arc , , reques , , , f
d . hit can, a j , w e
can ad . hund ed see nt s. old ca aur, , g , j , r ,
s. wo d o air, , r (fr m gait )
s. riend elati car, , f , r ve
me car car s. a B , , fr ,
h ad . small bac s. o , j , ei, , d g
b h s. hook ac d . mi , , cu, a j , a able
b an a crow il s. corne id e r , , e , , r, r g
b an s. b an husk cul ad . na o w r , , r , , j , rr 158 WE LS H GRAMMA R .
C d hea ile a . th s. d crug , , p , p y, j , y mu d m s. hoa se d s. ta te o t house eryg , , r y, , f r y,
l s s. W a e Cymru, , m n C m s. W elsh e y ry, , n l s. a a i cla w e win, , ,
d as oa m oth c n a v . aw u s. y , , y , , f , fr
c n e . be ore y , pr p , f
s. incr as cynnydd, , e e l an u e hol lan ad . c e g , , , p r , h n j y s. untsma c ynydd, , k sho s. ba n e glan, , , r
. ain v b . car in cyw , , ry g
s. wo gwas , , e a chicken cywen, s. , w vin knittin v b . ea g wau, , g , g
Ch sho ut cr s. g wae dd, , , y
t da u ht e - inda w s. tas e waudd s. ch waeth , , g , , g r
he h adv . neit ch wait , , r
worse h ad . g waet , j ,
- le t untowa d w h s. work h ad . ait ch wit , j , f , r g , , b ath h s. a ust e ch wyt , , g , r
rd sheath wain s. S cabba g , , ,
meadow bo s. D g waun, g wae n, , , g
. ds cattle s. oo da , g , , d tr uth t ue d a . wi s. an g r, , j , , r
o d . ood da a , g , j me n s. gwyr. ,
kno ws v b . g ivyr, , ~ - ih - la w s. son daw, ,
« daw v . come s , , m et worth ad . e gwiw, j , , y
withe ed ad . g wyw, j , r c lourless ad . co diliw, j , T s. delu e diluw, , g
« m h l ad . ene ous i ad . ta e ae do , j , , j , g r
- v b I come haul s. sun doi, . , , ,
= . hou thee on . t di, pr ti, ,
b ac ad . l k .du, j ,
W H 160 ELS GRAMMAR .
m ortunate 8 sid e ion ad . i tn e taer, j , p , , r g
' h s. use ad . t ee ho tail , j , r ty, ,
s ont b ow tri ad . th ee ta], . , fr , r , j , r
l ad . hi h tall v b . tu ns ta , j , g , try, , r m nt s. a e tfil, , p y
. that taw, cj ,
v b . is silent be silent re . in taw, , , yn, p p ,
n re dicative e . . n dd n y , p , g , y y , i r tho u the e n dda t , p , , y
222— PA R IN ND A NA L Y S G A S IS .
— ‘ 223 115 is to b e hoped that the atte mpt ma de he re to e mph asise th e most st riking point s of diffe rence b etwe en Welsh and English synt ax may prev e nt the b eginne r f om ado tin in its e nti et for elsh sent en e s th e r p g r y W c , s s em whi h is a li able to En lish y t c pp c g .
224— E m l Os trowc eic efn at tan xa p es : (i. ) h h c y ‘ ’ gwelwch fod y rhan o r ty sydd agosaf at y muriau yn ’ uw a r r nnau ereill ch n ha .
’ ’ ii A m G mr sonnir— C mr o i oes ac o i dnab od ( . ) y y y y y gy
iii O hir dr e mio canfum o b o th Balch er nas . d ddi ( ) , r y r s t i deg a ai h rym.
’ iv Os eth hwn a wn ei a i orch m o Dduw i ti . n ( ) y p , y y n ti a elli a hau y a b r .
’ G wyn fyd y b obl y mae r A rglwydd yn Dduw idd n y t . 6 W E L S H GRAMMAR . 1 1
’ ’ m anw n o ( v i ) Dyma r ty y g yd y dd .
