Parks Pares Canada Canada Historic Guide to the National Historic Parks and Sites of Canada Published by Parks Canada under authority of the Hon. J. Hugh Faulkner Minister of Indian and Northern Affairs, Ottawa, 1978. QS-7054-000-EE-A1 Catalogue No. R62-103/1978 ISBN 0-662-01626-2 Design: Judith Gregory, Design Partnership

Cette publication est aussi disponible en francais. Introduction and Lower Fort Garry, men, women and The national historic parks and sites children dressed in period costume, give commemorate people, places and events visitors a glimpse of what life was like in Canadian history which have been in another century. declared to be of major national signifi­ Many national historic parks and cance in the historical development of sites are open year-round but the major­ Canada. ity are only open to visitors during the The 56 historic parks and sites de­ summer season, from mid-spring to early scribed on the following pages are places fall. Exact opening and closing dates where our cultural heritage can be ex­ and hours of operation can be obtained perienced first-hand. by writing to one of Parks Canada's From the remains of a Viking regional offices (see inside cover).' settlement at L'Anse aux Meadows and 3 the inventions of Alexander Graham Bell, to the now silent gun batteries of Fort Rodd Hill, each of the parks and sites listed in this guide tells a rich story of Canada's past. Interpretive programs with guides, diplays and audio-visual presentations, offer visitors a better understanding and appreciation of Canada's history. In parks such as the Fortress of Louisbourg

The drawings in this guide were drawn for Parks Canada by C. William Kettlewell. National Historic Parks and Sites 1 Fort Rodd Hill 33 Les Forges du Saint-Maurice of Canada 2 St. Roch 34 The Fortifications of Quebec 3 Fort Langley 35 Artillery Park 4 Fort St. James 36 Cartier-Brebeuf National Historic 5 Rocky Mountain House Park 6 Robert Service Cabin 37 National Battlefields Park 7 Yukon Historic Sites 38 St. Andrews Blockhouse 8 Cypress Hills Massacre 39 Carleton Martello Tower 9 Fort Walsh 40 Fort Beausejour 10 Battleford 41 Fort Amherst 11 Batoche 42 Province House 12 Fort Esperance 43 Fort Edward 4 13 Lower Fort Garry 44 Grand Pre 14 Fort Prince of Wales 45 Fort Anne 15 York Factory 46 Port Royal Habitation 16 Fort St. Joseph 47 Halifax Citadel 17 Fort Maiden 48 Prince of Wales Martello Tower 18 Woodside 49 York Redoubt 19 Fort George 50 Fortress of Louisbourg 20 Butler's Barracks 51 Alexander Graham Bell National 21 Queenston Heights and Brock's Historic Park Monument 52 Port au Choix 22 Kingston Martello Towers 53 L'Anse aux Meadows 23 Bellevue House 54 Signal Hill 24 Battle of the Windmill 55 Cape Spear Lighthouse 25 Fort Wellington 56 Castle Hill 26 The Rideau Canal 27 Bethune Memorial House 28 Fort Temiscamingue 29 Coteau-du-lac 30 Maison Sir Wilfrid Laurier 31 FortChambly 32 Fort Lennox

1 Fort Rodd Hill National Historic Park 2 St. Roch National Historic Site In 1950 when the ship was trans­ Victoria, British Columbia Vancouver, British Columbia ferred to Halifax, the voyage was made Fort Rodd Hill overlooks the entrance The St. Roch, a short, two-masted through the Panama Canal, making it the to Esquimalt Harbour. From 1896 to schooner, was described by her skipper first vessel to sail completely around 1956 its gun batteries served as part of as "an ugly duckling". However, as an North America. The St. Roch was retired the defence system for the west coast arctic supply and patrol vessel for 26 four years later and was put on display of Canada before technical advances years, the ship and its crew did much to in drydock at the Vancouver Maritime rendered coastal artillery obsolete. establish Canadian sovereignty in the Museum in 1958. The ship was declared Fisgard Lighthouse, located a short north. She also has the distinction of a National Historic Site in 1962 and distance offshore and accessibie by being the first ship to sail the Northwest was restored by Parks Canada. a narrow causeway, was the first to be Passage in both directions and to cir­ The St. Roch is now located in the erected on Canada's west coast. Built cumnavigate North America. Vancouver Maritime Museum where in 1859, the lighthouse consists of a Built in Vancouver in 1928, the audio-visual presentations and guides 7 tower nearly 14 m high and two-storey St. Roch carried out annual patrol and describe the vessel's illustrious past. lightkeeper's quarters, unoccupied supply voyages in the western arctic for since 1929. two decades. Her sturdy hull was built Since the lighthouse is still opera­ of thick Douglas fir, reinforced with tional, visitors are not permitted inside heavy beams. An outer sheath of Austra­ the tower. However, interpretive displays lian "iron bark" added the finishing and guides recount the history of the touch and helped to protect the ship lighthouse and fort. from dangerous ice floes. Visitors can walk along a self- On the first voyage through the guided tour of Fort Rodd Hill on which Northwest Passage, the ship left Van­ interpretive signs explain the history couver in June, 1940, on what was to of coastal defences in the area. Fort Rodd be an almost 28-month journey. Twice Hill is open year-round. trapped by ice, the St. Roch did not reach Halifax until October, 1942. The return trip took only 86 days.

St. Roch 3 Fort Langley National Historic Park Fort Langley prospered in the 4 Fort St. James National Historic Park Forf Langley, British Columbia 1850's, when it pioneered an all-British 161 km northwest of Prince George, 40 km southeast of Vancouver route to the interior becoming the sup­ British Columbia Built along the mighty Fraser River by ply depot for inland posts. When gold Fort St. James was established in 1806 the Hudson's Bay Company, Fort Lan­ was discovered on the Fraser River, the by Simon Fraser for the North West gley played a major role in the develop­ fort serviced prospectors who poured Company. It continued to serve as the ment of what is now the province of into the area. headquarters in the New Caledonia British Columbia. Part of the fort has been recon­ District, now central British Columbia, The fort was first constructed four structed to its appearance in the 1850's, when the North West and Hudson's Bay kilometres downriver in 1827 and was including the wooden palisade sur­ companies amalgamated in 1821. moved to its present location in 1839. It rounding the fort, one of the covered As the chief post in the New Ca­ burned shortly afterward and was rebuilt bastions and some of the buildings. The ledonia District, Fort St. James con­ 8 the following year. reconstructed officer's quarters, re­ ducted its own fur trade and also ferred to as the Big House, has period collected furs from throughout the ter­ furnishings on the ground floor and ritory and shipped them out by the an exhibit on the upper level. Fraser River. Life in the remote region Blacksmiths and carpenters once was marked by hard work and a mono­ worked in the artisans' building where tonous diet of dried salmon. the visitor can see how barrels were Five buildings, all dating from made for packing salmon. Furs, trade 1884-89, are still standing. These log goods and provisions can be found in and Red River frame structures are the the store building. general warehouse, fish cache, men's Fort Langley is open year-round. house, dwelling house and dairy. Among An admission fee is charged. the reconstructed features are several buildings, the wharf and track used to haul cargo from the schooners to the warehouse, fences that criss-crossed through the site and the boardwalks that linked the buildings.

Fort Langley In addition to the period exhibits Replicas of a York Boat and Red 6 Robert Service Cabin located in the buildings there are dis­ River Cart display the principal modes Dawson City, Yukon Territory plays and audio-visual presentations in of transportation used by the traders to Although Robert Service did not per­ a modern interpretation centre. carry furs, provisions and trade goods. sonally experience the Klondike Gold Fort St. James is open year-round. Exhibits and audio-visual programs in a Rush, his poetry has kept alive the spirit trailer tell the history of Rocky Mountain of those wild, adventurous days at the 5 Rocky Mountain House House. turn of the century. National Historic Park Rocky Mountain House is open Born in England, Robert Service Rocky Mountain House, Alberta from the first Sunday in May to Labour emigrated to Canada in 1896. After work­ 200 km southwest of Edmonton Day. ing at various jobs along the west coast, On the banks of the North Saskatchewan he was hired as a clerk by the Bank of River within sight of the Rocky Moun­ Commerce in Vancouver. In 1904 he was tains, the North West and Hudson's Bay transferred to the Commerce bank at 9 companies maintained a series of fur Whitehorse in the Yukon. Inspired by trading posts between 1799 and 1875. the North and its people, he began All that remain are fragile archaeological writing poetry. fragments and two reconstructed stone By the time he was relocated to chimneys from the final post erected in Dawson in 1908, Service had success­ 1865-68. fully published a collection of poems. The rival companies intended to He lived in Dawson from 1908 to 1912 attract the Kootenay Indians from the working as a banker for a year and a mountains, while the North West Com­ half before devoting himself full-time pany also planned to use its post as a to writing. Service lived and wrote in a base of exploration for a practical route small two-room log cabin set on a moun­ to the Pacific. The Kootenay trade did tain slope overlooking the Yukon River not materialize, but David Thompson valley. successfully crossed the Rockies from the North West Company post. Following the 1821 merger of the two companies, the revitalized Hudson's Bay Company retained a post there to obtain the trade of the Blackfoot, Peigan and other north­ ern Plains Indians.

