S M,q.nCanNlvonE CoNSERvATToN

TheNewsletter and Journalot the IUCN/SSC Mustelld,Vlverrld & ProcyonldSpeclallst Group tucN Numberg October1993

SPEcrEsSuRvrvAL CoMMrssroN

Bandcdlinian8 OrionodoniLnidng). Photo bt J. W. Lowvn.n, Wassenrrr Wttdlf. gr.cdint C€ntr€.

Thepfoduction and distribution ot thisissue has b€en sponsored 'Blijdorp by & Zoo",Roterdam, Holtand "Royal rd#'' andthe ZoologicalSociety ol Antwerp',Antwerp, Betgium #ur!|J, Snann CanNIvoRECoNsnRvartoN The Newsletterand Joumal of the IUCN/SSC Mustelid,Vivenid & ProcyonidSpecialist Group

Editor-in-chief:Harry Van Rompaey,Edegem, Belgium

Editors: Angela Glatston,Rotterdam, Netherlands Huw Griffiths,Ieeds, United Kingdom Michael Riffel, Heidelberg,Germany Amd Schreiber,Heidelberg, Germany RolandWirth, Miinchen, Germany

The vicws cxFEsscdin this publicalioo are th$c of lhe authorsatd do nol nec€ssa.ilyreflect thos€ of the IUCN, no{ the IUCN/SSC Mustelid, vivedd & Prcyonid SFlialist Gtoup.

wc arc peniculady g.acful to Wrlt€r Rasmusseofm readingthe manoscriptsand improving the Englishstylc.

Thc aim of lhb publication is lo off€r the membeNof thc IUCNASC MV&PSG, and lhose who are conenr€d with mustclids,viverids, and procyoni&, bricf papen, news iiems, abstracts.aod liiles of rcc€nt lit€raiur€. All readersarc invited to scnd mate.ial io:

SmallCarnivore Conservation c/o Dr. H. Van Rompaey JanVerbertlei, 15 2650Edegem Belgium

Printed on recicled paper lssN l019-51)41 Small Camivore |GCAP' Meeting report

In the lasreditioo of SmallCamivorE Consc|.ation, Sh.lagh Preliminary captive breeding re(ommendslions H€ard repon€d on thc Small Camivor! CAMP (Conscrvslion As!€$ment and ManagoorentPlan) Wo*shop which w's hcld in Mustelld. RoxerdamZoo. This workshopwls only th€ fint stagcin a Foccss Thc grouprc€ommcndcd inmedistc .ction - this msyrncan which on rheone hand lerds ro cooservarionin iiru andon rhc othcr csarblishinga brr€ding programmcor expandingan cristing onc - to coordinat€dcaplive breeding of sclcclcdendrngcrcd specics. At in lhe ciptivc br€lding ofdrc Europcanmink, dlc M bledpolccrt, the €nd of lh€ Rotlerdarnme€tioB 20 citically endmgerEd,30 and tt|c Wolvarin . All lhca€spccies € Europeen5nd BuroF$ endangered,and 35 vulmrabl€ taxa wert recogniscdof which 26 trasedprogrrmmes stc r€cornmen&d.lt wasalso loggdtcd thet ! were r€comm€ndedfor immedirte captive minagdrcnt. Of th€ prograrturEbc cstrblisb€dfor lho6cTsyns alrEadyIiving in zoor remainingtaxa which w€re€ilher believed safe or clsc wereof in ordcr to cstrblish dlc husbardry ard maragesFntr€quirrrncntg unknown slalus 13 were rccommende'dfor imrrcdirtc caDtive fo.lhis spccicswith r vicw to c$ablishing r pmgrammcfo( Elra manag€ment.In addition the meeling felt lhat anothcr 64 laxa fufuara wner ud a,.l!ci .ar!' forms of thc tayrr. Similarly it i3 mighr b€ consideredfor caprivemanagement in thc futurc. .econmcnd€d that thc zm population of th€ Ycllow-throdtcd rmrtcn bc us€d .s a modtl for thc crFivc brccding of Mdrtrr The next stage in th€ processof dcveloping s captivc tlavisula robinsonii. managementplan as recommended by a CAMPis to holda GCAP lclobal CaptiveAction Pl6n)me€ting. ln sucb a mcetingthc Vlvcrrld! recomm€ndationsofa CAMP arediscNsed by reprcsentativcsof The Malabar civct was consi&rcd by the CCAP group th€ zoo community in order lo decid€ which are fcasible in the membersto bca princ candidalcfffa optivc trrcding prognffna. meeling cun€ntzoo situation. The CCAP thcnsugSests how and In thc lasi issueof Small CamivorECons.rwtion, Sslly Walt.. which rn counries, fte zoo commuoitycan b€stincorponle thesc discu5scdlhe civer project ph.nrd b Indh. Ii wa! suggcstcdthat programmes. new breeding The rccommendalionsof rhe CCAP a joint pmgrammcb€ establishedfor th. M&labff civct in both m€eting are then fonr/arded lo the r€gional Taxon Advisory Europ€ and India. A Bimilar cmpcntivc progr.mnc, lhis timc gmups croups. Theselalter arc rcsponsiblefor thc rellisation of betweenNonh America and Thail&nd,wrs .cconMEndcdfor lhc plans. rh€GCAP Ho\rever, ir musl bestated ihat, whilc lhc CAMP t-argc-spottcdcivet. Th€ United Sutcswas 6uggcsted as supporting process proccssis fairly well koown,now thc of lhe GCAP snd thc rcgion in this instancehccrus€ of thc srong conn€ctio$ th8t hvc Taron Advisory Croups erc still in the dcveloFn.nt stagc. alrcadybeen dcvcloped b€twcen ihcsc iwo countricsin th€ fi€ld of Early in Septembcra Smrll Camivorc GCAP rnc.ling *a! zoo biology. Finrlly an immedi € shrt was rccommcndedfor t h€ld in Antwerp in associationu/ilh fte mccrio8 of the IUCN caplive pmSrarnm€for Owston's palm civcl. capriveBre€ding sp€.ialisl croup. Duringthis CCAP, a small grrup of rcpres€ntativesof thc zoosplus Rohnd winh (chairman The Aquatic g€netwai rbo decmcda sFcies in nccd of of th€ MVPSC) discusscdlhc CAMP r€commendationsfor immcdiatesuppon. However, nothing i6 known of its biology rnd mustclids,viverrids, and procyonids.Unforrunately, due lo time lhereforc ln immedialc captiv€ brccdinS p.ogrammc would consraints and to the absenceof any otter spccialisls,thc Lulrina€ repres€nla risk to rhe survival of thc population.I( lras thercfor€ wcr€ nor considercd.As a resull of lhe discussionsin Antw€m. r suggestedthar rwo pain b€ broughr into crptivity 1oinvesdgatc number of the speci€s which had bc€n propodedfor captiv€ captivc br€edingrequircmcnts. Thc possibility of establishingi manaSementby th€ CAMP \rorkshop wcre selectedfor immedialc captiv€br€cding prognmm€ for this spccicswould b€ decidedoo consid€nrion whilc othcrs *ere deemedonsuilable for captivc ihe basis of lhc aucccssof this rrial prognmme. A similar lrial managemental the presenttim€. The rccommendationsof ihis proglamrn€,but on a larger scale.was r€commended for thc Otlcr GCAP meeting are summaris€dbelow. Ho*cver, it must bc civet. Shouldthis tdal prove successfulan cvcnlualnuclcus rememb€redlhat lh€se can only be considercdpr€liminsry populationof 50 captivc animds wss recomm€n&d. rccommendationsbecause lhe zoorEpres€ntationduring discussioos wasso limit€d and in addition much of thc nece$ffy infomation HGrp€lrlds on the numbersof eachrFcies in caflivily is not ycl available. Only two laxa of mongoos€wcr! bclievedto merit captivc m:magcrn€nt,lhc Libcrian mongoosc (should any spccinrcns The primeconsiderarion in rnaling tl|e follo'ing rcconrncn. bexorneavail.ble), and rh€ Malagasynanow-strip€d mongoose. dationswas that, wher€ possible, th€ primary imFtus for th€captiv€ brcding of endanger€dsp€.ies .hould bc in th€ rcgion of origin of Proctonids rhat species.wl|ere rhis rcgion has iruufficient lnclns to esrablish At theend ofrhc CAMP rn€€rin8,all taxaofprocyor d wcr€ a caFive progffnrne. zoosbascd in olhcr legioff shouldsupport dtc rccommendedfor caplive manag€m€nt.even lhos€ \thich are well propos.d prograrnn€by providinBcxar 3pac, fi&rrcial aid and r€prBcnlcdboth in the *ild andcaptivity. This waslo lvoid fudhet advic€.Taking geognphicalconstrainrs and odEr factorsinlo ac- impon of unn€c€s$rywild caughtiodividuals inlo crplivily. countlhh rn€ansthal in practicczoos in lhe Nnth Amcricanrcgion Howevcrafter r€view in lhe CCAP mceling it wasdecidcd lhat oo shooldprimarily supponprosramrDcs boscd in Ccntal ard Souh rccommen&tionsshould be mr& for lhe commonraccoon or lhc Arn€rica. Howevcr, in some padicular insi{pcs thcy migh! bc Sou$ Amcricancoati although managcmenl of thecaptive Cmb- aet€dlo suppo( pro€ramrn€3b6sed in Aia ard A&ica. Similarly d|e cadng raccooo population was bclicvcd to be a us€ful opiion. ErlrcF.o zloa s}rculdpdmarily suporr programnEaboscd in Eur- Funhermorcit wa! rccommcndcdthal any allempl to captureand asiaard in sorn€pqdiculer instanccs tho6c in Aftic& While thc A|ls- br€cdthc Mountaincoati should wail unlil more d.ia were taliar zoosshould pdmarily dirE r their supportlo Southca$ Asia- availablefor lhis Boecies. As r€gardsother procyonids,ther€ are cun€ntly sizeable Thc fnal gmupof sp€ci€sconside.d for crptiv€ aclionw€rE caplivepopulations of Ringtail,Kinkajou, and tlle Ccntal Ame.ican tlle Olingo€.This taxoo includesa numbcrof rlr€ andev€n caiticd coati. lt wassuggested thal lhes€popuktions bc nranagedand osed (sub)specicsand fifllEnnorc it is not wcll refrEs.ntedin crptivity. asmodels for the nter (sub)speci€sand, in thc cas€of dtc kinkajou, It wassllggcsl.d rhsr a captivcpopulatim of th€rnost cornnoo fotrn b€ usedas subjcclsfor rcsearchinto (sub)sp€cificvrriation, and be establish.d in M€xico for r.sc{rch prttposcswith a view lo ftar rhes€should evcntually compris. lh€ captive population. In esiruishhg Fog nrB for th€ r.ret forms rt r ldcr dal€.As lhe addirion it was r€cornmendedthat, in dlc long rcrm, thc crptive Fcyolrid fmily fu cdfincd cntitrly lo ihc Ncw world it w!5 sprce cunently allocatedto the animals should be usedfor rare. acccpkd rfiat dte North, Centnl, ud SouthAmeticin zoocshould (sub)species.ForlhermorE, it was suggcsledthat progr.rnrncsfor rrtc tlE l€sd in tlE captivc rumgemcnt of th€sesFcies fie rarc islrnd forms of rirccoon should bc sct up in silir *ith finsncial and othcr hclp from thc Notth Amcdcan mos whclt AngelaR, Glrtston, Rotterdrm zoo requircd. Shoold any Noflh An|ci'ican zoo b€ ioteEslcd in psni- Van Aerss€nlaan,49, 3039KE Roaterdsm cipaling in r riccoon programrn€lherc would be thc possibility of Netherls1|ds DarticiDation.

RedPanda Global ConservationPlan

In rh€October l9l nunb€r of Muslelid & Vivenid Cons€r_ Howcvcr, as thc BroopagrE€d, the captivc populationse€ms to bc valion, I reportedon lhe PandrConscftstion WorkshophGId in thc devcloping in s stsble wry. This mctr$ lhat s!rylus animals will United States.Durin8 this mcetinSa numberof rglccfircols wcre soon b€ svailablc and as such il was felt lhst thc lime is riF lo madercgarding drc dcvcloptEnt ofr gloM Redpandacoscwarioi cstablishrcd pandabltedinS ceni.es in their natuml home rang€. progrartunc.In the ye{s rince tlnt rncetingr numtEr of impottant It wos felt that India might b. a suitable place to stat! wilh lhis aclivitics havealready bcgun. In the field, a survcy is under way proj€cr ss ther€ ar€ alr€ady ! few rtd pandasin th€ zoos ther€' of rhe rEd pandapopulstions in Nepal, Indir, and Bhutm, and in Fonunat€ly, Mr. Sharmr, thc hcid of the ltdian Associatiooof China r ficld study bls slrE.dy becn initirl€d. Ott th€ zoo sidr a 20061,as also attending lh€ Antwc.p mc€tin8so il \trs possiblcfor studboot has beco cstablishcdfor rcd pandasin C-hincsczoos. the panda group to nulc thcir proposalsio him dir€ctly. Mr. Thcscdatr havc oow bccn included in d|e Int€malioflNlStudffi sh.fin rcrctcd vcry positivcly to thc proposal of the br€eding for this specieswhich malcs lhis intcmationalsludbook a complc& ccntacsand su88csledlha! a hustondry snd mrtugcrncnt co{rsc on ovcrvicw of thc zoo population.In addition dtc plan for r global r€d psrdar bc givcn to rcprErcntrtivcsof a few t€levmt 2003.In captivc brc.ding progrsmmc was compiled. This pmgmmme rddition, it wr! rcco|nmcld€dfist a rcd pandaPHVA (Populrtion ltiliscs rheexisring rEgional pm8rommca rs lhe basisfor e global and Habird Viability AnalFis) bc undenatcn md hostedin India. coopsrtion *hich is designcdlo ensu.! thai 9096of lhc mtuml Again Mr. Shrrmr rctclcd very pditivcly to this slggestiorllt is 8en€iicviability of lhis speci.s in the wild will bc rEbincd in lhc thcreforclhc intention thal the managementcoune be underiaken zoo populrtioo for tl|c furuiE.Findly a PR b{ahurc hasbaen madc in th€ autudr of 1994followed by th€ PHVA me€ting.After this on tllc rcd prnda. This colouftd brochuE which pmvidcs getEral fscililics could be &v€loped in Indian zoos and the fift1 Pandas infonndion on thb sFcica is iotcndcd lo suppon r€qucstsfor could nnivc. All in all lhis repnesentsa very subslantial step sponsorshipfor r€d pa.da coNcrvation rnd/or rEsca$h. forward in rhc d.vclopm€nt of a comprEhensivcconservation programm€fo( red pandas. llowcver, sll this is in thc pr!t. During lhe Antwcrp cBsG rnccting,th€ opporiunily srooc fot s numb.r of rcd prndasFcialisls AngeleR. Glatstoq Rott€rdsmZoo to dbcuss thc next str8ca in th. drvcloptncnt of r truly Slobal VanAerssenlaan, 49, 3039 KE Rotterdsm conr.n,arion plsn for this sFcic!. During tl|c Antwerp rnecting. Neaherlsnds dp global caplive b.Elding pl.n *a! rstificd 6nd ihe lirst stcps iowrrds making the plan N r.alily should occur in 199384.

IUCN announcement Erratum

Tlrc IUCN is seckinga candidstcfor fic poclof: Piog.rmme ln our April 1993numbcr we tri€d to print Boris Krystufek's 'r 's'. Office., SFci€s and ProtectcdAreas, basedd drc IUCN South nanc s3 il ir|ouldbc,lhat is with liltle bird' on lhe But lhc Amcdcan RegionelOfnce (UICN-Sur) in Ecuador' printer who is rcponsiblcfm th. Iilm no! only did no( acc€Ptthc Quito, ',' cod€ but plryed a di.ry tricl printing eith€r or'TM' inslesdof lnformitior aboottask and rcquir€Inents: rhe little bird. PcrsonnelOfficer, IUCN 's;. Avelu€du Monl-Blanc Fm lhetim€ beinS wc will stickto a simplc Our sirrere !o Boris Krystufek. I 196Gland, Switzerland apologics A pilot study on the conservationof the Malabar c ivet, vioena ciaetfiru (Blyth, 1g62): Proiect repoft

NitinD. RAI andAjirh KUMAR

Introduction In peninsolarlndia thcr€{rc four spcrils ofcivets bcl(xtging to thr€egenen. Th€seaI! ihe Commo.rpslm civct (paradortrn J h.rnaphrcditus), Brown patm .ivct (p. jcrdoai), Smalt lrdian cir erlV i w r r ic uI a i ndic ar,andrh€ Malabrrcivet (yiv?rra cir.,,r'ia). The genusyiv?zd, to wfiich lhe Malabarciv.i bctonSs,includ€c rhreemore sFeciesof largeciv€ls all occuning in Asia: the L5rgc lndian civer (V. zibe,har, the Mataysn civct (V . .angatungar, end rhe lfige,spotled civct (V. negaspila). Whilc the lrrgc Irdian civer is found in tfi€ nonh-eallcm rcgion md is sbundanr.thc Malabarcivel is endemicb the WesremChaB snd crarcmcly rrE. h is lisred as a prioriry speci€sfor conse ation by the Small Camivo.eSp€cialist cmup of lhc IUCN/SSC(Scht itt:r ct al., 1989).In 1978th€ IUCN dectaredthar rh€ Matab6r.civciwas 'possibly exlinct'aodir is theonly civet sFcies lisr€d in Sch€dol€ I of the IndianWildlife Pmrcclion Acr. Malab8rcivct (yiyrrrd civ?nina) ftom pococt (1939)

The Malabarciver is as lrr8€ rs thc targeIndian civcr, with two skin! had beenoheincd io 1987,rnd Kudrcnulh, wlErr r a body lengthof about I 25 cn, inctudiogteil (4Ocm). Ttrc prccis€ po€siblcaighting hrd bccnr€podrd (Ku!r h, 1986).Thcy obr.irEd bodyw€i8ht is unknown. buris about 8 kg.The turisgr€y or bwny lwo morc flins of rcccntly killcd lrtoul. rF]srNilambur, .n lrr! in €olour wirh a crest of black haircor bristlcson thc brck from rhc domioltrd by cdhcw ud nrbb.r phntations.They coftludcd thet n€ckto the tail tip, andlarge bl.ck spotson rh€flanks which do not in ndftcm Kcrrlr thc M.lsb6r civct lxas coflfincd to dbturbad form anypaltem. Tbe largcsizc, the crc$ of blackhrirs on thc bock, thickcts in cashcwsnd rubbcr plantrtioos, rnd to highly dcSrrdcd and rhc dsence pattem of a in thc btack $pots oo rl|e fllnks lowland forc$rs.Thcy clso found that thcsc habitats wcrc dislin8uish it from rh. small lrdian civcr. dbapFrring fa!t. Morcover, hunring prqsurc in lh€sc rcmnrnt for€sls and cash€wplar*rlions was anothcr major lhre.t. Th.y Concem aboul this sFci€s began errly this cenru s rEcommcnded:(a) an ccologicrl study to garhcr pr€liminrry s€veral cxp€ditionsfiiled to obtain rFcirEns (pococt, 1939).Thc infonmdon on food and othcr habilatr€qoircmcnb of thc sFcics, Iasl(ard pertaps only) live specimeoof thc Mdsbff civct in a zm (b) rn cxrcffivc surv€yof the co{std plsin andthe mounrain nn8eg was attheThiruvananthoFiram Zoo in 1929.Th€ tyF rn€ssur!ncots of thc WcsiemGhats to idcotify crtrnt populations,cspccirlly in in the literature ate ftom this fcmale spcrimen(Pocock, 1939). In protcctcd .r€as end (c) a captive br€€ding programmc using | gap 987, after a of 58 ye{n, two stins of rEccnttykillcd animals animnlsa.pped ftom hiShly rhr€aten€dr€nnrnl populsrions,likc werc ohainedby lh€Zoological Survey of ldia. Calicur,conlirming thos€ in Nil.mbur and sunoundin8ar€as. lhe eiist€nceof a specicslong suspe€tedexrioct (Kurup, I987). tn reccnt iimes only lwo potsible sightings have bccn rcponcd: Kannth (1986),in BhagevarhyVallcy, Kamala*.,and KuruD. Ecologicalstudy rlq87r, in Tiruvalle.Kcrala. Ayurvedicphysicirns in Kcriia Inaroductlon rcaredthe Malabarcivers until only r f.w dccsdc! 'crveton€. ryo to obtain Not surprisingly lhcre is littl€ infomution on fia ecology an exract f.om tlrc sccntgland, which was us.d in and habitrt prefcr€nccsof thc sFcies and *haacvcrcxisl! is boscd rnedicin€,and asan ammatic. Du€ to dle rarity of lhc sFcics, musk on sccondlry infomarion. Again nor surpriliogly, rllcrc is littlc from the small Indian civet and dlc Africrn civct (Civenjcrir consistencyanon8 thc |lporas. Hutron (1949) claims rhrt rhc .,v.ra) bas 'a be€nsubstiltted bver rh€ prst few d€crdca. M.lrbar civct is fsi y colnnon,rimal in rh€lvcrgrccn forEsr', whilc othcrs clrim that it occurs in thc lowtand forcsl! rnd ir Most of the psst rccordsof thc spccicssr€ from thc corstal nowlErc common (Jerdon, 1874). lrack of the WcstemChats (Jerdon,1874; Pocock, 1939;prate., I 9.18),and from Kanyakumrri in tha cxtrtllc south to Honnsvrr Th€ major obj€ctivc of rheccologicsl study w&sto identify In Kamatala (Fig. Star.in rhenorrh t). ThcrcarE rllo rno rcpotu mrjor hsbitat rcquiremcntsand prcfcrcncesof lhe spccics, of rtsoccunEmc in rh€higher clcvsrion! of thc w.srem Ch;rs,in panicularlywi$ nfcr.nce to fe.ding.ndday tinF rcsring.buero thc High Wrvy Mou (Hutton, ains 1949),.nd in Kudremukh lhc ndural rarity of lhc sFcies, which is furth€r iggravatcd by ( Karanrh, 1986). Blt for tl*s€ repotu, the Mrl.bar civer ha! habild dcgradstionrnd chronic hunringp.essur€, it was€xpccted rcnuln€d morc oa lcss unlnown to lhc scicntific cornmunily ard thal cxlensive data collection brs€d on sighri.g, and indirect has a$ractcdli(lc a!€ntiod. cvidcrrccsuch a3 Frg mrrts rnd scats,was unlikely. Thercfore, eqoal a!€ntion was paid to lhc coltecdonof local informalion on A prEliminarysurvcy of rh€6peci€s wa! cooduclcdin May lhe sFcics, ,s scvcral Foplc had eilh€r kepl Malabar civets in I 90, following its ndiscojcry (Ashref rl 41., 1993).This surv.y captivily. oi huntedthem in thc arudyarca during rhelasr 30 years covcrtd only the sr€aarDund Nitambtr in northcm Kcnla, whcre (Ashr.f ri a/.. 1993). Sludy area Mcthodg vehicularand The ecologicalstudy lastedlhree monthsand *as conduc_ ln lhe ccotogicalsludy *e usedcamera trrps' (mostly we slso redin theKarulai Ran8e (Nilambur) and sunounding areas (Fig l). fmt rans€cts. ,nd rlso iddirEctcvidence scats). narural Nilamburand $e adjoiningar€as were s€leclcd as thc study sile as intcrvicwed locsl hunters to obtain informatiQn oo the Ashraf €r dl. ( | 993) had oblainedlhe skins of two recently kill€d history of Or€Malabar cive!. Malabarcivets in the cash€wplanlalions th€re; this was the only ar€awhere a poPulationwas known to defmilely cxist. Nilambur CAMERA TRAPS wilh anal€ctronic shutter Iies at fte foo$ills of tt|€ WesrcmGhtts, nonhwesl of thc Silcnt Wc us€da 35mmcompact canrcm d€vicc. when thc Vrllev Nrlional Park. The forcst covcr in th€ lowhnd is openbl€ by r F€ssun-PadoPerated triSgering ch imageand also lh€ lim€ prcdo;inanlly leat {L.ron Srdrdir) plrnr.lions which al€ still p6d wasdcpr€sscd lh. crrncrarEcorded pr€$s[rep{d eilher 3 ;orkcd for limber by lhe Kenlr Forcst Dcpsrunenl.The arca is of lic cvent. To lute anirnds lo fte we uscd (fish live fowls). wcll drairFd by oumeroussrreatns, but mammd densiticsaic low' lpr|cral camivore lurEor food or Th€ fauna incfud$eJSamb3tr (Cenus unicolor')' Wild boar (Stat al arcund l8m rcrofdl. Mous€ deEt (Trugulus n nin,tal' Elephanr lEl'phas The cs.ncn l|nit wrs sct uP in lhe cvening fimmin8' giving 12 hours n;inun, Lrowd lPanth.to Ntdusl, Tiger lP tistts), LsrSc hrs lnd dhnantled at 06m hrs lhe nexl effort w.s brown flying squirr€l(Perdrttrta p.lourirtd), Small Indian civct, ofcstner| rrappingcffon for cach lmp nighl. SamPling of only ooe camera-The cam€rawas and Colnmon Palmcivel rrsrdcted by {|e availability set up io arcasthooght to b€ fr€queniedby civels suchas str€ams' The non-forcstrltas cllodcn for thc study wcre in C-tlal- trails. scat sil€s, and forest edg$. hrnco uDuram,25 km west of Nilsmbur. Th€ arca b dcvoid ot subr-r.olirl for€sl covcr, but prisarc lsnd holdings havc cashcw TRANSECTS (Agcadhot occiilenaler and tubbcr (rrtv"a ,rati&rrit planta- Th€ st$dy r'l! was intensively traversedat night, bolh on on th€ tions in the hills, and psddy rnd bctel paltns in dt€ vallcF. Sorn€ foot and by vehicle.Th€ rrtas to be surveyedwet€ selected pock€Bof s.rub vegeradooare still l€ft on the dry hill tops.Cashew trasisof r€centsighting r€ports,and ircludcd both forest and non- wer€ phntstions hav€dense undcrgrowth' Nnd thc low sFeading trecs foEst arEas.In thc fotEslcdar€ls nocdy vehiculat irar$€c$ (Q 20'000 cp) w.s p.ovidc good gtound covct. Thcse PlmtatioN atr rclalively us€d,during which a bright spotbean BEAM, undisturb€dihrough most of th€ ycat, sime csshewnuts are only uscd to look for eyeshine.Thc av€ragespe.d *as rpPtoxlmarcly in lhe noister collectedin sumrnet Tt|c veg€rstiontypcs form r mosaic with a l0 knvh. Thc prcscnceofelephr s det€nedwalking th€degraded high l€v.l of inrcrspet6ion.Thc marnmalsfo nd hcrr include: dverincpatch.s. Hcn foottnnscctsw€rE conducted in Jrcksl (Carir dtrt?t$), Junglecat (F.rs cidlr.t)' Block_naFd harE forcsts It dlc FriphcrY. (k pus nigr ic bl t isl, PorcttpirE(rtrrtir irdica), Small Indian civcl' spot- and Commonpalm civet. In the noo-fo{tst tteas only foo! tran$cts wcreus€d as lighting from a vehicledisturted the locrl populace.Tnnsccls on foot wcre mad. in the privrtc lsrds whcr€ lhe Melaba. civct had FIG.I. PAST REPORISOF MALABARCIVII OCCURRENCE bccn reportcdby locat pcople.These transects we.e ma(k io lhc cashewand rubb€rpbnlatioos which mostly covercdlh€ hill lops andslopes, and in At?ca andpsddy fields locatedin the valleys.we ) useda light b€amof notmal io!€nsity during ftes€ foot transects, i) whicb werEcanicd oul al an averagespeed of abou! 3 km/h. In rubberplantations most of llle surveyswere carri€d oul in young slandswhich had sotne mdergrowlh. None of lhes€ Plantalions wer€ cxtensive,with arcasranging ftom less than I ha to 50 ha. 0r(-r Th€rc ar€aswcrE aho denscly iohabit€d, t{ith a lot of human moverEnt at nighl. Foottransecb were carried ool after9 p.m. (!nd often after midniSht) and covereda total areaof about 35 kmr. LEGEND INTERVIEWS Retiablc, experi.n€.d hu en wer€ intewiewed for infot_ mationon thc Malabercivct. Hunterswcrc first cat!fully venedby intcrvicw lo establish th€ir knowl€dge of th€ identity of the Malabar civcl. lnfomalion on habitat types (riveriD€,planiadon' scrub, eic.) in which thcy had s€enth€ M.labrr civct was also rccordcd. Civcn thc cxtrcmc rtrity of thc spccies,this rn€lhod provcd utcfirl in obtaining information and dlow€d Preliminary corrclusionsto ttc madeon its habilal preferences.

