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Massacre at the Cedars \ THE MASSACRE AT THE CEDARS. BY S. E. DAWSON. from the Canadian Monthly for april, 1874. Nearly one hundred years have elapsed honest character. That which in others was since the Declaration of Independence an- firmness and perseverance, in him became nounced to the world that all hope of recon- stupid obstinacy, and upon him has been ciliation was over between Great Britain and sought to be placed the responsibility of a war, her revolted colonies, and that the war, which which was as popular throughout England at had in reality existed for a year, could cease the commencement as any war has ever been. only by the utter defeat of one of the con- In matters political, truth is not a necessary tending parties. Since that time England has condition of success. A certain amount of been engaged in deadly strife with more than plausibility is required but, when the popu- ; half the continent of Europe; but even in lar mind is in a condition of expectant ex- France the old traditional hatred as well as citement, a small proportion of truth goes a the memory of more recent conflicts has died long way. The manifestos put forth from out, while in the United States the smoulder- time to time by Congress had that plausibility, ing embers of strife have been sedulously combined with the hardihood of assertion fanned by the writers of school-books, and which is so invaluable in partisanship. The grave historians even have compiled weighty Declaration of Independence is a document octavos—not with that careful sifting of evi- admirable in its literary style. It mingles its dence which becomes the judge, but with the modicum of undoubted colonial grievance heat of an editor writing leading articles for with a rhetoric so mournful, rising through an election contest, and fearful of conceding many flights of imagination to a height of in- one small point to the credit of his adversa- jury so great, that it remains a model of po- ries. litical composition unequalled to the present As for the English writers upon this period, day. they have, with few exceptions, adopted the There are some counts in that long indict- statements of the American histories. If they ment which, as they are connected with Can- knew of original authorities, they have not ada, are specially interesting to Canadians. " taken the trouble to consult them. Earl Among these is the clause, that he (the Stanhope alone seems to have based his work King) has endeavored to bring on the inhabi- on original documents, and has thus been able, tants of our frontiers the merciless Indian in some measure, to dispel the cloud of asser- savages, whose known rule of warfare is an tion which had so long obscured the truth of undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes history. His sober style is not attractive to and conditions." On reading this, who can the general reader, from the absence of those fail to conclude that the King was the first to rhetorical flights which enliven the pages of resolve upon the employment of Indian allies, more popular historians. and that the colonists revolted at such an It has thus come to be taken generally for enormity? Nevertheless, it is the fact that granted that, in this struggle, truth and jus- the colonies were the first to invoke the aid tice were entirely with it until they found the Congress ; and of the Indians, and was not that, moreover, the war was waged, upon the that the weight of the Indian alliance was English side, with ferocity and perfidy, but, going against them, that they discovered the upon the American side, with calm and for- merciless nature of their "known rules of bearing valour. The well-m aning King warfare." George has been a butt for the sneers of many While none but the New England leaders who could not understand his sincere and dreamed of war, and long before a shot had 2 THE MASSACRE AT THE CEDAK3. been fired, efforts had been made to enlist the 1774-5, the revolutionary party had been Indians on the side of the colonies. This tampering with the Indians of Canada. One will appear from a comparison of some of the of their emissaries, writing from Montreal, documents published in the " American gives full details of his visit to the Caugh- Archives," with the dates of the early events nawaga Indians, and informs the Massachu- of the war. At Lexington, on April 19th, setts' Congress that those Indians had received 1775, the first blood was shed. On June 17th, overtures from Israel Putnam, and had 1775, was fought the battle of Bunker's Hill. assured him in reply that, if they took up In September of the same year the continental arms at all, it would be against the King.J army invaded Canada. St. Johns was cap- During the whole of the winter of 1774-5, and tured two months afterward, and Montreal the following summer, emissaries from the was occupied until the middle of June, 1776. colonies were busy among the Indians of On July 4th, 1776, appeared the Declaration Canada and Acadia. In the Colony of Mas- of Independence, and only five weeks pre- sachusetts the Indians of Stockbridge were viously occurred the event stigmatised as the enrolled as minute men, and each received " Massacre of the Cedars." from the Provincial Congress a blanket and There was at first, upon the English side, a ribbon for "taking up the hatchet" against some hesitation about enlisting Indians. Great Britain. § This people were not, from The Earl of Dartmouth, under date, London, the fact of their being in Massachusetts, more Aug. 2nd, 1775, writes to General Gage, that civilized than others of their race, because in " the steps which you say the rebels have their reply to President Hancock, they ask || taken for calling in the assistance of the In- only to be shown their enemy, and hope that dians leave no room to hesitate upon the pro- no regulations may be made to prevent them priety of your pursuing the same measure." " fighting after the manner of their fore- A letter, signed " A Soldier." which appeared fathers," This policy of arming the Indians in the London papers on October 22nd, 1776, was therefore adopted even before Lexington. refers to General Carleton's aversion to em- In an Address of the same Congress to the ploy them, and urges their enlistment. Mohawk tribe, dated April 4th, 1775, it as Among the colonists, General Schuyler alone clearly appears. The Address is long, but, seems to have hesitated ; no suspicion of as it is typical of the style of many others, a wrong in the matter appears to have existed few extracts are given : in the mind of any one else. The alliance " Brothers—Our fathers in Great Britain of the great Iroquois Confederacy was eagerly tell us our lands and houses and cattle and courted, and for a long time the colonial party money are not our own—that we ourselves thought that all the Indians, even the Mo- are not our own men but their servants. hawks at Caughnawaga, would side with * * * * Brothers—We used to send our them.* Eventually the Mohawks, Senecas, vessels on the Great Lake, whereby we were 1 Cayugas and Onondagas sided with the able to get clothes and what we needed for Crown, but the Oneidas and Tuscaroras ourselves and you, but such has lately been espoused the cause of the colonists. In their conduct that we cannot, they have told the east, so doubtful was the conduct of us we shall have no more guns nor powder to the Micmacs, that the settlers at Halifax use and kill our wolves and other game nor were forbidden to sell them powder, and they to send to you. * * * How can you live * were obliged to resort to the Massachusetts without powder and guns ? * * Commissariat. The first Indians who took Brothers—We think it our duty to inform you up arms for the British were the Abenakis.f of our danger, and desire you to give notice A small number of that tribe formed part of to all your kindred, as we fear they will the garrison of St. Johns, and in Sept., 1775, attempt to cut our throats, and if you should joined, not in an attack upon the frontiers of allow them to do that, there will nobody the United States, but in the defence of a remain to keep them from you. We, there- frontier town of Canada against an invading fore, earnestly desire you to whet your hatchet enemy. Brown to the Committee of Correspondence, Long previously, as early as the winter of % J- March 29, 1775. § Address of Congress to the Indians of Stockbridge, * Col. Ethan Allan to the Massachusetts Congress, April 1, 1775, June 9,1775- II Address of the Stockbridge Indians to Massachusetts i Maurault— Histoire des Abenakis. Congress, April 11, 1775. THE MASSACRE AT THE CEDARS. 3 and be prepared with us to defend our liberties other respects I have been extremely cautious and lives. Brothers—We humbly beseech not to meddle in matters of a political nature. that God, who lives above and does what is I apprehend my interpreting the doings of right here below to enlighten your mind, &c, Congress to a number of their Sachems has &c." done more real service to the cause of the There is throughout all these Addresses to country, or the cause of truth and justice, the Indians a strain of devout aspiration, than five hundred pounds in presents would which, although misplaced as regards the have effected.
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