راثكإو ةيامح ةشرو ةريزجلا هبش تاناويح ةيبرعلا

2005 رياربف 20-23 Conservation Workshop for the fauna of arabia

20th - 23rd february 2005

راثكإو ةيامح زكرم ةيبرعلا ةريزجلا هبش تاناويح ضارقنإلاب ةددهملا

Breeding Centre for Endangered Arabian Wildlife Final RepoRt Sixth International Conservation Workshop

for the

Fauna of Arabia

Final Report 20-23 February 2005

Organised on behalf of

Environment and Protected Areas Authority PO Boc 29922 Sharjah United Arab Enirates Tel +971 6 531 1501 Fax +971 6 531 1419 Email: [email protected] Sixth International Conservation Workshop

for the

Fauna of Arabia

Master map originally provided by Environmental Research and Wildlife Development Agency, edited by Breeding Centre for Endangered Arabian Wildlife, EPAA.

Environment and Protected Areas Authority (EPAA). 2005. Sixth International Conservation Workshop for the Threatened Fauna of Arabia. BCEAW/EPAA; Sharjah, UAE.

Additional copies of Sixth International Conservation Workshop for the Threatened Fauna of Arabia Final Report can be ordered from the Breeding Centre for Endangered Arabian Wildlife; PO Box 29922; Sharjah; United Arab Emirates. Contents

Chapter 1 Arabian leopard ...... 1

Chapter 2 Canids and Hyaena ...... 5

Chapter 3 Vultures and large Eagles ...... 63

Chapter 4 Aquatic Freshwater Invertebrates ...... 178

Participant List ...... 207 Chapter 1

Arabian leopard

1 Arabian Leopard: report on progress since 2004 David Mallon

Bahrain [Mubarak al Dosary; Abdulaziz Al Midfa] A captive facility is being designed at Al Areen Wildlife Park, with advice from BCEAW, and a long-term plan for display and breeding of Arabian leopards is being drawn up. Sharjah EPAA has agreed in principle to provide display once the facility is ready, and a breeding pair at an appropriate future date.

Jordan [Mayas Qarqaz] No new records. Field work is planned to investigate unconfirmed reports from the south.

Palestine/Israel [Norman Ali Khalaf] Two or three subspecies of leopard have been reported. They occur in Ein Gedi NR and are fully protected under Palestinian and Israeli laws. Leopards are kept in the facility at Hai Bar reserve; the subspecies involved is unknown.

Oman [Andrew Spalton, Hadi Musalam al Hikmi, Khalid al Rasbi] The camera trapping survey in Dhofar has continued. Around 30 individuals have been identified so far and average home range size calculated for males (350km2) and females (250km2). The re- sults of the study will allow population density estimates for Oman to be calculated and these will also be of value in relation to the whole range. Preliminary analysis suggests leopard numbers in Oman are higher than earlier thought. Data from satellite tracking has been passed on for analysis. Samples collected have been sent for analysis to the genetics lab at Sultan Qaboos University. No results yet received from samples sent earlier to KKWRC.

A leopard survey of Musandam is scheduled for 2005.

Captive animals at the Omani Mammal Breeding Centre did not breed in 2004.

Saudi Arabia [Hany Tatwany, Abdurrahman Khoja] No field survey work has been carried out, and no formal surveys are planned for 2005, but there is some capability to follow up reports of leopards.

A captive breeding facility is being established at NWRC, Taif.

UAE [Abdulaziz Al Midfa, Jane Edmonds] BCEAW has had more breeding success, involving [s] on loan from Saudi Arabia, and is providing training in captive management techniques for leopards.

Yemen [Dr Massa Al Jumaily, Ahmed Sakkaf] No field survey work has been carried out.

Negotiations are continuing with Oman to extend their camera trapping project into southern Yem- en.

Leopards have bred successfully at Sana’a .

2 Recommendations

The 2004 recommendations were reviewed briefly.

1. Arabian Leopard meeting in Sana’a. Progress had been hindered by job changes in the EPA. It was agreed by everyone that a meeting in or Oman was desirable. Dr Al Jumaily/Dr Karim Nasher and Andrew Spalton undertook to pursue this possibility with the respective authorities. It was made clear that it would be difficult to schedule this meeting before 2006.

2. Representation of founder animals in the captive breeding population. Some progress has been made. It was noted that the animals held in Ta’izz Zoo and some elsewhere were not represented in the captive breeding population. The urgent need to integrate all founders into the captive breeding programme in order to maximise genetic potential was again stressed.

3. Publication of status reports. A status report from each range state has been completed, though these vary in length and data quality. There was general agreement that these should be published collectively and at the earliest possible opportunity, given the time that had elapsed since the origi- nal proposal. Possible options for publication are: Fauna of Arabia, Zoology in the Middle East, Cat News/IUCN Cat Specialist Group special series. These options will be followed up with the Chairs of the Cat Specialist Group.

3 راثكإو ةيامح ةشرو ةيبرعلا ةريزجلا هبش تاناويح

ةقراشلا – ءارحصلا هزتنم 2005 رياربف Conservation 20-23 Workshop for the Fauna of Arabia

Desert Park - Sharjah

20 - 23 February 2005

راثكإو ةيامح زكرم ةيبرعلا ةريزجلا هبش تاناويح ضارقنإلاب ةددهملا

BREEDING CENTRE FOR ENDANGERED ARABIAN WILDLIFE Canids & Hyaena Final Report4 Chapter 2

Canids and Hyaena

Executive Summary...... 6

Appendix I...... 14

Appendix II...... 15

Appendix III...... 19

Appendix IVI...... 19

Arabian Wolf...... 20

Striped Hyaena...... 27

Arabian Red fox...... 34

Arabian Sandfox...... 41

Blanford’s fox...... 48

Asiatic Jackal...... 55

5 CANID AND HYENA SUMMARY REPORT CONSERVATION WORKSHOP FOR THE FAUNA OF ARABIA DESERT PARK – SHARJAH, UNITED ARAB EMIRATES FEBRUARY 19 – 24, 2005

- INTRODUCTION -

The canids of Arabia are a diverse and unique group represented by five species, including golden jackal (Canis aureus), Arabian wolf (Canis lupus arabs), Blanford’s fox (Vulpes cana), Ruppell’s fox (Vulpes rueppellii), and red fox (Vulpes vulpes arabica). In Arabia, canids occupy a wide variety of ranging from rocky, mountainous terrain to dry wadis, desert dunes, and even human settlements and urban environments. Throughout much of Arabia, they represent top carnivores and are undoubtedly important in maintaining healthy ecosystems. Details of the ecology, behavior, and conservation status of Arabia’s canids, however, are few. Little is also known of the distribution and abundance of each of the five species in the Peninsula. The paucity of such information poses considerable challenges to conservationists and wildlife managers tasked with conserving the species and the habitats they rely upon.

In February 2005, the Breeding Centre for Endangered Arabian Wildlife in Sharjah, United Arab Emirates, hosted the 6th annual Conservation Workshop for the Fauna of Arabia. The workshop was sponsored by the Environment and Protected Areas Authority of Sharjah and aimed to evaluate the current conservation status of canids in Arabia. The workshop brought together biologists, conservationists, wildlife managers, government officials, educators, and policy makers from over 10 countries in Arabia and surrounding regions.