SCAT IDENTIFICATION Scrts which apFrtld lo bc tbose of a large civet wcrE coll€cted. Thc African civet d€fecetcsin sp€cific sites (Dorst & o^ Dandetot,1970), aod local huntersreponed s similat behaviourin lhe Malabor civct. Such 4grcgsdons w€rE collecl€d *hcncve. locatcd, rlthough lhcrE was oo c.rtainty thst th.sc wcr€ of the Malabe. civcl, sincc jackal rnsy also havc s similat bchaviour (A.lJ. Johnsingh.Pers. comm.) Tablc I . Numbcr of inimak scci during suneys in dlc for6t srd rnovc inro rhc vallcys al night to forsgc, andro rct|raato the hillrop non-forEsr'r€{s of Nilambur snd adFining ulrs. scrub forcsts and cashewplrntations by day. This was also thc prltcm rcpon€din non-forcstrr€rs, whcft dislurbanccard a lscl Mcthod Forcst arcs Non-fo€st rrE! of cover nears!rcams forcc it into $c scrub.Cash€w affords . f.ir rmorrnt of cover !s it hasgood unde€rcwth. Tbe fow sD€cirrcns VEHICLE TRANSECT 129km that hlvc beenohained over rhc past fivc ycars in Maiappuram SmallIndisn civet 7 District (Poongode,Elayur, and Wandoor) erc rll fmm crshcw planlalrcns. Common palm civct 3 kopard I t2 Convcrsiooof cashcwto rubberplantaaioos ,nd hunringfor Sambar lo rnell &E d* malr th€rts. Dogs arEoffcn uscdlo F&k tb. civc!3, Chiral 3 lhc dogspr€surubly beingattrered by the st|on8-snrll ofcivctirE. Slenderloris 5 The lar8e sizc of dl€ civct also make6ir vutnembl€ro huotcrs. Por€upine I LJnidentified 2 Survey Introducalon FOOTTRANSECT 37 hours 72hoors Affer ohainbg some lnowlcdgc on lhe ccology of thc Commonpalm civet I sFcies, a suwey of the corstal plsins ard lhc We!rcm Cha$ *ss I carricd out. Mosr of the locel info.manB werc old huntcB or Flyingsquirfel tribesnen. Four to five days *cr€ spen( .i crch localiry. Thc Junglecat I populrtions wcn lhen subjcctiv€ly cvrluded snd th€ir stlnus SmallIndian civel 3 calegoriscdon rhe basisof hrbitd quality, and thc cxtcnt of biotic Commonpalm civet I pr€ssur€s.The statuscat€gorics wcE: l. Good popolaiioos wirh protectionl Wh€rE local infomrnrs CAMERATRAP 2l trapnights l5 tr8pnights reponedrclalively frcqucnt iightings. rnd thc locsliry lica in c prot .ted ar€athat is both r€ldivcly undisturbedmd cxtcnrivc. Jackal 2 2. Modcrnc populrtions undcl ihrcd: Whcr! lo.d inforrnanti rcponcd infr€quent sighringsand lhc forcst h cxtcn6ivc bot Results degraded. A roralof 109houN werc sFnI in conductingnigh! sorv.ys 3. Deplctedpopulations undcr thrcal: Occssioml rcporE in highly on foot; ?2 hoursin non-forestaftss, uld 39hou.s in rrscrvcdfo.€st fraSrncnredand d€gradedhabitrts tha! arc undcr thrt{t frorn arcasin Karulai Rangc.A lolal of 129km w€r. covercdby vebicl€ hunting and furdrr habilat loss. trans€cls.The resulisof (h€sampling are giv€n in Tablc l. RGiult! The Malabar civer was neirh€r s€en, nor pholoSmph€d, The resulrsof rhe suney arc summarisedifl Table 2, along during lhe ecologicalstudy. Th€ cameratraps ard tlE fans€.ts did wilh rhc slatuscaregory for cachsurveyed site. Tlrc surey covcr.d provide not any informarionoo the occuruce of $€ sFcies id rhe the lowland forestsal(hg th€ foothills of rhe Westemchrts, from nudy arEa.olrt of a roralof 36 xap nigh(s,only two w€resucc€ssful, Nil.mburin fi€ soulhup to AgnashiniVallcy in Kamalakain thc but bothwer€ ofjackal in nol-for€st arEa.Fooa rrsnsects ard carFr. nonh (Fis. 2). trappinggave poor rc.rulrsin rftefor€st arErs, evcn for oilEr animals, becausefie habiiat washighly d€gra&d in rh€ foolhifls and lowcr KERALA STATE slopes.especially ar the fiinges of human s.rlenenls. Vehicle In Kcrala,Kannur. Ka$rgod. and WynadDisrricts were trans€€tscover€d areas fanh€r away from th€ humans.ileorentr suncycd, and, thereforE,gave berrcrsighlings of o(hcr wild arimals. Kannw Di$rict A numberof defecarionsires werc locar€d,all in non-forcst Of all the plac€s survcyed in Ksnnur Dhtrict, tfie most ercas.Almost all of thes€*cre on rccks in cxpos€drrca! in c8hew posilivc rEsporNc,if not thc only one.came from KannavamForlst p lantations.Of theninc defecarion sires tocated, only one had be€n Range,esp€cially in Kennvamcolony and in Changala.Many of usedrecenlly. It was possiblerhar rh€ sit.s wcrE frequ€nlly fie Kurichiar tribcsrnen who wc inrcrviewcd had heard of the 'Kannan abandoned,€ithcr due to distorbancc,or conveasionof the Malabar civ.t, locslly called chandu'. Howcver, mo6l preliminary sunounding scrub or cashewlo rubb€r production. had not sccnonc, huntiogbcing th€ majorcrus€ of their irrcrcasing analysisof the scatsshowed s€rds of fruits, fish scales,and rcdeot radly. Thc ar€a has good moist, dcciduousfor$ts with riparien hairs and borFs. z(mCs,dcrpilc bcing d€nsclyiohabhcd. We conductedniSht traos€ctson four deysin this arca,and sct up two camcratraps on Preliminaryinformalion wasobraincd from knowlcdceablc two succcasivcoights, all in vein. Il u/ashcre lhal wc ohaidcd rhc hunrerson rhedicr andhabilat plfercnccs of rhc Malabarcivcr. most positiv€ sign, wh€n a trib€sman gavc us a civcr gland, Most sightingswerc report€dftom dearwater or in riparianforesrj. reput€dlythat of a Malabarcivcr. which hc had obrained by hunting Information on diet, obuined from a hunrerwho had rcareda with dog| in Fcbruary, 1992.Thc gtrrd, too targero be rharofa specimenin captivity, Irvcaled a prcfcnnc€ for ftogs and fish, smrll lndiar.ivet, is b€ingcxamincd histologicatty todistinguish explaining its dependcnceon riporian arEasfo. foraging. il from rhat of lhe small Indian civet. U rlrc Malaoa in this ca, thc n€{rly 8,5m ha of moisr deciduousforesl offers a The Mrhbar civct was r€Itoncd to tc mainly noctumal. rcfugefor lhc sF€ies.Wirh. bcfierdrivc againsl chronic hunting, tating refugein dens€cover during rh€day. Thcy *er€ r€ponedlo the speciescould p€rhaps rccovcr in ihis ar€a. Anoth€r porcntial aaa, which wc did not visit due ro lack r€lativcly lovrer th8n in Kenla, thus !h? major problem is of time, was Koniyoor Rescwe Forest. Arcas suryeycd in snd frrgmcntalion of the lowlsnd forest!. Nena Estatc al|d Naravi around Pulingome Rescrv€ ForEsi gave ambiguous.esults and RcservaForEst have nro|€ crtemive lowland forcsrs with lcss most Fople wcrc igno..nt of the sFcies. huntiry ard oth€r biotic pr€3surrs.Nsr.vi, sitorted !t the fooihilb of the wcst.m Ghats, adjoi$ Kudr€mukh National Pa*. w. nccived rcpolts of Malabarcivct occunEnccmly in lh€ foothilk. The Rescrvc forests of Muliyar, K.radka, Adoor, and Parappawerr sorvcyedin KasargodDistsict. The forestparches arE Somc*hserr Wildllfe Srnclurry: With an arra of 68 tm', exrremely fragmeoted.Fcw Fople had any howledge of lhe this wildlifc srnctuaryforms part ofs largercomplex of prclected Malabar civci. Sorncold hon&rs r&ogoisad Ihc spccics,kno*n srca3 that include Kudrcmullr National P.rk rnd Mootfinbik| locslly as 'MaL mcro', thorigh th€y wcr€ u.ablc to provide |ny Wildlifc Sarciuary. Th€ sancruuy is locatcdat lhe foothills of thc detailed inform{ion. Wescm Ghais.Though hily in tcri,ain,we stil reccivedr€potu of thc pres€nceof thc Malabq civet. our subldive asscssrrcntbascd WynadDistricl ofl drcsercpons is rhatrhis proa€cted ar€a h.s a moderalcpopul.tion. Th€ Malabar civet hsd be3n rcported ftom thc highcr elevrtions of Wyrlld dmr€ than s c€ntury .go (Jedoq l8?4). MooLmblL Wlldlite Srnclu..y: About 100 tm' of $e Irncnsivclcal cnquiricsin severalar€as ircluded lhrcc drys in thc 247 km'rsncturry lics in the plaiN. Sharav{hy Wildlife Sancloary WFsd Wildlifc Su|ctuary prolcc@duE{. Howcv€r, this did not is contiguousin thc nodh. W€ rEceiv€drhany rcports of the sp€cies' .licit any positivc informatim. Locrl hunteN rnd t ib€srnel wcrE occurrcnce.This is th€ only p.otecledarea of thosesurveyed tht mly awrrEof theotl|er thrce sp€cics of civcB, We sorpect,dErlfoa€, har r consid.nbl€ €xponseof lo'*land for€sl, making Mook- that thc Mrlab€r civct dEs not cxist ftcle, .rd lhat it nevcr hrs. smbika an impoimt rcs€rvcfor Malabarcivel cons€rvalion.Thcrc .re sevenl coloni€sof the frdbi lribe insidc dle p.olectenarea, and KARNATAKA STATE cultivrtion around theL colonics has fragmented the lowland In Ksmatala,lhe Dislicts of SorithK!nrI'{, Nodr Krn&r!, forcsts.Morcovcr, much of lhc lowland foresthas b.€n deglaM. Chilorngalur (Kudrcmukh Nrliontrl Ptrft), 8nd Shimoga(Shara- vrlhy Wildlife Sancloary)s€rr surveycd. No h Kanaro Disiict This district hasooe of the highestfor€sl covcr to l.nd arEl SouthKanoru Distict ralios in the country. W€ su.v€ycd Manki Rangeand Agnasbini Pittur, N.rh, and Nrrryl: Puftur, and lhc adjoining valley in this Disrict. Manki lics south of Honnrvar and has . Sullyr Ran8ehavesmall poctcts ofwell-pres€rv€dlowl d forrst. m€aic of lowland for€st and cuhivatioo. This arca has a lrrgc Rcportsof the spcciesw€.! reccivcd ftom a fc* huntcrs,though p€.cenug€ar€! of lowlard for€st,drc msjo. problembeing fitl of nona involvcd rEc.nt sightiogs. Hunthg pr€ssur€in thir ult is Iixgmcntation. ThouSh uc rcccivcd no posirivc repon3 of dE cxistencc of thc sFcics, wc bclieve lhat lhc po$ibility of iB o€rulring h€r€ is high. FIG.z. AREASSURVEYEO FOR MATABARCIVET OCCURRENCE The Agnrshini vallcy lies to thc nonh of Honnavarand h3! crtensivc moist forcsts.Ihe valley lc8dsto the Mdamanc chals, a primeevcrgrEen forcli hsbilat,The extensivelowhnd foEsts and s low humrn density combine to make this a potential area for a good populatiod of Malatar civel. we bas€ our asse$menl on r€ports rEceivcd,as l|/ell ar lh€ exlenl and statusof thc lowlard for€sts.we havealso obtairrcd infoflnation on poasible@cunencc in Kffwar, Nonh Kanara (T. Bhaskaran.pers. comm.). funher r€cf,ND . noih of Agmshini.

N en:,r*r,e'to Shinoga and ChiknoSolur Disticts Thcs. disriclr wc.€ surveyedlo invesligalelhe existenceof dE spcci€sra highr clevstions.Agumb€, which borders the Somes- warswildlifcs.nctuaryatlhccr$lof th€W€sl€mch s,Sharavalhy wildlifc Sancturrywhicfi bord.n Mookambikawildlife SarEtuary in dE nortb, utd Kudrcmukh National Palk were suweyed.wc ob{rin d only sE po6itivcrepod which l'as fiorn the lowcr elcvr- tions of d. Srmnffy. It k thcr€fof€very unlitely trt|althc Malab{ civ€t occuB at higher.lcvstions in d|e wcatem Ghalsin Kamatrtr

Discussionand conclusions Sincc no livc rnimrls wErEsc€n during the thrE€-mondh ccoloSiol study ard thc two mo.rth surucy, our conclusionsd! bascdon cs.efully collectcdlocd informationard indir€ctevid.ncc. Thescr€vcal lhat lhc Malabarcivet is rDostFrobobly confined to drc lowland riparianforcst &€as rlong th€ foothills of thc Wcatcr| Ghats.Contrary to sornccrdic. rlports (Hunon, 1949),tlrc aFcha nrostprobably docs nor occur in fic €l€vatcdalerr of thc W€slqD Table 2. l,o(.liti;s survcy{d, vemacularnamcs ,lrd rt hrsofrtE Md.b€r civ€i in norttEm Kcflh lrd Kanutaka. Figurcsin patEnrhcs€i arethe numberotpctsooswho rccognircdthc Mrhb.r civet. l,ocalitics a'l listcd southtononh. SrrruscatcEori€s ! d€scribcd in Methods.R.F. = Rescn'c ForEsCN.P. = Natidd htk W.S. = Wildlifc Sancrurrv.

District Prot€ctedalla l,oc8lity Pcoplc intcoiewed Locll namc Statuscategory KERALA STATE- Kannur KannavamR.F, 6(4) Krnnm chatrdu 2 PulingorncR.F. 3(l) MaL mcru Wynad Chundalc 2(0) M.pprdi 2(0) Wynrd w.S. Kasargod MuliyarR.F. Kandfta R.F. ParappaR.F. 3(l) Mal6 mcr! ._ KARNATAKA STATE S. Kanan PuttUI R.ngc 2l2l Msngalskutri 2 Ncri! Esiarc 3(2) Bal kutri 2 NaraviR.F. 40) Kutn 2 Kud.EmukhN.P. 3(l) 2 SomcshwanW.S. 4(3) Kutri 2 Mookambikc W.S. 8(6) Jawad/Jawsdiyo I Sha.avathyW.S. 2(t, Jswadi 2 N. Kmara Manki Range l(0) AgnashiniValley 2(2\ Doddapunugim 2 Bckku 3 chats. The distsibutionrrngc wasF€viously rrcordcdrs ext€nding olhd civcts. Ite corFcrvatiooof thk sp.cics, which occun it vcry nonhwrrds up to Honnavarin North Krnara (Jcrdon, 1874).Wc lo* dc$irics in highly f.rgmcot€d, sub-optimal hlbiirt! wh.n havc obtairEdinformation rEgrrding dlc F€scnccof thc $imal in h$nting is pr€vrl€nr, is thus . vcry challengingt,3t. trro arEasnorth of Honnavar:Agnashini snd Krrwar. Thc extcn- sionof its rtuEe to Karwar incrcrscsthc possibility of iis exisrence Very urgcnl cooscrvrlionmcrlurEs are rEqoircd if wc srr to in th. slatcs of Cos md Maharashtn. Protcctcd &cas such as savethc Mslabar civet ftom €rrirctior. Thcsc includc plotcction Molcn in Cor, and Rahrgiri and Mahabslesh*s. in Meharsshtrs of poprlatiois andhrbfulr!, ccologic.l snd populationstudics, sd might also be of si8nific$cc. e c.Sivc brc.din8 p,o8rrmmc.