Rocky Mountain House Robert Service left Dawson in 1912 The cabin where he lived has been Nearly 550 km south of Dawson, an to become a war correspondent in the restored to the period of his occupancy. international historic park traces the Balkan Wars. Most of his later life was Moose antlers are mounted on the porch trail of 1898. In Canada it will include spent in Europe and he died in France roof while inside both the sitting room the Chilkoot Trail and the remains of in 1958 at the age of 84. and bedroom are simply but comfortably the camp at Lake Bennett. Signs mark furnished. An animation program significant points along the way. features regular reading of Service's In Dawson City the Palace Grand poetry. Theatre has been reconstructed, and the post office, the cabin of poet Robert 7 Yukon Historic Sites Service and the stemwheeler S.S. Keno, Yukon Territory have all been restored. In addition to In August 1896, gold was discovered in tours of the sites, the Klondike Visitors' 10 Rabbit Creek (now Bonanza Creek) Association sponsors special programs. which flows into the Klondike River. One of these is the "Gaslight Follies" a Prospectors and miners poured into the nightly live theatre presentation at the Klondike and, for a brief time, transformed Palace Grand. the once quiet area into one of the busi­ In Whitehorse, the stern-wheeler est and noisiest places in the world. This S.S. Klondike has been declared a na­ colourful chapter in Canadian history tional historic site to commemorate the is recalled in the several Yukon historic importance of river transportation in the sites, most of which are located in Daw­ Canadian north. son City. During the summer of 1898, the city and gold sites had more than 30 000 residents. Dawson quickly became the service, supply and entertainment centre for the mining area. However, of those who came to the gold fields, few achieved great wealth. Within a few years the rush had eased and Dawson's population declined as rapidly as it had risen.

Dawson City Batoche

8 Cypress Hills Massacre Attempts by American and Cana­ 9 Fort Walsh National Historic Park Maple Creek, Saskatchewan dian authorities to bring the participants Maple Creek, Saskatchewan 171 km southwest of Swift Current in the massacre to justice were thwarted 171 km southwest of Swift Current In the spring of 1873, the blood of Indian by conflicting testimonies of witnesses. In the summer of 1875, "B" Division of men, women and children ran in the Those finally tried for murder were the North-West Mounted Police under valley of Battle Creek in the Cypress acquitted. the command of Superintendent James Hills, when an Assiniboine camp was Although the actual site of the M. Walsh, built a fort in the Cypress Hills. attacked. massacre is closed to visitors, guides The setting was a broad valley on the A group of wolf hunters were on in period costume conduct tours of Far- banks of Battle Creek about three kilo­ their way home to Montana when about well's Trading Post which was recon­ metres above the site of the Cypress 40 of their horses were stolen by a band structed in 1967. A three-kilometre trail Hills Massacre, where approximately 20 of Crees. The enraged men pursued the along the ridge top overlooking Battle Assiniboine Indians were killed by a 12 thieves but lost their trail in the Cypress Creek leads to Fort Walsh National His­ group of whites in 1873. Hills. Scouts sent ahead to the Indian toric Park. The fort was built in the hills to camp located near Farwell's Trading suppress the whisky trade and to estab­ Post, found no trace of the stolen horses lish contact with the Indians of the area. and the party decided to camp near the The mounted police successfully post. negotiated the return to the United When another horse was reported States of Sitting Bull and the Sioux who missing the next day, the hunters, sur­ had taken refuge in Canada after the mising it had been stolen, set out to Battle of the Little Bighorn. In 1883 confront the Indians and retrieve the when most of the Plains Indians had horse. Firing broke out and in the ensu­ settled on reserves, the post was aban­ ing battle about 20 Indians were killed. doned. What remained of the camp after the More than half a century later, in survivors had fled was put to the torch. 1942, the R.C.M.P. established a horse ranch on the site of Fort Walsh and ranch buildings were constructed in the style of the original fort. In 1967 Farwell's and Solomon's trading posts were recon­ structed near the site of the Cypress Hills massacre as part of the R.C.M.P. centennial celebrations. 10 Battleford National Historic Park 11 Batoche National Historic Site Battleford, Saskatchewan Batoche, Saskatchewan 153 km northwest of Saskatoon 88 km northeast of Saskatoon In the last quarter of the 19th century, The small village of Batoche served as law and order in the west was the re­ the headquarters for the Metis during sponsibility of the North-West Mounted the Northwest Rebellion of 1885 and was Police. A number of posts were erected the scene of the last battle of that up­ in the territories including the one con­ rising. structed at Battleford in 1876 which Long-suffering frustration and served as a divisional headquarters for discontent over land claims led to the the Saskatchewan District. Metis uprising in Saskatchewan. In 1869 When native discontent broke into Louis Riel had led the Metis in the for­ rebellion in the spring of 1885, a police mation of a provisional government at 13 detachment left Battleford to reinforce Red River which resulted in the Cana­ Fort Carleton against possible attack. dian Government's partial recognition of Fearing an Indian attack, the towns­ the Metis land claims. Sixteen years people of Battleford sought refuge in the later, similar cirmumstances arose on police post. However the anticipated the Saskatchewan River where armed attack never came. resistance led to bloodshed. Visitors are given guided tours of The rebellion was suppressed by the fort's buildings, the Fort Walsh town- Canadian troops led by Major-General site and the two cemeteries. A recently- Middleton. A number of Indians were constructed visitor reception centre in­ tried at Battleford and eight were troduces the park and its history through hanged. With peace restored, the police exhibits and audio-visual presentations. returned to their normal duties such as renovating buildings at the post. The post was finally abandoned in 1924. Displays are located in the officers' quarters and in Barracks Five. Exhibits of particular interest are an 1876 Gatling gun, police uniforms and artifacts of the Plains Indian culture.

Battleford The first major encounter came on 12 Fort Esperance National Historic Site March 26,1885 when Metis clashed with 222 km east of Regina, Saskatchewan a company of North-West Mounted Fort Esperance was one of the North Police at Duck Lake. Twelve policemen West Company's most important provi­ died in a bloody skirmish. The Canadian sion posts in the Assiniboine River dis­ Government sent an army to quell the trict. Metis and Plains Indians regularly uprising. Soldiers led by Major-General supplied the North West Company with Middleton were engaged by a party of bison hides and with meat, from which Metis and Indians at Fish Creek and was made pemmican, a mixture of dried suffered severe casualties in the en­ meat and melted fat that served as a counter. staple for European fur traders on trips The climax came at Batoche where to the more northerly posts. 14 an assault by the army lasting four days The first Fort Esperance was used succeeded in ending the rebellion. Louis from 1787 to 1810. Rivalry with the Hud­ Riel, captured on May 15, was tried and son's Bay Company twice forced reloca­ found guilty of treason and was hanged tions along the Qu'Appelle River before at the Mounted Police barracks in Re- a post was again built at this location gina on November 16,1885. in 1816. It too was abandoned in 1819. Today, little remains of the original Fort Esperance National Historic settlement of Batoche. A segment of the Site preserves the remains of the first trenches used by Middleton's army along fort, situated beside the river, as well with the Rectory, which houses a small as the last fort which was built on a small Both posts are commemorated by historical museum, and the parish rise higher up the bank. Although a few a symbolic monument that displays a church of St. Antoine de Padoue, have depressions indicate the presence of bronze bison head and a bronze beaver been preserved. cellars, most of the early site is now a hide, marked with pictographs. ploughed field. Of the upper post, re­ Fort Esperance National Historic mains of fireplaces and cellars are Site is open year-round. clearly visible, while a depression marks the location of a stockade.