The main goal of the workshop was to evaluate the conservation status of each Arabian canid as well as the striped hyena (Hyaena hyaena sultana) and develop measures to improve their conservation. This was accomplished by pooling information on the biology and population status of each species and identifying key threats to their survival. Participants then applied IUCN criteria to evaluate the regional conservation status of each species. Extensive data sheets were compiled that documented discussions and helped in the evaluations. Workshop participants also developed a list of conservation actions to be accomplished over the next year. The actions aim to improve the conservation status of each species at the regional level. The last assessment of this kind occurred five years ago at the 2nd annual Conservation Workshop for the Fauna of Arabia in 2000.

This report provides a summary of the discussions and outcomes of the workshop. The report includes an account of the main discussions on each species. Each species account includes information on current distribution and population status, important conservation threats, and the regional conservation status decided upon by workshop participants. The report also includes a description of the conservation actions developed by the group. A list of workshop participants, a list of references on each species, and the data sheets used during the workshop are appended to the report.

6 - SPECIES ACCOUNTS -

1) Golden jackal – Canis aureus

Species description, distribution, and status: The golden jackal (Arabic: Ibn awa) is a medium- sized canid (5-8 kg) that ranges widely across East and North , the Middle East, India and parts of southern Asia, and some Mediterranean areas. As many as 12 subspecies of jackal are distinguished across the range. Jackals are known to inhabit much of Arabia with notable populations in Jordan and northern regions of the Arabian Peninsula, and eastern Saudi Arabia. Golden jackals are omnivorous carnivores, form long-term pair bonds, and maintain home ranges from 1 to 20 km2. Jackals compete with wolves and foxes for resources, and are predated upon by striped hyena in some areas. The 2004 IUCN Red Book of Threatened and Endangered Species lists the golden jackal as a ‘Least Concern’ species. The 2003 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) lists the species as Appendix III.

Threats and conservation issues: Throughout its entire range outside of protected areas, jackal populations appear to be declining. In Arabia, persecution by livestock farmers represents a major threat to jackals. Jackals are also poisoned and threatened by loss and urbanization of natural lands. Remaining jackal populations are highly fragmented and their densities in Arabia are considerably low. Participants determined that jackals are declining in most areas and anticipate further declines in the future. Other minor, but significant threats cited during the workshop include, hybridization with wolves and domestic dogs and disease.

Conservation status evaluation: Workshop participants reviewed all available material on the distribution, population and conservation status of the species in Arabia, and upgraded the golden jackal to IUCN ‘Vulnerable’ status. The status is based on significant declines of jackals over the past 10 years (criteria A). Research and conservation priorities for jackals in Arabia include: surveying distribution and abundance, investigating basic life history information, and conducting a public awareness study. Key management actions for the species include mitigating habitat loss, monitoring population trends, improving law enforcement, and launching public education initiatives.

2) Arabian wolf – Canis lupus arabs

Species description, distribution, and status: The wolf (Arabic: Theeb) is one of the largest carnivores in Arabia (up to 62 kg) and represents the largest member of the Canidae family. The Arabian wolf is a distinct subspecies of Canis lupus and occupies a wide variety of habitats ranging from rocky areas to deserts and human settlements. The wolf is circumpolar and widespread in distribution and occurs in most Arabian countries in low densities. Wolves are social, pack-living animals, with most packs consisting of family groups. They generally hunt large prey, including livestock, although diet varies considerably throughout the range. Territory sizes range from 75 to 2,500 km2 depending on prey density. Territories are maintained through howling, scent-marking, and direct killing. The 2004 IUCN Red Book of Threatened and Endangered Species lists the wolf as a ‘Least Concern’ species. The 2003 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) lists the species as Appendix II.

Threats and conservation issues: Wolves receive little to no formal protection throughout Arabia and populations are thought to be declining precipitously. The IUCN/SSC 2004 Canid Specialist Group Action Plan indicates notable declines in Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Oman, and Yemen. The population status of Arabian wolves is largely unknown in most countries. However, workshop participants agreed that population declines in recent years are greater than 20%. Future 7 declines will continue unless measures are taken to curb existing threats. Participants indicated that the primary threats include habitat loss and persecution due to conflicts with livestock. Other important threats include trade in wolf parts in some areas, intentional poisoning, and hybridization with domestic dogs. Researchers also confirmed that disease affects wolf populations in Oman and Saudi Arabia.

Conservation status evaluation: Workshop participants reviewed all available material on the distribution, population and conservation status of the species in Arabia, and upgraded the Arabian wolf to IUCN ‘Endangered’ status. The status is based on significant declines of Arabian wolves over the past 10 years (criteria A). Research priorities for the species include surveying distribution and abundance, investigating basic life history information, conducting genetic research and a public awareness study. Key management actions for the species include mitigating habitat loss, monitoring known populations, improving law enforcement, and launching public education initiatives. Curbing persecution and limiting trade will be critical for reversing population declines.

3) Blanford’s fox – Vulpes cana

Species description, distribution, and status: Discovered in northern Arabia in 1981, Blanford’s fox (Arabic: Tha’leb sakhari) is a small (1.0-1.5 kg), arid adapted canid. Blanford’s foxes occur largely in Iran and Afghanistan, and populations are known in the United Arab Emirates, Oman, Saudi Arabia, and northern Arabia. Blanford’s foxes inhabit rocky, mountainous areas and commonly use dry creek beds and wadis where they occur. Like the Arctic fox (Alopex lagopus), Blanford’s foxes are exceptional at climbing cliffs and rock faces. They are strictly nocturnal and primarily insectivorous and frugivorous. In most areas, invertebrates (i.e., , grasshoppers, ants, and termites) constitute the major food source. Blanford’s foxes are solitary foragers, live in monogamous pairs, and occupy defined territories (territory sizes 1.5-2 km2 recorded). The 2004 IUCN Red Book of Threatened and Endangered Species list Blanford’s fox as a ‘Vulnerable’ species. The 2003 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) lists the species as Appendix II.

Threats and conservation issues: Blanford’s foxes receive some legal protection in Arabia. However, few laws protect them in most range countries including , Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Emirates. There is a ban on fox hunting in Jordan and Oman. The principle threat to Blanford’s foxes identified by workshop participants is habitat loss. Blanford’s foxes are confined to rocky habitats and human encroachment and development of these areas may cause declines. The current population size is unknown and formal surveys are needed to accurately determine distribution and abundance. Red foxes may also competitively exclude Blanford’s foxes and represent a potential threat to the species.

Conservation status evaluation: Workshop participants reviewed all available material on the distribution, population and conservation status of the species in Arabia, and classified the Blanford’s fox as IUCN ‘Vulnerable’. The status is based on IUCN criteria B (area of occurrence/ area occupied) and C (population size). Research and conservation priorities for the species noted during discussions include: surveying distribution and abundance, conducting life history studies, investigating competition with red foxes, and conducting public awareness studies. Management priorities include protecting Blanford’s fox habitat and improving public education about the species.