In Nilamburand adjoining arcar, most animrls ar€confined Rafcrcnc(!! to cash€wplantations in privatc lands,with paddyfi.lds provktinS Albnf, N. K. V., Kumar,A. &.tol|nsingh,A. J. T. 1993.A suncy of rhc major feedinggrounds, and thicl vegelatiodin €sshcw ls,o cndemiccivcts of th€ WcatcmGhats: th. Mslablr civcr plantations and adjoining dcgradcd for€sts p.oviding daytirn€ (viv.ta civatinat ut rl* Brown pdn civct (Porddonn r refuges.Huoling and loss of habitat po6€icrious thrcats to the j. oni). Ort' 21(2rtr0't-t t4. alreadydcpletcd populatiooin the Nilambur ar€s.In Kerali, rhc Dont, J. & Drn tcfof, P 1910.A fi.A guid. to the la.gt nn n'dlsoJ popolationfu also sev€rclydepletcd and frsgrncdcd, rod rnosdy ,l/r'.d. Collins,lr"dor'. confinedto Drivatelands. Howcvcr. rcseflc forcsb in K$navam Hultoo.A. F. 1949.Mammlls of tl|c HiShWrvy Mount in6,M.duni and Kolliyoor almost definitcly harbour thc spcci.s. Codinuio8 Dianict soorhcrnldi!. J. Eonbot Nd.. Hist. Soc.,4a:6al- lossof habilatand hunling &€ major problemsthiooghout Kcmla. 694. terdo'r,T. C. 1474.Ttu nnnnals qflrdia. JohnWh.ldon, l-ondon. Ka|rnlh, K. U. 1986.A poisiblc ai8btingr..od ot Ml|lbor civct The Malabarciv€t probablyacurs morc widcly in Kama- (Vivora negotpila B:lyrh,from Krmdatr. J. ,on6ry lvar. r.ka becausclowland for€st is still r€lativcly crtcnsiv.. Hunting ,iij, Sa...83(l)r192-193. pressuaeis also lessintcnsive. The major arcasfor the sp€cias0rs Kurup, C. U. 1987.Thc rcdbcovcryof thc Malaborcivct, yiv./rd lowlind forcrts in Na.avi, Somcsh*sraWildlifc Senctuary, n gaspilaciy.tti,a Blyrh in lndi.. Cteetal 28(2rtl4. MookambikaWildlifc Sanctuaiy,and thc Agnalhini Vall€y. Thus, Pocock,R. 1 1939.rrr"/cuaa of Ar ishIndia intludins C.tlon and rronically, th€ best relicl populationswhich wcrc in Kcrala hrvc Aurnu. Mat uralia. Yo|- l. Trylor & Fnncis, l,ondon. be.n mostly lo€l in thc pasrfew dccadcs,snd conriNc to bc lost, PnGr, S. H. f9f. Th. M of ldian aninn r. 8omb.y Nrtunr whilsl marginalrElicl popuhtionsin Krmatakr a.€bcttcr protectcd. Hidory Soci€ry,Bomboy. Habitat degraddion is the major thrEatiD Krmalrla. Sch.cibcr,A., Winh, R., Riffcl, M. & Van Rornpa.y,H. 1989.,4a Ac,ior Plonfor the Conscnation of Mustcli& and Viv.nids. It is not possibleto evcn spcculatcon lhc Fcscnt populstioo IUCN.Gllnd. siz€sor d€nsiri€!of theMalabarcivcr. Bcing muchlargcr than most odrdcivets, rnd with habitatrlquircmcnts ! ,hich.tl' morcspocific, WlldllfeInstltuae of lrdia, NewForest we may cxFcl d€nsitils to b. considc.ablylowcr than lhat of thc DehraDun-24t ffi6, India A comment on the systematic posihon of Poiana

J. CRAWFORD.CABRAL

Similar in appearancelo a smsll gatet,Poiana tuha toni of digitigndy leads to hairy surfacesexcept in lhos€ pans that (Thomson,1842) has oflen beenrcgardcd as morEclos€ly relaled contact the soil. Th€sepans ar€ normally the pads,bul even the to lhe Asiaric EenusPrionodon lhan to th€ genus Ger?rad,an melatanal pads have dislppear€d ln P onodon, which in this opinion that is refl€cted by the common namc, Aftican linsaDg. r€slEct can be rc8ardedas th€ most apomorphicof drcse threc This view goesback !o Mivan (1882),who argled th h€ was gene6. The abs€nceof M' is alsoan apomorphiccharacter which, unablero find crnnialdistinctions between Porana and Pionodoa, being a characrcrisricof |'o|h Poiav andPrionodon,rcificftEstlr' exceptfor small differEncesin lhe sizeof (h€ cerEb€llarchamber rpomorphic condiiion of fie lat&r genus. rnd in th€ form of the coronoid proclss of the mandiblc, and "might concfudingthst PordM bc cmsidercdan Afric $ Prio,todon Ho\r,€vcr,ifcoqt panemsarE consider€d instead, Pridnd ard *hich had acquircda geoet{ike talsus". Instqd I pr€fc. to regard Priondon, ,*ith Nt fird.ian drysal striF and a larBe number of . Paraaaas agenet which rcqtlircd^Prionodon-llk &nltl fomula- caudalrings, uE plesionorphictaxa, but the sarnec.n also be said of C. senantuL On dF conaary, G. thiefti a C. abyssiai.,a, A clos€reramination of skullsled Cregory& Hcllman which haved plesionorphicpalmar surface, are epomorphicas far (1939) lo recognis€funh€r dilTercnc€s.Though thcse authors as .Inar*ingSar€ concerned.This is a notewonhy situaaion,and dmit thai someof th€mmight be due lo diffcrenc$ in skull size suggeststhar G?rrt& mayhave rdialcd ftoln a vcry old bqsalstocl lhey wcre, bowev€r,suppor&d by eriemel morphology e.g. thc nol far ftom |€6igin ofPoiand,and thai s€v€mlindependent fends rnantem€nt of thc paivpads rnd thc Frs€ncc/abseoceof pcrineal towards apornorphiccondition{ nay characterizcfte evoluiior of scentglands, as pointedout by Pococt (1915). Poidra and lheseanimrls, thus making tho parsimony criie.ioo rathcrineffectivd. Pnonodonwere consequendy allocated by Cregory& Hellman to diffcrcnl subfamiliesof Viverrida€, an anangementnot fa. from Without doubt, the disappearanc€of M1 is likewise i fin c$rblish€d by Simpion (1945). honoplasy, which most pmbably occuffed in Africa io a vcry pdmilive genet,and in Asia in a form akin to fie sameslock. TIE Otherwise,Potoru and Ceidnd aa€not so differEntas was p.obableanccslor of Potard would be a g€net,p€rhaps similar in fonncrly suppos€d.According to th€ original dcscription of asFct lo C. Jrrvariru, but much smallerand with an inlervcning Pse udoee a. tta v ill ied Dt,keyser,I 949 (a junior synmym of Geneltd hairy spaccb.t\r,ccn tbe p&lmrr and the meracarpalpads, as in c. lrierrli Mals.hie, 1902),ltE ondcrsurfacc of dteforc f€ct hasno bai. ahierryi. Tltcftfot , my firs! questioo is: arc therc casoos to in lhe spacebetvrc€n the plantar .nd lh€ rncb.arpal prds,a condition maintain Poicnr !s r valid Benus? which was considqEda distifilive chflacrer of Poidrd, and l€d Delcyscr lo cr€aaefi€ subgerNsPi?adofenr,ta. Thc sonlcsituarion My sccondqucstion corfc€ms Poiana ichardsoni libeien- is alsoobsewed in C. ar)$idca. A largcnumber ofcaudsl ringsrnd rtr Pocock,lq)8. The typeofthis forn (in $e BMNH) hasno skull. 0E abcenc€of a ndian do|salstripc (r{hich .|E alsochallct risrics It would be very inter€sting to ch€ck all skulls of sFcim€lrt of Poriard)cao b€ s€cnin C. ren2ltro. Siz. is io oo way s rEliable collectcd rccently and identi{ied as /thri?nrii, in order lo verify ch.rrcler for gencla.Th. rrsuh b dut fE uniqocdiagnostic fcaturE wh€therthey have a Poiraa d€ntal fomula or, if amongsrlhcm th8t dislioguishcsPdbnd ftorn crn.na b th. ab6cnccof the lasr therEare spccin€nsin which r division line from ceneto cang upp.r r|ohr (I\,f) in lhc f[!t gcnus;noq hou/eve.,a vcqr consisrent bc raced. P.r. Iib.ri.ntis is ind€ed rnther differcnt from thc dclril (BMNH spccimcoNo. l.ll.2l.7 hasa minuL Itf, as it was nominarc form, and 0l. poasibiliry tbal it repres€nrsa scpamrc rlpodcd by Roccvear,l9?4). sp€ciesis not onwonhy of consid€rarion.

Diffcrcfl fmln dE situatiooin Poirnd. b t lite that found Refercncas in thc rmjmify of the sp.ci.s of Gcn tta, i^ Ptionodon tlrt !n&l Dckcyscr. P. L. 1949. Uo Vivenin€ nouv.au d'Afriqu. @i&nlalc surfaccof thc forc fcct h&3rn intcrveninghri.y sprcc berwccnthe Pseudogentta yilli.rsi \gq-.r sp- N-, Bull. Mut. Hist. Not., plantar ard fi€ metacrrpd pads. Ho*ever, if the hind fccl are 2l(4\1421424. consid€rEdPrirrodo, dificrs borhftom Pdiara rnd c?rdr.a as the E*.r, R. F. 1973.7r? ca.riror.r. W.id€nfeld & Nicholen. lddon. tarsusand the mctatarsus.rE entircly hairy, whercis thcrc is a Gr.go.y, w. K. & H.llh.n, M. 1919. On hc €volurion and m.ja clasrification of thc civ.$ (Viv€ridac) md alli.d f6il ffd narlow,double brld stripc (m€hra$al peds)in lhc last two genera. r.ccrl CMivor!: ! phyloScncticatudy of lh. slull 8d dcntirioo. Proc. ANt. Philos. Su .. Ar(11t10'-39r. It pslmsand sol€s that arEentirrly nalcd, and with four Mivrn. Sr C. 1882.On thc clrlsificsrid md disrribulio of rh. Acluni- plantat and two nretpodial (metacdpal,heraran ) prds (.s in d&. PtE. Zrol. So..bndu 1882:135-208. Cdlidid) rcprEscorthe anccstralcordition of Vivcrridae (Ewer. P'xtrL R. L l9l5. OD 3mc of dE .xt.m!l cb.@td of thc g.n||. 1973),ficn d|e narcd pnlmar sulfacc obscrvedin Poi.aru afld in lrlran3, virb no(.s upon olc g.nt Poidna nd Euplercs.Am. Gen.ata ahierryi and G. db)$iatra can bc considercda ptesio- lroj. lvar Hin., (8)l6:341-351. moqhic ch.ra.ter, whilst th€ palnur surfaccof PrionoAonnd d Roa.vcu. D. R. 1974. Th. camtuores o! Weu,4tt a. Trustes of tlr British (Ndulll lhe rcmaining spccicsof Cdrctta is rn apomorphic character, Mu.cum Hislny), t .dd. SimFon, C. G. 1945.Thc principl.s ofclilsificr.ion and. chsrificltia Similafly, the under surfac€of rhe hind felt can be comidercd of mttnrds. A!li. ,r'./. il.t,!r. ivar lr,$., E5:l-35O plcsiomorphicin Poiaru and cenetto,blr nm,r0otphici^ Priono- don. Ewer, following Pocock'spaFrs, cxprcsscathc opinion rhal Centro de Zoologiado IICT, Rua da Junqu€ira,la a pl.ndgmde foo( is cornmooly nakcd,*hcrcas rhe dcvelopncnt l3m Lisbor, Portugal Badgergame-bag data estimatg of badger (Melesmeles) population sizesin Europe

Huw I. GRIFFITHS

prlaesrctic. Tlrc Badge.M.les melese.ors thrcughoui t. T.blc 2t Comprrboo of nralond g.mc.bag! of ti. thrce mo3t Ir is panicul.riy well,known in wcstcm EuloF, wh€rc it mry lmporlrnl Srrn speclcarnd fhclr lcgrl bdt!. }|lb atlain conspicuouslyhigh deositicsin lrElmd, southemSw.d.n, and the south-w€srUniicd Kingdom. S.lson Couniry l' 2' 3' Bdg.r SFxica Sp.cics SFci€. % or I Th€ sp€cieshai b€entradirionally hunIli ts s commodity EE/90 ADsl.ir Rocd.cr He RcdD..r 2.02% specics:as sourceoffuN, hair, fat, (criftrths, rnd m€lt in prEss). n 237,922 m5229 3E,675 4,817 Allhough lhe badgeris rat€ly huntedfor dise r€rssts in modcm Europe,lhe animal is srill rEgaded as gon€ in m.ny countdes. 89ro txnfrdt H.rc Roc&d R.d for 0.99n 162,(m Over rcaeni yearc ther€ has been an incrersiog trcftd to accord 59,0fr) Jt,o(n 1,600 protectedstalus to the badger. Hollrnd was thc first co0nry ro 89/90 Fitrlrnd Hin Elk R.d for t.69% provideprolectiv€ legislalion, and sinccrhat rime thc UK, Ir€land. n 650,0m 53,(n 14,26 ||.om Greece,Ilaly, Albania, Esronir, Belarus.rnd thc otlFr Berclux l9E9 c.rm.ny Rc d.c' wild boil R.d foi 0.2tt countrieshave all passcdprotective tcgislation.In orhercountrics r (DDR) 155,?m l$,0m tot,oo3 325 rh€species r€ceives thc benefitof thc Fotecriofl of a clos€ds.rson f989 Gcrmmy during which hunting is forbidden,alftough this is nor rhecasc in Ro. &.. Rrbbit H.rc t.S8* n (FDR) 127,157 6a9,715 6t9,929 Macedonia,in thre€ of thc Ausrrian Bundrsltrdcr (rs r rc6ult of 14p22 rabiesconrol), or in Finland (*hcr€ only thc shooringof fctnilei 1988 fiun8ary HrE Wild boar Ro. dccr N/A wilh cubsis forbidd€n). n l73,m0 42,5m 33,500 0 88/89 Holland He Rc d..r wild ho.r N/A Table I I Minimum natioflal badgd populationsizes (assurnming n 2O1,m 7,872 99o 0 suslainablehunting) & annud game-tills. l9E9 Norwry Rocdccr H|rc Elk t.6t% n 280,0m 124m 26,121 4,500 Country Pop.est. Game-ba8 Ststus l9t9 Svcdcn Har. Ro. &.r Ett tg.ii% Albania 2,500 500? F n 188,6m 187,4m t34,937 3?3m 30,0m 5,5m R Eelgium 3,fi)O Nit 1989 Swilzdmd Roc&s Rcdfor Chmois 4.OE% n 36,317 26,fi2 17,fi2 Bosnia & Croatia 9,(m 1,700 R t,4El Bulgaria 35,m0 2,m0 R Dara fmm DcutschcrJagdschutz Vcrband ( | 99 , Czechoslovakia 21,m0 900 R D€nmaft 25,0m l,5m R Unlil Eslonia 2,000 Nil no*, th€r€ has b€cn v€ry littlc informsiion on lhc stalusofihc specicsin Europe,slthough l,ong & Killingley(1983) Finland 72,5n 10,2m N did collak largcsmounts of dalaon thc sFcica. RccentlyCriffilhr 80,(m 5,5m? R & Thodas (1993) hav€atrempted to revicw whai is known of ihc Germany 72txn 14,400 R popularior s!6lus of the badger in EumF, laig€ly lhmugh lhc Hungary >20,000 Nil F ,! collalion ofgam€-bagrlloms drla .nd othcrsourc* of informstion kish Republic 250,0m F on anthrcpogenic morlality (whcr€ svlilablc). Thcsc figurcs LaNia Untnown 40 R (Table I ) crn only be consid€rcdas minimomcstimar.d lcvcls of Liechtenst€in 100? t2 R badgcr abondancc,md rcly ofi the rssumpiion rhat levcls of Lithuania >2,(m 20'l R .nlhropogcnic morralily !rc susteinrblc(as sccmsgencrally to bc Luxemburg 2,000 Nit? F rh€casc), and rhat othcrcauscs of monrliry do norsct siSnificantty 4,(m 150 N upon popularionlcv€ls. It is known, howcvcr,that couotricsluch Nctherlands 2,2n 25'! F a3thc UK and th. Nctherl.ndsdo havc high lcvcls ofbadgd m.d- Norway 45,0m 4,500 R ramc mortality. In the caseof thc Nethcrlrnds,thk may rhno3t Poland 12,000 I,000 R €qual th€ aonuallevcl of cub p.oduclion, whihl in ttrc UK, illcgal Rumania 27,W 9,000 R hunting, lossof habihl, habihr fragnEntationand road killi mry Sloveni. 4,300 7m R aclurlly bc le.dinS to population declines dcspitc what wcr€ Sweden >250,0fl) 37,(m R lhooghl ro bc vcry high badgd numb€rs(S. Hanis, pcrs.comm.). Swilzerland 7,500 I,500 R UK 250,m0 10,m0 F D.spile apparcntlylargc game-bagsfmm sornccountries, Yugoslavial 10,(m 2,(m R fterc is no evidcnccthat th€scrr€ a caus€for concernat $e Drcs€nt Absolut€minimlm: 1.220.2m timc. BadScrsarc not r popolargame sFEcies. and thc hu;ring of No dala avrilable for ltaly, Spain,CrE ce, and ponugal. bsdgcn is a minority pursuit whcn comparedro rhar of other r) includ€sdat{ frcm Sc6is rnd Mo cncgroonly.F=hunting msmmaliangarnc (Tablc 2). Also, rhc hunring of badgen may forbiddeo,R = hunring Egulalcd, N = huntinSnot ngular€d rtprcs€nt orhcr sclivitics rhan spon hunring e.g. fte conrrol of arimal discascssuch ai rabi€sand bovine tuberculosis(rhe lalter Table 3: Known reasonsfor the huoling of badgcrsin Europc This docs not r€pr€sentcause for cornplacency.Although badgcrslr€ clcarly not cndrnger€d,somc natioid populationsdo Country Sport Erhnic Pesr Discas€ repr€scnta caus€fm concem.The difficulties of thc populadoos . prodocts conrol contml of d|e Nethcrlsrds and Britain have rlrcady becn mcntionc4 Albania P++ habit{t fr.gmcnhiofl hos rlso rcducedthc numbcrsof bodScrsin L++ Flandersto vcry lo* lcvcls (<100 snimals), and rhe Alb€ni& BelBium P- populationis subilct to inrenscillcgal hunting,d€spite th€orciic_.| protecaion(F. Bulg&ria W++ Bego,Frs. corftn.} Th€poesiblycndemic subsFci.r Czcchoslovakia W++ of Cr€te rnd Rhodcsar€ also totdly uoknowo in terms of thci. Denmark L_+ modemconseavalion strtus. In rdditior\ the dataon manynatiooal populrtiols Finlrnd L++ crnnot rcally he coosidcr€das robusi. Faance L_+ y Gcmany L_+I Or Brilain, llrland, d|€ Nctherlands,and B€lgium hlvc Cr€ece P_+ undcrLkel compr€hcnsivcsctr survcys,rnd ttr€ chancesof drsc Hungary P_+ tcing an optioo in othar countsieswoold s€€mto be rcmorert thi! timc. Ilaly P_ Howevcr,statcs that oFra& r€vieahunting tcnd to havcmort advrnccdcot'rccpts of wildlife managcment,end it s€emsprobrblc lrish Republic P_+; lhal sornc (particula y Liccht€nstein L_ ccnnarly ard Aostria) have manag€dto monilor dFir Lithuania L++ badgcrabundames qui|€ well, evenif ther€has bc.n no aascssmentof the pres€nt. Luxcmburg P- numbcB of anirnrl$ Ncth€rlands P, nGfarcnces Norw!y L_+ DculschcrJ.gdschutz-Verberd. 1991. DJV Poland W+_ ondbuchJag.l l99I. Vcrlag Dieter Rumania L++ Hoffnunn fo. Dw. Mainz. i Griffiths, H. I. pre.ss. Slovenia L- In TI|€ Eurasianbadger, Meles neles (L, 1758)as a comnodily Sp8in P+{ specics.J. Zrrt. Crifiirhs, H. I. & Thom.s, Swcd€n L++ D. H. 1993.Thc arirus of rhe badgct M.lcs nuret (L., (Clmivofa, Switzerland L_+ l75a) Mustelidae)in EdroF. Manm. Rcv.,21:17-58. UK P_+; Long, C. A. & Killingley, C. A,. 19A3.The badgercol the wo d Yogoslavia L++R CharlesC. Thom.s Publishc., Springfield. L = lcgal hunting;P = po&hin8; R = rabies;B = bovinc tuberculosig Dcpartmenl of Genetics,School of Biol. Sclencer in th€ UK and lrcla o{ y), o. thc pro&crion groutd-nesting of Universlty of Leeds, Woodhouse ganc, or of crcpr, or propcny (Tablc 3). TIEIE is also still somc Road minor ose of badgersrs a conuhodity sfr€cicsin lo|n€ rr€ss. Leeds,LS2 9TJ, UK

Badgersbreeding above ground

Aldroud.thc Rcdfox urudly tr€cds in an uder8rorjrd deo, Eulish poFlatiooswb€rc surplus sows may b€ forced inlo unsuitat& 'scautsblld' il h not unNual fG vixcns !o Foduce lifcrs abovc rrE$, dcnsiti€scafl rtrch m/tm1wherEas I -3Am: is morEusuol m 8rDuld By co.m!t, dE Et||asirnbrdger,ttcld n"Lr s€ldnn brE€ds the Contiftnt (Andelsql& Trewhella.1985). rbovc Irouod, &rd r reviewof tlE lit ratu'l r€vc{tsooly lornc cight rccor&, six of which wcrc tfin soudErn Eoglad: I) Soinersct, Rafcrancts 1956(Ncal. I%9); 2) SooErs€t,1968 (Nesl, l 9[ 3) Sornerlcr, And*or R. M. & TwlFl||. W. 1985.PoFl.iioo dytrmid of dE hdta_ 1986(N€al,1987);4)Sor|cl! r, 1955(Mc*, 1956);5)Sratrodshire, Phil.TmN. Rot.s6. t)n r"t B 310:327-18l. 1903(A,8., 1901,citcd in F ifsx-8la*cnoro0gh & Pcasc,l9l4 irrd E. A. 1903.B.dgclr !.!.dint .bo!. grard. frlrld l0l:573. Fi|itfir-Bl:& [email protected]. t. l9f 4.Thr o^4 nab s al th. Dads.r.Fqtdt!6\ Milhis, 1904);!) B'rckinghamshift,1990 (Srockcr, Frs. connn.); W 7) NW Rulsia, l 2 (Iorunov, l9?l); 8) Scved u[&. a.tificid H]||mx, M. l9€?. E{!P.o bodgd h.Edi.t in c+ri\ y. L zao N.rt corditiom (HarEor. 198?). z@,19-22. M..d., H. H. f956. Bdg6 .hovc EMnd. Fi.U 2m51a. Tlksc various r€cords compris. thrtc in scrub, rwo in Mill'ds. r. Cl. 1901.ltr@tr otcr.drrriraia.leetll4 c@r hdql hayricks, and two in sh€ds, whitst iddirioml comrrcfis omw r,f..f,E.G.1964.ldg.rrBr!.by. 96fi hTh..tuntywwiAw bd- D.vid & Ch.rlci. Nc*rd Abtor. .tlcntim !o 0E dypical natuE of tlte counEy,snd $. sor+sbcing fkd. E G- 1987.A li!..of 6Edt b .| wgidtd |Ei...r.ZDL.2 t2:349-3gl pcdnps .viclcd individuals in thrce cir.s, forir to watcrloggcd TuMv, L L. l9l. olr tb nFlducliar sd pdtqnhloldc dcvdoFEd d corditiom, andfour to thc sinBdo.tltising in high dcnsirydtss. Thc ItE bdtd. lvd!.hDdt[r$, Sil DioL Nauki9rm-25. captrvccascs arE atypical, ard few zool icsl colbcrioni ptwi& d|c idealsubstitu.€ scrl cordidoiN suirablcfor hE ding. hrlupc dt€ M. Hsncor, 17Nounc€lls Crcss, Bisley OH n@4 most significantcornlnoll facbr h that cascsocpur in high &nriry Stroud.GIo6. cl,s lPT. UK l0 The Banded lineang, Pionodon lircang

HarryVAN ROMPAEY

The genusPnonodor Horslicld, l82l (Crmivo€, Viveni_ dae) compris.s lwo sp€ci€s:P. pdrdt,aororHodgson, 1842, tllc Sponedlinsrng, .$d P. ,trranS (Hsrd*kkc, l82l), rh. Bar&d linsang. Prioaodofl was placd in subfrmily prionodo. in& by Pocock(1933) becrus€ir diffcrs from fte othcr Vivc.rin& by an abseoceof scenrglands in bofi sexes,snd by its highly spccirliz.d dendrion.CrEgory & Hellman (1939) rcl€gsc priorrda ro lhe Prionodontioi,a viverdnc tribc.