Lower Fort Garry 13 Lower Fort Garry Lower Fort Garry was also used as 14 Fort Prince of Wales National Historic Park the first headquarters for the North West National Historic Park 30 km north of Winnipeg, Manitoba Mounted Police, a penitentiary, a "luna­ Churchill, Manitoba Lower Fort Garry was originally built by tic asylum" and finally as a golf and Located at the mouth of the Churchill the Hudson's Bay Company after Fort country club until 1963. River, this great stone fort was built by Garry was ruined by flooding in 1826. The fort has been restored and its the Hudson's Bay Company in the 18th It served as a trans-shipment and provi­ buildings refurnished in the style of the century to protect its fur-trading in­ sioning post and became the most suc­ mid-19th century. Its grey limestone terests in the far north. cessful agricultural venture in what was walls with round corner bastions enclose Although construction began in then called Rupert's Land. a number of stone and timber structures. 1731, the fort was not completed until Military detachments were sta­ Outstanding among them is the Big 1771. Two years later, Samuel Hearne, tioned here between 1846 and 1848 and House, furnished as in the 1850's when an employee of the Hudson's Bay Com­ again in 1870 after the Red River upris­ the Company's Associate Governor lived pany, set out from Fort Prince of Wales 15 ing, but the fort was never attacked. there. Other buildings are a black­ on his overland expedition to the Arctic The first Canadian-Indian treaty was smith's shop, warehouse, men's house, Ocean. signed here in 1871. doctor's office, fur-loft/sales shop build­ In spite of its formidable appear­ ing and engineer's cottage. ance the fort was never manned or Exhibits include a Red River cart, armed for serious warfare. In 1782, when a York boat, a fur display and one of the three French warships appeared in the oldest surviving Red River frame build­ Bay, Hearne, then governor of the fort, ings in Western Canada. immediately surrendered the under- A new visitor reception centre garrisoned post. The French tried to containing displays and audio-visual blow up the fort but were unsuccessful. shows will soon be opened. A museum The fort was never re-occupied. is located in a replica of the retail store. During the summer, men and women dressed in period costume re-enact daily life at the fort. Lower Fort Garry is open from May 10 until Thanksgiving Day. An admission fee is charged. The walls of the restored fort, 15 York Factory National Historic Park York Factory's central feature is measuring 9 to 12 m thick at the base Churchill, Manitoba the depot building. Exhibits of artifacts and 6 m high, connect four bastions. A When York Factory closed its doors as a are to be found on the main floor and number of cannons standing on the trading post in 1957, it signalled the end displays of the fort and a photo exhibit raised gun gallery and the shells of of an era. For much of its 275 year his­ are located on the upper floor. several structures, including a barracks, tory, the fort, located on the shore of Due to its inaccessibility, York stores building and governor's quarters, Hudson's Bay at the mouth of the Hayes Factory is visited mainly by those who greet visitors to the site. River, served as one of the most impor­ fly in on charter aircraft or who travel Fort Prince of Wales is accessible tant fur-trade supply centres in North by canoe. Guides are present during by boat or in the winter by snowmobile America. the summer to interpret the park's his­ from the nearby town of Churchill. Boat The Hudson's Bay Company first tory for visitors. trips to the fort can be arranged at the established a post here in 1682. Wars 16 tourist reception centre in Churchill. with France and the ravages of nature led to frequent rebuilding and relocation of the post. It was built finally on the present site in 1788. After the merger of the Hudson's Bay and North West companies in 1821, York Factory replaced Montreal as the major shipment depot for North Amer­ ican furs heading to England. Increased business and periodic flooding forced the construction of new buildings, in­ cluding the existing depot, built in the 1830's. By the end of the 19th century the post's importance had declined and the buildings either deteriorated or were torn down, except for the depot building.

Bellevue House

16 Fort St. Joseph National Historic Park When the Americans declared war 17 Fort Maiden National Historic Park Sf. Joseph Island, Ontario on Great Britain in 1812, the British at Amherstburg, Ontario 48 km southeast of Sault Ste. Marie, Fort St. Joseph heard the news before 32 km south of Windsor off Highway 17 the Americans at Michilimackinac. A In 1796, afterthe British abandoned Fort St. Joseph is located on a small force of regular soldiers, Canadian Detroit under the terms of Jay's Treaty, headland at the southwest tip of St. volunteers and Indians captured the they established a new base on the Joseph Island. The site was chosen by American fort. Detroit River in present-day Amherst­ the British in 1796 for their post in the Only a small guard was left at Fort burg. Fort Maiden became a major base Upper Great Lakes region. St. Joseph and eventually the fort was for operations on the Detroit frontier As the headquarters of the British abandoned. An American force on its during the War of 1812 and the Rebellion Indian Department and the meeting way to attack Michilimackinac in 1814 of 1837. place of hundreds of warriors from the burned Fort St. Joseph. Over the years The first fort was a large, square, 18 Upper Great Lakes Indian Nations, Fort all but the stone powder magazine and picketed enclosure with four earthen St. Joseph was considered a formidable a chimney disappeared under a blanket bastions and served as headquarters for base for operations in the old northwest. of earth. the British army and the British Indian Archaeological excavations at the Department in the Detroit area. In 1812, site have revealed the outlines of British regulars, Canadian militia and palisades and the foundations of several Indians based at Fort Maiden launched buildings, including a blockhouse, a successful attack on Detroit and later guardhouse, two bakeries and some made several raids into American ter­ traders' huts. The uncovered founda­ ritory. tions of the blockhouse walls and the In September, 1813, the defeat of two large chimneys in the blockhouse the British fleet in the Battle of Lake are an impressive sight. Erie forced the garrison to burn the fort A visitor reception centre is under and retreat from the area. construction and will house displays. American troops occupied the ruins of Fort Maiden. Following the War of 1812, the British reoccupied Am­ herstburg and built a smaller fort. Even­ tually this too was allowed to fall into ruin. During the Rebellion of 1837, Fort 18 Woodside National Historic Park 19 Fort George National Historic Park Maiden was repaired and several new Kitchener, Ontario Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario buildings were constructed. The fort Woodside, the boyhood home of Wil­ Situated on the west side of the Niagara continued to be garrisoned until 1855. liam Lyon Mackenzie King, Canada's River about two kilometres from Lake From 1859 to 1870 the site was used as 10th Prime Minister, has been restored Ontario, Fort George occupied an im­ a provincial "lunatic asylum". to the period of the early 1890's when portant position during the War of 1812. In 1875 when no further use could the King family lived here. It is a rambling As British military headquarters be found for Fort Maiden, the land was Victorian brick house, originally built for the Niagara Frontier, Fort George subdivided and sold at a public auc­ in 1853 and located on spacious tree- was actively involved in battles with the tion. Gradually the fort buildings were covered grounds in Kitchener (at that Americans. Artillery duels were fought destroyed. The federal government time the village of Berlin). with nearby Fort Niagara and in October acquired part of the site of the fort in Woodside was leased to John of 1812 troops from Fort George de­ 1939. King, a lawyer of means, from 1886 to feated the Americans at Queenston 19 Today most of the original fort lies 1893. His wife, Isabel, was the daughter Heights. within the park's boundaries. Visitors of William Lyon Mackenzie, leader of A combined land and naval bom­ can view the remains of one of the bas­ the abortive rebellion of 1837 in Upper bardment and assault by the Americans tions, a restored pensioner's cottage Canada (Ontario). The Kings' four chil­ levelled the fort in May, 1813. The victors and an original 1820 barracks building dren, the second of whom was William built a fort over the ruins and held it which has been restored. A large stone (Willie), held fond memories of the until December of the same year when building from the asylum period houses time they lived at Woodside, although the British regained control. Before de­ exhibits on the fort's history and an they never owned the property. parting the retreating Americans burned interpretation centre contains a theatre Some of the furnishings in the two- Newark (Niagara-on-the-Lake). In reta­ and exhibit gallery. storey 10-room house were bought by liation, the British burned Buffalo and Fort Maiden is open year-round. the King family while the rest are articles ravaged the American shore. from that period. Among the family's Fort George is open from mid-May unique possessions are mementoes of to October 31. their famous ancestor, William Lyon An admission fee is charged. Mackenzie. Guides in period costume interpret the home and its furnishings and a modern exhibit tells the story of Mac­ kenzie King. After the war, the newly con­ 20 Butler's Barracks The remaining buildings of Butler's structed Fort Mississauga and Butler's Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario Barracks will be restored to contain ex­ Barracks replaced Fort George. The destruction of Fort George by the hibits illustrating the history of the site. The fort has been reconstructed to Americans in 1813, proved how vulner­ Butler's Barracks will not be open the period of British occupation between able the site was to bombardment by to the public until the end of 1978. 1796 and 1813. Its extensive layout con­ enemy guns. Following the war, the sists of six small earthern bastions British began work on a group of build­ connected by cedar picketing, the whole ings across the plain behind the fort. surrounded by a dry ditch. By 1852 at least 20 timber structures A stone magazine dates from 1796- had been erected, serving as store­ 97. All other buildings are of timber con­ houses, barracks and offices. The bar­ struction. They include the officers' racks, store, gunshed and commissariat 20 quarters, officers' kitchen, artificer shop, officer's quarters are the only structures sawpit, blockhouses and a guardhouse. still standing today. Period displays offer an insight into life The name of Butler's Barracks was at the fort. derived from an earlier complex built near the Niagara River to house Butler's Rangers. Overcrowding at Fort Niagara had prompted its construction in 1778. Additions were made towards the end of the century but before 1800 a fire gutted most of the buildings. What remained was undoubtedly destroyed during the 1813 bombardment. The structures in the second Butler's Barracks were built after 1815 and were used until the mid-1860s by the British military. From 1871, when the British troops were withdrawn from Canada, until the 1960's, Butler's Bar­ racks was used by the Canadian army fortraining purposes in times of war and peace. 21 Queenston Heights and Brock's Later, British reinforcements from 22 Kingston Martello Towers Monument Fort George and Chippewa outflanked Kingston, Ontario Niagara Falls, Ontario the Americans on the heights and won Kingston was recognized by the British A major battle of the War of 1812, which the battle. The British succeeded in as a vital link in maintaining naval opera­ resulted in a victory for the British over stopping an American invasion but lost tions on the Great Lakes. After the War an invading American army, was fought their most capable commander. of 1812 plans were made to improve the at Queenston Heights which overlooks A tall columnar monument marks harbour defences which led to the erec­ the Niagara River. the graves of Brock and his aide-de­ tion of four round stone towers between Before dawn on the morning of camp, Lieutenant-Colonel Macdonell. 1845 and 1848. Today only Murney Tower October 13,1812, an army of American A narrow, winding staircase leads to a is open to the public. soldiers crossed the Niagara River from tiny observation deck inside the monu­ The exterior of the 11 m high Lewiston to make a surprise attack on ment. At the base of the monument a limestone structure is highlighted at its the town of Queenston. Although they small room houses plaques comme­ base by four extensions, called capo­ 21 caught the British off-guard and out­ morating the soldiers who fell in the niers. Musket fire could be directed numbered them, the Americans failed to battle. Details of the battle are presented through loopholes in these domed pas­ break into the village. One group man­ along the self-guided walking tour of the sages, providing cover for the ditch aged to climb to the top of the heights area. A brochure, available at the monu­ surrounding the tower. A high stone wall, without being seen by the British. ment, describes the series of eight protected by an embankment, fronts on Swooping down on the battery, an im­ markers that have been erected along the lake side of the ditch. portant defensive position, they drove the route. Murney Tower, located on King out Major-General Sir Isaac Brock and Street West, not far from Bellevue House, his men. is operated by the Kingston Historical Determined to retake the battery, Society and is open from Victoria Day to Brock led a charge up the hill but was Thanksgiving Day. Displays are mounted struck down by a sharpshooter's bullet. inside and there are guides during the summer months. A small admission fee is charged.