8 4) Ruppell’s fox – Vulpes rueppellii

Species description, distribution, and status: The Ruppell’s fox (Arabic: Tha’lab al remmal) is a small (1.5-2.0 kg), highly arid-adapted canid that inhabits the deserts of the Arabia. Often referred to as ‘sand fox’, Ruppell’s foxes occur throughout northern Africa and the Middle East. Known populations also extend east into Afghanistan and Pakistan. Although widespread in distribution, little is known of the species’ ecology and behavior. Ruppell’s foxes, however, are known to be strictly nocturnal, generalist predators, and solitary foragers. Scant information exists on their social behavior, although reports indicate that they may be gregarious living in extended family groups. Home ranges of Ruppell’s fox vary from 16 to 69 km2. The 2004 IUCN Red Book of Threatened and Endangered Species lists the Ruppell’s fox as a ‘Data Deficient’ species. The species in not appendix listed in the 2003 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES).

Threats and conservation issues: A major obstacle to conserving Ruppell’s fox is the dearth of information on their ecology, behavior, and distribution. Outside of protected areas, Ruppell’s foxes receive little protection and known populations are declining. Workshop participants indicated nearly a 20% decline in recent years. Among the major threats identified include loss and fragmentation of desert habitat. The loss is associated with increased grazing pressure and agricultural development, gravel extraction activities, off-road driving, and human settlements. Livestock conflicts also constitute a major threat in some areas. Competitive exclusion by red foxes may also be contributing to the decline.

Conservation status evaluation: Workshop participants reviewed all available material on the distribution, population and conservation status of the species in Arabia, and upgraded the Ruppell’s fox to IUCN ‘Endangered’ status. The status is based on categories A (population decline) and B (area of occurrence/area occupied). Top research priorities for the species include conducting a human impact study, surveying distribution and abundance, investigating life history characteristics, conducting a public awareness study, and evaluating competition with red foxes. Management priorities for Ruppell’s foxes include improving habitat management regimes and law enforcement, and implementing education programs in range countries.

5) Red fox – Vulpes vulpes arabica

Species description, distribution, and status: The red fox (Arabic: Thaleb ahmar) is one of the world’s widest ranging mammals occurring across the entire northern hemisphere from the Arctic Circle to North Africa, Central America, and the Asiatic steppes. The red fox is the largest fox in the Vulpes (4-9 kg) and ranges across much of the Arabian Peninsula. The density of red foxes varies considerably and they successfully occupy most habitats including rocky and mountainous areas and urban environments. Although not as desert-adapted as the Ruppell’s fox, red foxes also live in desert areas – typically on the outskirts of human settlements. The arabica subspecies is notably different from red foxes in other regions having unusually large ears that help dissipate heat and limit water loss. Red foxes are adaptable and opportunistic omnivores that live in small family groups. Red foxes are also territorial and exhibit highly variable mating behavior. The 2004 IUCN Red Book of Threatened and Endangered Species lists the red fox as a ‘Least Concern’ species. Three subspecies (V. v. griffithii, V. v. montana, and V. v. pusilla) are listed as Appendix III in the 2003 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES).

Threats and conservation issues: Red fox populations in the Arabian Peninsula appear to be increasing. The degree of increase, however, is unknown but probably linked with expanding human settlements and urbanization. Major threats to red foxes are few. In some areas, livestock conflict issues result in persecution. Trade of skins also occurs at low levels and rabies has been 9 confirmed in some populations. Disease among red foxes could potentially affect other fox species in decline such as Blanford and Ruppell’s foxes. Red foxes may also contribute to the decline of these species through competitive exclusion.

Conservation status evaluation: Workshop participants reviewed all available material on the distribution, population and conservation status of the species in Arabia, and decided that the Arabian red fox should remain IUCN ‘Least Concern’. Among the most important research priorities include: surveying distribution and abundance of the species, evaluating ranging behavior in relation to human settlements, investigating the competitive interactions between red foxes and Blanford and Ruppell’s foxes, assaying disease exposure and transmission to other threatened species, and the assessing the effects of control efforts on population dynamics. Management of red foxes in the future may include wild population control.

6) Striped hyena – Hyaena hyaena sultana

Species description, distribution, and status: The striped hyena (Arabic: Dhuba, Mukhatat) is a large carnivore (25-55 kg) that ranges across North and East Africa through Arabia and Asia Minor to India. Several subspecies exist – the sultana subspecies occurs throughout most of Arabia, although the southern limit of the syriaca subspecies that lives in Syria and surrounding areas is unknown. In Arabia, striped hyenas occupy a wide variety of habitats. These include rocky and gravely terrain, hills and mountainous regions, and deserts. Accurate estimates of the distribution and abundance of the species, however, are few. Striped hyenas are crepuscular in activity (active at dawn and dusk) and highly variable in diet – hyenas scavenge but also prey on sheep, goats, dogs, donkeys, and horses, and are known to feed on small mammals (rodents, birds, reptiles), carrion, and vegetables. The social behavior of striped hyenas is poorly understood, but they seem to live in long-lasting family units. The 2004 IUCN Red Book of Threatened and Endangered Species lists the striped hyena as a ‘Least Concern’ species. The 2003 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) lists the species as Appendix III.

Threats and conservation issues: Despite its listing as a ‘Least Concern’ species, hyenas face significant threats in Arabia where they receive little protection outside of national parks and reserves. Workshop participants concluded that hyenas in Arabia are declining and estimate the decline at greater than 20% in recent years. The major reasons for the decline include urban development and expansion, trade in hyena parts for commercial and medicinal purposes, and poisoning. Other threats to the species include loss of prey base in some areas and a loss of denning habitat. Declines in the species will increase unless efforts are taken to curb these threats.

Conservation status evaluation: Workshop participants reviewed all available material on the distribution, population and conservation status of the species in Arabia, and decided that the striped hyena should be upgraded to IUCN ‘Endangered’ status. The new status is based on IUCN criteria C (population size). Among the most important research and conservation priorities include: surveying the distribution and abundance of the species, evaluating the impacts of human and trade, studying fundamental ecology and behavior, and improving public education programs. Working with local communities to increase public awareness and bolstering law enforcement activities will also be important for reversing declines.

10 - CONSERVATION ACTION -

The workshop aimed to evaluate the conservation status of all five Arabian canids and striped hyena. Following the evaluation, workshop participants developed a list of conservation actions to improve the status of each species. The actions are realistic and financially feasible and designed to be implemented in the next year. As canids and hyena face similar threats and conservation issues, the list does not include species-specific actions, but rather broader actions that will provide benefit to multiple species and facilitate information exchange among researchers.

Workshop participants developed the following list of conservation actions:

●● Establish a web-based forum for researchers and conservationists. The forum will be hosted by the IUCN Canid Specialist Group and provide a network for sharing information and in- clude links to important resources. Principle organizer: James Murdoch, IUCN/SSC Canid Specialist Group, Oxford, United Kingdom; email: [email protected].

