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A bombed European city – on the move The historical roots of the lie in the legacy of the Second World War. 18 April 1951 Government leaders of the six sign 25 March 1957 the Treaty of Rome. Second World War. Europeans are determined to Based on the Schuman plan, six countries sign The story of the European Union (EU) You can learn more about the EU at the '' prevent such killing and destruction ever happening a treaty to run their heavy industries – and Building on the success of the Coal and Steel Treaty, the website: europa.eu six countries expand cooperation to other economic again. Soon after the war, Europe is split into East and steel – under a common management. In this way, 'EUROPE DIRECT ' answers your questions about the West as the 40-year-long Cold War begins. West none can on its own make the weapons of war to sectors. They sign the Treaty of Rome, creating the EU: call 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 or e-mail via European nations create the in turn against the other, as in the past. The six are Follow the timeline as it spirals down from top left to bottom right. European Economic Community (EEC), or 'common europedirect.europa.eu 1949. It is a first step towards cooperation between , , Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium Coal and steel industries Yellow panels describe EU events. market'. The idea is for people, goods and services to them, but six countries want to go further. and Luxembourg. start to work together move freely across borders. across borders. Blue panels describe more general events in Europe. 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960

In Hungary, people rise against Swiss architect Le Corbusier marks a new The Soviet Union beats the United States in In the 1950s, most Later, blue jeans appear, the Soviet-backed regime in 1956. the space race by launching the first man- children have little trend with the opening (1952), of his self- In November, Soviet tanks appear mainly for boys. Girls still contained 'vertical city' (Unite d'habitation) made space satellite, Sputnik 1, in 1957. pocket money. They wear full skirts and ankle on the streets of Budapest to put Sputnik 1 orbits the earth at a height of wear the same kind of in Marseilles, France. The stark appearance down the protests. socks. One of the most of this concrete complex provokes the 800 km. In 1961, the Soviet Union wins clothes as their parents. popular crazes of the nickname 'The new brutalism'. again with the first cosmonaut, Yuri Gagarin, But their taste in music decade is the hula hoop. whose spacecraft is just 2.6m in diameter. changes with the start 9 1950 — French Foreign Minister Hungarians pull down a statue of Stalin in their capital, of rock and roll. 1961 presents a plan for deeper cooperation. Later, every , Budapest, during the 1956 protests. 9 May is celebrated as 'Europe Day'. Le Corbusier in front of a Unite d'habitation. Sputnik 1 in space. Cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin. Clothes and accessories of the 1950s.

The Beatles: Ringo Starr on 24 April 1972 A Soviet tank drums and, from left to 'Beatlemania' sweeps the In August 1961, the in Prague, Soviet tanks thunder into Prague in August 1968 In the 1960s young people affirm their identity. Their ideas often differ from right, Paul McCartney, world in 1963. The Beatles, communist authorities in East The EU's first plan for a single currency dates from 1970. 1968. those of adults and a true youth culture emerges. The pop industry booms, George Harrison and John the first pop supergroup, Germany build a wall across to crush the short-lived Prague spring of fledgling Lennon. To maintain monetary stability, EU members decide to allow democracy in Czechoslovakia. With over 600 000 helped by television, transistor radios and LPs (long-playing records). Teenagers attract huge crowds of Berlin to prevent their citizens their currencies to fluctuate against each other only within troops occupying the country, the Czechs and make fashion statements: miniskirts and high boots for girls, and long hair and teenagers wherever they from escaping to a freer life narrow limits. This exchange rate mechanism (ERM), created Slovaks are powerless. One student, Jan Palach, pointed shoes for boys. This is a time when EU countries experience appear. They stimulate in the West. A few people in 1972, is a first step towards the introduction of the , burns himself to death in protest. growth and rising prosperity – the golden sixties. a cultural revolution, still escape; others are shot 30 years later. widening the generation gap. The Brandenburg Gate, a symbolic Cold War landmark, by guards in the attempt. seen from the western side of the Berlin Wall. 1971 1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962

The Americans reassert their supremacy in space 1 July 1968 20 July 1963 30 July 1962 by landing a man on the Rioting by students and workers in France moon in July 1969. The six remove customs duties on goods imported The EU signs its first big international agreement – The EU starts its 'common agricultural policy' giving the from each other, allowing free cross-border trade in May 1968 shakes the very foundations of the State. Milder student protests occur a deal to help 18 former colonies in Africa. By 2007, it countries joint control over food production. Farmers are for the first time. They also apply the same duties has a special partnership with 78 countries in Africa, paid the same price for their produce. The EU grows on their imports from outside countries. The in other EU countries. They reflect frustration at remote and unresponsive the Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) regions. The EU is the enough food for its needs and farmers earn well. The world's biggest trading group is born. Trade world's biggest provider of development assistance to unwanted side-effect is overproduction with mountains of among the six and between the EU and the rest governments as well as protests again the Vietnam War and the nuclear arms race. Clothes and poorer countries. Its aid is linked to respect for human surplus produce. Since the 1990s, priorities have been to 1972 of the world grows rapidly. accessories of the In the 1960s, farming in Europe rights by recipients. cut surpluses and raise food quality. Paris demonstrators. 1960s. becomes more mechanised.