LOCAL NAMES DeluDd ng (eastemJrvr; Horsficld, l82l); @ (also $ed fot Poradorwus,lt'tinsuhr Melysia; Scn'oi Sc.lui: Dcntrn, l 7); Gufrt gunt (BorIEo; Dusuq Brnk!, l93l} lro.n. bcurcu|tr (Javai Sundancs.i Sody, 1938); M|lj|nlionlol lor Mcong tJonkolq Koringsbcrgei, lq)2Iwestcrn Java; Sundanccc; MUller, 1839-18,14); Musrng choGng (p€ninsul&Mstaysis; U|IL Fig. l. Bndld linsrng(PniModor li'uorS) frqn Hsrd*ictc (1821) 1973);MU3.nB blr||g [or Mncrng bdrng, ttrrrird\ 19661(Malsy- sia Pocock,1939); Sercgrmrg (Java;Surdsn.sq Sody, 1938). 8 tm ftom Kurla LumFr in rlE KuslaLumpur Muscum. Morr .EccntlyHails (19t2) rt!|c! ah|l P. tinrarS is rrtlly sc.n in rlE DISTRIBUTION AND STATUS AmFng ForcsarE3.rvc, 8 tm E. of Ku.ls LumF|r. Thc banded linsrn8 Gig. l) is widespfted but cith€r Mu!.rn aDccln ||!: Thc BMNH holdr rpccin€nr fiom Ulu uncommon or rare. Its distribution is limikd to soodrcmMyanmsr LangarFonst R.rcrvc, TiipinS (Pctat), srd tJlu ljok (pcnf). Thc (Burma), southemThaihnd, Fninsular Mslrysia, Sumatra(rlso UsNMh$sFcimcrufronKcporU,Bukittgon8For*tRcacdci Brngka L and Bcliong I. [=Billitoo I.]), .fav&rnd Bonrco (Fig. 2). Kolla LumporBstu, Bulit kgonS Forrrt Rcrcwc (Salingd); CITES ltatus: Appendir IL Klsng Taning Duabhs,EuLit Mrndol, Kurl. Lrng{ Forcst R4crvc (Schngo.);rnd Besut,Kcmpong Kuah KubangFor€st. (f,urm.) Myrnmar Th€ MNHU md FMNH both hold s rFcimcn fiom Mclstr Blanford (1878) dcscrib€srwo specirFns (ls priorodon (Mala.ca),rnd thc ZRChas onc fionr Pcrrl. ,rr.|.lasur) fmmsouthcmMysnmar oEfrorn"B *bun,soutlEm (=Bankachon) .,E{sr Tenasscrim" no* in fic DMNH, andonc fron Lim ( l9?3)mcndons sFcimcns frorn forcst r€sr.ves *ilhin p. of Moulmein". No other rEcordshave bccn found. tirrarS may a 40 tm radi$ of KualsLurhpur: Kcpont andKlang, SchrUoE be considaredrsre and end.ngcrcd in Myanmar. ParitBunt{r, Krirn, Pcrxk;Tanjorg Tong Forest R€s€rve, Kurlr TcrcnSgrnu,TercnSganu. Thrlland ( M0ller 1839-1844)rncnrions a sp€cimcnoriginaring fmm In pcninsul$ M.lsysia P. linrarS is widcspr€ad.t rtl Thailandin fte RMNH, ud ther€thcrc is molhe. frorn BangNrra, clev.tiom bul fu nowhcrcconrnon (Mcdwsy, 1969). It is totdly Pa(aniin fie ZRC. hatobboon (in Humphrcy& Bain, 1990)stires pror€ctcdin Malaysk(Kicw BonSHc.rg, 1982). $al bmded linsanSoccul in rhe Phu Miang-PhuThong Wildlifc sanctu&ry,and th{t thcrcis no cvidcnccof i$ ecurtlnce ebewherc Sumrtra in Thailand. Hcre thc BFcies has bccn considcrEdrarr and Millle. ( 1839-1844) cites a specimcnf.om Ind€rapurr,and localis€d(Chasen, l9{q Hkrman & Monison-Scoai,195 l: Davis. Schncids(1906) t*o from ahcIrdragiri for€stncrr Cadingrnd I962i Lim, 1973;ktagul & McN€lty, t977).DcforBtrrion is Djrpura. deFim€ntalto P. lrrrrA (Hlmphrcy & Brio, t990) hrt according Mur.rm rpeclmcrr!:Siboclrngir, n€ar Medan (MNHU); pclot lo Lim ( 1973)it may respord favourablyto sccondoryIrowth rrd B€lon8(MNHU); Suban Ajem (Rcdjeng) on rh€ oorth sidr of Butit ecotonal hrbilars. Ktbs,Bcngkulcn (RMNH); Padang (RMNH); Psgsrstarn (RMNH): Moe.ra Laboch(Muarelsbuh), B0risan Mls. (RMNH); Sudgsi TlEreis ! minorrEdein livc animals(USFWS, l970, 1971, Mandau(NMNH); Sisk Rivcr, mourhof Bocwattsn(=Buarsn) 1972: Humphr.y & Bain. 1s90t.Scvcn livc aFcimcns wcr. Rivcr (NMNH);Prlcmban8 (ZRC); Siat (=Sirl Sri IndcraDlra) repodcd by CITES Pani€sin 1980(frcm Thajtandro USA), b|rr (ZRC);rnd Plsdjoc(MZB; M. Riffcl, in tiu.). from 1975to l9E2 rh.rc wasr totrt ofonly lwo consignmcnrs ,,Witd (Claud€, 1988). Thsi hw, rhe Aninats Rcservarionrnd Belllongl. (Billltor I.) Protection (WARPA, Acf' 1980)proldbic hunring ard ngulares Twospccirncns wcre collcclcd by Sody ( 1949)in Tandjung- trade in this sFcics. pandan,and ar. nowin th. RMNH andMZB.

Peninsulir M.hy3h Brngk. I. (Brnk.I.) Floercl (1900) mcnrions rhrcc sp€cimensfrom th. krur Sody( 1937)collccled two sp€cimcns onBangkaL, now in District of PeraLin the Taiping Museum,and onc taker from about IhE RMNH, II Jrva Rrunei: Payn et al. (1985) cile Muara. Miill€r (1839-1844)mentions a specimenftom the NW (ar;"rodanr Museumsp.timens: TheMzB holdsspecinens side. Banels ( 1937)ooe frorir Pasir Datar on the sw side of the ftom Paja*onboi LJluSungai; Banjarnasini and tlle upper Barito PangrangoMt., andone frorn Tjimentang,Djanpang Ml!., SW of Rivd (M. Riffel, in litt), nnd dt€ ZMA has one fron Apo-Kajain. Sukabumi.Bafieh (1937, l94l) alsoobserved spccimem on the Jentink ( 1897)cites G. Kenpai,S. Krpuas. According to Medway Parandj€Mt. nearCianjur, in th€ forestnesr Sitoe Cunung, SW side (1965)P. finrdngis evidentlyrar€ in Bom€o;Payne et al. (1985) of Pangrango-G€deMt., in the forest near th€ mountain lake say it is rarely seen,but probably widespred. TekagaOatenggang, abov€ BandunS,and near Pasir Dalar, Sukabumi.He cites sp€cirn€nsfmm Tjisangiti, MandalagiriMts., HABITAT Pr€anger,and hom th€ Yang Plat€au. Thc hbitat includesbolh primrry ands€condary for€st plus Muscum specim€ns:Th€ MzB holds sp€cimeosftom Tsissngiri, frinSe rnd occrsiorully huftan iohabiled ateas. PresnSer,and Ml. Ged€(M. Riffcl, in liu.). DESCRIPTTON Damm€fm.n (1929) citc! its occuflErrccin rhc *hole of Thc bandcdlinsang has a long, sl€nderbody, short limbs, Java,but sccordingto vm Balcn( l9l4) ii wrs rdrcr in n/estcmthsn an €longatedncck a. hesd,rnd a long tail. Th€ groundcolour is in castem java. Banels (1941) observcd spccimensfrotn the dull, ycllowish wfiite. About foir to six broad,inegular ransv€rse southcmcoast up to ci. I,lm m ASL in lhe mou ains;he also brownish-blaatbands extend across the back,th€ lastbeing narrow thou8h thatit wa! probablydkriboted sll ovq Jav6,but consider€d snd broken,and tending lo fusewith.th€ first caudalring. Two da* it to bc very rare(or difficult to obcc|c?). striFs crtcnd ftom rhe forehsd along lhe upper neck to the shoulden. lrsser stdping and spots app€ar on th€ lower n€.k, BornGo flonks, and legs. Th€ cylindrical lail ha! sevento nin€ complete, Sardrdt: Mu3com 3pech ens: Ml. Dulii (BMNH, SM); dart rings, scpsratedby narrow white rings; lhe top of rhe (ail is Bario, Kclabil pleteau(FMNH); Upp€r Suo8aiSclio, Usun Apau cithcr lighl or da* colourtd. Undorpaflslnd feet arc uniformly (FMNH); Pa Dali, S SE of Bario (FMNH)| Ulu Sama.ahan pal€ colour.d. Thc fe€t hav€five digits: lhe arEaacrcss the padsis (FMNH);Kuchin (SM; Banks,l93l), cov€red with haii d|€ cla*s arc retraclile. Blanford (1878) and Sabdir Mus.um spaclmcm: Kinamturn Fo.Est(NMNH)I Miva( ( 1882)note the rbs€ncc ofsccnt glands. Detailed descripaions Mt. Kinabalu, Lultu Luma (MCZ); Mr. Kinabalu, Bondu Tahan of rfiinarium, ear, andfe.t arc given by Pocock( l9l5). According (NMNH): Mt. Kinabalu (zRC); Mt. Kinabalu, Kiau (ZRC): and to HoEfield (1821) tlre iris is brown, and the pupil is circular, but Mr. Kinabalu, Tama Dars! (zRc). Payne€r dl. (1985) cite ft€ W€mm€r{19?7) stales lhat it is vcnical. Sandaranarra qnd the upFr S. S€Bema. Mean hy nrcasuremcnts(in mm) and weighi (in g) of len Mfllryansp€cim.ns (Lim, 1973): fcmalc!(n=7) males(n=3) mean r8ng€ mcan mngc Hesd& body 449 379-450 415 4lO-432 Tail 344 330-365 356 340-3?5 Weighr 716 608-?98 621 590-653

M€asureme s suggestthal males are la.ger than females (Pocock, l93l), but th€ differ€nc€sseem very small and there is comid,erabl€overlap: the meancondylobasal leoShl of lhe skrll of cight male6is 71.9mm (SD 1.6;range: 68.7-73.3) against ?0.4 mm (SDi l.q rang€i66.5-72.8) for eightfemales.

A detailed descriptionof the skull and leerh is given by Waterhouse(1842). Thc dental formula is I 3/3,C I/l,P 414,Mll 2 = 38. M2 is typically ah€nt, and minute if retained. Of 16 specimens€x"min€d, 13 had no M', on€(BMNH-551602) had no Mr and no righl M,, and two (MNHU: 4808I , 48089)had reiained both M'. The dentition is specirlir€d for mcat€ating witb tr€mhant camsssisls,fteir surfaccar€a being much reduced.

HABITS Band€dlinsanSs are excellenl climb€rs which can descend h€ad fiNt. They ar€ consid€redio b€ lnrgely arboreal bul food r€mains,and rh€ frcr thar (hey arc ofien t.apped on rhe grson4 indicsrc thar thcy hunt both in the canopyand on lhc ground,evcn in disturb€d forests and forest fiing. habitats. Ban€ls (1937) ob$€rveda specinkn disapFaf into a hole betwcenrock, a.d in l94l stat€dlh€y are probably exclusively terr$trial. Specimcns collectcdin Malaysiahad bcencither moviog aboutarnong$ ala (betw.cn Fig.2. Ceographicnnge of the Bandedli$ang (Prionodo, bBnch€s lhr€c and cight netcrs abovethe foresi floor), li"rrng). Triangles rEpresentmuscum r.cods, litemture or trapFd on fte gDund (Lim, 1973). records,and sightiogs. t2 P. linsane is noctumal but ftsy bc activ. h dry rift. females $,crc found ro bc lacrrring in April and Ocrobcr (Lim. Captiv€individuals wereactivc during thc nigharnd in dE rnorninS 1973).Thc sp.cics is said to brd in Fcbrurry ard Argusl and to hourswhen (Lirn, offcrcd food 1973).They lrl coo3i&ftd lolio.y havclitlers oftwo young(Nqrvat, l99l). ThcrE!rc four Nbdominal but Banks( 1949)star.s 0ur rh€ylsually 80 .bout in pii|!. Scvc..l mlmmr (Bsnkr, l93l). authon(Banks, l93l; Bartels,l94li t ouwmsn,lq'o) Epofr !n apparent abs€nccofvocalizrtions in adulrspccimcr!, tilt l_ou*rnro ln Wrsscnr.r Zoo (rhc Ncthcrlsnds)rwo young w€rc bam ( | 97O)heard young ncwly-born malc lhritl. vibfrting crbs whcn ofl 4 Dcccmbe.1968 (sce cover pho{o). lt is not knownwheltEr $c beinghandled, and crpriv. adultssnarlcd rnd mrdc slurP, wiistling fcmalc w's mrtcd by thc malc, or rlr.rdy prlsnrnr on her rrrival nois€swh€n confronredby orher,strEngc snimals (Lim, 1973). al lhc Zoo. A few dlys bcforc, dc morhcrhad hcn notcd lo havc slighlly swollcn nippl.s, shhouSh wirhout rny r€ddcnin8.Thc The bandedlinsang sle€f's wirh i$ lonS !.il curl€d lroond mrdc wa! nrrlov€d immdiatcly rfte. binh. Th. young wcighcd the fore pawsaM head(Banks, 1949)..nd rEatsin hollo*! of dcrd 40 8 d tirth ind hNdr hc{d to rtil l€ngrhof l6 cm. Th€y doublcd lreeson aheforEst flooi, underlhc root! of hrgc ttlrs, or in holca dtci *light by dry 18,.! rn rgc of cighr weeksw€igbcd 275 g, and in living lrces aboveground lev€1.Onc animrl wis rrapFd rt thc wlEn four monih3cqudled their patlnrs' sizc. entranceof its nesr al rhe bas€of a Bcnnm polm (Oneowrrrn /|orlidd). Thc edmnce of tbc ncsrwas aboot l3 cm in diarnctc.,rnd TIle colouration of thc young was tlE snmcas rh.t of thc its deprhapproximarely 45 cm. lnsid€ wcft bits ofdricd stkts, rnd parE s, crc:efl that th€y hrd pink no6csar|d *hirc undcrsklcs. leaves (Lin. coverEdihe floor 1973). TlEir cycaonly oFncd rr | 8 rrd 2 | drys. Thc nolher wrs ncvcr ohc€rvcdto c&ry hcr young. Whco shcslaricd lcaving the bft.ding Prey is killed by biting fte hc{d fi.st (Lim, t973) a$d, lror for or|c or two hours cvcry aftcrnmn (whcn th€ yoong warc (o p. according Eis€nberg& kyhaus€n ( t972), tirranp conbhrcs abouttcn daysold). they wc|r rEvc. hard crtting whitst ihc llas rhe acrs of grasping and kitting into one movenEnt - cithcr by away(Louwman, 1970). meansof a bile direcl€d to lhe bas€of lh€ skull. or as a sericsof crunchingbiles beginning wherr th€prcy wass€izti endproceldin8 PARASITES anreriorly whilst rh. pr€y tu h€ld in rhc jrws. h docs nor ofrcn Felicola aspido ynchus(t l.a'rfjtl *t F"lircla sunatra- €mployits fore pawsin manipulatingprey during fc€ding,drhough rr?nris(Wcrneck) wcft collcrrcd f.om Su|nrrlrn spccin|cns(Wcr- it hasthe abiliry ro do this.A ral waskilled wiftout cffon whilst ncct, 1948:Hop*ingr, 1949).Mrhyrn spccimeN wcrE infcrcd heldwith paws. rhefour Pi€ceswere rom fmm rhcprcy whitst hctd u,i6llioymphsl ticts, Derndcentor ourotus \l.im,1973\, anit orlrcr wiih the fore paws.Th€ headwas earenfirsr (cangloff, 1975). unidentifiedsFci€s (Hoqsrrrl ., zr., l 9). Lim (1973)rlso The bandedlinsang s€emsro b€ free from odor. found s€vcral€ndopare.itcs in Mrlayrn bandcdlinsanSs: ncma- lcd.s (Phrsoloptcra sp., a\achcd to thc intcstinsl walls, nymphat Bchrviour in cadiviry wrs studicdby crngtoff ( t 975)r rhc st.gdcJof pcnlastorni&, Arnillif.r arni atus, attachcd to thc bandedlinsang hrs a crt-lik 8aii, is s good jumpcr, and oft.n hcprtic me!€ntcry, and also microfileda. Anolhcr ncmstodc, standson its hind l€gs.It oftcn shffFn! its claws.To mrr*, rhc n€ck GM,ostone spiaig.rum Owcn, 1836,wrs found in thc infectcd and sholldcr, and subscqucnllythe flar*, .rr rubb€dagainsr tl|e stomachof a spccinEn frorn Sclan8or, Malaysir. Two tumours ob.iect.Selfgrooming lrd facewashing rre very similar ro thoscof werEohcrvcd in thc stornschwnll: onccootaincd six aduh worms, $e gen€t.Thc malc ofi€n walksu/hilc orimring thu3martinS about thc olh€. or y conraincdpos (Lim, 1976).