●● Create a centralized database of canid distribution. A form will be created on the Breeding Centre for Endangered Arabian Wildlife’s website to allow researchers to easily upload in- formation on canid sightings for the database. The database will be important for obtaining data on the distribution of canids and hyenas in Arabia, which is largely unknown. It will also help conservationists estimate population trends. Principle organizer: Peter Phelan, Breeding Centre for Endangered Arabian Wildlife, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; email: breeding@ epaa-shj.gov.ae.

●● Develop a poster that presents information on threats facing canids and hyena. The poster will aim to build public awareness for canids and hyenas in the region and will be distributed to lo- cal communities, conservationists, and policy makers. Principle organizer: Masaa Al Jumaily, Sana’a University; email: [email protected].

●● Identify hotspot regions where threats to canids and hyenas are most severe. The hotspots will serve as an important tool for prioritizing conservation efforts. Principle organizer: this task will be accomplished at the country-level by each participant and centralized at the Breeding Centre for Endangered Arabian Wildlife.

●● Produce a detailed newsletter of our findings to be distributed region-wide. The newsletter will include information for the general public on canid and hyena conservation. Principle organizer: Breeding Centre for Endangered Arabian Wildlife, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates, [email protected].

11 - SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION -

The conservation of Arabian canids and striped hyena will require cooperative, multi-national efforts throughout the Arabian Peninsula. The workshop was an important first-step in building collaborative relationships among researchers and conservationists and identifying realistic goals for conservation.

During the workshop, participants amalgamated information on the biology, distribution, and population status of Arabian canids and hyena. The information was used to provide an updated evaluation of the conservation status of each species (Table 1). Participants deemed each species to be threatened with the exception of the red fox. The group upgraded the Arabian wolf, Ruppell’s fox, and striped hyena to ‘Endangered’ status and the golden jackal to ‘Vulnerable’ status from the last assessment in 2000. Blanford’s fox populations appear to be declining, but the group decided that the species should remain regionally ‘Vulnerable’.

Table 1. Regional conservation status of five canid species and striped hyena in Arabia. In Febru- ary 2005, participants of the Conservation Workshop for the Fauna of Arabia used IUCN criteria to determine the regional status of each species. For a complete description of criteria see Appendix 2 of the 2004 Canid Action Plan available online at www.canids.org.

Species Regional Conservation Status in Arabia

Golden jackal – Canis aureus Upgraded to IUCN ‘Vulnerable’ Arabian wolf – Canis lupus arabs Upgraded to IUCN ‘Endangered’ Blanford’s fox – Vulpes cana Remained at IUCN ‘Vulnerable’ Ruppell’s fox – Vulpes rueppellii Upgraded to IUCN ‘Endangered’ Red fox – Vulpes vulpes arabica Remained at IUCN ‘Least Concern’ Striped hyena – Hyaena hyaena sultana Upgraded to IUCN ‘Endangered’

12 - ADDITIONAL INFORMATION -

For additional information on the workshop or the conservation of canids and hyena in Arabia, please contact:

1. James Murdoch IUCN/SSC Canid Specialist Group Wildlife Conservation Research Unit University of Oxford Tubney House, Abingdon Road Tubney, Abingdon OX13 5QL United Kingdom Tel: +44 (0) 1865 393 100 Fax: +44 (0) 1865 393 101 Email: [email protected] URL: www.canids.org

2. Breeding Centre For Endangered Arabian Wildlife P.O. Box #29922 Sharjah, United Arab Emirates Tel: +971 (0)6 531 1212 Fax: +971 (0)6 531 1156 Email: [email protected] URL: www.breedingcentresharjah.gov

Additional information on canid biology and conservation is available on the IUCN/SSC Canid Specialist Group website at www.canids.org. The site also hosts an electronic maillist and maintains a database of current and ongoing canid projects.

The Breeding Centre for Endangered Arabian Wildlife hosts a website at www.breedingcentresharjah. com that includes more specific information on Arabian canids and hyena and conservation in the Middle East.

The Breeding Centre for Endangered Arabian Wildlife also produced a briefing book for all workshop participants. The book is available on CD-ROM through the Centre and includes a collection of scientific papers focusing on Arabian canids and hyena (see Appendix II). Contact the Centre for more details.

13 - APPENDICES -

Appendix I. List of participants that re-evaluated the conservation status of Arabian canids and striped hyena at the 2005 Conservation Workshop for the Fauna of Arabia – Desert Park, Sharjah.

NAME ORIGIN EMAIL ADDRESS Bandar Al Faleh NCWCD [email protected] Hany Tatwany NCWCD [email protected] Husam Abuzinada NWRC Ahmed Boug NWRC [email protected] Abdul Rahman Khoja NWRC [email protected] Al Dewani Moh’d Ali [email protected] Mohmd saia Al-ondi Doha, Qatar Dieter Ernst [email protected] Mayas A Qarqas RSCN [email protected] Greg Simkins DDCR [email protected] Husan El Alqamy DDCR [email protected] Omer A Baeshen EPA, Yemen [email protected] Nasser Tumah EPA, Yemen Masaa Al Jumaily Sana’a University [email protected] Galal Hussein A Harogi EPA, Yemen [email protected] Norman Ali Khalaf [email protected] Shamsa Al Dahiry Al Ain Zoo Azhar Abba Al Ain Zoo [email protected] Mona Al Dahiry Al Ain Zoo Abbas Hussein Mohmd Nayel Mohd Bahrain [email protected] Mubarak Ali Mahanna Al Dosari Bahrain [email protected] H.S. Robert Glaser Germany Khaled Juma Al Rasbi Oman [email protected] Salem Ali Al Mashani Oman [email protected] Raju P Vasuevan Dubai [email protected] Peter Phelan BCEAW [email protected] Chris Drew ERWDA [email protected] Ingrid Barcelo ERWDA [email protected] John Newby ERWDA [email protected] Declan O’Donavan [email protected] Ibrahim Ahmed Khuluti RAK [email protected] Mohammad A. Abubaker Jordan [email protected] Wolf Ofner Austria [email protected] Abbi Salter Dubai [email protected] Andrew Spalton Oman [email protected] Hadi Al Hikmani Oman [email protected] Saeed Abdullah-Aswad Doha, Qatar Alsaqqaf Ahamad Mohammed [email protected] Jed Murdoch IUCN CSG [email protected]

14 Appendix II. List of references on the ecology, behavior, and conservation of Arabian canids and striped hyena.

-GENERAL CANID REFERENCES -

Al-Jumaily M.M. 1998. Review of the mammals of the Republic of Yemen. Fauna of Saudi Arabia 17:477-479, 485-487 and 494-500.

Bothma J. du P., and Walker C. 1999. Larger carnivores of the African savannas. Van Schaik Publishers, Pretoria, .

Bunaian, F., Hatough A., Ababaneh D., Yousef M., and Amr Z. 2001. The carnivores of the northeastern Badia, Jordan. Turkish Journal of Zoology 25:19-25.

Corbet G.B., and Hill J.E. 1992. The mammals of the Indomalayan region: A systematic review. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.

Gasperetti J., Harrison D.L., and Buttiker W. 1985. The Carnivora of Arabia. Fauna of Saudi Arabia 7:397-411 and 421-425.