Acid rain destroys forests in In summer 1980, shipyard workers in the Polish city of 10 December 1974 Scandinavia and Germany. 7–10 June 1979 The fight against pollution intensifies Gdansk, led by Lech Walesa, strike for more rights. Other To show their solidarity, EU leaders set up the European EU citizens directly elect the members of the European 1 January 1973 in the 1970s. The EU adopts laws to Parliament for the first time. Previously they were delegated strikes follow across the country. In August, the government Regional Development Fund. Its purpose is to transfer protect the environment, introducing capitulates and Solidarność is created as an independent The six become nine when money from rich to poor regions to improve roads and by national parliaments. Members sit in pan-European the notion of ‘the polluter pays’ for political groups (Socialist, Conservative, Liberal, Greens, etc.) trade union. The government gradually reasserts its power Denmark, Ireland and the communications, attract investment and create jobs. the first time. Pressure groups such as and imposes martial law in December 1981, ending The name of the Polish trade union United Kingdom formally This type of activity later comes to account for one third of and not in national delegations. The influence of the Greenpeace are founded. Parliament is constantly increasing. 's brief encounter with people power. But the seeds becomes known everywhere. enter the EU. all EU spending. The EU helps bring jobs to poor have been sown for later. regions. The in session. 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982

Office computers in The murder of former Italian Prime Youth styles get more exotic in the early 1970s. Pop Following an Arab-Israeli war in The overthrow of the Salazar regime in the 1970s. stars, whose audiences are getting younger, are a big 1 January 1981 Portugal in 1974 and the death of General Minister, Aldo Moro, in 1978 is one of October 1973, Middle East oil- many acts of terrorism carried out by influence. Some young women swap their miniskirts Membership of the EU reaches double figures producing nations impose big Franco of Spain in 1975 end the last right- for even briefer 'hot pants', but most teenagers wear when Greece joins. It has been eligible to join wing dictatorships in Europe. Both extremist groups in the 1970s. Among price increases and restrict sales the victims are leading lawyers, trousers with wide flares at the bottom. They also since its military regime was overthrown and to certain European countries. countries commit themselves to democratic wear thick-soled platform boots. Most extreme are democracy restored in 1974. government – an important step towards businessmen and politicians, as well as This creates economic problems 11 Israeli athletes at the Munich the punks, with spiky hair, sometimes dyed orange, throughout the EU. qualifying for future membership of the EU. Olympic Games (1972). and a craze for body-piercing. Rubik creates his 1983 famous cube. Oil crisis in 1973/1974 – Cars queue for scarce petrol. Clothes and accessories of the 1970s.

The collapse of communism across central and eastern 17 February 1986 7 February 1992 28 February 1984 1 January 1993 Europe, which began in Poland and Hungary, is A new thrill is bungee jumping. Parents gasp, but Although customs duties disappeared in 1968, trade is not The Treaty on European Union is signed in Maastricht. symbolised by the fall of the Berlin Wall in flowing freely across EU borders. The main obstacles are Computers and automation are changing The single market and its four freedoms are established: the free movement of youngsters enjoy the sensation of jumping from a the way we live and work. To stay in the goods, services, people and money is now reality. More than 200 laws have It is a major EU milestone, setting clear rules for the 1989. Faced by a mass exodus of its citizens to differences in national regulations. The Single European Act of future single currency as well as for foreign and high place attached to an elastic rope, which forefront of innovation, the EU adopts been agreed since 1986 covering tax policy, business regulations, professional the West, the East German government throws breaks their fall and pulls them back before they February 1986 launches a vast six-year programme security policy and closer cooperation in justice and open the gates. Germany is united after more to sort these out. The Act also gives the the 'Esprit' programme in 1984 as the qualifications and other barriers to open frontiers. The free movement of some hit the ground. first of many research and development services is delayed. home affairs. Under the treaty, the name 'European than 40 years, and its eastern part joins the European Parliament more say and strengthens Union' officially replaces 'European Community'. EU (October 1990). EU powers in environmental protection. programmes it has since funded. 1993 1992 1991 1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984

Young children take up roller 15 June 1987 1 January 1986 In the Balkans, Yugoslavia begins to skating. Older brothers and The EU launches the 'Erasmus' Spain and Portugal enter the break apart in 1991. Fighting erupts sisters listen to 'personal stereos' programme to fund university EU, bringing membership to 12. (Walkmans) and CDs, watch TV soap operas Clothes and accessories of students wishing to study for up to first in Croatia, then in Bosnia and the 1980s. Herzegovina where Serbs, Croats and and enjoy Asian food. Huge parties or a year in another European Muslims fight in a bloody civil war. 'raves' attract teenagers. Skirts are getting country. More than two million uncommon, and short trousers for small boys young people have benefited from 1994 Fall of Berlin Wall and have almost disappeared. this and similar EU schemes. Robots join car factory production Civil unrest begins in former Yugoslavia. unification of Germany. Bungee jumping, late 1980s. lines in the 1980s.