1 n N h aer ddoe v1 Yr oeddwn . ( . ) y g g
’ r (viii ) Ni s clyw ais ef erioed yn ad odd.
— 2 A S . 2 5 . PAR ING
n oinin th e sent en e s and OS : co j . j g c ”
. r gwelwch . e eill. * i ic m v indie . ood trowch : v e b t ans e . act . o e r r , rr g , , , — 2 l r e in with es t e nse nd e s u . a e pr . p r . p ( g g ” wi u e st o ch nd r o d). l 2 m en . u. n n e s. u l h oss ad . co . o. d a eic : . p , j , g , p , p r , q ” e fn c .
m un m e i — c v tn o . no asc . n s n . no c . ase o . ce c . . a , g , g c , g “ ” trow h b y c .
“ ’ 3 in c s an the a us a e . : e ov . t . at pr p . g c c ”
f rt l a . : de . a ua . t n y . , q
m e i no — cc e o v n : com . noun as n . s n . . s . ta . a a . , c g , g c g ( G 3 ) b y at
b n r i e in m h : v e . t a s e . a t . v o oo welwc c di . d g r r , g , c , c , t e n e — 2n e lu ein wi e s d s. a e h pr s. p r p ( gr g t e d chwi und rstoo ).
- — m n in . m fod : v e b noun as . e s nu . aoc . ase r , c g , g c , ov b welwch g . y g
“
f u l h . : de . art . a . an y , q r m h n c n un f u in . e m e . s no en . as a : o . o e . r , g , g , g c , ” e n e nt on fo d pe d d.
* S t ictl s e akin tro l] like cani um and othe v e b s b e low r y p g , we , r r , contains its own sub e ct and th e a sin is ade uate wi th out th e j , p r g q a t in b acke ts b ut as th e onoun— chwi i e ta — is e ue ntl p r r , pr , , fr q y de d man h w ill b abl ide it sim le a se ad , y te ac e rs pro y c ons r p r to p r i b h a 2 d . in wi ts su e c trowc s u e s. sin a e e th t p r , g gr g j ‘ ’ chwi unde sto od and it w ould se e m e dantic to conde mn th at r , p
h d 124 ab ov e . me t o (see par (i. ) ) M 1 62 W H M ELS GRAM AR .
tv n t e a cus. a e v i h c . 0 : e . o s pr p g . c
’ - i f e f . rt . ost o al o m l t r d a v ua . . : , p c c r , q y
m noun ma en i — t co . s . . s n . no . acc e ase ov . y , c g , g , g by
int n i e in m s die . ood e . e n dd : v e b a s . s se y r r , rr g , , pr t , 3 r em . d pe rs. g
l u l. rel n su de e e a . on . on a e n a osaf ad . e . i d i g j p r gr , q pr , c t ’ syddf
m i he a c s t : e ov . u au in t u a e . . s a pr p g r c . c f l i ” de art . ua . mu au y : . q r . — m n un mas . en l m u co . o . u. no se i : . cc ur a . a , c g , p a c , “ ” b at gov . y
di ti e use d with uw yu z pre ca v yn ch . ”
m . o e u l. han uwch : ad . o a . j , c p pr p r, q r
n oinin and rhannau na co j . j g r ” r il e e l. ’ - li f m l rh n f rt . ost v o a o ua . n u r : de a a a . . p c c r , q
m noun fe m n — h co . e . lu. no n m e r annau : . o ase , , g , p sub e t to w un e stoo j c y d r d.
f f m e n e l . n d u n . u l. ereill : i de . ad . e o a j , g r, p , q ”
rh annau .
G mr in the a us se . e ov . ea am : pr p . g y y cc .
mas u — n l . n c G mr : o e nou . en . o. ac . ase y y pr p r , c g , p c , ”
v am . go . by — lu . 3 r a n . d e . ein rel on m s . e . no s a e y . pr c g , p , p r , gr g wi h its n e ce dent G mr — ce e t a t a . ase y y, .
iv e i e t ans re . a t v o e indi m od s nnir : v b . e . o o r r , g , c c , , f m t se im e s o . es. en . pr , p r r — mas . en . u n l . um. e C mr o . nou n aee . as y y pr p , c g , p c , ” G mr s to . in appo . y y
( C in h e ov . oes t e a us. ase . o : pr p . g cc c
’ - li f m m e t v o a o s n . in d os a . s no i : oss. a . p j p c c r , c g , g ”
u oes. q al.