General Corporation for the Environment Protection. 2000. Jordan ecology, ecosystems and habitats. (Jordan Country Study on Biological Diversity). Al-Rai Commercial Press, Jordan.

Grobler M. Field guide to the larger mammals of Oman. National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan.

Gross C. 1987. Mammals of the southern Gulf. Motivate Publishing, Dubai, UAE.

Harrison D.L., and Bates P.J.J. 1991. The mammals of Arabia 2nd Edition. Harrison Zoological Museum, Sevenoaks, UK.

Kingdon J. 1977. East African mammals. An atlas of evolution in Africa. Vol IIIA. Carnivores. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, USA.

Kingdon J. 1991. Arabian mammals. A natural history. Academic Press Limited, London, UK.

Kock D., and Nader I.A. 1996. Terrestrial mammals of the Jubail Marine Wildlife Sanctuary. A Marine Wildlife Sanctuary for the Arabian Gulf. Environmental Research and Conservation following the 1991 Gulf War Oil Spill. National Commission for Wildlife Conservation and Development, Riyadh, KSA.

Macdonald, D.W. (ed). 2001. The new encyclopedia of mammals. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.

Macdonald, D.W., and C. Sillero-Zubiri (eds). 2004. The biology and conservation of wild canids. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.

Nader I.A. 1990. Checklist of the mammals of Arabia. Fauna of Saudi Arabia 11:358-360 and 362-363.

Nowak R.M. 1999. Walkers Mammals of the World, Vol 1, 6th Edition. John Hopkins University 15 Press, Baltimore, USA.

Roberts T.J. 1997. The mammals of Pakistan, revised edition. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.

Saleh M.A., and Basuony M.I. 1998. A contribution to the mammalogy of the Sinai Peninsula. Mammalia 62(4):565-567.

Seddon J.P., van Heezik Y., and Nader I.A. 1997. Mammals of the Harrat al-Harrah Protected Area, Saudi Arabia. Zoology in the Middle East 14:37-46.

Sillero-Zubiri, C., Hoffmann, M., and Macdonald, D.W. (eds). 2004 Canids: foxes, wolves, jackals and dogs. Status survey and conservation action plan. IUCN/SSC Canid Specialist Group. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.

Spalton A. 2002. Canidae in the Sultanate of Oman. Canid News 5:1.

Van Heezik, Y. and Seddon P. 1995. Uruq Bani Ma’Arid mammal trapping. National Wildlife and Research Centre, Ta’if, KSA. Unpublished report.

Zuhair S.A. 2000. Mammals of Jordan in Jordan Country Study on Biological Diversity. Al-Rai Commercial Press, Jordan.

- GOLDEN JACKAL (CANIS AUREUS) -

Macdonald, D.W. 1979. The flexible social system of the golden jackal,Canis aureus. Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology 5:17-38.

Moehlman, P.D., and Hofer H. 1997. Cooperative breeding, reproductive suppression, and body mass in canids. Pp. 76-128 in N.G. Solomon and J.A. French, eds. Cooperative breeding in mammals. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.

Yom-Tov Y., Ashkenazi S., and Viner O. 1995. Abstract: cattle predation by the golden jackal Canis aureus in the Golan Heights, Israel. Biological Conservation 73(1):19-22.

- ARABIAN WOLF (CANIS LUPUS ARABS) -

Furley, C.W. 1985. Notes on breeding the Arabian wolf (Canis lupus arabs) in captivity. 1985. Fauna of Saudi Arabia 7:393-396.

Hefner, R., and Geffen E. 1999. Group size and home range of the Arabian wolf (Canis lupus) in southern Israel. Journal of Mammalogy 80(2):611-619.

Nader I.A., and Buttiker W. 1980. Records of the Arabian Wolf, Canis lupus arabs, Pocock, 1934, from Saudi Arabia. Fauna of Saudi Arabia 2.

Van Heezik Y., and Seddon P. 1995. Preliminary survey of wolf sign distribution in Harrat al Harrah: November 1994- February 1995. National Wildlife and Research Centre, Ta’if, KSA. Unpublished report.

16 - BLANFORD’S FOX (VULPES CANA) -

Abu Baker M.A. 2004. On the current status of Blanford’s Fox, Vulpes cana Blanford, 1877, in Jordan. Mammalia:Carnivora:Canidae 28:1-6.

Al Khalil, A.D. 1993. Ecological review and the distribution of Blanford’s fox, Vulpes cana. Pp. 390-396 in W. Byttiker and F. Krupp, eds. Fauna of Saudi Arabia. Pro Entomologia, Natural History Museum, Basel, Switzerland.

Geffen, E., and Macdonald D.W. 1992. Small size and monogamy: Spatial organization of Blanford’s foxes, Vulpes cana. Animal Behaviour 44(6):1123-1130.

Geffen, E., and Macdonald D.W. 1993. Activity and movement patterns of Blanford’s foxes. Journal of Mammalogy 74(2):455-463.

Geffen, E., Hefner R., Macdonald D.W., and Ucko M. 1992. Diet and foraging behaviour of Blanford’s foxes, Vulpes cana, in Israel. Journal of Mammalogy 73(2):395-402.

Geffen, E., Hefner R., Macdonald D.W., and Ucko M. 1992. Habitat selection and home range in the Blanford’s fox, Vulpes cana: Compatibility with the resource dispersion hypothesis. Oecologia 91(1):75-81.

Harrison, D.L., and Bates, P.J.J. 1989. Observations on two mammal species new to the Sultanate of Oman, Vulpes cana Blanford, 1877 (Carnivora: Canidae) and Nycteris thebaica Geoffroy, 1818 (Chiroptera: Nycteridae). Bonner Zoologische Beitrage 40:73-77.

MacDonald D., and Geffen E. 1994. Blanford’s fox (Vulpes cana) appeal. Canid News 2:24, pp. 341. Newsletter of the IUCN/SSC Canid Specialist Group.

MacDonald D.W., and Tattersall F.H. 1996. Blanford’s fox – a small, rare desert canid. The WildCRU Review: University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, pp. 19-22.

Mendelssohn, H., Yom-Tov, Y., Ilany, G., and Meninger D. 1987. On the occurrence of Blanford’s fox, Vulpes cana Blanford 1877, in Israel and Sinai. Mammalia 51:459-462.

Smith M., Budd K.J., and Gross C. 2003. The distribution of Blanford’s fox (Vulpes cana Blanford, 1877) in the United Arab Emirates. Journal of Arid Environments 54:55-60.

Stuart, C.T., and Stuart, T. 1995. Canids in the southeastern Arabian Peninsula. Canid News 3:30-32.

Stuart C.T. and Stuart T.D. 2003. Notes on the diet of red fox (Vulpes vulpes) and Blanford’s fox (Vulpes cana) in the montane area of the United Arab Emirates. Canid News 6:4.

- RUPPELL’S FOX (VULPES RUEPPELLII) -

Kowalski, K. 1988. The food of the sand fox Vulpes rueppelli Schinz, 1825 in the Egyptian Sahara. Folia Biologica 36(1-2):89-94.