CAPTIVITY The bandcd linsang has digitigndc hind fc€l and phnri- Thc bandcdlinsan8 h0s bccn kepr in Thai zoos(Bangko&, gradcforc fe.t (Taylor, 1988);Wcmrncr (1977) prcfcnrd ro cdl Khro Khco\r,, rnd P.rr). "suHigitigirdc". Thc tinr binh in c.ptiviry occunrd in thc fore fcct 1968in lhc now dcfunct W'3scoe{r Zoo in lh€ Nerhcrlands.The only od*r births ou$idc sourh€lst Asia hsvc bccn rcpodcd by FOOD Cincinnati Zoo (USA) sin€! Mry 19t9. At pGscnl ( 1993)rhcrc is StomacheontcnLs iircludcd long-tailcd nts, spiny-fu.rEd a brccding 8roup of ce. tcn rnimrls at Cincinnoti Zoo, and lwo rars, Ratur sp., Stourd squircls (Rhinosciurut laticaudatusl, rnslcsbom !t Ciocinnatifi. oi cxhibit al SanDic8o Zoo (R. Winh. lizards(Coloter spp.), ftogs (f,ara spp.),fcathc's, rM Coctrorchcs in lin.). {Davis, 1958;Lim, 1973).Crnror (1846} rcm tcd rh.t rhcy 'display€d grlat dertcrilyand wcning lim whcnch$in8 smrll Crntor (1846) s|'aes thrr a newly caporcd animal q/as 'ficrcc birds" end always r€fus.d fruit. bol bcc.mc vcry g. lc rnd phyful'. rnd a caprivc fcnat. 'fsirly wlr docilc ard.rsily h dl€d'(Lin. 1973).Onc captivc Captivc specirn€nsin Wrsscnaa. Zoo (lhc Ncihcrlsnds) sFcimcn liv.d ino|Eth.n nin ycrrs (Lirn, 1973),snothcr livcd fot wcre kcpt on a diet of finely minccd nc{t, day-old chick, h0rd lcn yc$s ard cight rhonths(Jorca. 1982). boiled cggs, cottsgcche€sc, and occasionallyr wholc chickcn ot pigcon (l,ouwman, 1970).Clptivcs in Mrlaya lhriv€d on whitc RETiARKS micc, occasionallysupplcment€d with ox livcr, howc s!€rro$s. Thc diploid chrolnocomcoomtcr is 2n=34,ard the 'nombre fresh fish. rnd frcsh .88s. fordlrncotd' b NF=66 (WuEr€r & B€nirschkc,1968). Chmmo- sorncbendinS intcnrlationshiF wcrc studicdby wurster,tlill & REPRODUCTION Gr.y (1975),snd.€lativc hcmoglobin mobility by Seal(1969). Bank ( 1949)states that, in Borico, two young arc bom ir F€bruary.A fcmol€ with two half-grown young *as found in a FOSSIL RECORD hollo* rr.e in ,avr io (Bartcls, April | 941). P.rgnant fcmal$ hovc Tcilhardde Chardin ( l9l5)dcscribeda Quercyaeluroid ns becnl,kcn in Mly io peninrulrr Mal|ysir: ooc had two embD/os Palaeoprionodonlo,nandirt; .ccording lo Hunl ( | 99 | ) theaudik)ry (28 and32 g), the othe. had threc (54.5, 58.7, and 62.8 8). Two oth€r rcZion.sot Palaeoprio'tododand Pfirr.,.fd are n€arly identicrl. TAXONOMY GAZETTEER Four subspecieshave b€en de6cribed.Due to Ol€ra.ity of Abbrcvhtions: BAN: BangkaI.; BEL: Belilon I.; BOR: museumsp€cimens no rccentrcsearch has been done to assessthc Bonco; JAv: Java;MAL: P€ninsularMalaysir; MYA: Myannur validi(y of any of fiem. (Buma); SUM: Sudatra: THA: Thailand. AmpanS,MAL03'08'N, l0l'42'E; Brngh I., BAN, Pdonodo, lintong u^ta g (fhrdwlckc, ft2f) O2'15'S, lo6'm'E; Brnja|masin,Kalimanran, BOR, 0322'5, ll4'33'E; Banktin (=Banlechon),MYA, -; Balio, Sarawak, Vn,ena? linsangHardwicke, l82l Trans.Linn. Soc. Londoo BOR,03"45'N, Il5'27'EDcnskulcn,SUM,03"48'S, 102'16'E; 13-236,pl.24 (rcadMay 2, l820r. Bukit l,agoig, MAL, 03'l l'N, 101"36'E;Bukil kgong Fotest Prionodonnnculosus BlaJl ford, | 878J. Asiat. Soc.Bcngal 47: | 52. Rcscrve.MAL.03' l4'N. l0l'38'B BokitMandol, MAL,02'55'N, Vivcrra linsang is somelimesregardcd as a synonymof P . linsang l0l'34'E; Cirnjur, JAV,05'5O'S, 107$9'Ei Dulit Mt., BOR, grocilir bccauscHadwicke (1821) stares:"A knowlcdgc of lhis 03't0'N, l14'10'E; Ind€rapuri;Tandjun, SUM, 02"08'5, snimalwrs coomunicdtedto theAsiatic Societyby Majo.Farquhrr, l00'48'E; Kepong,S€langor, MAL.03'l2'N, | 0 |'38'Ei K€mpoflg frorn Mslacca.from whencehe senta d€adsFcimcn. Il is r nriiv€ KoalaKubang Forcst, MAL, 05'50'N, 102"34'E;Kinabalu Mt., of dl€ islsnd of rava". Sabsh.BOR,06'03'N, I I 6'32'E Kinaralu.nForcst, Sabah, BOR, Distinguishedfrom P. l. by its "slighdy laigct and Bracilir O6'08'N, 116"52'E;Kuala l,umpur, MAL, 03'08'N, t0l'42'E; skull andprobobly by its largei bodydimcnsions" bcn r dcvcloped KualaTerenSganu,Teu4ganu,MAL,05'20'N, 103'07'B Kuchin, (Pocock, 1933:974). BOR,0l'32'N, I l0'20'E; Laru District,Perak, MAL, 05'15'N, lcnglh thc stull of P. L l.nJdt8 i3 The condylobasal of 1m'50'E; Medan,SUM,03'35'N, 98"39'E;Melaka (Malacca), slighdygr€nl€r ftan lhatofP. l. 7l.7 nm (SD: 1.3;nngc: 8ra.ilir: MAL, 02'14'i\, lo2'14'E; Moearakbo€h (Muaralabuh),suM, mni 14 specimens:5 malcs,6 females,3 unlnown) to 69.1-11.3 oto32'S.l0l'O5'E: Moulmain,MYA, 16"30'N,97"39'E; Muara, 68.6mm (SD:2.6; rangq 64.3-73.1 mm; 7 sFcimens:3 mal€.r,2 BOR,05'01'N,ll5'01'E; Padang,SUM, 01"00'5, lm"2l'E; 2 unlnown). femsl$. Pigaral.m,SuM, 04e01'S,103'15'E; Palenbang, SUM, 02'59'5, southem Myanmar, southem Tbailand, peninsular Distriburiofl 104'45'E:Pangrango Mt., JAv,06",18'3, 106'56'E; Padt Bunlar, Malaysia, and Sumatra. Krian,Patt{d, THA, 06oy)'N, 101"20'E;Pelok Betong, SUM, - ; Perat,MAL,05'07'N, lm'27'E; PhuMirng - PhuThong wildl. gra.ilis (Hordl.ld, lt21) m^odon lins,'ng sanct.. THA, cr. I 8'0o4N. lm'3o'Ei sandakan,BoR, 05'52'N, F?lir grdciris Horsfield, l82l zool. Res. Java l: unpginated. I l8'04'E; Siak(=Siak Sri ln&npuri), SUM,00"50'N, 102'05'E: Vit)crtuhatdwi.hii (.icl Lsson, 1827Man. Mrmm.:172 SiakRiver.mouth ofBustan Riv€r, SUM, ca.00p5o'N, l0I'45'q The holotyp€ (in lhe East lndia Company Mus€um; Horsficld, sukabumi,JAV, 06'55'5, 106'50'E; sungai Mandau,sUM, "District -: I 82I ) originstedf.orn thc of Blambangan,situatcd at the 0l'00-'N, l0l'30'E; SunSri Sclio, BOR, Taiping, MAL, easlemcxtremity of Javr". &'54'N, 100',10'qTendjungpandan, BEL, 02'44'S, 107'36'E; Ils colour and patt€m arc lfu semea3 P, l. linsang frcm Ulu l,angatFor$t Res..MAL, E. ofKuela LumFq Ulu Samamhrn, which it only diffcrs io i6 smallcr sv€ragc sizc rnd lcss well- BOR, mar Kuchiq Ulu Sclio, BOR, '! Yrng Plricau, JAV, c& dcvcloFd skull (Pocock, 1939). 08'm's, ll3'35'8. Distfibotion: Java,Bornco. MUSEUMABBREVIATIONS Pdonodon Antonglnd.rLa. fr!,1936 AMNH: AmericanMuseum of Nallrll Hislory,New York, N.Y.,USA; BMNH: The NrturalHistory Mus€um, London, UK; Pdo otun liisary lred.icae Sody,1936 Natuu*. Tiilschr., :43 FMNH: FicldMuseum ofNatural Hislory, Chicago,Illinois, USA: According to Sody,this subcFcics is distinguish€dby its MCZ: Mu!€um of Comparriive Zoology, Cambrid8e, Mass., smrll sizc:h'rd & body:320 mm: tail:317 mm; condylobasal USA: MNHU: Mus€umftir Naturkund€Humboldt Uoiversital lcn$h of the slull: 63 mm. Bcdin, C€muny; MZB: Museumzoologicum BoSoriens€,Bogor, (ldonesir) Dbt ibution: Bangla Island Java,.lndorcsia;NMNH: NationalMus€um of NaluralHbtory, Washiogton,D.C., USA RMNH: NalionaalNrluufiistorisch Hondon llntang lnt di'tur Sody, 1949 Muscum,kidcn, NethcdandsiSM: Sa'lwak Muscum,KuchinS, Priorlodon linsong inte intxr Sody,l949 TrEubh 2q2):157. Sa.awrl, Mrhyriq zMA: zoologisch Museum Amst€rdam, Sody foundth€ moststriting chamcterof this subcpcci€sto Amstcrd.m,Ncthcrlard!; ZRC: Zoologicql ReferenceCollection, b. th3 smsll Eccbndarydark rings insid€ lhe light rinS oo the tril, Shgaporc 05 I I, SingaporE. caFcially io lhe posrcrior foui. This is also r small subsp.ci€s: hcad & body: 316 mm; tail: 264 mm; cordylohstl lengrh of th€ R€ferencca 3lull: 62.7mm. Blnks, E. 1931.A popul.r ecounl of lhe mammdsof Bon€o. J. Dbtribution: Beliton Islsnd (lrdon€sia) Halat. 8r. Roj. Ariat. Soc.,9(2rtt-t39. Bat*.s,E. 1 9. Bon.an nannarr. K'rchingpr€ss. Kuching. 83 pp. ACKNOWLEDCEMENTS Brrtcls, M. 1937.Zur K.nntnh dcr Vcrbrcitunsund d€r ltbenswci.. I am g.atefulro R. Angcrmann(MNHU, Bcdin), W. Fuchs JNanisch€rSnugctierc. l"ubio t6: 149-164. "lewab" (AMNH, NcwYork), D. Hills (BMNH, l-ondon),H. Kafta (NMNH, Bsnels,M. | 941 . I.tsovcrd€ er verwantckleine rsofdicrc! warhington),J. Kerbis ftteftans (FMNH, Chicago),M. Rutzmotcr vn ttva. Nedetl.J,td.Jaget lltl72-176. (MCZ, Cambridge,Mass.), C. Smc€nk(RMNH, t iden), P. J. H. Blrnford. w. T. 1878.On somcmammrls ftorn Teoass€'rm.J.Anadc van Brec (ZMA, Amst€rdam), and Yang Chang Man (ZRC, Sot.8.ngal 47(2lil5o-167. Singaporc)for pemission lo studysp.cimens in lhcir muscumand/ Crnlor, T. 18,16.Cdalo8uc of Mammllh i lbiting dre M.lsy! or for p.ovided informrriofl; M. Riffel for dmwi|lg the mrp aid Pcninsul nd isl.n&. ,. Irria t. Soc.Calcut.a 15|687\:17l-20l looking up obscurclocelities; and H. L Griffilh for commenting Ch$co, F. N. 1940.A hrndlist of Mllaysian rnmmals. Bu . Rd.t on the manuscript. Mts., lstl2o9. t4 Chudc, C. f988. Prionodo^li ang. i^ ClfF-s, d- Id.^tifrcation Band.dlinsmS snwtt!tr,ntt Ztn. Int. Zoo rb., 10:81-82. notuol. Vol. l: Matunalia. Lrus.onc, Swilzcrhd. Mcdwsy.I-ord.1965. M.rnmllsofBornco. Fi€ldlcysandm lnno.arcd Darnnermrn,K. W. 1929.On the zooScoSr.phyof J.v.. l A lisl of .lE klisr. J. MaIaJ.Br. Ror.,{rt?t. Soc.36(3):l 139. rhc 'nmntnrfsknown frotn t,Jt Tr.6ia 2.33-39. Mcdwry, lr.d. l9(9. Tt wid nnnlnals ol Molayaand ofrsho.. Davis.D. D. 1958.Mammals ofrhc Kchbir Phrclu. nonlEm Sinwak. islondsincludins Sintspoie. Oxford Univeniry Prcss, Loodon. F ieldianazaol., 39(l5r.l19-147. Mivan,Sr G. 1882.On rhe classincion anddistribution of rhc Davis, D. D. 1962.Mlmmlls of rbc lowLnd rlin forcst of no'th A.tttoidca. Ptt. znol. Soc.London laA2t t35 -2O8. Bomeo.A!lr. tva/. M6. Sinsory. Sltl-129. M0ller, S. | 839-I 844.Dc zoogdiercovan dctr Indis.hcn ArEhip.l. Pp. Dcnlan,R. K. 196?.Thc mammaliantarooomy of thc Sen'oi Semai. l-5? t't C. r- T€nninck,.d. V.rhondeling.novet d. nataw. MoloJ Nat.J., 20tl00t-106. Iijk Seschiedenisdct Ncderlandsch.o|etz..sche b.riring.n. Eis€ob3rg,J. F. & kyhauscn, P. 1972.Thc phylogcncsisof pcdatory Maolrrnlia.Loid.a. b€haviorin mammah.Z. T,"rp$,crol-, 30:59-93. Prync,,.. Francis,C. & Phillips,K. 1985.Afield suideto thenannals Eflennan,J. R. & Monison-Scon,T. C. 1966.C/r.ctlirr d Palaearctic of Bon 6. Tt!€ Sahh Socicty with WWF Malaysia,Kota and hdian nennals. S.condcdilion. Truslccsof the British Kinabalu. Mus€um(Natural History). lrndoo. Nowat, R. N. 1991. Walk t't nsnnals oJ the porrd. Thc John Flowcr,S. S. 1900.On lhe mammslsofsiam and th. MahyPeninsula. HopkinsUnivcnity Pr.ss, BaltimoE-l,ondon. Ptoc. zool. Sot.t ondon tgfit Yl6-319. Pocock,R. I. 1915.On son. of th€ crlcmal charactersof ih€ Senus Cangloff, B. 1975.Beitrag zur Erhologiedcr Schleichkatzen Zinranj. wilh noGs upon rh. gen m Poiano tnd Euplcrcs. (Biinderlinsaos,Prionodon tinsans (H8rdw.), und Ann.MoC. Not. Hist.,8)l6t34l-351. Biindcrpqfmenroller,Hemigal s deftranus (Gmy)). Zool. Pocock,R. l. | 933.Thc rarlr Bcncraoforicnlal Vivcnida.. P'oc. Zoor. Gane n N.F., l.na 45(415\:329-376. [email protected] 1933(4\t969-1O35. Grc8ory,w. K. & Hellman,M. 1939.On lh. cvolulionand majot Pocock,R. l. f939.Irrrld{Nr 4Bri ish lndia iftluding Cetlon a classificationof the civets(Viv€nida€) rd allied fossil and Burna.Ma tnalia.Vol.l. T.ylor & Francis,lnodon. recertCamivora: A phylogcneticstudy of thc skull md dend- Schn.idcr,C. 1906.Ergcboiss. zoologis.hcrForschungsr€i!.n in ricft.Ptoc.Aner. P hilos. S@., 8l (3)1309-392. Sumatrs.Enlcr T€il. S{ugcticrE(Mamm!lia). Zror. Jalfr., Hail$, C. J. 1982.The Ampan8Forest r€s.rv€. lttdlaJ. Naturalist 23tl-172. 36(l):10-ll. Seal,U. S. 1969.Camivora syst mrtics: a sludy of h.moglobim. Hardwicke,T. 1821.Des.riptions of the wild dog of Sumalra,a ncw CMp. Bioc he n. P hrsiol.,l l t 199-81 l. spccicsof Vivcn!, md a ncwspecies of Ph.islnt. Irdrr. Lina. Sody.H. J. 1936.Sevcntc.n n€w g.n€ric, spccific,and sob6p..ific Sot.tondon t1(t 1215-238. namcsfor Dutch Elsl Indirn mrmmsh. lvatlurk- Tiidtcht. Hanison,t.L.1966. A^ inrodactionto thennnnuls olsingaporea Nederl.-Indie :42-55. Itarq,o. Mrhyr NaturcSociety, Singrpor. Bnnch, Siogrpore. Sody,H. J. 1917.On the mammals of Butks.Tenninckia2:221-25n. Hoogsrraaf,H., Lim, B. L. & Anasto!, C. 1969.Itaenmphysalk Sody,H. J. 1938.Lijst van dc zoogdi.nnvan Java. ?-.tora 3l:741- (Kais.riaM ) bispinosaNcuminn (Ixodoidca:Ixodidae): 764. cvi.lcncc for considcdion as an i Dduccd spccicsin the Sody,H. J. 1949.No.€s on sotnchimarcs, Camivon, andthc Babirus! Mafry p.ninsufsrnd Bom€o.J. Parusitol.,55(5)trA75-1O11. frorn lhe Indo-Mrlayan and Indo-Auslnlian re8ions(wilh Hopkings.C. H. 1949.Tlc hosr-associationsof th€ licc of mammds. descriptionsof l0 ncwspcci€s and subspccics). Ir€lrta 20:l2 | - Proc.bol. Soc.London ll9:181-(M. 190. HoBfield,T.l82l. bol o ica l rcs e a t che s i nJ ot' a, a nd t he ne i ghbo ur i ng Taylor, M. E. 1988.Fool structurcrnd phylog€nyin thc Vivcnidac s ' lr/drdr. Kingbury,Parbury & Allcn, London.Unpaginaten. (CuntNor,lJ. Znol.,2W t):l3l'139. Humphrey,R. S. & Bain,J. R. 1990.EndanCeted aninuls ofThaila . T€ilhardde Chardin,P. 1915.l.€s cama$iefs dcs Phosphoritcs du SandhillCmne Prcs.Inc.. Gainesvill.. Flonda. Qtgatcy.Ann. Pal,ontol., \314r:to3-r92. Hunt,R. M. .lr. 1991.Evolution of th. eluroid Crmivor.:Viv.nid USFWS.l9?0. Mammals impon.d itrto thc UnitedSllt€s in 1968. affinidasof rhc Miocerc camiyo'ar\Hetrystides. Aner. Mus. Fish& Wildlife Scrvice,US D€pt.of Inlerior,Burea ofSpon Noritates3O23:l-34. Fisheries& Wildlife,SFrial Sci.nrificRepon-Wildlifc No.. Jenlink,F. A. | 897.Zoological results ofihe Dutchs.iendfrc exFnidon 1311 bloc€nkal Bom€o. fie mamft k. NotesLeiden Mus.19:26- USFWS.1971. Mannals...l969...No. 147. 6. USFWS.l9?2. Manmals...l970...No. l6l. Jon€s.M. L. 1982.L.8€viry of caprile nffimald. Zool.Garten N.F. V.']B^ten,J.H.19t4. De di.rcnvereld|an Insulinde.L Dezooqdiercn. Jena52(2):l l3-128. W. J.Thiem€ & Cie.Zuroh€n. Kiew BongHenng. 1982. Conservadon status ofth€ Malaysianfaun!. Watcrhous€,G. R. 1842.Undrl€d (ObscryatioN on some spccics fron L Ma'nmalia.r',td,ay. Ndt., 15(3):3-19. Bomeo).Proc. Zool. So..Irndon t842ttt4-tt6. Koninssb€rser,,. C. 1902.De zoosdiercnvon Jard. Kdff & Co., Wcmncr, C. 1977.Compararive ctholoSy of the Large-spottedg€nel Bdavia. . Genertatigtina afi somer€lal€d vivenids. Sntrron- Corrl. L€krgul,B. & McN€€fy,J. A . 1917. Manmals olThoiland.Klnrsapha Zool-.239t1-93. Prcss.Bangkokl Wcmcck,F. L. 1948.Or r alolososde nmniferos.Revist8 Brarilcira t ssn, R. P. | 827..ntanuelde namnalogie.Rot r, Paft. deBiologia, Rio de Jrncirc. Lim. B. L. l9?3. The Bandedlinsang and ihe Brnd€dmusans of West Wur6ter,D.H. & Benirschk.,K. 1 8. Compamtivecybsenctic Mallysia. Malar. Nat.J., 26(3/4):105- I I l. srudiesin rh€ord€r Camivora. Chrunos

VadimE. SIDOROVICHand E. I. BYCHKOVA

Thc Europeanmink is well recognis€das an exampleof a (? sFcics). Accordingio the work of Lyubash€nko& Peirov( I 3), sp€cieswhos€ numb€rsarc now depletedover almost all of its Copilaria putori, Stongyloides nanis, Skrja,/ngylusnasicola former rrnge ( l-5). The reasonsbehind lhe d€clinein the sFcies Nd Filaroi.les martis tutk amongsllhe mostpathogenic worms of numb€rshave been investigat€dr€pealedly, bul debalestill mink. Capilaria putori, a small inteslinal parasile,was the most continues( I -9). Hypolhes€slo explain the declineof the European frequenily collectedspecies (35.3%), whilst slightly lower mink wer€ based,for the major pan, on examinalionsof lhe occun€nceswerc found for C rnrcrotutd, which occurs in lhe ccologicrl Fcularities of lhe speciesand of Potenlially adv€rse urinarybladder (29.4%) andS. nasicola, wbich infects the fronlal ccological factors, €.g. interspe.ific comp€tition, anthropogenic sinus€s(24.9%). hsbitat transformation, the €ff€cts of hunting, etc. There are obviouspitfalls io thes€dppmaches. A benerunderstanding of th€ The six speciesof rematodesincluded only lwo (Merorcrit causesof lhe mink's decline can be obtained from direcl and albidus alldOpistorchis Jilinels) lhat induceds€vere pathological detailed investigation of e3ch ecological aspect of Population changes,but these w€f€ nol nmongstthe most commonly decrease(9). In so doiog, it is necessaryto exarninethe full range encounteredsp€cies. The highest recorded incidence was for of unfavourablefactors that miSht affect lhe species,even if Euparvhiun nelis (4O.0%).The pathogenicilyof the laFal form intuition suggeststhat some of thesemay only b€ of minor ofildria aldna is stillnotclearly underslood, but the incidenc€ ot significance.lwels of helminth infestationcan be consideredas lhis sp€ciesin Europeanmink wasonly 5.38% a possiblecontributor to the d€clineof many species,including lhe EuroFan mink. The commonestcestode was the larval form of Spi,dnetrd e/irdcai. This sp€cieswas recorded from 37 mink. The incid€nc€ The pulpos€ of this study vvasto examine fte level of ofs. erirr.?i chang$seasonallyi 100% infeslation was found in helmi h infestationin Europeanmin*, and10 ass€ss ils impodance animalscaught in autumn,whilst in springil wasonly 88.8% As in the context of populalion d€cline. The helminth fauna of ihe previouslyreported (14). th€ increasinglevel of S e/ind.?i specieshas beeninvestigated previously (10-14). these studies infestationin recentyears occurs nol only in the Europ€anmink' including data ftom Belarus(11,14). However,lhe aspects but in all mustelids.This may possiblyb€ a result of high investigat€din the cunent study rre reponedfor the fircl timo populationdensities in lhe int€rmediateand sopplemenlaryhosts of rhe parasitc. M.terhl and methodg The investiSation concenraled on the EuroFao mink CorJnosonastromosumwas th€ only sFcies ofacanthocep- popul.tion of lhe upper *aters of the River lnvat of Corodok halan rEcord€dfrom our colleclions. This patasiteca$es ffeno- District in the Vitebsk Region of north-westemBelarus. The somatosis,bul its incidencein th€ Europ€anmink *as or y 5.88%. populationis considcr€dto b€ declining(se€ 9). During the period 19861992,il waseslimated ihat the numb€rof Europeanmink in Helminthinf€slalion in males(93.7%) approximalely equal- ' th€ an'tadccr€ascd by foor fifths. In the winter of l9 tll992, rhe led lhal of fcmalcs(93.7%). Praclically no differenceswer€ popolalior numb€r€dapproximately 60-80 individuals obs€rvedbetwccn juvenile and adlh infeclion levels wh€re the rcspecliveftclrninih inciden€$ were 96.5% and 93 3% (P{.1). Europ.an mink were collected between 1988 and 1992. Most of thc carcass€swer€ obtainedfrom local hunt€rs,ahhough Dbcussi,on sorheonimals wer€ t apped undcr license by the authors.The The data obtained *ere compared to r€sults previously rp..imcns coll€ctcd cornprised 26 males and 15 femal$ (27 obtainedby Pelrov(12), Shimalov & Shimalov(l l) rnd Danilov adulrs,l4juvcniles). Animalswere process€d by lhe methodsused & Tumrnov (10). Most inlerestinglo us *erc Petrov's rcsults, rs in .outine helminlhologicalstudy: 17wer€ fully dissccled,24 w€re th€sedala rchlc to the p€riod of slablc Europ€anmink populrtion p.riially dissectcd. levels.Tlr r€sullsobiained by Shimalov & Shimalov in Bel us' and by Tumanov in neighbourin8 nonh-western Russia t'olh R..ult! belongto lhc time wh€nlhe stsbilily of europcanmink popolations Helminthologicalinvestigation of th€ 4 I mink showedlhat w.s alr€ady disbrbcd, and thc specics was slr€sdy in rapid ! totd of 38 animah wcrEiofested wiih parasilicwoms (93.7%). decreasein sonrcarcas (4, l0). Thescstudies provide a combinrtion Only six individuals( 14.8%) wcre inf€cted by onlyon€ helminth ofdataoblaincd ftrbolhdecrcasing and relatively $able populations' spc.ica, snd more div€rs€ helminth asscmblageswer€ r€corded althougb comFalisonof our aEsultswith thcaedata do€sPrEs€n( fmm the rrmaining 32 specimens:30.0% crfried lwo parasite some difficulties. ' species,20.0% had three, 14.8% had four, 9 8% hadfive, and4.990 wcrc inf€ctedwilh eilher six or sevcnhelminth taia. A lotal of l7 Analysisof o r data.as well a5lhose publisltcd dt ady, spaciesof prrasilic wormswere recotded from the Europeanmink showsthal th€ 8eo€rallevcl of hclminlh imidcnce is significandy (Table I ). Thes€belongcd to four class€s:trcmatodes (6 sP€cies), highd in decliningpopulalions (t=2.2; H.(D) Fromthe cvidence ccstodcs(2 sp€ci€s),nematodes (8 species),and Acanthocephala of Pclrov ( I2), in lhc l94O'3 lhe lcvel of hclminth inf$tation for (l sp€ci€s).Trblc I showsthal, in termsof percenlageabundance, relarively stablc Russianpopulations w.3 56%, tut incrc$.d lo lh€ mostcommon wer€ nemalodes (47.6%) and Ematodes (35.3%). ?7% bctw€€nthc 1960'satrd lgm's. ln Belans, fic lrttcr Fnod Thc grcatcstvariety ofsFcies recordedwas amongst lhe nematodes w.s chamctcriscdty a lcvcl of infestatiooofalm6( 8046( I I) Our