Brock's Monument 23 Bellevue House Bellevue House was acquired by 24 Battle of the Windmill National Historic Park Parks Canada in 1964 and was restored Highway 2 near Prescott Ontario Kingston, Ontario to its appearance when Sir John A. lived After the rebellion of 1837 a group of In 1848-49 Bellevue House was the home there. Situated on landscaped grounds, Canadian "patriots" living in the United of John A. Macdonald who later became the villa features broad overhanging States joined with American sym­ Canada's first Prime Minister. eaves, decorative balconies and a pathizers in an attempt to attack Fort The house was built between 1838 square central tower. In addition to ex­ Wellington. In a battle which lasted five and 1840 by Charles Hales, a Kingston hibits located on the main floor, guides days in November, 1838, heavy casual­ grocer, from whose trade it received its dressed in period costume describe the ties were suffered on both sides. nickname of "Tea Caddy Castle". In history of the house and its most famous The attack was ill-fated from the August 1848 it was rented to John A. occupant. start. As the men landed at Prescott an Macdonald, Kingston's member of the A large garden yields poppies, alarm was sounded. While retreating, 22 Legislative Assembly and Receiver zinnias, corn, cabbage, lettuce, squash, one of the schooners ran aground just General for Ontario. tobacco, beans, tomatoes and other off Windmill Point. The other returned to The Macdonald's brief stay at vegetables and flowers grown in King­ the American shore but failed to bring Bellevue House was not a happy one. ston during the 1840s. back reinforcements. The landed party Macdonald's wife Isabella, who had was forced to seek refuge in a nearby been ailing for several years, was con­ windmill whose walls, measuring one fined to a ground floor sick-room. An metre in thickness, made it a practically infant son John died a month after they impenetrable defence. moved in. Setbacks in John A.'s law Led by Nils von Schoultz, the insur­ practice forced the family to move to gents held fast for five days despite a more modest quarters after only a year. massive rally by the British involving Macdonald went on to become 2 000 men, four gun boats, three heavily leader of the Conservative Party and armed steamers and one field cannon. was one of the chief architects of Con­ federation in 1867. He was knighted by Queen Victoria and became the first Prime Minister of Canada. Inadequate supplies, cold weather and 25 Fort Wellington recognition of their hopeless situation National Historic Park finally forced the invaders to surrender Prescott, Ontario on November 16. 88 km southeast of Ottawa Of the 190 invaders who fought The first Fort Wellington at Prescott was in the battle, many were wounded or built during the War of 1812 to help killed. Von Schoultz and 10 others protect the vital St. Lawrence transpor­ were hanged, some were exiled to tation route. In February 1813, its gar­ Australia and the rest were allowed to rison marched across the frozen St. return to their homes. Lawrence to capture the American fort at Today a beacon has been mounted Ogdensburg, New York. on the roof and the windmill is used as a In 1837 rebellion broke out in navigational aid. The inside of the tower Upper Canada. The British army com­ is not open to the public. pletely rebuilt Fort Wellington, which had been abandoned and allowed to fall into ruins. In November, 1838, while the fort was still under construction, a force of rebel "patriots" and American sym­ pathizers landed at Windmill Point, downriver from Prescott. The small gar­ rison in the fort, reinforced by troops from Brockville, Cornwall and Kingston, defeated the rebels after a five-day battle. After the rebellion, Fort Welling­ ton was used as an armoury and its garrison consisted of a company of the Royal Canadian Rifle Regiment. In 1870, the garrison was withdrawn. Fort Wel­ lington was transferred to the Depart­ ment of the Interior and became a national historic park in 1923.

Fort Wellington The historic buildings of Fort 26 The Rideau Canal Visitors can learn about the canal's Wellington have been restored to the The Rideau Canal was built after the War military history by visiting the block­ period when the Royal Canadian Rifle of 1812 to provide an alternate shipping houses and stone lockmasters' houses Regiment was stationed here. The block­ route to Upper Canada (now Ontario) in which were originally designed as for­ house is the largest in Canada and has the event of a future American attack. tifications. Roads run parallel to the been refurnished to represent its original Lieutenant-Colonel John By of the Royal canal along most of its 198 km length function as a combination barracks, Engineers supervised the construction and all of the lock stations are acces­ armoury and magazine. The officers' of the canal system which linked Bytown sible by road. quarters have also been refurnished. (now Ottawa) and Kingston. Interpretive programs are offered Other original features which can The canal system was opened in at various lock stations between mid- be seen by visitors include the fort's the summer of 1832 and served as an May and mid-October. massive earthworks and an underground important commercial route for the 24 stone caponier, designed to defend the country until the 1850's. Today the flank of the fort. Modern facilities in­ Rideau Canal continues to serve as a clude an audio-visual theatre and an transportation route. exhibit on the fort's history. During the summer all kinds of pleasure boats, from luxury yachts to canoes, travel the waterway once plied by barges and steamers in the 19th cen­ tury. In the winter, several miles of the canal in Ottawa are transformed into a giant skating rink. The canal is also a major historic tourist attraction. Thousands of visitors travel by boat or canoe along the canal and increasing numbers of people are enjoying the waterway on land, by foot, bicycle and automobile. The hand- operated machinery, massive wooden gates and cutstone walls have been re­ tained and preserve the historic atmos­ phere of the canal system. 27 Bethune Memorial House In 1936, he went to Spain to treat Gravenhurst, Ontario the wounded in the Spanish Civil War, 160 km north of Toronto and developed a mobile blood transfu­ Bethune Memorial House was the birth­ sion service there which collected blood place of Norman Bethune, a Canadian and transported it to the wounded at medical doctor who made significant the battle fronts. contributions as a researcher and sur­ After returning briefly to Canada, geon both in Canada and abroad. In Bethune set off again in 1938 for China. China, where Bethune achieved some of For the next twenty-two months he his greatest work, his name has been worked in the isolated mountain areas preserved in the writings of Mao Tse- where the battle front was constantly tung and numerous memorials have been shifting. He gave unstintingly of himself, erected to him. teaching, operating, and initiating a 25 The two-storey minister's res­ program to train doctors. idence has been restored in the style of Norman Bethune died in 1939 of 1890 when Dr. Bethune was born here. blood poisoning, the result of an infec­ The rooms on the main floor have been tion contracted while operating. Today refurnished to reflect the tastes and he is venerated in China as a dedicated habits of the Bethune family. On the sec­ humanitarian. ond floor is a biographical display por­ Bethune Memorial House, located traying Dr. Bethune's life through the use on Hughson Street in Gravenhurst, is of illustrations and quotations. open year-round. Norman Bethune designed surgical instruments, undertook medical re­ search and performed surgical opera­ tions. In Montreal during the Depression, he organized a medical group which promoted socialized medicine in Canada.