Lariviere S., and Seddon P.J. Mammalian Species: Vulpes ruepelli (Schinz, 1825), Rueppell’s sand fox. In press. 17

Lenain, D.M. 2000. Fox populations of a protected are in Saudi Arabia. M.Phil. dissertation, University of Herefordshire, Hereford, UK.

Lindsay, I.M., and Macdonald D.W. 1986. Behaviour and ecology of the Ruppell’s fox, Vulpes ruppelli, in Oman. Mammalia 50(4): 461-474.

Olfermann, E. 1996. Population ecology of the Ruppell’s fox and the red fox in a semi-desert environment of Saudi Arabia. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Bielefeld, Germany.

- ARABIAN RED FOX (VULPES VULPES ARABICA) -

Dickinson P., and Furley C. 1980. Red foxes. Emirates Natural History Group Bulletin 10.

Furley C.W. 1983. Observations of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes arabica) in the Al Ain area. Emirates Natural History Group Bulletin 20.

Lariviere S., and Pasitschniak-Arts M. 1996. Mammalian Species: Vulpes vulpes. American Society of Mammalogists 537:1-11.

Lenain D.M., and Warrington S. 2001. Is translocation an effective tool to remove predatory foxes from a desert protected area? Journal of Arid Environments 48:205-209.

Lenain D.M., Olfermanna E., and Warrington S. 2004. Ecology, diet and behaviour of two fox species in a large, fenced protected area in central Saudi Arabia. Journal of Arid Environments 57:45-60.

Macdonald, D.W., Courtenay O., Forbes S., and Mathews F. 1999. The red fox (Vulpes vulpes) in Saudi Arabia: loose-knit groupings in the absence of territoriality. Journal of Zoology 249:383- 391.

- STRIPED HYENA (HYAENA HYAENA) -

Nader I.A., and Buttiker W. 1982. Recent records of the striped hyena, Hyaena hyaena from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Fauna of Saudi Arabia 4.

Rieger, I. 1981. Hyaena hyaena. Mammalian Species 150:1-5.

Van Aarde, R.J., Kinner J.D., Knight M.H., and Skinner D.C. 1988. Range use by a striped hyena (Hyaena hyaena) in the Negev Desert. Journal of Zoology 216:575-577.

18 Appendix III. Taxon data sheets used to re-evaluate the regional conservation status of golden jackal (Canis aureus), Arabian wolf (Canis lupus arabs), Blanford’s fox (Vulpes cana), Ruppell’s fox (Vulpes rueppellii), red fox (Vulpes vulpes arabica), and striped hyena (Hyaena hyaena sultana). The taxon data sheets have been adapted from those supplied by the IUCN Conservation Breeding Specialist Group (CBSG) and include a review of the population status and current threats to each species.

Appendix IV. Other references compiled during canid and hyena discussions at the Conservation Workshop for the Fauna of Arabia – Desert Park, Sharjah, UAE.

1) The occurrence of golden jackal (Canis aureus), Arabian wolf (Canis lupus arabs), Blanford’s fox (Vulpes cana), Ruppell’s fox (Vulpes rueppellii), red fox (Vulpes vulpes arabica), and striped hyena (Hyaena hyaena sultana) in protected areas in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. X = species recorded and present, O = species recorded, ◊ = Suitable habitat, species likely present, - =species absent. Table compiled by Dr. Hany Tatwany and colleagues.

Area Golden Arabian Blanford Ruppell’s Arabian Striped Name of Area (km2) Jackal Wolf Fox Fox Red Fox Hyena Harrat al-Harrah 13,775 - X - X X O Al-Khunfah 20, 450 - X - X X ◊ Mahazat as-Sayd 2,141 - O - X X - Ibex Reserve 2,369 - X - - X ◊ At-Tubayq 12,200 - X - ◊ ◊ ◊ Farasan Islands 696 ------Raydah 9 - ◊ ◊ - X ◊ Umm al-Qamari 1,6 ------‘Uruq Bani Ma’ arid 11,980 - - - X X - Majami’ al-Hadb 3,400 - ◊ - ◊ X ◊ At-Taysiyah 4,260 - ◊ - ◊ X - Al-Jandaliyah 1,160 - ◊ - ◊ X - Nafud al’Urayq 1,960 - - - ◊ X - Saja Um Al-Rimth 7,190 - ◊ - X X - Jabal Shada --- - X X - ◊ X Al-Hassa Nat. Park --- X - - ◊ X -

2) Canid and hyenas present in the Dubai Zoo, Dubai Municipality, United Arab Emirates.

Species Males Females Arabian wolf - Canis lupus arabs 3 1 Ruppell’s fox - Vulpes rueppellii 1 1 Red fox - Vulpes vulpes arabica 2 2 Striped hyena - Hyaena hyaena sultana 1 0

19 Conservation Workshop for the Fauna of Arabia Taxon Data Sheet

Working Group: Canids and Hyaena Date: 21 February 2005

1.

1A. Scientific Name (Genus & species,subspeices): Canis lupus arabs

1B. Synonyms (with authority & date):

1C. Common Name(s) with language/region: Theeb (Arabic)

2. Distribution of Taxon

2A. Historical Distribution (last 100 years): Unknown, but presumed widespread across Arabia

2B. Current Distribution (illustrate on map): See attached map

2C. Habitat of the Taxon (ecosystem level): All Arabian habitats except sand desert

2D. Habitat specificity (elevation, etc): Variable, but not in sand desert

2E. Migration: Yes No Unknown

If Yes, describe:

3. Number of Populations and Subpopulations in which the taxon is distributed: Unknown

Location of each: Approx. area occupied: Approx. No. of Individuals: Saudi Arabia: distribution largely unknown but declining Unknown Unknown Yemen: no published records Unknown Unknown UAE: regionally extinct Unknown Unknown Oman: present but declining Unknown Unknown Palestine: rare, but present and declining Unknown Unknown

20 4. Population Trends

4A. Is the population: Decreasing Increasing Stable Unknown

4B. If declining, what has been the rate of decline?

< 20% > 20% > 50% > 80%

Over how many years has the population decline occured? 10 years

4C. If stable or unknown, do you predict a future decline in the population size: Yes No

If yes, please specifiy rate and factors e.g. habitat loss, threats, trade, etc.: Habitat loss, persecution

Comments:

5. Habitat Status

5A. Is the habitat distribution: Continuous Fragmented Unknown

5B. Is there any change in the range of the habitat where the taxon occurs?

Yes No Unknown

If Yes, is it: Decreasing in area Increasing in area Stable Unknown

5C. If decreasing, what has been the decline? < 20% > 20% > 50% > 80%

Over how many years has the decline occured? 10 years

5D. If stable or unknown, do you predict a future decline in the habitat:

Yes No Unknown

If Yes, what do you predict decline will be?

< 20% > 20% > 50% > 80%

Over how many years do you predict the decline will occur?

5E. State primary cause of change: Urban development and expansion

5F. Is there any change in the quality of habitat where the taxon occurs?