64 W H 1 ELS GRAMMAR .
— m . no m e th co un as . n . sin e : . no . a us. ase p , c g , g cc c , w ei b n . gov . y l “ h wn dem . d . mas . en . s n . no . ua . a i e h . j , c g , g , q p t — i rel. o mas . en . sin n a e e n wi i a : n . o . h ts pr c g , g , gr g t ” h — cc ase v 167 ant e c . et a p , . c , [ .
wn i : v e b t an re . c v oi e in die mo e s i a t . . od fut . r r , r g , c , —2 wi nse n e s sin . e ein th di t e d . a , p r g ( gr g t unders ood).
“ inin n i o o a t . 3 : c nj . j g y d
c in l r h m n i : ose ad . mas . en . s no . ua . o c . p . j , g , g , q y y — - m in nu . no h v e oun s en . s m orc m n : b n ma . . y y r , c g , g , case u e ct t o di w dd un de stood s b . , j g y ( r ) ”
i e a u . a e v Dduw n th s s . 0 e . o . pr p , g cc c — in . no u mas en . s . a s. as Dduw : o . noun . e pr p , c g , g cc c , ” o gov b y . ”
i i the ac us. e ase . i : e . ov . t n pr p , g c 2 — m e sin . no . nd e u ti : e s on . co . n . s. a s. p r pr , g , g , p r cc ”
e b I . as ov . c , g y
mo elli v of ause d. . yna : ad . c ,
in 2ud e s — n m m en . s . no. . 0 . ti : e s. on . co . p r pr , g , g , p r “ ll ” e ase sub e t t o e i . , j c — in no 2u e . e ei m en . s . . d s a n ] o . : re . on c a pr g , g , p r , gr g i — m v t no . e ase 167 b h it ant ee . . wit s , , [ ( )]
i n i v e i . moo e r t . o c d d. s lli : v e b t ans e . ac e . e r r , g , , , pr ” — 2 e ei n w th i e m . a i t . t ense nd s. e p r g , gr g — - in n c u m s en s . o . a c s ase b h u : v e b noun a . . . ar a r , c g , g c , lli ” v b e . go . y
l f n : e di ativ e ad . os. de . ua . d. (v) gwy pr c j , p g , q y — n m . in no . o se m sc e n . s . a c m . noun a . fyd : o , g , g c , “ ” unde t subj e ct t o yw ( rs ood).
‘
b obl. u l. def art . a : . y , q — i in no. enit v e olle tiv e noun f e m . en . s . b obl : c c , g , g g d ” ase de e ndent on f . c , p y W L H E S GRAMMAR . 165
— fe m en l 3 :rel on . . u no . r in . . d e s. a e e y pr g , p p r , gr g wit its nt e c b obl — f h a . a us ase o th , cc . c e i ndire ct obj e ct .
int n . i a i e c in e . m mac : v e b a s e . t . v o di oo r r , rr g , c , d,
3 r e . m es tens e d s e . sub e ct pr . , p r g , j
A rglwydd. ’ — de f art — os - v ocalic fo m ual A r lw r dd. . . p t r q . g y i — A r : re . noun mas . en . s n nom lw dd n o. . g y p p , c g , g m e ase sub e t to a . c , j c
u z e di tiv e n us e wit Dduw y pr ca y d h . — m n sin . n . nom a e Dduw : o noun as . e . o . s pr p . , c g , g , c , ” com le men to m e p t a .
mi e n l n r idd nt : ono nal ositio u. o . 3 d e s. y pr pr p , p , p r , e l in h e e ativ e xp ain g t r l y.
f v la e mod. we un e vi d ma : de mons. ad . o l d ( . ) y p c , g ( r
stood).