Jones Falls on the Rideau Canal

28 Fort Temiscamingue In 1720 Fort Temiscamingue was 29 Coteau-du-lac National Historic Park National Historic Park re-established, probably on the original 58 km southwest of Montreal Ville Marie, Quebec site. After the fall of New France in 1760, Before the advent of modern dam and 690 km northwest of Montreal British merchants penetrated to Lake canal systems, rapids were an obstacle Fort Temiscamingue, built by the French Temiscamingue. By the 1790s Fort Te­ to the movement of ships and supplies in response to British competition in the miscamingue was in the hands of the along the St. Lawrence. The first canal fur trade during the late 17th century, North West Company, and in 1821 it built along the river was constructed at thrived for more than two centuries. passed to the Hudson's Bay Company. the junction of the Delisle and St. Law­ As discoverers of the lucrative Fort Temiscamingue declined after rence rivers in 1779-80 to bypass one of beaver fur trade in North America, the the mid-1830's as beaver habitats were these stretches of rough water. French enjoyed a trading monopoly with destroyed by lumbering activities in the Coteau-du-lac National Historic the Indians. When four English forts area and beaver hats went out of style. Park, contains remains of this canal as were built at James Bay in 1668, the In­ The fort was finally abandoned in 1901. well as a British military post that dates 27 dians began trading at those nearby All that remain of the post are a from the War of 1812. posts instead of with French merchants few stone fireplaces and a cemetery. The canal was protected on the in Montreal. Displays in the twenty-seven hectare landward approach by a wet ditch, earth­ A group of Montreal merchants park tell the history of the fort and the fur works and gun platforms. An octagonal founded the Compagnie du Nord and trade. blockhouse, constructed of squared began operating in the Hudson Bay area logs, and a cloverleaf-shaped bastion in 1685. Fort Temiscamingue was built were set by the river channel. Three 24- on an island, now submerged, at the nar­ pound cannons are mounted today be­ rows of Lake Temiscamingue. The post side a reconstruction of the blockhouse. was visited in 1686 by a French military Inside are displays recounting the park's expedition under the Chevalier de history. Troyes, on its way to capture three English forts on Hudson Bay. There is reason to believe that the Iroquois raided Lake Temiscamingue and killed all the Frenchman at the post in 1680. The fort seems to have been restored soon after, but was closed by Governor Frontenac because its trade was undermining that of Montreal.

Fort Chambly Construction of hydro dams has 30 Maison Sir Wilfrid Laurier Laurier is perhaps best remem­ lowered the St. Lawrence so that it no National Historic Site bered for his efforts to strengthen Cana­ longer flows through Coteau-du-lac. Of St. Lin, Quebec dian unity by striving for a closer co­ the former canal, only the lock gate sills 56 km north of Montreal operation between English and French and the masonry bottom course of the Sir Wilfrid Laurier, Canada's seventh Canada. He died in 1919 at the age of 78. canal remain. On either side of the Prime Minister and leader of the Liberal The Laurier house was made a na­ canal, which bisects the park, are ruins Party for 32 years, spent his childhood tional historic site November 20,1941, of warehouses, a hospital, powder mag­ in the village of St. Lin, north of Montreal. on the 100th anniversary of the Prime azine, commandant's quarters and other One of his earliest homes was a small Minister's birth. A large living room, buildings. brick veneer building with a sloping roof dining room, kitchen and master bed­ Coteau-du-lac is open from May 1 and a front verandah. Now a national room occupy the lower floor of the build­ to October 31. historic site, the house has been restored ing, while upstairs are a bedroom and a 28 to the period of the early 1850's. workroom used for spinning and weav­ Born in 1841, Laurier was educated ing. at New Glasgow school and L'Assomp- A small exhibit centre is located at tion College before attending law school the site while inside the house, women at McGill University. He practised law dressed in period costume relate the and ran a newspaper in Arthabaskaville history of the house and of its famous between 1866 and 1871. occupant and display techniques of His political career was launched spinning, weaving and candlemaking. when he was elected to the provincial Maison Sir Wilfrid Laurier is open legislature in 1871. Laurier won a seat year-round. in the House of Commons in 1874, be­ came leader of the Liberal Party in 1877 and served as Prime Minister from 1896 to 1911. He was knighted by Queen Victoria in 1897.

Coteau-du-lac 31 Fort Chambly National Historic Park After 1777, only small detachments 32 Fort Lennox National Historic Park Chambly, Quebec occupied the fort. During the War of 1812, lle-au-Noix, Quebec 32 km southeast of Montreal the fort served as a supply centre for a 48 km southeast of Montreal In 1665, four French companies led by small group of British soldiers stationed Situated on the Richelieu River on lle- their young captain, Jacques de Cham­ there. Only a token force remained after aux-Noix are the remains of a British bly, sailed up the Riviere des Iroquois the war and the military importance of fort. and built a fort on a site at the rapids. the fort declined in the 19th century. Originally fortified by the French Today both the rapids and the fort bear Supported by four bastions, the in 1759, lle-aux-Noix served as a defen­ Chambly's name. fort's stone walls measure 13 m high sive position for French garrisons. The first fort was built of logs and by 13 m long. Inside are the remains of British forces attacked and captured served to safeguard the garrison and storerooms and living quarters. Displays the island the following year and de­ nearby settlers from Indian attack. and audio-visual presentations describe stroyed its fortifications. Chambly started a settlement near the Fort Chambly's historic past. During the American Revolutionary 29 fort which was the first permanent Fort Chambly is open year-round. War, an invading American army used European settlement on the river. It later the unoccupied island as their base grew into the town of Chambly. while they advanced down the Richelieu A fire accidently started by the River. After recapturing the island in chaplain destroyed the fort in 1702, 1776 the British built new fortifications leaving the settlement vulnerable to on it. British attack. A second log fort was hastily built but it was replaced by the present stone fortification in 1709. In 1760 a British force stormed and captured the fort, which surrendered without firing a shot. Following the fall of New France later that year, Fort Chambly was occupied by British troops. American rebels joined by local sup­ porters succeeded in taking the fort in 1775. However sickness and British reinforcements forced them to retreat the following year. lle-aux-Noix again served as a 33 Les Forges du Saint-Maurice However, public protest of Bell's British naval base during the War of National Historic Park power and control over the economic 1812. The fortifications were repaired Trois-Rivieres, Quebec development of the region finally and barracks, a hospital and store­ Canada's first iron-making industry be­ brought an end to his mining rights in houses were constructed. The British gan in the 1730's in the Mauricie region 1846. The enterprise was headed by a also built a shipyard which turned out of Quebec, north of Trois-Rivieres. Les succession of proprietors until finally a number of warships including the lar­ Forges du Saint-Maurice stand as the abandoned in 1883. gest warship on Lake Champlain, a remains of this once major operation Recent archaeological excavation 1 2001, 36-gun frigate named Confiance. which contributed to the economic, has unearthed a number of the industrial The ship was captured in the Battle of social and political life of the region for and domestic buildings. Markers de­ Plattsburg. over 150 years. scribe life in the village and the signi­ Fort Lennox, named for Charles A combination of bog iron deposits, ficance of the ruins and there are dis­ 30 Lennox, the Duke of Richmond and a an abundant supply of fuel and water plays and audio-visual presentations in Governor General of Canada, was con­ and nearby river transportation con­ the interpretive centre. structed between 1819 and 1828. tributed to the choice of this site for an The park is open from May 16 The fort's strategic importance iron-making industry in 1729. to October 14. declined after the completion of the Over its long history, Les Forges Chambly Canal, but it was garrisoned have been owned and leased by both until 1870. governments and private companies. The square fort has steep earthen A wide range of products was produced ramparts surrounded by a wide moat. such as iron bars, cauldrons, kettles, Inside are officers' quarters, barracks, ploughshares, heating stoves and can­ a guardhouse, a powder magazine and nons. ordnance stores. Some of the buildings Les Forges underwent their contain museum displays and some have greatest territorial, economic and social restored interiors. expansion between 1793 and 1845 dur­ ing the administration of Matthew Bell. In the first 14 years of his partnership with David Munro, 25 new buildings were built on the site. In 1810 about 300 men worked at the Forges. 34 The Fortifications of Quebec British engineers completed the Quebec City, Quebec fortifications from the Cote du Palais The fortifications of Quebec were built to the Chateau Saint-Louis between by the French and the British during the 1806 and 1812 and built the Martello 17th, 18th and 19th centuries. Towers during the same period. The Toward the end of the 17th cen­ Citadel was constructed between 1820 tury, Quebec was the administrative and 1832. centre of a colony that stretched as far Following the departure of British as Louisiana. troops from Quebec in 1871, federal Between 1690 and 1713, four authorities, bending to public sentiment, projects were undertaken by the French authorized the demolition of the city to build fortifications at the west end of gates. The Prescott, Hope, St. Louis and the town. Of these works, only la Palace gates and their guardhouses 31 redoute du Cap and le cavalier du Moulin were torn down while the ramparts be­ have survived. tween the Cote du Palais and St. George The fall of Louisbourg in 1745 Street were lowered to chest level. spurred the construction of major The walls would have suffered a fortifications between August 1745 and similar fate but for the intervention of the July 1746. Chief engineer Chaussegros Earl of Dufferin, the new Governor- de Lery intended to encircle the entire General of Canada. Dufferin proposed upper town but only completed an en­ a plan to preserve the old walls and closure between the Cap-aux-Diamants beautify the city. and the Cote du Palais. The original project, which in­ cluded the building of a boulevard around the ramparts, erecting bridges or gates where the streets cut through the walls and constructing a chateau, was only partly completed. Work on the forti­ fications continued long after Dufferin's departure up to the time the St. John's Gate was built in 1939.