Yes No Unknown

Is the habitat quality: Declining Improving Unchanged Unknown

5G. State the primary cause of change: Agricultural and urban development, reduction of prey species

21 6. Threats

6A. What are the threats facing the taxon:

Present Future Present Future Pollution Disease Development Hybridization Infrastructural development Decline in prey species Road Kills Loss of Habitat Damming Genetic problems War Grazing Recreational activities Habitat fragmentation

Hunting (recreation or retail) Predation Harvest for medicine Interspecific competition

Harvest for food/timber Livestock competition (food etc)

Poisoning Livestock conflicts (retaliation kills)

Pesticides Introduced species (non-livestock) Persecution Nutritional disorders Trade of animals/parts

Other comments/threats (please specify): Trade and poisoning are related to livestock conflicts. Occasional records of road kills exist. Disease is confirmed in Saudi Arabia and Oman but the level of threat is unknown. Hybridization is considered a major problem in Saudi Arabia.

6B. Would these threats result in (perceived or inferred) population decline?

Yes No Unknown

Notes:

7. Trade

7A. Is the taxon in trade: Yes No Unknown

If yes, is it: Local Regional International Commercial 7B. Parts in trade:

Skin Fur Horn

Glands Taxidermy Products

Bones Hair Organs

Meat Live Animal

Comments/Other threats (please specify): All parts traded

22 8. Data Quality

8A. Are the estimates you have supplied based on: Census or monitoring General field sudies Informal field studies

Literature Museum studies/records Hearsay/popular belief

Indirect information from trade, etc

9. Studies (field) conducted over the past 10 years (indicate year of study not year of publication): Researchers: Location: Year (of study): Topics: NCWCD Harrat al Harra 1993-1996 General survey; 1 radio-collared animal A. Spalton Canid Specialist Group Report

10. Conservation Status

10A. Global IUCN Red List Category: Global Least Concern Regional/National:

10B. Workshop Assesment of Regional Red List category:

10C. CITES: Appendix II (Bhutan, India, Nepal and Pakistan: listed as Appendix 1)

10D. National Wildlife Legislation:

10E. National Red Data Book:

10F. International Red Data Book: IUCN 2004 Red Book and Canid Specialist Group Action Plan consulted

10G. Other legislation (please specify): No species-specific legislation. Regional wildlife laws provide some protection.

10H. Existing protected areas for this species (please specifiy): KSA - Harrat al Harra, Al-Tubay, Al Khurfah, Rayhda, Majam al-Habd, Ibex Reserve Oman - Sanctuary, Wadi As Seru, Jabal Samhan Yemen - Buraa Protected Areas, Al-Hodeiden, Hawf Protected Area, Hawf District, Al-Mahai

10I. Recommended protected areas for this species (p lease specify): No specific reserve identified

10J. Existing regional conservation/protection.action plan(s): None

10K. Conservation/protection/action plan(s) enforced/implemented: None

23 11. Supporting Research

11A. Is research recommended? Yes No

If Yes, what type of research would you recommend?

Surveys Genetics Taxonomic Life History Public awareness

Trade Reintroduction Human Impact Monitoring

Other (please specify):

12. Management

12A. What management is recommended for the taxon?

Habitat management Wild population management

Monitoring Translocation

Public awareness Limiting factor management

Work in local communities Address policy makers

Captive breeding Sustainable Utilisation

Law enforcement Genome Research Banking

Other

13. Captive Breeding

13A. If captive breeding is recommended, is it for:

Species recovery Reintroduction Research

Preserve live genome Husbandry Education

13B. Do captive stocks already exist? Yes No

If yes, list the facilites: BCEAW (3), Muscat (14 - all from Oman), Dubai Zoo (4), 2 in Yemen (number unknown), Taif, Hafer al Batin in Saudi Arabia and several in private collections.

13C.Number in captvity: Males: Females: Unsexed: Total: 29

13D. Does a coordinated Species Management Plan exist? Yes No If yes, list the participating institutions:

If Not, is a Species Management Plan recommended: Yes No List the institutions that should particpate: Range-wide efforts needed

24 13E. Level of captive breeding recommended:

Intensify existing program Decrease existing program

Initiate program within 3 years Maintain program as it is

Undertake no captive program

13F. Are techniques establised for captive breeding?

Techniques known for this or similar taxon Some techniques known for this or similar taxon

Information not available with this group of compilers Techniques not known

14. Sources/References (complete citation): IUCN/SSC Canid Specialist Group action plan - 2004 Harrison and Bates - 1991 Nader - 1980 Gasperetti - 1985 Nader - 1990 Norman - Ali Khalaf von Jaffa - 1990

15. Compilers: Bandar Al Faleh, Hany Tatwany, Husam Abuzinada, Ahmed Boug, Abdul Rahman Khoja, Al Dewani Moh’d Ali, Mohmd saia Al-ondi, Dieter Ernst, Mayas A Qarqas, Greg Simkins, Husan El Alqamy, Omer A Baeshen, Nasser Tumah, Masaa Al Jumaily, Galal Hussein A Harogi, Norman Ali Khalaf, Shamsa Al Dahiry, Azhar Abba, Mona Al Dahiry, Abbas Hussein Mohmd, Nayel Mohd, Mubarak Ali Mahanna Al Dosari, H.S. Robert Glaser, Khaled Juma Al Rasbi, Salem Ali Al Mashani, Raju P Vasuevan, Peter Phelan, Chris Drew, Ingrid Barcelo, John Newby, Declan O’Donavan, Ibrahim Ahmed Khuluti, Mohammad A. Abubaker, Wolf Ofner, Abbi Salter, Andrew Spalton, Hadi Al Hikmani, Saeed Abdullah-Aswad, Alsaqqaf Ahamad Mohammed, Jed Murdoch (facilitator)

25 26 Conservation Workshop for the Fauna of Arabia Taxon Data Sheet

Working Group: Canid and Hyaena Date: 21 February 2005

1. Taxonomy

1A. Scientific Name (Genus & species,subspeices): Hyaena hyaena sultana

1B. Synonyms (with authority & date): Striped hyaena

1C. Common Name(s) with language/region: Dhuba (Arabic), Mukhatat (Arabic)

2. Distribution of Taxon

2A. Historical Distribution (last 100 years): Largely unknown but present throughout Arabia

2B. Current Distribution (illustrate on map): See attached map

2C. Habitat of the Taxon (ecosystem level): Desert, gravel, rocky hill country

2D. Habitat specificity (elevation, etc): Variable

2E. Migration: Yes No Unknown

If Yes, describe:

3. Number of Populations and Subpopulations in which the taxon is distributed: Largely unknown

Location of each: Approx. area occupied: Approx. No. of Individuals: Qatar - some transient populations (to/from) Saudi Arabia unknown unknown Yemen - widespread in mountainous areas unknown unknown Oman - widespread in south (Dafar), absent in northern areas unknown unknown Saudi Arabia - present in mountainous areas in south west unknown unknown Palestine - present but rare unknown unknown Jordan - present in Dana and Eastern Desert, but declining Protected areas unknown Iraq - perceived to be relatively common unknown unknown

27 4. Population Trends

4A. Is the population: Decreasing Increasing Stable Unknown

4B. If declining, what has been the rate of decline?