’ — - li m — t de f rt . t v a f u l . a os o o a . : r : . p c c r q y m i — masc e . n n c se o t co . noun . n s o . a c . a v y , g , g c , g . ” el by gw (understood). — r l. on mas en . sin no . 3 rd e a e e . . s. e in y pr c g , g , p r , gr g ” with its an e e de nt t — cc se f la a . a o e t c y, c p c wh e e r .
’ - t - v o li fo m om e m : e s. on . os a c . n sin . p r pr p c c r , g . , g 1 — no st e s. acc . ase ov . b anw d p r c , g y g y .
t ans re indi m r t ense anw d : v e b . e . ood ao . g y r r , g , , , m e l fo m i p rsona r .
m c r in . n . 3 nddo : onomin al e . as . en . s o d y pr pr p , g . g , ” lai in e son e n . p r , xp g y
w u v mod. oe dd n . vu r : in od to ad . ( . ) y tr c ry , ,
i e . ct . v oic in e . oeddwn v e b int ans. a e di mood r r , rr g , , , im e l s e n in . a e ast f . te s st e s. in p p , p r g ( gr g i “ ” w th i unde rstood).
* x Note that pohl is plural in its synta . 6 W E L H 1 6 S GRAMMAR .
N r i the a n : e . ov . hae n ccus. ase y g pr p , g g c . N h f — aer : o . noun e m . en in n a u . . s . o . s ase g pr p , g , g cc . c , ”
ov b n . g . y y g
ddoe A dv . of time m , od oe ddwn .
viii. ad o i i : v f ne a on m l i . h . od. c wa s ( ) g t , y
t - l : os i e s. v o a mas . en 3 r 3 o in . no . n . . s d p c c p r pr , c g g , — ‘ ‘ ’ e . e b c i s a us . as ov . l wa sf p r , cc c , g y y
l v e wals b t s re . c o n c a v i e i die . moo r n a t . d ao . y r r , g , c , , “ ” t ense 1st e s. sin a e ein wi h , p r g ( gr g t i unde st r ood).
- f ers. on s e n 3 r o i . ma . n . s n . o d e s. aceus p pr , c g , g p r . ’ e ase in apposition t o s i adv e b of t me mod. cl wais. r , y “ ” r in th u z e v . a odd e a us. ase . o d . y pr p , g cc c
- m n i dro : v e oun asc . e . s n . no 3 rd e a dd b n . s r , g , g , p r . ” b n a us. ase ov . cc c , g y y .
T H E H RAMMAR
B . A y S . J EVNS , MA . (Loni )
P r ic e B y p o s t 1 /8 .
S O M E NO T IC E S A ND R E VIE W S .
I ad mire its cle arness and fulness in spite of its small compass and ” sha l omme nd t w v v t t — K re c i e ne e I h a e an o o uni . Pro . ano M e er l h r pp r y / y , Umw rsil o r y f L ive pool . Your v aluable Grammar will re nde r great assistance in spre ading a knowledge ” of the lan n o — ua e o s und lines . P ro . E . A n w l Universit olle e A ber stwith g g / y , y C g , y .
- - e at te se to th e oint and u to date . T e e are se v e al oints in it N , r , p , p h r r p which sho l ma it use ul t l w w u d ke f to Coun y S ch ools . T h e ru es are e ll p ut and e ll Y l us . m ill trate d our h istorica notes are very good . The co aratl v e note s w e re t he lan ua e is co m are d wi t atin and F re nch are p , h g g p h L , ” v l t w l te n iv — a A . ua le . I il d to e a stat n u . u M . us to the la a e D. S am el b g g g , ,
H eadmaste r ount S chool A be r stw th . , C y , y y
' Yn wir h is w ddom am l fr n mdrin a r ia ith a n hore m 1 e fr d dd , g y y y y gy g r y y ’ Y ae h e ola n lir fft n f d ie ua nc o hae n h wn . m r u de th oliad o e n re i iau e rus r y g , y g y , ’ ’ ' h awdd iawn w dde all a fe istr D lai ll f r a r h oll nllun n i i oli. gy y y , y y w — s du n ll s li n elt L lunda in . h wn gae l e i fab y ia ga h o y go o Cymr u. C
’
l ni l n n o w m . T . s e l a ange d, ce y ri te d a d ound, and sh uld b e e lco e d b y P W rr p b " t a in e lsh f or S ch olarshi b u ils of th e nte mediate S c ools and b k g W p) y p p I r h , y ’ wh desu to ac s n w ls — The M a az ine E nglishme n o e q uire ome k o le dge of We h . g r sit e S outh W an M o of Uni or y Colleg of ales d n.