Fortifications of Quebec 35 Artillery Park National Historic Park Artillery Park was transferred to Quebec City, Quebec the Canadian government in 1871, and a Covering about one-sixteenth of the area factory for the manufacture of munitions of old Quebec City, Artillery Park played was built in 1880. It served as the a major military role during a period of Dominion Arsenal during both World 250 years for French, British and Cana­ Wars. dian governments. Among the many structures of Artil­ In the city's early years, the French lery Park are the fortification walls; the erected defences on this site to guard Dauphine Redoubt, a massive 18th against attack from the St. Charles River. century building; the Palace Gate Bar­ After the fall of Quebec in 1759, the Brit­ racks, the longest military building ish added to the fortifications and con­ erected by the French in North America; 32 structed many of the buildings standing the corps de garde built in 1832-33; and today. the Ordnance Store in St. John's Bas­ tion. Major restoration work is in pro­ gress which may at times limit access to various buildings. A new interpretive centre will be constructed in St. John's Bastion featuring exhibits and audio­ visual programs on military life, forti­ fications and the working conditions of various groups of people. Artillery Park is open year-round.

Artillery Park 36 Cartier-Brebeuf seminary for the Indians at the Mission 37 National Battlefields Park National Historic Park of Notre Dame des Anges which closed Quebec City, Quebec Quebec City, Quebec after five years. More successful ven­ Internationally known as the Plains of Jacques Cartier spent the winter of tures were the founding of a college for Abraham, National Battlefields Park was 1535-36 at the junction of the St. Charles the children of settlers and the establish­ the site of two major historic battles. and Lairet rivers at what is now Quebec ment of a mission for natives living in On September 13,1759, the Brit­ City. Ninety years later, Jesuit mis­ outlying areas. A cross erected to their ish army led by General Wolfe scaled sionaries, among them Father Jean de memory is the only reminder of their the steep cliffs above Quebec to attack Brebeuf, established their residence presence. a French force commanded by the Mar­ near the same location which today is A full-size replica of Cartier's lar­ quis de Montcalm. Wolfe was killed in part of the Cartier-Brebeuf National gest ship, La Grande Hermine, lies at the battle and Montcalm, mortally Historic Park. anchor at the mouth of the Lairet River wounded in the brief struggle, died a few Jacques Cartier was not only the in the park. Visitors can explore the hours later in Quebec. The town sur­ 33 first European to sail up the St. Law­ upper decks of the 23 m long vessel, rendered to the British five days later. rence River, but also the first European where guides relate the history of Car- In April of the following year, the known to have wintered in what is now tier's voyage. An interpretive centre in Chevalier de Levis successfully recap­ mainland Canada. It was during the the park devotes displays to both Car- tured the town in the battle of Ste-Foy. second of his three voyages to Canada tier and Brebeuf. This time the British under General that Cartier stopped at the site now com­ Cartier-Brebeuf park is open year- Murray were forced to retreat. However, memorated by a park. There he har­ round. the arrival of a British fleet turned the boured his three ships, La Grande Her- tide on Levis who returned to Montreal. mine, La Petite Hermine and L'Emerillon The fall of New France to the British was for the winter. completed by the following September. The first Jesuit missionaries ar­ The ninety-five hectare park con­ rived in New France in June of 1625 and tains two British Martello Towers and established a mission not far from Car- numerous monuments erected in honour tier's wintering site. They founded a of such heroic figures as Wolfe and Montcalm. The National Battlefields Park is open year-round.

38 St. Andrews Blockhouse 39 Carleton Martello Tower 40 Fort Beausejour National Historic Site National Historic Site National Historic Park St. Andrews, New Brunswick Saint John, New Brunswick Aulac, New Brunswick 99 km west of Saint John To guard against an American attack on 211 km east of Saint John When war broke out in 1812, the people New Brunswick's commercial and milit­ The French built Fort Beausejour in of St. Andrews feared an American ary stores during the War of 1812, the 1751 in response to the construction of attack on their isolated town. Batteries British built the Carleton Martello Tower. Fort Lawrence by the British a few miles were constructed at the east and west Overlooking the western approaches of to the east, hoping the fort would serve points of the community to guard against Saint John Harbour, the tower offers an to defend French territories near the seaward attack, while a third was built outstanding view of the city and the sea. Bay of Fundy. above the town at Joe's Point. A block­ Except for a rooftop addition that The British succeeded in capturing house was built behind each of the 12 served as the harbour's fire control the fort in June 1755, and renamed it Fort coastal batteries in New Brunswick, in­ centre in World War Two, the outside of Cumberland. In 1776, during the Amer­ 35 cluding the three of St. Andrews. The the 9 m tower looks much as it did when ican Revolutionary War, the fort was un­ West Point Blockhouse is the only sur­ it guarded Saint John more than 165 successfully beseiged by a group of New- viving example of these fortifications. years ago. Inside, historic relics from the Englanders led by a Nova Scotian, Following the War of 1812, a early 1800's are displayed on the barrack Jonathan Eddy. No other battles were small military detachment stayed on and floor. The upper floor houses objects fought on this site and the fort was used the West Point Blockhouse as bar­ that recount the tower's history. A cadet, finally abandoned in 1833. racks. The other two blockhouses gradu­ dressed in the period costume of the By the turn of the 20th century, ally decayed. 104th Regiment of Foot, greets visitors most of the buildings had decayed, leav­ After 1835, the blockhouse was to this historic site. ing only the pentagon-shaped outline used as a residence. One of its tenants formed by the earthworks, sections of was Sir Leonard Tilley, former premier walls and one of the casemates. The fort of the province, who leased the building was made a National Historic Park in in 1887. 1926. The blockhouse was declared a national historic site in the early 1960's. Today after restoration work, the two- storey wooden building looks much as it did in the early 19th century. Guides and an interpretive display explain the role of the blockhouse and its history.