l6 TableL Helminthinfestation in a d.dining popularionof EuroFln mint in Belarus

Helminthspccies Numberof mink Numberof mink Incidencc% inf€ct€d TREMATODES Euparyphiun nelis (Sctua k, 1788)Di€rz, 1909 4l t6 40.0 nosricotr.na donicum Sk^jabin & Lindmp, l9l9 ll 2 | 1.8 Me,orchis albicus (B'nn , 1893)LoGs, 1899 l7 I 5.88 Pseudemphistomumttuncarun (Rud., l8l9) tnchc, lm3 l7 I 5.88 Opii orchis Jilineus(ki\olta 1844)BhDchord, 1895 t1 I 5.88 Alaria alata, |tJlne (Ct]€r*, 11821 t1 I 5.88 CESTODES Taenia mustelaeCmelin, ITEJ t7 2 I1.80 Spironetra einacei lalva€ (Rudolphi, I 849) 4l 90.00 NEMATODES CapilotiamucroMta (Molin, 1858)Travrssos, l9l5 4I l5 36.60 Capila a putoii (Rodolphi, l8l9) Ttsvassos,1915 tl 6 35.30 Trichine a spiralis (Owen, 1835, 8 2 25.m Strongyloidesma k Pelrcr,1940 17 2 I 1.80 Skrujabingtlus nasi.olo (lrockfft, 1842)Petrov, 1927 4l l5 36.60 Filoroides nm is (\lenEr. l?82) DuglEny, 1943 4l l3 3t.70 Molineuspa,ens (Dtljudin, 1845)Petrov, 1928 t7 18.00 Affdrir./svdri Spr€nt, 1952 t7 2 I LEo ACANTHOCEPHALA Corynosona stunosun (Rudolphi, 1802)Luch, 1904 l7 I 5.88 rcsultsshow a 93.7% level of infeslation,allhoogh th€ inf$talion Reterences level of the nost pathogenicspccies rcmains &lmostunchanged, l. S.int GiMs, M.-C. | 9l. Wikl mirl (Muskla lun ola) in Ettq., Notur. t i.e. a$q. (lt\ and 4l.2% (this slody). Unfortunatcly,we have nor EnviMnt S./i.s No. 54. CNrcil of Eritp., Stsbourg. 2, Tummr. I. L. & ZEfv, E. L. 1989.Pr*ntnry distrib id Dd .hndrlncc ot had th€ opponunity to compar€thc combiMtion of pathogenic Ew.D.nnin (Mat ldtutold L., 176!). in th. USSR.Zoor. ZJr.,65:426- helminlhs in mink listcd by Pctrov (12), [s rhis auihor unites rhe 435. h€lminthfaonaofhoth thc EuroFan andAmerican mink. According l, YMghd, P. M. 1982. D$ribution md syn marics of llE EuDp.u minl to our data, end thosc of various other authors.filarcidosis ind MBt la lutr.ola Linne6.116l- Aetd z.pl. FM..166:144. 4. Sid.,ovich. V. E. | 9l , Di$ribution !d s$rus olninks in By.lNssi., lvur.rr' skrjabingulosisare lhe most frequcot infcctions. Anolh.r &vit{nlCtuttu,.5'|4. combinationof palhogenicsp€cies h that of f. rrelis , C. putori and 5, M.d. T. 192. Distriborid of tl. Eumt e ni.L, ]l,(,./a turr.a/u, in Ei|odi!: C. ducrcnata. As ^lrcady* aled,infcction by lhe larval form of th€ A htrqical rcvicw. Fotid lri.nbl. Enori.a ltl-17. cestode.t. enno.?o showeda sharpincease, from 3,3% b€tween 6, Ctuiqvisr, E. | 984.Flodiff.n (Mu .la lui.ola)iFinltdinn d.n tmlig. ont n rhe (l rirf dcar oiflb.talm!. .{/ d. [email protected] Fl. r.rr..51.1t49. 1960's!o 1980's l), to 90% in modemBelarus. ?, S.hroptcr, R. & PdiGhd. E- 1989- Zor hhtori3ch.n und r.r.nl.n a..hnd€shdctung 4d.rN.tu lr6t.la lur.ola \L-, 116l) lid M- rinn Consid€ring(he resultsof our investigalions,and compa- (S.heb.r, | 7?7)in E!op6 {in. HypodE*ndistussion. Pp,lO3'32 | i, M. ring th€mwifi rh€data ofolher authors,*e concludcthat the lev€ls SrrbtE, .d. Pdtttldtionsdrologi. Mard.taiit t Sa"s.ti.,., Hll.- Witt nb.r! *isrshrft. B.ndg. 39. of helminlh infestation in declining American mink populalions 8. T@ovrty, D. v. l9?7. ,iolosr 6 nus.tidt lvrs.lidd.[ Ar,,].*niy^ N.rr, are considerablyhigher than when populatiol levels were shble. We do not beliave.howeve.. that this rise in helminth inf$latioo 9.Sidoovich, V. E.InF!$. SSSSynpciun6emi-.quarknommrls,.tm I92, canso subctantially influence mink demographyas to berespoffible for the sharpd€crease in lt is well known that ihe host- 10.Dsifov, P,l. & Tume@, L L,19'76.Mat li.k olth. ro h-wtt 4h. ASSR. its numbers. Al.d.narr Nuk, kningnd. parasitesystems, b€ing fomed during a protractedevolutionary lI. Shintlot. V, T. & Shimlov. V. V. 1987.Helminlha.res in nint3 of p€riod, becomestable only in thoscpar.sites who rarcly kill th€ir ay.brusi.. Pp. I l2 | l5 i, Pa.ant6.aos.t ofdwsti. and ril.l tuinalt hosts( | 6, l7). Moreover,parasites often act asa regulatoryfacbr, ir t ?l,r!r!id. RclDa! ot dE 2nd R.publice sacnrafic ed pr&tical thus contributing to a prop€r (in biological terms) qualihtive Coof.eEc 6 Pdsiio..io!.! oaddftsric rnd eild Anim.ls, Min.l. t2. I4tt@, A. M. t94t. H.lninthic .lis.6.t oI lut dnituh. M.r]i/uMcd[y, population composirion and ecologicaily acceplablcabundaoce loig.. M@oe, levels(15). Despirc this, rising levelsofhelminth infeshtion acting I L LyubaslHko,S, Y. & P.mv. A,U,1 2.Dn.atetolfunritub S.llhozizdat in combinalionwilh olher unfavourabl€factors, msy prov€delete- g.lminlhsof rious at the popolation level by decrcasingthe reprcductiveiate 14.Shin.lot. V, T.. Sidomvi.n,V. E. & Shinalov,V. V.In rEss. mu.rcli& in e.b|crhlbnrrs ofb.l fls Prd Bvldts. A.ad. Sd , Bitrl.S.i. andraising morlaiiry levels (17). 15.Kodnm.vichw. v, L, & Amsfik€rich,C. L. 1982.Prnsilic st{.ns sndIncif The rising lcvels of helminth infestaiion in the European @1. i. popul.ti@al .oloBt of h.lninrhs. Pa,?rt"/,8iL | 6: | ?7-l 86. mink reponedhere mry, however,rcsult from strcssfulcondidons 16, Doglcl, V. A. 1962.C.,.rrl/ara'lorop. L.ning.od UniEBity Publishing Hqe. rrnins.d. causedby someothd advcrscfactor (?,9). Thc comFtitive abiliry 17. Pim*a, E. l9Al . Erolutinaary (?i,sr, Mn., Mwow. of th€ acclifutized sp€ciesis baxedon ils bigh€rrepoductive rale (achieved lhrough r€productivc regulatioo), gr€aler €cological Instituie of ZoologJ',Belarus Academy ofSciences plallicity and sup€rior $rength and aggrEssion(9). F. Skoriny St. 27, Minsk 220072,Belarus

ll Statusof martensand geneb in the Balearicand PityusicIslands, Spain

Anthony P.CLEVENGER

Ahhough camivores occur oo cvery major island of the Manensapp€{I to bc abs€ntin arEaswith low, scaltctedvcgctrtion, weslemMeditenanean Basin, they hav€ be.n thc focusoft€latively situaled frr fro|n fieir prEfcmd hrbitai tyFs. Manen wer€ not few sludies.Most r€searchoo thes€insulrr populstionshas been s€lcctivc of alty of th€ svailablc habitat tyFs, rs open shrublrnd taronomic, whereasinfornation on th€it basicccology is scarce, habilatswerc shown!o bc as important to the sp€ciesas for€sted and only recenlly morc dala hsve becorneavailablc. ones (Clevcnger,unpubl. da!!).

Two popr arionsof high cons€rvationinlerEsl ar€ fourd in Mand hebiiat selectiorl was not studaedon Mallorc{, thc Balearic (Minorca, Mauorcq Cabr€n) and Pilyusic (lbiza, howevec basedon the sp€cicsdistribulion, h app€anlo bc similar Fo.rn€ntera)Islards (Sp.in). The IUCNASC Musldid & Viven t to Minorca (pinc and oak forcsB, shrubhrds). On bolh islands, Spccialisr Cro{rp inalude-dthc Minotcan pine mltteds (Malt?J farm orchard arEasare ftEqoently uscd by maaens, in pard€ular nadcs miD',r,rice.,Jisl.td lbizsn spoalcdgenels (G?nelto 8.nena thosethar arErithin closc proximity to fotEs{shtublandhabitats. irab.td4) in theirrEcoffinendcdConsewdion A6tim Plan(SchrEibcr s, at, 1989),while dE Sponishgovctnncnt h{3 erprEsscdcorEem Likc corliD€ntal Eurrsi0n pine maftcns, Minorcan and aho (BluEo & Conzrlcz, 192). ThouShlttc SSC/MVSGActimt MallorEanmartens ''! opporlunbtic pt drtors with a gcncralizcd Plsn implicd lhat lhe lwo carnivo.epopolarions, ard lhe otF.s as diet (Cl€vcnger,1994). On Mallorca,scasoial dicts vtticd slightlyi $€ll, arEendemic to lhe a.rhipelago,tlEr€ arc no fossil rt{ords of plflnt material(ftuirs) was the most import nt dietrry cohponcnt crmivorcs on any islard, and mosl lilcly spotadicinooductions to ycar-roond,followcd by small mammals,Minorcan rnrn€n dicts the islandsoccur€d within thc last 2,m0 y€ars(Alcover, 1980). wer€ highly varisblc seasonallyas all live dietary components cootributednear€qually io thc annualdict; dicts wcrechancl€aiztd Today,Mioorcan martcns exhibit Siganlism(Alcover "t dr., by lheir wide food nichc br€adthcomparEd lo mancns ftom the 1986)while Ibizangcnets dwarfkm (Delib€s,1977),lhercfore, dtc Iberirn P€ninsula(Clevcngcr, 1993b,c). moryhologicalchanSes which have tsanspircdsince th€ir arrival rrc of intcrlst. work is undctway lo determinerrhen and ftom Marten hone rangesand activity pattemswerc $tudiedon whcrr thc colonizin8 stocl originat d ftom to lEsolvetbe .ndcmic MinorEa (Clevengcr, l93d). Bolh scxes had noi-ovcrlaPPing qucstionome nnd for all,lnow thc cvolutionarylinrc frame, and rangcq fcrmlc (n=3) homc artas av€ragcd47 ha, whil€ lwo mslcs thc phylog.nciic rclttionships of thc two speci$ in the had r.ngcs of 492 snd 919 hr. Martcnswcrc primarily noclumd. Medil€nancm Bssinr. Despitc thc limitcd dsta, rMrtcns dcrnonstralcdr relttio$hiP bctwccn hofirc raoge siz€, ffrivity, ard sil€ condilicns *hich Since 1989,I have beco studying d|c ststus,disttibution, mcriasfurther study. andccology of crmivores (cxccptMrst lo '|ivdfir) in ahcBalcatic and Pit}lrsic (non€occur on Fo.rn€nara)IslaMs. Thc ob}:clivc of Splld g.nea (G.n tb pn ,l4\ thc rEsc{rchw&s to provi(k brselinc dcmogrephic0nd ecologicrl Spottedgpn ts sr€ fodndolr lhr€c ishnds in the arEhiFlrgo, infofln|tion for ahcaFcics' conscrvdion and managcmcnt.Thc Mrllorca, lbiza (540 km')nd Csbftrai th€ lsltd is a newly-cr€atcd Minorc&n m.ncn population is uniqu€ among olhers wilhin its bland (l2km1 National Pr* local.d 20 km south of Mallorca. range.HerE a Eurosibcdanspccics lhrivcs in a compclitor- and Cenetsdo not occur on Minorca ar erroncouslyslal€d in the SSC/ p.Edrror-frE€ lIEdirerrrft anscttinS, tlEr.by pmvidingopponllnilies IUCN Action Plsn(SchrEiber dr dl., 1989i83) to study the sp€cicaadrptability in termsof hrbilal usc .nd eff€cts of iotcnFcific competitiooon hsbitlt choice. H€r€in I rcpon on ThGgerd is &ladvcly commor orl all thtEcisltrds. Al thc fic findiogr of thc mustclid and vivcnid studics€srricd out. Thcy rnofi|cnt,habitd s.lcctim hasno( bccnquantifi€d on any islard, ard .tr cummarizcdtricfly bcc|usc of the voluminous nrtur€ of thc only Ecneralizld dcscriptions are available which indicatc a drtr (rive popolarion!frcm four i3hnds). prcfcrcrE€for raty, pirE foasB ard shruUatd hatttsls (ftelib.!, 1977).On tvtallorca.&nsities apFar !o be highcatin dF Si€fla de Eurulan plne mrrt n (ltart r ,rrrrrr) Tmmuntam momtains,howw€vei, prlscrE has h.cn (blccEd in Pinc manensare foond on $c islandsof Minord (6m km') the islands' agriculttlrrl lowlards as well. On lbiza, gcr|elswcte and M.llorcr (3,640tml). Although the sFcica wasb€licv€d to bc distributedthrcoSlnut toughly 20% of the islad arca and fourd nc.r cxtinction on both i3landsonly 20-30 yaars ago, lheir ocrupying rnosl of lhc rvsilsblc hsbitats(pine fot€sls, shrublatds, popolalionshrvc rccovercdand today lhcy both occupy .oughly orEhards)cxccpt rr!.3 widr hi8h andcor|stanr hunalr activity, imlu_ hslf of thc bl.nd arca (Clevcnger, l93a). Oo Minor.ca,manen ding famr (Clcveng€r,unFbl. dala).A sludyn€.ds lo bec ri€d out habitstconsists of Alcppo pin€ (Pjntu rtdrep"nrir) andmixcd pin - which addrss.s thc cffccts of F.y abundrnce,htbitat fr.gnten_ holm oak (Olr€rc||Jilei) forests,snd shrublands;how€ve., they tatioo, and humandivily d| genelhabital choicc on both blerds. alsooccur in .ipsriadcliff habitatsin thc soulhempan of thc island. Thcy arE rclalively common, and eyid€ncc of their prEscrce Unlikc Mallorcarnd lbizs, CabGrNis prrctically unhsbii.lcd (dmppinSs)crn be found in most foEsted and shn$lsnd habilals. and rcmoins one of the mo6l-\dld islsnds in thc Mcditernocen Basin. Bcc.us€ Csbrcra $/rs controllcd by Spain's Dcfensc ' TIE orhd hr colLctcd .ll of tlE n r.nrl fim dE itl&d .rrd toxiD.lc depanm€nrduring thc lasl y) y.ff!, biologisls ..rtly had ecccsg cmdhd popnhio! io I m;l.crlr &dyti. rk i *..rtiog t- Frfm &la on thc vcncbntc poprlations wc|l scltEc. coll.bor.iioo llm r trFldlu satri4 lobd.lory, Dd wdld lE irt E Ld in .nd thcrcfoE h.uin8 flm uym int a.tcd i. F.fminS $. d.lt*., C'€rl.lsd€ lnown to h.ve b.Gninuoduced to the isl.td in 1894(six

l8 pairs), probably survivcd until todry, bur sonE invcatid.rds hrvc Endemic or noa,thc ishnd c.mivore popul.lions ar! an suggestcdthat fiey mry hlvc bccornc cxtinct 15-20 yca.s rgo. int€gral p3( of lhc insular ccosyslcms,and may perfom m Nonelheless,th€cultlnt poFlstion epFrri to be stablcsnd wcll- importantrolc in controlling rodentpopulrtions. Rcseerch should distributcdthoughort d|c islard. Thcy rrc cornmonin th. isluds' bc dirccGd ar determiningthe cffccts of thcs€prcdalors on th€ir shrubland,rd pinc forest habitats. pr€y populalions (wild 'I|d domestic) so thrt sufficicnt data bc obtainedto begin properly managingth€i. populationsand Ycir-roord dicts rrrrE srudid .rnong dE dlrrc popolstioos implemcnting mcasurcs wh€n n€cdcd. Civen lhc pr.lcnr{ay (ClevcnSer,unFbl. data),Mdlorc$ srd lbizrn gaEt dicB vlerc intra-sFcilic moehologicrl viriation rlnoflg msrtensand gcncrs vari€d similarand litdc betwccnscrsons, while Cab.rrangcncr diets on eachislard, rnd in comparisonto ncarbymrinland lopulstions, wer€ rurtedly diffd€nt fiom tha otha two ard w€rE tlb anost many unique opportrnitics for sludying biologicsl thcory arc searo||3llywriobb. Small In&nnufu ( pad.rlr ryfurrira') wcrr availabla(Kin8 & Moody,1982). th€ do.ninrnt f@d cmlpood m thc t*o kgcr islads, wt|crt3s $nall marnmals(ntt Finadly, I. ryrurncru is atE€r|t).nd bids Rcfercncic werc trkco non.m CrbrEr& &r.l c.t! (F l:r can{) also occur bo Alcov.r, L A. l9EO.NoG on ftc originof rh. pEscnrInMmliN fiuna Cabr€ra,howcvcr, Part ruthdtics a.E in thc progrEssof rrmoviDg flm th. B.h{ric andPityosic islarft. rtljc. Zool.,6:l4l-t49. ltrc sFcies from the islad. h|l ofttE ccologicd $di€s beingcon- Alcovcr,t. A. 19E4.Mrmtn|s of thePiryusic lslan&. h. 455-167tn: H. ducledwill &alyzc the pr€- andpo$t-Gmoval chsnges in gerFtdie! KutAi..; J. A. Afcov.r & Cud!'r d' ArctlrrLo,dt . Bios.ogaphr ond.cologrof th. Pit llic Islodr. Dr w. JunkPubl., Thc H|3|l.. Alcov.., Saonemrrten (lrdrtrr J. 4., Delit€s,M.. Gdnbcz, J. & Nrd.l, J. 1986./Uad r, rur.r Jtornc) Linn&us, l75EI bs arbars. Misc.zool., 10:323-133, Sronemarren we.€ oncc part of thc lbizrn fduna(Delibes & Bhrro, J. C. & conzllcr, J. L. t92. Ubto .ojo d. Ios wtt.lmdos d. AmorEs, 1986); how€vcr, thcy apparcndyhevc b€corn€cxtinct f,qdfd. IC\]NA, Madrid.?l:l pp. (thrDughhunting) during at leasrfte lrlr 30 yc$r (Ahover, 1984). Cldcngci A. P. 1993!. TIE EuroFln piN mlncn in $c Bdc!.ic During my srudics m this islend, s€archcs\rcir mrdc io a|taN klmds, Spain.tarrn. i.y., 23:65,72. whercstonc maicns wcrc believcdto rnay still occur,however, all ClcvcnSer,A. P. I93b. Sprnu and$mm.r fmd hlbit5 rnd hrbitn tlsc resultednegative. Fanncrs, hunters, rnd olhcrislsnders,all remarftcd of lh. EuroFrn pirE m!d.n on 0|€ i3l,rd of MiDorE|,Spdio. J. that the sFcies hadnot b.!n secnor hc{rd of within rhc ar least2G Zool. (Iaddu ) 229:153-161. 30 years.The hiSh dcnsity of Ibizrn hunteB ($/iih dogs) which Clcv.nScr,A. P. 1993c.Pinc msrt.n componriv. fc.ding ccology in rn blandrrld miohrd popolnion cover n€arly the entirc island cachy€rr, of Sp6in.Z. Jdr.8.ri?.t.,5E:212- and lack of ston€mnrlens 221. €ncounlerEdduring Ih€ hun6, rlso suggcsrs thar this mostelid has Clcv.nger,A. P. l9ld. ErE mrli.r homcr!ng. rnd lcrivity pnilm on disapFard ftorh d|c island. rhc irlard of Mirm!, Spain.Z. Sii,'s.ti.fi., Sqtltl-l43. clcvcngcr,A. P. |994.Coop.divc f€.dingccologyof |c Euruisnpinc Comervdlon rod Mrn.gemena md.n rnd leoncmd.n in EuroF. ,n S. w. Buski*, A. S. All pinc mrd.n rnd Scnctpopularions in thc Bd€€ric and Ho{rlsblld,M. O. Rapha.f& R. A,.Po,r.ll,.ds. Maftent,!abl.s, Pityusic island, lrE prorcctcdftom hunring.lf thcsc apccicscaus€ ondlishcrs: Uologrond Ms.ru|Dr. Com€llUniv.nity Prlss, darna8esto fnrm nimals, suthorizrrioo for their rcmovd by Ittrlacr,N.Y. (in Pt!$). hppinS crn bc obhincd from the rcgional nrtur.t rcsource D.fibcs, M. 1977.Sobn las gin.rs d. L ish dc lbia. D ot. Actd V.n_, 4:139'160(Englbh sm..y). agency.Bofi camivorcsarE still beiog takcn illegatly orl Minorca, Delibes. M- & Amor€s, F. 1986. Thc slmc mlrtcn fmm lbir,. i{iJ.. Mallorca, and lbiza: incide.ntallyby partridge and rabbit hunters, hol., 10:335-343. recrcalionalIrapIE s, andrabbit hunters trainingtheir dogs.Despite Kin8, C. M. & Moody. J. E. 1982.Th. biology ofrhe sbar in rhc Nrtional the illegal removalof manensand gcnets,in r€ccnt yearsfarmers P.rks of Ncw z.alond. IIL MoThomctric a$isrion in rchlioo to on the three main blands have reponcd an incrcascdnumb€r of growlh, gcogftphical disriburion, d colonis.tion. ,ry. Z. J. damageby lhc camivorcs,md rlong wirh hunrcN,have exprcss€d Zool.,9:al!O2. a ne€dto begin controlling rheir populations. S.hEibca4., Winl! R., Rifi.l, M. & Vm Rompaey,H. 1969.W.4reb, citett. [email protected] and lhzir r.latir.s. An A.tion Plan lor th. yt!.rrili. lnfonnalion is still l.ckiog on habiratrElatimlhips of pin€ CN.tvotior oJ Mustelidsorl IUCN, clard. 99 rp. manensand genetson .ll islards (exc€ptMinorc|) to b€gin Fe- paringplans for the speciesmanagcment. Studies oflhis rypeshould Departamentode BiologiaAnimal bea managementpriority oflhe BalearicIsland regiihal govemrnent. Universidadde lion, E.24071L6on, Spaln

JMSPSmall CarnivoreTaxon Advisory Group

"Small Th€ Clmivor. Tarcn Advisorr Group" (SCTAG) of thc soodinat€d pogftnm. dd it is hopcd$ EEPwill be d€vcloFd in the ''Ioinl "The Managcmenlof SFcica PtogdmrE' (JMSP) of Fed.ralioo ncrr futurc.L. Abrqvisr is inrcndingro p'.oduccr prclsot fd ih. so! of Zoologic.l Cardds of c|!ar Brirain & IEldd" hcld a ftering on v.rirE which car bc us.d by rhc .,MSP/SCTAG.H.lsinki Z@ hs sur March th.2nd, 193 ar SoorhponZ@. S.vg.l ropics w€rc discuss€d.a plus aninals flm plvious ycari inlercsr€dcollectio.ls will be notilied. fe* ot vhich w. ncrrion hcr.. M.ht,8r clycl: Funhcrfurding h nquiEd ro follow up rhe inirial . "SCTAG A Acllor nrn: A Rdourcc Mrn|,|.l" will b. Droducedin swcys. For rec.lt pap.B summarisi.g ih€ pmjec! ro da|e,se ORYX E loos.lcd foldcr io facilitrlc .e of updarinSinformarion. AndEw vol. 27(2) ud dlo this n.eslcncr. GrEnwood, on b.llalf of d|c InicMtionrl VcGrina.y Croup, offcnd Colonbl.n W..!.1 Proj.f,t: s.. April rE*slctrer. Paul Robinsn ro spoffor rhi! documcnr. infomd th. SCTAG of inrercsr in rhis progEmme from Nonh . EuropQ|n iolr.rtFr In r..ar discuridrs sirh t if Btdrqvi con- Am.ricrn SCTAOcollcrgu.s. JohnClmio ofToMio Zs hasoffered cBinS tlE Sc$dinNyianbrccdiq Fogrrlnrft, n wri rg!€d dEl rhc to provid. Tomrlawk Tnps and possibty orher €quipmenr: Don JMSP pro8trmlt'c fd rh. sp@icawill utmnr lhis *€Istabtished M()@ midt b€ lblc to asist wirh fund-bisingacrivhies. t9 Small camivore survev in the coastalforests of C6te d'Ivoire