J. E . S outh all of e w o t a e ntle man wh o h as e nde e d cons ic uous assist , N p r , g r r p ance thron h rs re ce nt publishin g e nte rprises to t hose e nga ge d in th e work of te achin e lsh in our E le me nta and n te rme diate S ch ools h as ust u lishe d g ry I , j p b w nt t E r mue l E v ans a noth e o e i le d Th e le me nts o W elsh ra mma r b M . S a r rk f G , y , t t ks d aste f e un t l n . is on h ose oo M . A . e a o h o S ch ool a e fni T i s e of , H M r C y , L g h b ‘ ’ w li l s t v lt w nt Th e nee d all alon hi ch are ke y to upply he pro erbial long fe a . g n for a lucid n com ndio w Th e ules t rou h out th e h as bee a d pe us ork . r h g book are h appily illustrated b y me ans of suitable e xamples from th e classics o f e ls lite ratu e th us s owin a e at ad v ance in t is res e ct e v e n u on some of W h r , h g gr h p p — N w t h e mo e e la o ate e lsh amma S outh W ales Da il e s. r b r W Gr rs. y W e ca n re comme nd it as be ing th e best h and- book for County ’ — h and u S ol tu ts Unirer rt olle e o W ales M a az ine . S c ools Q ee n s ch arshl p s de n . s y C g f g
’ E v ans G rammar has prov e d to me to b e th e most succe ssful te xt b ook in ' las t se ason s work it is th e most trustw ort hy and suitable Welsh Grammar f or t l t — ma icu a ion st ude nts in e xiste nce M . H . Thomas A bcrc non . r . , y
1 am lad to te ll ou th at m u il Te ache wh o was th e onl A n lese irl g y y P p r, y g y g in th e l et class onl use d our elsh ramma and found it ust th e th in f or th is , y y W g r, j g ” — i x min ti n . w r nc . art cula e a a o J . P . R o la nds B ns ie n p r , y y The auth or h as wisely limited the work b y omitting ma ny comparativ e ly unim o tant de tails and h as illust ate d e v e ule wit co ious e xam les W l th p r , r ry r h p p , ’ — t t t l S choolmaster . h e resul ha t h e h as produce d a cle ar and se rn ce ab e book . — ls nd P . T . ce nt N. B The amm a is in most of the oun t oo a . Gr r in use C y S ch res wh e re elsh is t t W augh . W E L S H E NG L IS H E X E R C IS E S
In ( the 2nd E dition . )
BY
) S A M UEL I. EVA NS , NL A . (L ondon .
n ( E glish a nd Celtic . )
P r i / “ c e 1 /6 n e t t .] V H, wa if , [B y Po s t
R E Y I E W S
This book will b e cordially we lcome d b y te ache rs and stude nts
f lsh a su in on l d. h o W e s pply g a. l g fe t ne e T e e xe rcise s se e m particularly h appy and nume rous (th ose ) on the pre posi tions f or instance be a th e im e ss of th e actical te ach e and should , r pr pr r, n d prov e a v e ry v aluable discipline . ( Th e i tro uction) is ull of v aluable inf o mation and su e stion and would am l e a f r gg , p y r p y s ud not onl b candidate s f or e xaminations bu b all th ose t y y y , t y i s e ak r it l wi h cc elsh who asp re to p o wr e W e sh t a uracy. W
The auth o of th e se e xe c ise s a fe w e a s a o c om ile d h is r r , y r g p ’ Ele ments of W e lsh G rammar e spe cially f or th e use of pupils in nd il a h r e s Its a nce e licite d County S ch ools a pup te c e centr . appe ra e ncomiums from su ch e mine nt auth oritie s as Pr i fe ssu Kuno M e ye r Th se nt b k of E x is is and Profe ssor A nwyl. e pre oo e rc e s a m anion v olume to su l th at actice in t anslation wh ich alone co p pp y pr r , Th am can giv e pre cision and e xactne ss to linguistic study . e gr me tical int oductio make s su e stiv e e adin and will e a r n gg r g , r p y
ca e ul stud . Th e e xe cise s are e xce tionall ull and su l r f y r p y f , pp y e xc elle nt prac tice for th ose wh o wish to maste r th e idiomatic diffe r Th b sh ould ov b n t o e nce s of th e two language s. e ook pr e a oo ” — l h f W lsh th ou h out th e inc i alit W e sh G az ette. te ac e rs o e r g Pr p y .