Halifax Citadel In recent years, extensive archae­ 41 Fort Amherst National Historic Park 42 Province House ology has unearthed the remains of 16 km east of Charlottetown, National Historic Site many of the fort's original features, Prince Edward Island Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island which have in most cases, been stab­ Located in Fort Amherst National His­ Birthplace of Confederation and the seat ilized, restored or reconstructed. The toric Park are Port La Joye, the old of the provincial legislature since 1847, system of entrenchments raised by the French capital of Prince Edward Island, Province House stands as an important British after they captured the fort is and Fort Amherst, built by the British historic landmark in Charlottetown. located to the north. A museum contain­ afterthey conquered the island in 1758. In 1864, eight delegates from the ing historic artifacts and a modern In 1720 about 300 French settlers province of Canada (now Ontario and interpretive display, helps to tell the sailed into what is now Charlottetown Quebec) met here with representatives story of the fort's past. harbour. At a site on the southwestern from the three maritime colonies of New shore, Port La Joye, a fishing and farm­ Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Prince 36 ing community was founded. It was the Edward Island to discuss proposals for first permanent settlement on the island, the union of the colonies. Three years then named Isle St. Jean, and later be­ later a Canadian nation became a came its first capital. reality with the passage of the British Famine forced most of the original North America Act. families to abandon the land in 1737. A Yorkshire-born island resident, Eight years later, a force of New Eng­ Isaac Smith, produced the design for the enders captured the island and burned building. Although originally intended to the settlement. Isle St. Jean was returned house the island's public records, to the French in 1748 and the capital was Province House as built also contained rebuilt. However, the British captured offices, the two houses of the Legislature Port La Joye ten years later, ending and the law courts. The three-storey French rule on the island. Fort Amherst sandstone building was constructed by was built but it quickly fell to ruin after island craftsmen between 1843 and 1847. 1763 when peace returned. Nothing remains of the fort except for the earthworks. However, an appre­ ciation of the fort's history can be gained by viewing the displays on the site. The grounds afford a picturesque view of the countryside and the harbour. Although the interior has under­ 43 Fort Edward National Historic Site Originally the fort consisted of a gone extensive renovation, the Con­ Windsor, Nova Scotia blockhouse, barracks, officers' quarters federation Chamber where the Fathers 76 km west of Halifax and storehouses. The blockhouse and of Confederation met, has been pre­ Situated on a hill overlooking the Avon the outline of a ditch are all that remain served much as it was in 1864, complete and Windsor rivers. Fort Edward served of the original fort. Built of heavy timbers with what are believed to be the original as an important British base in Nova transported from Halifax, the two-storey table and chairs. The history of Province Scotia. Built in 1750, the fort safe­ blockhouse is the oldest surviving for­ House is related by guides and through guarded the British overland route to tification of its kind in Canada. displays on the main floor. Restoration Halifax and helped to establish a strong The fort's history is described in work may restrict access to some sec­ British presence in the Piziquid area, an interpretive display. tions of the building. one of the major Acadian settlements. Province House is open to visitors Between 1755 and 1762, Fort year-round. Edward served as the centre for the de­ 37 portation of Acadians in the Piziquid area who refused to pledge allegiance to the British Crown. Following the expulsion of the Acadians and the Brit­ ish victory at Louisbourg in 1758, the fort ceased to be of strategic importance. During the First World War, the officers' quarters were used as a hospital for people suffering from infectious di­ seases. 44 Grand Pre National Historic Park 45 Fort Anne National Historic Park 700 km northwest of Halifax, Nova Scotia Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia The Acadians of Grand Pre came to the 201 km west of Halifax Minas Basin of Nova Scotia from Port The destruction of the first Port Royal Royal in the 1670's. Grand Pre grew to in 1613 halted French attempts at settle­ become the largest settlement in Acadia. ment in the area for some time. In the In 1713 Acadia was ceded to the 1630's a new Port Royal was established, British. When war with France broke out not at the site of de Monts' habitation, in 1755, the British declared that those but on the site of the modern town of Acadians who refused to take the oath Annapolis Royal. The new Port Royal of allegiance would be expelled. served as the first seat of European About 2 000 Acadians were de­ government in Nova Scotia. The fort we 38 ported from Grand Pre in 1755. Families now know as Fort Anne was built by the were separated and their members dis­ French between 1702 and 1708 to protect persed to other British territories. How­ the new settlement. ever, many returned and their descen­ Since Port Royal was easily ap­ dants today live in parts of what was proached by sea the fort was designed once Acadia. primarily to guard the town against naval A replica of a stone church stands attack. The fort consisted of a four- as a memorial to the Acadian culture and bastion earthwork surrounded by a dry contains a number of displays. The ditch. Its batteries were concentrated on American poet Longfellow wrote "Evan­ the rivers leaving the landward approach geline" a poem about a fictional person vulnerable to assault. who typified the Acadian deportation. A bronze statue of Evangeline was cast by Phillipe Hebert and his son, descen­ dants of one of the first families to settle in Port Royal.

Fort Anne Two attacks by New England 46 Port Royal Habitation When de Monts' trading monopoly forces were repelled in 1707, but the National Historic Park was cancelled two years later, the entire town and fort were captured by New Porf Royal, Nova Scotia community returned to France. In 1610, England troops and British marines in In 1604 a group of colonists, led by Sieur Baron de Poutrincourt brought over a 1710. Port Royal was renamed Annapolis de Monts and accompanied by explorer group of settlers who reoccupied the Royal by the British who called the fort, Samuel de Champlain, set out from colony. Three years later, a band of Vir­ Fort Anne in honour of their queen. France to develop the lucrative fur trade ginian raiders plundered Port Royal and For the next half century the British in the new world. After passing an un­ burned down the buildings. had to contend with crumbling fortifica­ comfortable winter on an island located Though its lifespan was short, Port tions, frequent ambushes by the French, off the coast of Maine, the survivors Royal is noted for being the first per­ unrest among the Acadians and internal relocated to the more hospitable Anna­ manent European settlement to be military problems. polis Basin in Nova Scotia. There in established north of Florida. Here Marc Although the earthwork defences 1605, de Monts fashioned the settlement Lescarbot wrote, produced and directed 39 have survived, only the powder maga­ of Port Royal, one of the first European "Theatre of Neptune", the first play zine in the southwest bastion and the settlements in the New World. staged in North America, and Champlain storehouse in the northwest bastion founded the Order of Good Cheer, Can­ remain of the original buildings. ada's first social club. A reconstruction of the stately officers' quarters contains exhibits on the natural history of the area, maps, ships and other aspects of local history. Fort Anne is one of the most pic­ turesque parks in Canada. Located in the centre of Annapolis Royal, it offers a sweeping view of the beautiful Anna­ polis Basin. The Port Royal Habitation was re­ 47 Halifax Citadel From the founding of Halifax as a constructed in 1938-39 using local National Historic Park naval base in 1749, Citadel Hill provided materials and based on descriptions and Halifax, Nova Scotia an ideal location for defences. Con­ drawings by Champlain and Lescarbot The massive defences of the Halifax struction of the present citadel began and an archaeological survey of the Citadel offer one of the best surviving in 1828. By 1870 the advent of rifled original foundations. The exterior of the examples of 19th century fortifications artillery had rendered it obsolete. habitation, with its steeply inclined roofs, in Canada. The present fort, completed During World War One it served as tall stone chimneys, a few small windows in 1856, is the fourth and most extensive a detention camp for prisoners of war, a and restricted access, resembles a fort. structure to be erected on this site over­ signal post and a radio station. In World Inside, the atmosphere of 17th century looking Halifax and the harbour. War Two anti-aircraft guns and search­ Port Royal is recreated in the sparsely lights were installed. None of its de­ furnished quarters of an early French fences were ever tested by enemy 40 settlement. attack. Today, Citadel Hill crowns the city of Halifax and offers visitors a sweeping view of the city and harbour. Within its walls can be found a superb collection of military uniforms and weapons, con­ tained in display areas operated by the Nova Scotia Museum and the Army Museum.

Port Royal Habitation Its geometrical shape and three 48 Prince of Wales Martello Tower 49 York Redoubt National Historic Site outlying defences (ravelins) are readily National Historic Site 6 km from downtown Halifax, visible from a road that winds around the Halifax, Nova Scotia Nova Scotia citadel. Numerous casemates (bomb­ The Prince of Wales Martello Tower, York Redoubt first served as a defensive proof vaulted chambers) are located built in 1796-97, was the first tower of its post when Major-General James Ogilvie beneath the defences. kind in North America. It was considered established a two gun battery there in Although most of the massive the prototype of a new system of coastal 1793. The battery was enlarged to eight stone fortress has been kept in good defences then being designed by British guns in 1796 by Prince Edward, Duke repair, major restoration work which will military engineers. Nearly 200 similar of Kent. Two years later a Martello tower take place in the next few years may towers were constructed along the Brit­ was built, its walls measuring 9 m high necessitate closing certain sections of ish coast in the first decade of the 19th and 1 m thick. For the next 81 years, the the citadel to the public for short century in response to the threat of a tower played an important role in warn­ periods. Napoleonic attack. A total of 16 Martello ing the other defences of approaching 41 The Halifax Citadel is open year- towers were built in Canada, five of them vessels. round. in Halifax. Between the 1860's and the end of The tower was a formidable de­ the century, York Redoubt's fortifica­ fensive structure measuring 22 m in tions were expanded and strengthened. diameter and 8 m in height. Masonry During this period the city grew to walls, about 2 m thick, provided good become one of the most heavily guarded protection against enemy cannon fire. naval bases in the British Empire. The tower's own battery consisted of 10 Although its strategic importance guns, six on the terreplein and four on waned with the departure of the Royal the barrack level. Navy in 1906, York Redoubt continued Today the tower stands largely to serve, firstly, as a training ground for enclosed by the forest amid the quiet Canadian troops during World War One surroundings of Point Pleasant Park. and, secondly, as a Fortress Command Both first and second storeys as well as Post and co-ordinating centre for Hali­ the terreplein (the upper surface where fax defences during World War Two. the guns are mounted) are open to the There are historical displays in the public. Exhibits describe the tower's Fire Command Post and Fortress Plot­ history, architectural features and its ting Room, both built during the Second importance as a defence. World War. 50 Fortress of Louisbourg Louisbourg was declared a na­ National Historic Park tional historic site in 1928 and a national 35 km southeast of Sydney, historic park in 1940. Today about one- Nova Scotia fifth of the original town stands rebuilt In 1713, France was forced to relinquish to its appearance prior to the siege of some of her coastal colonies to the 1745 as the result of a reconstruction British by the Treaty of Utrecht. Seeking project started in 1961. Men, women and to protect their remaining fisheries and children dressed in period costume add colonies in North America, the French the final touch of realism to this remark­ began to build the Fortress of Louis­ able reconstruction of the original bourg in 1720. For the next 25 years the structure. town flourished as a fishing port and Visitors travel by bus to the Dauphin 42 trade centre. Gate from the modern visitor reception Louisbourg was an impressive and centre where a slide show and exhibits in many ways extravagant settlement, prepare them to experience the park. renowned as a centre of commerce. Visitors can buy bread from a However, its glory was short-lived. In bakery made to an 18th century recipe 1745 an army of New England volunteers and sit down to an 18th century meal at with British naval support attacked and the Hotel de la Marine restaurant located captured the fortress. In 1748 it was inside the fortress. Reproductions of returned to the French by a peace treaty period articles such as pewter mugs, but was recaptured in 1758 by the British plates and spoons can be bought from a who destroyed its fortifications to shop in the park. prevent a French return. Overnight accommodation is avail­ able in the town of Louisbourg and in the city of Sydney, 35 km from the park. The Fortress of Louisbourg is open from May 15 to October 15. An admission fee is charged.