PeterJ. STEPHENSON

As pad of the FED/SODEFORProj€t Forels C6t0r€s, I am ioformrtion on csrnivorc ccology. kvcls of habitat disturbance planniogto implcmentlhe firsl exlensivemammal survey of and hunting prcssurcwill also be .ss€ss€d. r€mnantcoaslal forEsl in Cdle d'lvoirE (Ivory Coast).Th€ study area incorpomtesforest blo.ks betwcrn Crand khou and San Capturcd individuals of common spccicswill be na*ed Pedro. Th€ survey will commence a.ound Ociob€r 1993 and with eart.gs andr€lerscd. R.r€r speci€rwill h€scdated (Palomares, continu€for al leasl six months.I will conc€ntrateon systcrnalac 1993),photo8raph€d and biorncttic nrcasur.mentsrccorded. I am livc-i.apping of ins€ctivoresand rcd€ntsto d€rermin€distribulion alsoinve$ignting the possibilityof mainlainingrarE sPecies in pattemsand cenlresof sp€ciesdiversity within surviving forEst caplivily, given that a numb€rof forcign zoos haveexPr€ss€d an fmgncnts. I will alsoestablish s long-rermmoniloong systemfor intercst in endangeredWesl African viv€rrids. Thri NationalPark. This encompassespatt of the lsrgestremaining arca of undisturb€dlowlrnd rain forcsl in West Africa (Soan & This survey offers exciling possibilili$ for lhe study of a Adams,| 9m) andsurvcys in th€reserve will Providebaseline dala very poorly known carnivorcfauna, The FED/SODEFORpmi€ct on sFciesdiversily. eventually sinrs to provide r€commcndalionsfor the localion of new prot€ct€d areas within coastal rain forests. ll is hoped, In addhionto th€ srnall rnarnmalsurv€y, I propos€to traP therefore, that the outlirl€d survey will l€ad to the impoven smrll camivores systemalically to dcleaminesPecies richness, cooservalionof small camivo.es in West Africa. distdbution and abundance.CamivotEs hsve ncver be€n Epped extensivcly in C6te d'IvoirE, yct s€v€ml sFcies of vivenid arE Refercnces recordedfron rain fotEsl atEas.These fu|clude Civet ict s cjv?rrd, I\Gio6n|P.l.1992.R.oon on h. McttoTorcntoZoo E wdnioato the Genettapoen:is, Genettapardina, Nafuinia birctata, Herpestes Crre d rroi... Unp blishcdEpon On thc occutrenc.of thc Hon€y-bd8e. san$uineu/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////d,Crossorhusobscurus uA Ailat paludinosut(HoW' HopF Dominik. a. 1990. (Meuitoto copc4sb)utd th. viv.ridt in thelvory Codi Mwalid 1990).Data on dle sialusof all specicsencounterEd will Dnninik, & Vivrrd Co .n..3:9-tl. sPecicsof panicular be of int€rEst. However, therc arE tht€e tmorte,M. & Tranid,M.1983. Un spacimn de G?n?rd (PoroSen a) (SchEiber cons€watiooimponancc lhat mayoccur in lhe sndy arEa johtstoni .ol]|.ta dansla r68ion du Ninba (C6rc d'lvoirc) et al, l9E9). The Libcdan rmngoo€e,Libeni4lit txl,ri, is knowr Monmlia 47!30432. fiom Thai NP (Iaylor, l92l but a rccent exPediiiooto COte Pdm|B, F. I93.lmhobitization of Cmdd g.|l€t6,Gen tto Senetta, d'lvoire fail€d to Fap any individuds (Dc Groot, 192). Sitce lhis wirh r conbinnion of kctmirE and ryluin . J Wildl. Dk , speciesapFars to be rcstdcledto sandysoih, coastalforcsB may 29:t74-176. Th. conivo..s of w.$ Att.o. Btitbh Musum Fovidc a $slJi6trbl€rcfugo. Jolmslor,'s g.rl€t, ParaSenena(Genena) Ros.y.ar,D. R. t974. Publicllids, I-o|rdon. Jbirrtoni, has b€€nrEcorded in Lib€ria and in adjacenlfor€sts in Schreiber,A., winh, R., Riffcl, M. & VanRomg&y, H 1989W.rr.tt, Cot! d'lvoirc hr is known fmm only 8-12 sp€cirnens(l-atnotte & cieets,tun8M.t and thet r.Iativet An Action Planlot th. schrciberet ar., 1989).Similarly, bighton's lins{ng, Tmnicr, l9E3); Cons.Mtior ol Mustelid!and vi'&ri!tr' IUCN, Glad from Poiana lcirhtoni (=P . ichardtdni ltrcdennr), is also known Stum,S. N. & Adam!,R. J. 1990.Eiodivcrsily in sutssahamAfricr and r imall numtlr ofsFcifirns &d€nd ot y onc siE in C6ted'Ivoir€ its isllldsr Cons.r]alim,mutgen.nt, and sust.inlbl.u$. TIE raxonontc sirlo. of this viverrid is still uncl€ar bul it is Oc.ot. Poptrs IUCN|SSCNo. 6, IUCN,Gland. uldouhedly very larE (Ro6cvcar,1974; SchEib€r e. dl, 1989). Trylor. M. E. 1989.N.w Eods of t*o speics of r!rc viv.nid! ftom Alhough no live sp€cinEnhas been obtaincd during iEccn surveys Lit€it Man alio 53t122-125. (Tsylor, 1989;De g.ml, 1992),il is known to ccur still in Liberia Taylo, M. E. 1992.Thc Lib.rid monSoot Oryt 26:103'106 (Taylor, 1989).All three of thde vivenid sft€ci€sarc high cdllclation prio.itiesard any informatiooobtlincd m $cir prEsent $i.lt3 and dbtributioo will be invaluablc(Schteih€r e. al., 1989\. Departmenaof Zoologr,University of Aberdeen, TillydroneAve., Aberdeen AB9 2TN, I propos€lo tlap small canivor€s usin8 Tomahawk live- Scotlond.UK tr&psbailcd whh meat.I *ill s€l a numberof trap€off th€ Sround & *hcnevcf possible,sirce speciessuch ar P: Li8ltrrni.re a.borE{l. B.P.9'lt A scricsof habitatvariablcs vvill be measur€dat €achttap sitc to FED/SODEFORProjel ForGtsCdtlares,06 dctemin. flornl compositionand archit€ctutoand provide Abidjsn06' COted'lvoire.

Mustelid publication

Thc AssociariooofBrilish Wild Animal Keepen(ABWAK) Boodphotognph snd lisls of lcxt rEfccnccs which mry bc of os€ intends!o publish! husbandrybooklet on muslelidsn€rt y€ar(this lo him for this publication. booklcrfollows on from thoscalrcady publbhed on catsand bcats/ Fo. furth€r informslion plcasccontet: ,oln Paffidgc,2A. laccooft). Spccialist p$pcrs src beiog solicil.d from s€lccted NonhcorcRord, Clifton, B.btol BS8 3HB, UK (JohnPanridgc is ruthors but thc editor would likc to h.ar ftom people who havc a full timc fiternberof $aff st Bthtol Zoo). m Senility and ill-health in the badger

M. HANCOX

The Eoropeanbadger is a long-lived slEcics, bul.€marfta, implantation.The hdgcr is henc€an irnponafl subjectfor studies bly litrle is kno\rn regardioghcahh pmblems wiIh advancinSsge. of po&ntial mcdical value: wirh aneriosclerosisin a ouarlq of prhaps This is not surprising sincc mosr nstunl dsths occur olderbadgcN studied (Ciilagher & netson,t9Z9; Laplaud, 1984). undergmund,iocluding even a proponioo of road casuallies.A Circulatoryp.oblems rcported r€lale to ob€siry,mescnreric long€vily in exc€ssof len years of age is achicvcd by few wild infarctioh,and a strokein lhrce captivebadgers, and thrcc cases of - badgers: the curEnr Ministry ofAgricultur€ srudyrEcords s€veral cardiopaihy(Checseman er rr., l98q callagher & Nctson, | 9?9). 'folklor€' individualsof I l-12 with onesow of t4 ye s of agc,and a Swiss Finally, thereis a widesprcad b.lief in Brilain andon the studyof 827badSers nored only 3.8%over l0 wilh two of 15-16 Continenrof rhe €fficiency of badg€rgr€as€ as a cure for humm yearsold. A dozebor so captivebldgc$ hav€lived for | 0- 15years ailmentsas diveN€ as aslhma, rh€umatism, silicosis. shorhcss of howev€r,includioS one boar of 18 y 8m and s row of 19 12 old bEarh, thc cough of thc lungs, ston€s,spmined sinews, collschs, (Flower, 193| ; Hancox, 1987).Aulopsy rEports encompass a wide etc. Amusingly howevcr, recent studiesrcveal conicostcroid3in rangeof bone and non-skeletalhealth probl€ms(Harrcox, 1980). badgcrfat which may after all havc an anti-ir lsmrurory effect in trE{tiog rheumatismand aihrirfu (Wagoer& Nusscr,1988). A studyof | 520 skullsrevcals a surprisinglyhigh incidcnc€ of toolh loss during lif€, wirh someh.ating over rfic alveolus,bul Tablc l. D€nlalloss & disers€arnoogst 470 known agc bodgcr skulls accompani€dby abscessesin some5% of thc materid. The smaller anl€rior teeth are most pnonc to loss during diggingforaginS, Tdth lyF Numb.r of cs. ol looth qF tdl, eith Tord of asi.r.d .b6o.sc. A, ct omydni!e individlrt. allhoughincisorB may be loos€ncdin le.ritorial tighting (Harrcox, 1988). Although numbersare small amongsra 470 known agc Und.rJFsold Ovd5 y6old subsample(Table l), the lossof largerieerh is €xacerbatedwith l$lo..l /2/3 t0 6,16 to6s age, Nev€rth€less,most abscesscsoccurred amongst the Up?". 11914 rttatS demogrehically preponderanrundcr ycars tA2Qtt^3Qt.. .. Ql.. 5 otd, inctuding rhe Lo*d tttt2 4t1t4 threemajor cas€s involving two uppercanincs and a lhi.d premolar rq/rQ/ ro which l€d to foctur€ of lhe mandiblc. kss c.ntr|.! 5 t,o%t@s infectionofftc bonemay lead to Friodontirisor periostitis,-as in Upp.. , l one skull affecting the glenoid fossa,or io suFrficial acropachia 2A lQ !A tO on skull o. linb bonc surface.in sornccases p.obably of tubercu- Lo,cr | 2 lousaeliology. Suchdental discase, tooth loss, or lanaraccumularion 2A2Q may hrvc conlributed significantly to impdr.i foraginS abiliry PnnoLB2/3/4 25 5.3slod UpF and prematur€mo(ality by starvationin . minorily of cas€s. 8121.. 5l5l.. tol l. t wcr I lzlt tl5l2 Dwelling socially polentially damp and poo.ly ventilated ,,tt{t,, sens, one mighl expect extcnsivcrhcumatoid anhritic, and r€spimtort complaintssuch as adiatpiromycosis,pneumonia, and tub€rculosisin badgen (Hancox, 1980).Ahhoogh spinal anhdtis I UpFr I I (l! | p.n) or spondylosisdefornans was noted in 34% of 252 urban foxes brcr (l prn) lA I (& | p.n) 2Lwr 2 includingeven a g-monthcub (Haris, 1977),spondylosis has onty b€en describedio two old badgen ftom Melboume and Prague ABSCFJSF$ I 13% oSTmMYELmS t2 2,5% zoos. Spinal disc prolsps€was noted in a furth€r individual, and osleoanhropathyin five orhercas€s (Gallashcr & Nelson.1979; References Heran,1988; Slocker, 1989). Inadequale sampling ofolder marerial Ch..s!mo, probably pauciry C. L., Wirqhirh. t. W. & Stu'n, F. A. tgEg.Epid.nio!. W..t-, also accounlsfor of osteoarthritiscas€s in o(ers l0J:llJ. (on€ in Devon,two in Cermany,Jefferies & Hanson,1988). Ffowcr,S. s. r93r . P/o.. 2,, t. Soc.Londoa 193|lJ16. Similarly, therear€ only odd reponsofrenal calculi in ot€r andone CallAsh.r,J- & Nclsn, J. 1979.V.t. R.... 105:546. cas€in badgeralthough there ar€ other crsesof cysric kidney and H.mox,M. 1980.,ttaur.R.v.. t0:151. chronic nephrids (Che€semaner dl., 1989;Gallagher & Nelson, H.n oL M. !987.Rzr.tl4:E8. Hdcor, 1979). Amongst a half dozen reported casesof liver damage, M. 1988.,{claft./iol.. 33;5?5 Hd.or, U. 1988.J . Zool. bnlon s€veral of bcnign angiomalaand cintorb 216,ffi. may have been age Hmb. S. 1977.J.irraroi. S.t..4:t83. r€lacd (Gallaghcr& N€lson,1979: Hcran, 1988; Pager. 1978). Hcm, L 1988.ard 24rE7. Amyloidosis hasonly b€cnnot€d (wicc in badg€rsfrom Aushlia H.@,L 1988.car. a 2r:61 (zoo) and Denmark,bot nay also be rge r€lated(Hancox, 1980). Jcffdi.s,D. .,.& Hes, fl, M, l9AA.Virc. WiAl.TrustR.D..l9A7. laplud, P.M. l9U. Ath.toil.ra,r 53rt29:6t:43. It is widely accepredthat badgersarc not true hibemators, P.jct, R. t. 197A.t. Zool. Iaadon ra6:572. Stockcr,L. 1989.SoD.diry i, d . ard&url ,or. Charro& Witrdus.bndon but body weight rnay bc doublcd for up to 4-5 monlhs of wint€t w.grc., H. & NulM, D. f9E8.NatUloqch. B Chcn.S.i.,41:631. lorpor. And the compl€x control of lipid mobbolism involving gonadal,thyrcid, 6nd pituitary bontron€s,with a mclatonin day- 17 NouncellsCross, Bisley Old Road,Stroud, Glos. length mcdiatedrcspons€ is also implicaaedin moult and detayed GLs IPI, UK

2l Rabiesin a Palmcivet

Three kitrens of the Common palm civel (Porodoturus in Germany)over intcrvals of 0, 3, 7, 14,30, and 90 days. One vial hemaphtulitust werc taken from a houseat Fctoke in Calicul, of th€ injecdoncos$ Rs 250 (8$). ln sll gobqbility th€ kittcn must Kerala,India on 10.7.1993.Two of lhem wererelurn€d to thc havegot the int€ction whilsl still with its mothcr, as lhcre $a3 no mother, one being relained by an Ayurvedic physician who is charcc of hs hrvinS bccomeinfected afi€r ttcin8 takcn as a pet. inter€stedin ke€pingper animals. on 28 7. 1993I wasiofomcd bv Now local peoplcin thc arEaar! very wary oftoddy cals,lhinking telephoncby lhe sonof the physicianthal th€ kinen wrs not fetding that th€y may sprErdthe rabics inf€ction. l,ocal hosPiialdoctors and lookei very ill -hewas f€€ding fie kill€n bottled milk. Hc also saylhey hsvc not com€ scrossrabies in toddy calsin rEcentycrrs, told me that the kilten wrs vety fond of hirn, playing with him and although vivenids are considercdto bc rEscrvoitsof rabies Any th€ neighbouN,and even sleeping in his bed. Furlhermor€;fte commcnlson lhe episodewill be apPr€ciated. previouslyb€cn vcry activ€and tud huntedcockroaches kirrco bad we ar€ monitoring the sitoation,and tryin8 lo discovcr if milk independantly. and l|ken thcre is any sprrlding of the dis€rscin th€ arEs,rlthough tlrcr€ crt WhcnI wai lold thtl d|ckinen was sicl rnd un;bb lo ddnl r€pons of rsbi€s in Calicut. Thc case number of the palm civet mill, I a3tedhim to keepwatch, and alsoadvis€d him to tskc it to mbics ircident at thc Mannuthi V€lerinary Hoapital is Reg. No. tl|c VeGrinaryColl€ge if il die/. Wh€n il di€d on I I 8.1993il was s[9.l93-94d{'d,d 12.8,1941 (Rabics Pos.). We will bc discwsingthe rrlen !o the VetennaryCollege ai Mannulhi, T.ichur' The braio episod€in tbo fonlEorning seminaroo th€ endangeredfauna of wa! cxaminedfot Negri bodicsand th€n the kilten was identificd Mdabor tlut will b€ held in Calicut on | 1.9.1993.PaFrs on civ€t asbaving b€€n rabies po€itive. The owncr's family (of€i8ht), many c4B are to b€ suknitled rt tha seminar. of whom werecithcr bfuenby lhe kitlcn or r€ceivcdscmicl|€s from its clsws, we.€ adviscd to t tc snli-rabies iniections. I .€ccived R. S. Lal Mohan,Conservation of NatureTrust drily telephonecslls from thc family, who were in gr€at disr$s B/24Gandhinager West Hitl' Callcut673fl)5 dur lo thcir rcactionsto lhc rabiesinjdlions. Theyhad to lakedoses Kerala.I[dir of th! Rabipourvaccine (a pu.ificd chick embryo vnccinc, made

Foxrabies in France

"hboratoir€ Rabicsprcvalerrcc rcsched r uniquchcight in 1989.A ycar pur$rcdat thc d'6ludcs3!. la regcct la pathologicdcg later orel vsccinationof foxcs cove.eda vcry significantpan of the soimaux sauvrgd" in Malzavillc. This r€sc{rch dcals wiih thc affectcdpan of th. country.Sinc€ thcn rrbies crs€shavc continu€d cfficscy and safctyof a ncw low-prth{a.nicily rabiesvirus, callcd to decr€rse. Thc onl v.ccination camptiSn of autumo 1992 SAG,, obtairFd by mutstion,and ficld riak using csrncra_lrapslo extendcdovcr lhe totll afTc.tedsr€s ( I I I ,558km1). On rhc avcrage checi which animal specics talc thc bait. SlrPrising rcsults low rele 13 baits Fr km' $/cr€dtoppcd by hclicoptcr. Thc bait conbin€d sho*ed tharonly 3%of the bartt*cn u/e.Efoxcs. Bot this tcrrcyclinc as an upt{kc biomarker. is consistc with s 70%proponion of foxeshavinS consum€d at least one bait whco bait density is l3Am:. Out of l99o examin€dfores, 1175(59%) showcdrt lcsst onc t€tracyclin€colourEd ma* in the caninclooth, and 414 oot of M. Arbi. CNEVA,Lrboraaoire d'6tudes sur la ?61 (54%) showedblood scro-neoltalisingantibodica ln 1992, rogeet la pathologicdcs .nlmaux ssuvage8 1285rsbies cas€swer€ nolcd. s 4l% decre.sclo 1991.Rcsetrch Boitepochle 9' 54220Malz6ville, Frrnce into thc efficicncy of vaccine blils and baidng proccdurcswer.

Small CarnivoreTAG/EEP meeting Salzburglune 1993

Panicipants:J. Cobo, R. Dmoch, E. Primec, B. Krll, V. - The Fopostl to caiablisha small Csmivore EEP TAC was Jirouscc.M. Boussckcy,C. Enscnot,J. XamFng, U. Scal, w. circolated lo thc panicipanlssnd accepledby lhe mecdnS. S. Wakeficld(for Pete.Birchcr), T. Pagcl,B. Holsi, Zimmermsnn, It *.! impossiblcto prccc.d furrhcr wilh lhc TAG rs thc C. Bohm, K. Rudloff, N. B€mmcnt,R. Rrtajszczrk, K. S!ruyf, R. Europern Small CamivoE Survcy has yct !o be circolaled to th€ wirth, R. Willis, L. Blomqvisr,P. vogl, K. Blcijcnbcry,T. Mtrrn. Europesnzoos. wl|cn thclc d..1 becorrc availablethe next Pha8c . Roland Wirih r.poned to the mceting on lhc Small ctmivort in the TAG csn follow. A clode cooperalionbetwccn thc Smdl CAMP held in Ronedam Zoo in Fcboary 1993.Th€ rcsuhsof camivor. TAc ard thc fetid TAG wasrecommetded rs the crging fiis nccting as concems captive b&:cding arc summanscd rcquirementof smtll felid3 at€ vcry simil.t to tho€cof oahersmall togeth.r wirh thc minutes of thc GCAP mceling encloscd. camivolrs. Thc uscof this ci8. spoc. shouldbe rpprmched by dF - Tiil Maranrcponed on his work on thc EumFan mink and on lwo TAC8 in ar integr.tcd frshion. The mc.ting dcvcloFd inlo fte rEsults of lhe Europcan mink PHVA nelting held in SpecicsCornmincc mcetings for lfic EuoP..tl or€r and dlc Red Ronerdam.Thc pro8nosis of th. PHVA is not verypromisinS pandaEEPS.

z2 Blood samplesof Europeanmink wanted

Fo( geneticstudies a sin8lc fernaleof EuoFrn mink wrs I would be gmtcful if rnyonc, io ch.gc of captivcEu.op€an cap.ur€din lgq sh€is lept in tu Anm ExF.irrcnt|l Strtioo lrd miok, would lind rhe pdsibility to s€nd us r blood s.mplc. lf is doinS*ell. W€ tmk blood lamplcs scv.nl ainEs.nd dlo hsir necdsary I q,ouldcome .rd collcct it pcrsonally.olheiwis€, I will follicle,sin order to do sorncgenetic and biologic tcaa. According bc plcas€dto scndall lhc dciails on taking andmrilinS th. srmple. to th€ pr€liminary rEsults it pmvcd fairly caly to diffcrentiaE b€lw€enthe Euopein mink (MusQla lu,reollt\,tlE Anrcncanmink M. Anob, CNEVA, bborrSol.a d'aaude33ur h r.ge.1 h (M. vrr"n), aId dr€fcret (M. pnon!$ v8r.trro). Alhoogh tlEscflrsr prthologl€ des rnlnriux ao$vrgec, Domrlnc dc Plxaracoirrl .esultsarE €ncoureginS, tlEy involve c y ole irdividual. . 8.P.9,54220Mrldvllle, Ir.nca

Wildlife rescuePetit Saut- FrenchGuiana

90% of French Guiana is covercd *ilh neotropical rrin A scicntific study b.sed on an.lysis of biologicsl suplcs forEsl.ttr majar pan is at pr€s€ntintacl du€ to low humrn density b planlled. A biologidl b€nk (serum, cells, pansitca...) will be and lack of pencradng m€ds. In January 199[, rs pa( of a constitutcdmd acc.ssiblctothc intcmatiooalsci€nlific cornmunity, hydroelectdcprojcct, 3t0 kmt of this forcsl will be flooded. A but thcrcwill bc no fondinSfo. shipmcntand .Escarch. l,abodtori€r wildlife rEscueopcration is undenmy 0nd will bc fimnc€d by the areinvit€d io cxprcsstheir inrcrEstrnd sut"nit dEir Foposds. Thc public company building the dsm. This kind of operation is possibility of adding oew proj€cts to thc acoal plrn will bc controvcrsialbut wc b€lievcsnongly rhat ifit is wcll conductcdand consid€r€dif suchFopositions 3r. fomulited. well docurneded,it will be v€ry useful and worthwhile. A la.ge amountof scientilic info.matioo will be obtained. Severalpositions will bc opcncdin J0noaryand Fcbru.ry for slaff vetcrinerians,biologists and volunteersvri(h intcrcst rnd Marnmals, r€pliles, amphibians,bi.ds,..will be capl!.Ed exFrience in wildlifc r€stnint, c&! and mansgement.Candidrtca undd the sfivcillance of wildlife velerinarirns.A suilablercle8e shouldbc in gmd physicalcondition in o.de. to work underhard arcahas been s€lectcd and wiu ba Fepared. Control $irnals will fi€ld conditionsfor s€venmonths. Knowlcdge of Frenchis hiShly b€followed (rrdio-trocking & visualcheck) for 3t le8sltwo to thEe d.sirable. ye{rs.This art{ is clo6cto thecaptur. nla rnd hasbc€n ovcrfiunted, so dl€ risk of distu6ing popuhtionr in b6larlc! md of imponing send cither scientific proposrls or r leuer of intcnt, s discas.sis minimrl. Th. arca will b. pIotecIcdby law. curiculum virae ard rcfer.nc€s to:

An imponant objectiv. of th€ op€raiion is public aware- Dr J.-Chrtsaophevl6 ness. lrcal actions arc bcing plam€d and *ill be focus€d on Op€rralon de Srwetrge de Pcdl Srut schools.Inl€mational educaiion will bepossible thmugh th€ rn€dia f,DWCNEH, Srvol€ Technolxc, 73373 lx Bour8!a-d|l-Lc which have showomucb intcrest in the oDeration, C€dGx,Fr.n e. Frr: (33)-79-25-JF09.