M E VA NS h as admi ab l suc ce e ded in su l in a nee d which r. r y pp y g h as long be e n felt b y th ose wh o h av e h ad anything to do with th e
te achin of W elsh . In the int oduction which is b oth v e inst uo g r , ry r tiv e and inte e stin the auth cle l oints out some of the e culia r g, or ar y p p r h n wi h E n lish The itie s of t e la guage as compare d t g . e xe cise s r b f a th e b s we h v e e v e see n b e in b im ul of r a e y r e t a r , g r f h lso idioms and quotations from the b e st W e lsh auth ors. T ere is a — B orde ounties a most use ful v ocabulary at the e nd. r C
A dvertiser.
Ceinion n Neu detholion amr w len i L L e . o waith y or on amser J D h d G oheb dd d o Robert ones , inbych , y y y , gy a ‘ Darluniau nodiadau b rafiiadol G eirfa c nw sfawr , n a y y
J. M l Ed d M A . Ys o T f gan organ war s , . , g y Sir , re fynnon .
P t . rice , ne t
’ i e A d d d i the New Br ng r n es . Revise in accor ance w th — Or k L . thography, etc . , by a well nown ienor
This book is really a Welsh Classic . As a piece of litera t d E B k ure , it is oubtful if any nglish oo of travel has been
i d it . P publ she for a generation which is equal to aper, i ” l G e rf a . l . C price , / nett oth , limp , with , nett a N D G n ELU E .
’ Y mae e i e i s rife nnu n ddes rifiadol dros b e n ac mewn w d y g g , ’ D lai ie uenct d C f nnu drin o r A s n Cymraeg gwych . y y ymru y g nde y ” — i ll f r E De nno . nghwmn y luned . /y g W e most cordially recommend it as a W elsh R e ader at both our ” s — Nationalist. elementary and secondary school . ’ Drin o r A s is a i to a . E L UNE D its a is g nde entr nc ng re d , uthor, the ” t e s most fluen of writ r .
Neu dde tholion an h hoeddedi R iodan G went. o waith g y g V d y diwe ddar Ossian G went. ery few mo ern Welsh poets have surpassed Ossian G went in simple delineations d of nature and comman of a variety of free metres . P d d 1 r 6d. ice , (re uce from / I get to like h im [Ossia n G went] more and more ; he is very ” — A N rth W ales T eache r. sweet and natural . o
’ ’ - O r G eninen A hl t Priod Ddulliau r G ymraeg . ( ) pamp e to
assist writers to avoid common errors i n writing Welsh .
t . A . B D VID A M U M . C A y A S EL , , ounty School , berystwy h
3 d.
’ i h h nas G enedl Plent n r A thraw A ddysg yn c p ert y a r , y y , y , ’
A . ar affiad h w lw r C M . A d r a r G oruc y y , gan aleb Rees , g d 60 o ysgrifau a gyhoeddwyd yn y Traetho ydd. Pris .
i DA N D A w Pu d Paradw s . C fie ith ad ante ( nn n , r an , y ) y gan M e wn un frol IE L t C . REES , gyn o aernarfon gy , papur ,
L lia 3 6. 2 6 . n / nett , /
f For d Outlines o Welsh History to 1485 . Secon ary Schools
a 6d. . nd Colleges . nett