Fortress of Louisbourg 51 Alexander Graham Bell children, founded a school in Boston National Historic Park to train teachers for the deaf and was 75 km west of Sydney, Nova Scotia appointed Professor of Vocal Physiology Alexander Graham Bell, inventor, at the University of Boston in 1873. Bell teacher and researcher, is most famous died in 1922 at the age of 75. for inventing the telephone. He also Some of the items on display in the made important contributions in the Bell complex are models of early tele­ fields of medicine, aeronautics, marine phones, kites, aeronautical equipment engineering and genetics. His long list of and a vacuum jacket, forerunner of the achievements include suggesting the iron lung. The building is being ex­ use of radium in the treatment of cancer, panded to accommodate more exhibits. inventing the surgical probe and design­ One project involves placing the remains ing a hydrofoil in collaboration with F.W. of the Bell-Baldwin HD-4 hydrofoil in a (Casey) Baldwin. special hall with a replica beside it. Bell was born in Edinburgh, Scot­ The HD-4 set a world speed record of land in 1847. His family emigrated to 114km/hin1919. Canada when he was a boy and settled Alexander Graham Bell park is in Brantford, Ontario. In 1871 Bell left open year-round. to teach in Boston and eventually be­ came an American citizen. However, while visiting Baddeck with his family in 1885, Bell was so captivated with the beauty of Cape Breton Island that he later built a summer estate there called Beinn Bhreagh. Here Bell conducted many experiments and produced a num­ ber of inventions. One of his greatest achievements was in the area of helping the deaf to overcome their barrier of silence. He introduced the blind, deaf mute Helen Keller to herteacher Annie Sullivan and remained Keller's confidant and friend for most of her life. He taught deaf

Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Park 52 Port au Choix National Historic Park 53 L'Anse aux Meadows 850 km northwest of St. John's, National Historic Park Newfoundland 1 100 km northwest of St. John's, The small Newfoundland fishing village Newfoundland of Port au Choix is the site of a burial A grassy plain at the northernmost tip of ground of the Maritime Archaic Indians Newfoundland's Great Northern Penin­ who inhabited the Newfoundland and sula is the site of the oldest known Labrador coasts more than 5 000 years European settlement in the New World. ago. Beneath a number of grass-covered In 1962, three Maritime Archaic mounds, archaeologists have dis­ Indian cemeteries containing the re­ covered the only authenticated remains mains of 100 individuals and numerous of a Viking period Norse settlement in 44 artifacts were discovered at Port au North America. Choix. Many of the graves contained The main portion of the site was hunting weapons such as harpoons, excavated between 1961 and 1968 by a lances, stone-tipped darts and snares. Norwegian team led by Helge and Anne Judging from their skeletal re­ Stine Ingstad. They discovered the loca­ An appreciation of the way of life of mains, the Indians were robust people tion while searching for Vinland, the site the Norse settlers is offered in the visitor and in height the men and women aver­ of the first Viking settlement in North interpretation centre, where exhibits aged 1.7 m and 1.6 m respectively. They America. display reproductions of collected ar­ survived by hunting such animals as Digging has uncovered the re­ tifacts. Picnicking and camping facilities cariboo, seals, walruses and sea birds, mains of six houses, a smithy, sauna and are located at Pistolet Bay and com­ and by fishing. cooking pits. The design and features of mercial accommodation is available at Artifacts are on display in the visi­ the excavated houses and the items St. Anthony, 48 km from the park. tor interpretation centre. found in them, such as a spinning whorl, a bronze pin and a stone lamp, attest to the settlement's Norse origins. Radio­ carbon dating of bone charcoal and turf indicate that a Norse settlement was established at this site around the year A.D. 1000.

L'Anse aux Meadows 54 Signal Hill National Historic Park In 1901, Guglielmo Marconi chose 55 Cape Spear Lighthouse St. John's, Newfoundland this site for the first transatlantic trans­ National Historic Park Guarding the entrance to the city and mission of signals by wireless telegraph. 16 km south of St. John's, Newfoundland harbour of St. John's, Signal Hill was The letter "S", transmitted by Morse Perched at the easternmost point of the site of the last battle of the Seven Code from Cornwall, England, was North America, Cape Spear is one of the Years War in North America, fought on received by Marconi as three faint dots. oldest surviving lighthouses in Canada, September 18,1762. A monument commemorating Marconi's having served as a beacon for the har­ When Europeans began to frequent achievement stands atop the hill. bour from 1836 to 1955. St. John's in the early 1500's, the hill was Cabot Tower was built between The operation and design of the used as a lookout and later as a signal 1897 and 1900 to commemorate Queen light has changed over the years, keep­ station. Information about the arrival Victoria's Diamond Jubilee and the ing up with technological advances. In and departure of ships at St. John's was 400th anniversary of John Cabot's 1912 the original reflectors were re­ relayed from Signal Hill until 1958. voyage to the New World. A signal sta­ placed by glass prisms to produce a 45 The guns of the Queen's Battery, tion until 1958, it now houses an exhibit more intense light. Electricity and a dating back to 1796 overlook the harbour dealing with the role of communications small motor were introduced in 1929. channel, while closeby stand the re­ on Signal Hill. Formerly, combustible fuels and a sys­ mains of a British barracks, powder Displays and audio-visual presen­ tem of weights had provided the power magazine, platforms and parapet. Ruins tations in the visitor interpretation centre and drive for the rotary apparatus. of other fortifications can be found describe the history of Signal Hill. Signal During World War Two a coastal throughout the park. Hill is open year-round. battery was constructed here to guard allied shipping against the threat of Ger­ man submarines. After the war all but two gun emplacements were dismantled. Today a modern tower has replaced the old lighthouse but the lighting apparatus is still in use, having been transferred to the new tower in 1955. The original design of the building 56 Castle Hill National Historic Park When Plaisance was ceded to the consisted of a square lightkeeper's 120 km southwest of St. John's, British underthe terms of the Treaty of residence built around the tower, so that Newfoundland Utrecht in 1713, the town was renamed the top third, which housed the light, In the mid-1600's the French court, look­ Placentia and the hill on which the fort protruded through the roof. Succeeding ing for a major base for its Newfound­ stood became Castle Hill. With the con­ generations of lightkeepers made addi­ land fishing fleets, selected a small fish­ quest of North America by Britain fol­ tions to the residence for their families, ing village called Plaisance. It had an lowed by the development of St. John's, creating a rambling layout. excellent harbour, a broad beach for Placentia's strategic importance slowly The old lighthouse is undergoing drying cod and a convenient supply of declined until the last troops departed restoration and is not yet open to the fresh water. In 1811. public. However, visitors can view the The French realized the value of Castle Hill's strategic value can exterior of the square, two-storey struc­ the area as a fishing base and began to be best appreciated by walking among 46 ture and are free to explore the grounds fortify it in the 1660's. The site was also the ruins and observing its commanding which contain two gun emplacements flanked by a prominent hill which served position overlooking the town, the bay from World War Two, a modern light­ in the 1690's as the location of important and the countryside. Picnic facilities and house and a residence. defences for the town. A small redoubt walking trails connect the various forti­ called Le Gaillardin, built on the second fications in the park. Inside Fort Royal, highest hill in the park, protected the are the remains of barracks, a powder hill from enemy capture. The main de­ magazine, guard rooms, a blockhouse fence, Fort Royal, had massive walls and an early hearth. built of rubble. Later additions included The park is open from June 1st to a detached redoubt that provided pro­ October 31st. tection for the harbour and several out­ lying batteries.

Cape Spear Lighthouse For more information about Canada's Parks Canada Parks Canada national historic parks and sites, Western Region Atlantic Region contact: 134-11 th Avenue South East Historic Properties Calgary, Alberta Upper Water Street T2G 0X5 Halifax, Nova Scotia Phone (403) 231-4401 B3J1S9 Phone (902) 426-3436 Parks Canada Prairie Region or: 114 Garry Street Parks Canada Winnipeg, Manitoba 400 Laurier Avenue West R3C1G1 Ottawa, Ontario Phone (204) 985-2110 K1A0H4

Parks Canada Ontario Region 132 Second Street East Cornwall, Ontario K6H 5V4 Phone (613) 933-7951

Parks Canada Quebec Region 1141 Route de I'Eglise Ste-Foy, Quebec G1V4H5 Phone (418) 694-4177