Recentpublications

dissccted head of an Amcdcan mink inf€st€d wilh thc sinus The mink oofasiteSkjafi"Sylus nasicola. Dunstone,N. 1993.The nink. T. & A. D. Poys€r,l,ondoo. iviii, The book is w€ll orgahisedand laid out. Eachtopic is detlt 23I pp. (including rcferencesand index), 24 col. plates,plus many with in discr€tccbapters rhat includc: basic biology and anrlomy, figures,graphs, b/u/ pholos, f,19.95. field signs and tracking,distribulion and cvolution,fecding, Ar the stan of this book Dunstonestares thal his aim is to gcneral€cology, repnductiv€ biology, populalion€colo8y, thc fur poduce a'teadable" accountofthc biology ofthc mink, andhc has trade,and the now sceminglymandatory "inlemclions wilh man succeededadmirably. I/re nirl is well writlen, eolcnaining, and and olhe. animals". The discussionsof the mink ls & furb€arer contains a w€alth of information from rhe lir€raturc, Frsooal (both wild snd farmcd),and aisa pesl andenemy of waterfowl,lre cxFricnce in both the lab and the fi€ld, and also a gre deal of wcll-balanced,and providemuch food for thought.Th€ accounlis pevio{rsly unpublisheddala, moslly frorn rhedoctoml thes€sof his alsowcll-r€f€renc.d, and (unusually)done in sucha way that PhD srudcnrs. citstionsdonl clulterthe texl, andthus shouldn'l dissuade non- rcadcmic taders. Eight paSesbound into thc centrc of thc book includ€ 24 high{uality colourpftotographs, mosl by Donstonchimsell Having Thisis very nuch abool onlhc Americanmink,apointlhat saidthat, I fould thc mosl rema*able pholo (ard c€ddnly rh€mosr Dlnstonemakesv€ry€adyinhistert,M. rLro,t havingbeensubj€cl unpleasan0lo bc a b/w photogmphby Dave Hrder that showslhc ofhis owntescarches. Some rcaderc may find th€lackofcoverage ot M . lutreolu a lirrle disappointing,bur overall this do€snI detract BadgerGroup. National Federation of BadgerCroups, Tetbury. 24 lromlhc re xl, and(lbr me)was more than adequat€ly compensal€d pp. No ISBN.t1.50. lor by rheunpublished informalion onM. yirdn. A ratherunusual inclusion,bur one of grestr€levance ro th€ biologyof mink, is a Just when you lhooghl lhat everytbingthal could possibly sub-s€ctionon diving. This includ€s informalion on physiological, be wriiten about badgershad be€nwritten, two mo.€ short books b€havioural,and sensory adaptations, and provides a rEalinsight app6r on badgercons€rvalion. In thosecouotries wher€ brdgcn inio rheworld of a s€mi-aquaticpredator. This largely stemsfrom arc regardcd ehhcl ralher negatively or as pests, these must Dunstone'spersonal inlerest in optimal fo.aging lheory, but is an reprcscntfirnher l€siamentro the crazircss of ihe British (and unusual,v uable,and interesting inclusion in r booksuch as lhis. probablylhe Dutchtoo!,.

Otherthan lhe omissionof a smallnumher of citatiois in the Cox's book dealswith a subjectthai genuinelyneeds sontc rcfer€ncelist, I could find few thingsto complainabout 'ard this is covetage:badgers and civil engineering.British badgerlegislation a very minorcomplainl. In shon.I/re ,rol repres€ntsa well-\rritt€n can now place planne$ and land developen in a difficult legal and inter€stingbook on tt. r,rior ard, being re.sonablypriced, it is siluadon. The book details $e legal obligalions facing rheo in r woflhwhile inveslm€ntfor anyonewith an interestin the species. areaswhere lher€ are badgers,aod how to rcconcile the interc$s (rcview by H. Crifr Lt) of boih. Althoughonly a brief account,Cox gives d€tailsof relevanl badgerl.gislation and the obligationsplaced upon developefsby rhe law, rnd also showshow planninSlpplications Atlas of mammalsin Britain and development should be undert.ken ro avoid conflicls of Amold, H. R. 1993.Aias oI nannals in r/irdin. ITE Research iorcr€st.There is also basicinfomation on badgerfield signsand PublicationNo. 6., London.HMSO for the EnvironmentR€s€arch ecology. Pe.bapsthe most impotunt section is that dealing wilh Couocil.144 pp. (includingreferenc€s), with mapsand many avoiding disturbancelo badgersduring constructionprojects, and illustrarionsand graphs. f,12.50. how ro minimise harm to lhe speciesfrom the results of civil engineering.This is not a "do'it-yours€lf'manual, however, and In thesedays of highly appliedresearch. it is refreshingto rhebook places much .nphasis on hking specialisladvice, and s€e such a piece of basic zoology as ^ new Anas ol British uponpmper planning and consuhalion. Ahhough strongly British numnmls. Tlrc work is a compilalion of over 115,000records in some seltions, those d€aling with th€ practical aspecB of collectedover the last 35 yenrsby the Biological RecordsCenre, prolectingbadgers from road-trafficar€ ofrelevance in all Europ€an andh a valuableconlribution to the knowledgeoflhe British fauna. counrries.Perhaps the only disagreementmany of us wouldhave The mapsarc accompaniedby brief sectionson biology, but more wilh tbeconteot, h thal Cox suggestslhe useofslrdrda rcfleciors interestin8ly,also includebreakdowns of the sourcesof the ro dissuadeb8dgels from crossingnew roads; lhe Dutch badger 'Vereniging rccords,These are ofteo plotled on a month-to-monthbasis, and society Das& boom' hasinvestigated fte useofthese when they derive fmm road casualties(as in the cas€of badgers) reflectoN,and found tb€m to pe.fom v€ry poorly ind€€d.Hopefully lhe resultsare themsehes of use. this book will not just be read by th€ many amal€urbadS€r con- s.rvationisrs, but also by employecsof High*ays and Pl.nning Th€ maF lh€ms€lvesarE composed of circular distdbution Dcpann*nts and civil enginceringcompanies, both in th€ UK and plots placedov€r a nationalgrid, which irrludes lrelandand all the els€wh€re.If th€ ffi achievesany penetrationof thesemarkels, otr-stnre islands.TIle plotsare offed discrimidded by the ageof fie lhen it will do a gr€al deal of good. r€ord! froor which they derive, snd allow infErencesto b9 made lhout distributionalchang€s in r€ccntye{rs. It is unfonunale,how- A ratherless pl€asing efion ist€"Treatment anl Rehabilita- €vcr, $at fie lish BiologicalRecords Ce re hasclos€d,lhus lheir rior" volum€ p|oducedby rh€ NFBG. The boollet includeslhe darr wer€nol availabl€.The result is lhal covemgeof lr€landis poor. substanceof (and discussionsarising from) lalks given al a workshop sessionof the same nem€,and hcld in 1992.Despite Only a f€w mostelidsarc pres€ntin the British fauna,but all cootributionson lcgal and vet€rinaryaspecls of rehabilitation,and arc covcrcd (both native and iol.oduced)i Pin€ marten (Mdrles inlerestingarticles by Euniceoverend and wanen cresswell, thc narks),Slad'llMustela emtned), Wcascl(M. nivdlis), Polecal(M. .nd re3ult is unsstisfactory.Despite a Sreat deal of repetition putoriusr, terll Fener (M. furo), Am€rican mink (M. vtror), betwccn coolribulon, much is left unsaid lhat should have been Badfge.(Meles '].elesr,and Otr€r (ldrd turld). The Raccoon,a included.AhhouSh s€veral authors mention thal someanimals are procyonid which never formed a p€rman€nlpopulation, is nol bestcuthanatizcd, thh h nolcmphasis€d slronSly enough. Similarly, rncnliorEd.Just browsing rhrcu8h,I found a grestd€rlofinformation ther€ is very lilllc empha:ir on obtaining approprialesp€cialist on thc mammalsof my area,much of which I wrsn't au,are,This advice, and evcn lcss of m attcmpt at discouragingpercons ill- isn't jusl a compilationof distribution rccord!, bul includ.s s gr€at equipFd for rehabililadonwork frorn uodertrking it. Despilc the derl of l|s€ful, inreresting,and rclcvant dstr. Ovcmll, this nclrlrtlas statemen$of thc confiibuloF, one is Lfi with th€ fecling that the is a mustfor nnyoneinrct$ed in the mammalianfauqa of Brilain. r€habililationof ,n injurcd badgercan b€ dofleby anyonewho has (rericw b, H. ctifiths) a do8 basket,rn old blanket, and a can of cst food.

Thcr€is a vc.y IEalrE.d fm concret€guidc-lines and advicc More booksabout badgers! on thc crtc and rchabilitationof injurEdb6dgr.s, but this book fails Cox, P. R. l993.8od8eruo, rir". BerkshireCouniy Council (Dept. to do this. I hava*itnesscd sonEastonishing cruclty marifesLd a5 "caft" of HiBhways& Planning),Rcading. 40 pp.,some linc dra*ings. by l'etl-mc.ning bot ill-infortred individuals,ard thi. book ISBNt851631682. f3.50 c/ould sclm to bc e iourcc of encouragementto lhem, The lack of formal publicationdetails, plus numeroosiypogr.phical cnors, 3ll Anon. 1993.Semin on teatment and i.habilitation of badgerc. ldd to the gcncrrl imprcssion of rn amdt€urish,ill-conlidercd, A one day meelingheld in October 1992,hosred by lhe Wiltshir€ sloppy piccc of wort. (tu iet/sbtH.CrifrttBt 24 appropliately.Howcver, Wozcncraftdoes nol mention the Thecarnivores of Natal intodrrction ioto Eumpe of two hcrp€stidir lt?tp?srsr eda'ards, Rowe-Rowe,D. T. 1992. The carnivores ol Norar. Nf,trl Parts into haly (s€€Small CamivoreConscrvation 1990, 2il0), and H etpcstesouropunctatus (rEgard.d as conspecific of lt. jdvdnidr Board, Pietermaritzburg. "Small in "Mmmals of the world") inlo Dalmatia(see Camivor€ Distribution mapsand spccicsaccount ar€ pl€scnted for 32 Cons€rvarion"1992, ?: l6). Mdtr€r ,nanesis slaied!o bc a po6sibl€ indiSenouscamivor€ specieslhat havc bccn rccorded in Nalal. conspecificof M. atr"ricana, M. nelampus, aftd M zibellina, t Each specicsaccount d€als with cunent distributioo rnd former suggestioothat will probrbly nol be ryPreciacd by lh€ majorily of disribution wlrcre known, $rtus, habitat pr€fcrcnccsand living Europ€anmammalogists. Mtrrteld nrrra is listed !s consPecific fie ancBlor of requiiEments,social orgaDisaliot! k€y life history feltorEs,lhr€ats' etitlr M. nivalis, {d M. Dx,ori r as the dom€slic (Meler andimponanc€ to hulilans,Conscrvalion impoflance is ratedusing f€rrct. The badger }'sks) i3 only repotledfor thc Crc€k (where populations a scoring system.Four speciesoccur marginally in thc exireme islandsoflihod€s andcrct€ these mayr.prescnt nonh-€ast.at lh€ south€mmostlimit of tbci. distribution (Caris cndemic subspecies),allhough the sp€ciesalso occum on Sifnos, a.lustus,C iveuicti s civetta, P arocrnictis selousi,H elogalePonulo ). Andros,and Tinos (Adam*oE'rtlos e, al.,1991.Biologiaca o' -l\to The sugSestionby Baryshoikov& swcles (Geneatageneata, Golercllo Wlv.tulenta) rcgrh lhe hette ca 18(l\'.101-126). is easlemmostlimit of lh€ir distribution in ihe dri€r uplandgrassland Potapovathat the genusis disp€cific ratller than monospecific where8smrny pcoplcwilh of wesrcmNatal. Foor spe.ieslconis mesonelas,Genetta tiSrina, mentioned,but not considerEdfunher, sp€cilicranking fot tbc Atitetpalu.tinosus, Ichn..rtntaalbicdrda)occurftroughout inall an interesiin the genusdo now rccept irll yulper oI Mustela eminea, bioclimatic tegions, and ,darF occtrr in most rcgions. Japanes€b{dgcr, i}t. ana&rma.ln rhe ca!€ southemdht b$tional t hana, crnictis penici ata, andPtdkres ctirtdttls occur mainly in soulhemPannonia is nol menliotrcdas ils (Mi.ic. BelerodeSqBr$l' drier oplandgrassland of the northwest.Four speci€s(Poecildsak bord€r D. 1915,Bu . Mus. Hist. Na.. m€nlion€dwithin lhe albinucha, Herpestesichneurnon, Felis semol, Felis bbica) aft l0l). and n€ither is southemEurope (Krystufek & Pclkovski. confin€dto rnoist midlandrnd uplrnd grassl6n&,ss vrcll ascoastal disiribution area ot Martes martes srid all lhis, grassland.Both Gaktelld utd Mungos munSoc,.cnt thmuShout Fragnenta Batcanica 14 (13/30,6):I 17-129). Having status,tnd il is not lowland woodyvegelalion, with lhe fo.mercxtcnding inlo midland diverseopinions erist wilh rcgardto laronomic rcgions.a)caon picttlr (reintroduced)and M€lrivota coperrit ate possibleto please€verybody! confinednsinly lo lowlandbushveld rcgions. Thc mosl ihreatcncd gulo, Murtela lutre' sr'l'ies is Poe.ilogale albrn&crr: at rtuk owing to loss of habilat, As regardsconservation slants, Gulo pr€dalionby dogs. ota, {dvomela percgusn arc all lisFd !s Vulnerable;all lbc$ use in tradilional medicine,nnd "An sD€cics*ere includedin Aclion PIanfor the Consrrvationof Mustelids and Vivenids" (SchrEiberel di t 989, Pp. I -99). Of thc Mammalspecies of theworld otherEuropeantaxa, Mdtte s loha i nte tm edia (l wkeslan,Ti€nshrn, includedin AppendixUI wilson, D. E. & Recdcr,D.M.,ds 1993.Man al sp.ciesof the Afghanistan,ctc.) is mcnlionedas being The srmcapplics to lhe Indianpopulalions trorld: A tatonomic and beographicrefercrce S€condcdition ofthe CITES agr€€ment. lhal th€thrcalcn€d stalos Smilhsonim Instilution Press,Washington & l,ondon. 1206 PP ot Mustelaemiiea.lris alilllc surpnsing populadonsof Mdt ?r zdrttr ar€ uKf 63.50. of Bdtish and central EuroFan noi rneniioned,and the sam. applieslo at lear! of-somcof thc rrc's lhat Murrelo ev.rsnonni Elevenyears after Honacki?r al.'s 1982edition of"Mammal of Marles zibellina.lr alsosecms likely io thc PannoniaoPhid' speciesofthe *orld", fte s€condedition ofthis imPort ntpublication is thleatenedby rgricuhural changes hasfinauy appeared.tt is editedby D. E Wilson andD M. Reeder' will b€ an invaluable and includes the work of 20 conlributing aulhors, each one DesDitethese comments, this book in seriousstudy of the specialistin lheir r€sp€ctivegroups. A lolal of 4,629 sFlies are sourceof iformalion for anyon€engag€d of rnammals' consider€din its I,206 pages(as compared wiih 4' I ?Oin lhe edition taxonomy, evolution, distnbution, or conservation a comPrchensiveand by Honacki dr dl.). 172new sp€cieshave been de*tib€d sirce lh€ The pnce is also very teasonablefor sllch cdnunh€sihtingly rccommend first edition. but lhis includesonly a sioglc camivore Calidictis bulky work, andwe believcthal we "small Cons€rvation"' Wozancx^ft,1986, a mongoosefrom SW Madagascar. this book lo lhe t€ad€rsof Camivorc Brundi&eri (ryvieh' Krystufek& H. Grifrths) EachsD€cies is Drovidedwilh its scientific nffrc, the authorof dle bv B first description,a referenc€to thal description,(hc lype locality' dislributional data,cons€rvation status, and additioml comments The book also includesa cornprehensiv€list of rcfercncesand a detailedindex. Abshact

camivotes(including pinipeds)' 27 I sp€ciesar€ As r€gards Crya.mbryopl.scrv.tlon of crrnlvor..nbrvo6 treated,compared wilh 270 in !h€ lint edition Since the first ' Emin' (lttrrt?/a edition, the numtrerof camivore generarecognis€d has increascd ftc Dosrbilitv'o prc*Ne €mbrvosof lhe The innuenc'ot rhe lFc/in8 from 108 ro 129. This increas€refl€cl! tlrc numerouslaxonomic .mir.a) su(estfullv ha b.cn shown prograrnand ih. strgc of.nbryo dcv.lopnenl on th' sudival of embrvos changessuggesied as mammalianoxonomy is constantlyt€fincd, 'Irtc ;;idv.itiadcd. fE ttd'thawed €minc €Dbrvosof the eadv staS€s phylogenelic fie test€d.Familica of camivom and hyporhes€s *cr. trdsfcrnd to lh€ riSht ulcrite hom of th' rccipienl "Small aodiicludcd her€are: of dcvcloo;nt coveredby Crmivor€ CoNervation" "ro"r -a *"t cullurcd ttfre for 26 &vs. Some of lhes' embryos 65 rndP.ocyonidae viverida€(14 J, HerD€stid'r (l?), Musl€lidat{ ), d€v.lop.d in riw lo lhc larg. dclay.d blastocysls thc Rcd (18) Pandasltwo sDeciesin Ailurinaeincluding Panda) (; Amdistrlslt, S. Y, Mrhlmovskv, L. F., Terno$ky' Y & are trcated as a sulfamily of $e bearc(family Ursidae) This ( D, v. l9l.l' Crvo.nbrJopr.senrlinn ol srnlvora wss wrltl€n by W. C. Woz.ncraff of th' Smiihsot an T.rmvstr' chaptcr .mbn6t Mgt.tt 6tQa. S.krtiJat l1l2ttl21-l!1. Inslitulion in washinsloo.In thc main, EuroFrn rara arc tr$tcd 25 Recentliterature

Do|E.!t.r, C. P & W@drefiq R- | 993.D.n sir. dn d€t mim shrF ,trd iiz of b.dg.r G.itori.s: lmplicrtionsfd tdpliving- o!r,r 66(| ):88-93. Alrissitrc.scn,,, f 992.C.a.vlt E.r i DaMt*:.n ha..lba8.Frcdcticks&tgl Eo8cf.E. f99!. Unr.Buchunrln dm Vcftrli.n von Si.inmd&m (Mot.s FoEninecntilDyrc..s Bcstyttcl*iD.nma*,4E pp. (In Danish)(lt Lr /oira) oncl c.fdscishrnrh.dingungcn. lr: 6?th rl|u vcMmnlung d.r Da{rlE c.$llsch.fl lit Stng.ric*undc: Kurrasinsa dd Voniis. Adlnltolbld1 P..,al. l9l. Lrsgn d€immnifaEs.lc@o.(CmivoEs urd Pc&rdc|Msrdiftn. V.drg P.ul Pwy, Hmhus (Ab.rmr) el ,anidhcltLs)i siruario &rwlla, dpdnid3, h.bitd l.s 4paes F.ddn, S.F. & LF., M.A. |92.Amt onthc behlvi@r of lh. w..strt !r n.nea.s, F6p..rir.s dc [email protected] Collo-h.I.ni.d latlol- r.la.ti.de (Crmiwn, M!sr.lida.) fmm Am&ona, b@il. [email protected] 126.tln8lbh.bdrncrl 56: 4E2-483. Ammo,r. M.& Soli.N. E. 1992.lmmobiliationofnink (ltrsl.lavien)vith i:isdr, J. & T*rcr, J. R. 1992.Scasnll chd86 in l(mhotor.nd r€.ding m.detomidirc-k.iamin.ud ambili2.rid withtlipan.zol.. vtr ftt. &tivny pou.ms in dt Sto.t (Md.la.t rt.d, Cmivo6) in crprivity. Anh. t6141:281292. Adq SN.Zool. Aoh.^oslo@ce 5q.t):u3. Atlinm, R. M. 1991.C.r. Bpon3d .ddio myopathyin th. d,oincsticfcE!, Fon}l, W. t. & Lrg.quisl,.,. E. 1993.lnl.Dal phsitA frcn the m.n n Msst.lo pukri6luto.J. sna Ent. Anid. M..1.,2(2)115-74. \M a .. M ri.o Ml ii.a16 Waslrilgtoi. J. H. Id in hol. Sd. Wo s h i ns IM B&tlin. B. M. & B.enu, a. 1992.MordbloSic.l asFclsonth. Eprodwtiv. e.Xl)172-15" ort.N in f.m.lc ni (tiun lo vitunl crpo$d to poly-chlorinatcd F(mich.v.,I.I- 1992.IGC!lloryp.sof thedomcsdc mint'geneiics.cxprcssio. biplEnyk ond faction3 lh.Fot. Anbio 2r:596-(01. aid cvolurid. Ep.rid. ClD. [email protected]., 8:185-21E. Adylhnilov,C.F. & Av..ieov. A. O. 1990.Mi|r te$of pEdltotymMmah Cratov.N. N. 1991.Pirc man.n md ns h!tu4t in Russi!.tut olo217 13. (Ordd Cmivod). Pan L Fni,\ tnwt [email protected] Zoolosi.h.skoqo Gdffin. J. A. l9l. D.sriplim or.n ootbtat orbolire bb.rculosisin Counry InstitutaAN SSSR212:731 19. Dorcglf susp.credro b. ba4.tel,r.d. Ir. Vct.L,46,78-E2. B.*h,,. E. & Ort n*ood,B. 1993.spoil|Mus n.opllsh in lhc f.rct Odffin,K. A.&Oifb.n.F.F. t993.H. n d. ot Fish.BlMd esNtM i) lr6t.ld putori6 furo). t . Co,np.Pathol., l08l2J:t33-147 . dwing.r.r.i*. L MaM' 741245-290. Bclmr. J. L. 1992.Fi.ld imnobiliatid of Am.ric.n m.nGN (ltartrr C.iltrrhs, H. 1 1993.Thc Elrai.n brdSd, r/./.J mi.r (L., 1758)$ ! an ri.ad) .od Shonr.ifcd w. *ls lvusr.la./nin a). J. Wikll. Dh. cmDodily rF.i4..f. Zr,/., 230:34&342. 2a()t 662-665. Gritlirhc, H. L. Griflirh3,c. A. & Thdn.s, D. H. | 991.7r. tar's?' M.lcs n.l€3 Bdtil. D. E. & Mumy, r. P. 1991.Mod.lling bovirc tub.rculGt in badgds. (L., 1758):An qt.$ne"t oIth. poptkttid status,.ontu.dtio^ rc..Is aad L Anint.Etol.. 62:239250- natug.n.ht t.qtn.n n$ of the tp.ci.s in the vttem Pola.arFox,L. B. lgm. Redn popularions:DGs bd9d dium.l Co.tit tlv6@) md mlum.l Kinkaidi (Porolrrav6). huDln distult'nfc. incEe mrillityl Trcnt. Konfut Arod. 5.i..93(tl Anin.Lon. B.hae..2U3\:259-265. 4J:22-21. Edri K- M. & Snith, w- P. 1993.lnflu@. of tBG,sx, wM lnd Rolofi, C. L l99O.Th. infleE of 9qtlu rtrd s.d on Rlccdn (Prdqo, *.ilability on rh. den*leid by r&cdns wilhin rh. C.nlnl BAin ol loror) mov.renb dd &dvny in ccnrrd X.nlucky. M.s. lhtsis. EaslKy Tcm3s. Ar.r. Mrdr.ivar., 129(l):l 16lll. Univ.l15 rp. F€igl.y,H- P. 1992.Th..cology of lhc R*cM i. ebolbo t ns Isl.nd, N.w RupDuht. C. E. rr 4i. 1992-Cdsi

29 Subscriptions

Subscriptionfor 1994(two numbersplanned) is 6fi) Belgianfrancs (approx.20 USg or 10f,or 30DM).

UnitedStares residents please send a chequefor US$20 to:

Don Moore Exec.Director Thomson park Conserv. P.O.Box 8182 Warertown,Ny 13601 USA

'memo' Pleasenote IUCN/MV & PSG in the sectionat chequebottom ! *** UnitedKingdom residents please send a chequefor flo to:

PaulRobinson SouthponZoo PrincesPark Southport,Merseyside PR8 IRX UK

Pleasemake cheques payable to Paul Robinson! *** Germanyresidents please send a chequefor DM30 to:

RolandWinh Franz-Senn-StraBe,l4 81377Miinchen Germany

*** All othersubscribers please send, if possible,a Eurochequefor 600 Belgianfrancs (no bankingcosls deducted!).On othercheques or whenin foreigncurrency, please add 30ol. to covercunency converting andbankine costs and send to:

HarryVan Rompaey JanVerbertlei, 15 2650Edegem Belgium

Theaim of theNewsletler isto promolecommunicalion betweeo all inlerestedin mustelid.vivenid and procyonidconservaiion and to slimrlate conservetionrelated activiaies for lhe speciesinvolved. ln order to do so we shouldbe linancially Independent. Any assistancein the form of donations,sponsorship, and subscriptionsis mostwelcome.