In 1996, scientists in Scotland succeed 13 December 1997 1 January 1999 The communications revolution 31 March 2003 The Kyoto Protocol, an international treaty to limit 1 January 1995 29 October 2004 in cloning a sheep from a single cell of EU leaders agree to start the process of membership The euro is introduced in 11 countries (joined by Greece in continues. Many schools and homes now As part of its foreign and security policy, the EU takes global warming and cut emissions of greenhouse Austria, Finland and a six-year-old ewe, a have high-speed access to the internet. on peace-keeping operations in the Balkans, firstly in The 25 EU countries sign a Treaty establishing a gases, comes into force in February 2005. The EU negotiations with 10 countries of central and eastern 2001) for commercial and financial transactions only. Notes European Constitution. It is designed to streamline Sweden join the EU. The breakthrough in Europe: Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, and coins will come later. The euro countries are Austria, Text messages and SMS are the favourite the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, and has consistently taken the lead in efforts to reduce 15 members now cover genetic way for young people to stay in constant then in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In both cases, EU- democratic decision-making and management in an EU the impact of climate change. The United States is Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia. Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, of 25 and more countries. When voters in France and almost the whole of engineering. 'Dolly' The Mediterranean islands of Cyprus and Malta are also Luxembourg, Portugal, Spain and the Netherlands. Denmark, contact with each other. Wide-screen led forces replace NATO units. Internally, the EU not a party to the western Europe. is an identical copy and flat-screen TV sets and DVDs set the agrees to create an area of freedom, security and the Netherlands reject the constitution in June 2005, protocol. included. In 2000, Treaty changes agreed in Nice open the Sweden and the United Kingdom decide to stay out for the EU leaders declare a 'period of reflection'. of her 'parent'. way for enlargement by reforming EU voting rules. time being. pace for home entertainment. An EU peacekeeping force at work. justice for all citizens by 2010. 1995 1996 Dolly the sheep. 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

26 March 1995 17 June 1997 On 11 September 2001, hijacked 1 January 2002 1 May 2004 Signature of the Treaty of Amsterdam. Nearly everyone wears trainers. Jeans and T-shirts are still popular. airliners are flown into the twin Euro notes and coins arrive. Printing, minting and The Schengen Agreement takes effect in seven Teenage girls show a little midriff, and black is popular for a time. Eight countries of central and eastern Europe – the Czech countries – Belgium, France, Germany, It builds on the achievements of towers of the World Trade Center in distributing them in 12 countries is a major logistical Republic, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Poland, Slovenia Maastricht, laying down plans to reform In the later 1990s, mobile phones and the internet change the New York and the Pentagon building operation. More than 80 billion coins are involved. Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal and way we communicate. The technology behind both is European. and Slovakia – join the EU, finally ending the division of Europe Spain. Travellers of any nationality can travel EU institutions, to give Europe a in Washington. Nearly 3 000 people Notes are the same for all countries. Coins have one decided by the Great Powers 60 years earlier at Yalta. Cyprus stronger voice in the world, and to Young people travel more, and students often take a 'gap' year to die. The EU countries stand firmly common face, giving the value, while the other carries a between all these countries without any passport see the world, using e-mail to keep in touch. and Malta also become members. Bulgaria and Romania follow control at the frontiers. Other member states have concentrate more resources on alongside the United States in the national emblem. All circulate freely. Using Finnish (or any on 1 January 2007. Croatia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of since joined the passport-free . employment and the rights of citizens. fight against international terror. other) euro coin to buy a Madrid metro ticket is something we Macedonia and Turkey are also candidates for membership. Passport-free travel across frontiers. Clothes and accessories of the 1990s. take for granted.

Maps: Stefan Chabluk - Drawings: Pamela Hewetson and Nick Hewetson - Photos (from top left to bottom right following the timeline): , Associated Press, Camera Press London/F. Jacobs, European Commission, Associated Press, Published by the European Commission, Directorate-General for Communication, January 2007. Camera Press London/Giancarlo Botti, 1996 Corbis original image courtesy of NASA/CORBIS, Photodisc Inc, European Parliament, Camera Press London/Imapress/Stephane Cardinale, Associated Press/Stringer, Camera Press London/Sepp Spiegl. NA-76-06-444-EN-C ISBN 92-79-03565-7 © , 2007 Reproduction is authorised.