< 20% > 20% > 50% > 80%

Over how many years has the population decline occured? 10 years

4C. If stable or unknown, do you predict a future decline in the population size: Yes No

If yes, please specifiy rate and factors e.g. habitat loss, threats, trade, etc.: Habitat loss, persecution

Comments:

5. Habitat Status

5A. Is the habitat distribution: Continuous Fragmented Unknown

5B. Is there any change in the range of the habitat where the taxon occurs?

Yes No Unknown

If Yes, is it: Decreasing in area Increasing in area Stable Unknown

5C. If decreasing, what has been the decline? < 20% > 20% > 50% > 80%

Over how many years has the decline occured? 10 years

5D. If stable or unknown, do you predict a future decline in the habitat:

Yes No Unknown

If Yes, what do you predict decline will be?

< 20% > 20% > 50% > 80%

Over how many years do you predict the decline will occur?

5E. State primary cause of change: Urban development and expansion

5F. Is there any change in the quality of habitat where the taxon occurs?

Yes No Unknown

Is the habitat quality: Declining Improving Unchanged Unknown

5G. State the primary cause of change: Loss of denning areas

28 6. Threats

6A. What are the threats facing the taxon:

Present Future Present Future Pollution Disease Development Hybridization Infrastructural development Decline in prey species Road Kills Loss of Habitat Damming Genetic problems War Grazing Recreational activities Habitat fragmentation

Hunting (recreation or retail) Predation Harvest for medicine Interspecific competition

Harvest for food/timber Livestock competition (food etc)

Poisoning Livestock conflicts (retaliation kills)

Pesticides Introduced species (non-livestock) Persecution Nutritional disorders Trade of animals/parts

Other comments/threats (please specify): A decline in prey species is reported in some regions

6B. Would these threats result in (perceived or inferred) population decline?

Yes No Unknown

Notes:

7. Trade

7A. Is the taxon in trade: Yes No Unknown

If yes, is it: Local Regional International Commercial 7B. Parts in trade:

Skin Fur Horn

Glands Taxidermy Products

Bones Hair Organs

Meat Live Animal

Comments/Other threats (please specify): Most parts traded or used for medicinal purposes

29 8. Data Quality

8A. Are the estimates you have supplied based on: Census or monitoring General field sudies Informal field studies

Literature Museum studies/records Hearsay/popular belief

Indirect information from trade, etc

9. Studies (field) conducted over the past 10 years (indicate year of study not year of publication): Researchers: Location: Year (of study): Topics: Mayas Qarqas Jordan 2003-2005 Conservation status and ecology of striped hyaena in Jordan Andrew Spalton Oman 2005 Data from camera traps

10. Conservation Status

10A. Global IUCN Red List Category: Global LC Regional/National:

10B. Workshop Assesment of Regional Red List category:

10C. CITES: Appendix III

10D. National Wildlife Legislation:

10E. National Red Data Book:

10F. International Red Data Book:

10G. Other legislation (please specify): Regional wildlife laws provide some protection

10H. Existing protected areas for this species (please specifiy): Saudi Arabia - Al- Khunfah, Harrat al Harrah, At-Tubtayq. Oman - Jabal Samhan. Jordan - three reserves. Yemen - Buraa Forest Protected Area, Al Hodeiden, Hawf Protected Area, Hawf district, Al Mahia

10I. Recommended protected areas for this species (p lease specify): Eastern Desert region of Jordan

10J. Existing regional conservation/protection.action plan(s): No species-specific plan

10K. Conservation/protection/action plan(s) enforced/implemented: No species-specific plan

30 11. Supporting Research

11A. Is research recommended? Yes No

If Yes, what type of research would you recommend?

Surveys Genetics Taxonomic Life History Public awareness

Trade Reintroduction Human Impact Monitoring

Other (please specify):

12. Management

12A. What management is recommended for the taxon?

Habitat management Wild population management

Monitoring Translocation

Public awareness Limiting factor management

Work in local communities Address policy makers

Captive breeding Sustainable Utilisation

Law enforcement Genome Research Banking

Other

13. Captive Breeding

13A. If captive breeding is recommended, is it for:

Species recovery Reintroduction Research

Preserve live genome Husbandry Education

13B. Do captive stocks already exist? Yes No

If yes, list the facilites: KSA - less than 100 in private collections. Oman - presentbut not from the area. Bahrain - 1 in captivity. UAE - in Dubai and Al Ain. Yemen - 8, all from region. West Bank - 1 in captivity (H.h.syriaca). Jordan - less than 10 in private zoos/collections.

13C.Number in captvity: Males: Females: Unsexed: Total: ~120

13D. Does a coordinated Species Management Plan exist? Yes No If yes, list the participating institutions:

If Not, is a Species Management Plan recommended: Yes No List the institutions that should particpate: Range-wide

31 13E. Level of captive breeding recommended:

Intensify existing program Decrease existing program

Initiate program within 3 years Maintain program as it is

Undertake no captive program

13F. Are techniques establised for captive breeding?

Techniques known for this or similar taxon Some techniques known for this or similar taxon

Information not available with this group of compilers Techniques not known

14. Sources/References (complete citation): Rieger - 1985 Harisson and Bates - 1991 Gasperetti - 1985 Mills and Hoffer - 1998 Nader - 1982 Fisher - 1999

15. Compilers: Bandar Al Faleh, Hany Tatwany, Husam Abuzinada, Ahmed Boug, Abdul Rahman Khoja, Al Dewani Moh’d Ali, Mohmd saia Al-ondi, Dieter Ernst, Mayas A Qarqas, Greg Simkins, Husan El Alqamy, Omer A Baeshen, Nasser Tumah, Masaa Al Jumaily, Galal Hussein A Harogi, Norman Ali Khalaf, Shamsa Al Dahiry, Azhar Abba, Mona Al Dahiry, Abbas Hussein Mohmd, Nayel Mohd, Mubarak Ali Mahanna Al Dosari, H.S. Robert Glaser, Khaled Juma Al Rasbi, Salem Ali Al Mashani, Raju P Vasuevan, Peter Phelan, Chris Drew, Ingrid Barcelo, John Newby, Declan O’Donavan, Ibrahim Ahmed Khuluti, Mohammad A. Abubaker, Wolf Ofner, Abbi Salter, Andrew Spalton, Hadi Al Hikmani, Saeed Abdullah-Aswad, Alsaqqaf Ahamad Mohammed, Jed Murdoch (facilitator)

32 33 Conservation Workshop for the Fauna of Arabia Taxon Data Sheet

Working Group: Canids and Hyaena Date: 22 February 2005

1. Taxonomy

1A. Scientific Name (Genus & species,subspeices): Vulpes vulpes arabica

1B. Synonyms (with authority & date): Red fox

1C. Common Name(s) with language/region: Thaleb ahmar (Arabic)

2. Distribution of Taxon

2A. Historical Distribution (last 100 years): Historic records are inconsistent and variable and no genetic data available to infer past distribution. The species likely expanded into Arabia with human populations.

2B. Current Distribution (illustrate on map): Ranges across most regions in the Arabian peninsula.

2C. Habitat of the Taxon (ecosystem level): Everywhere on the Arabian peninsula except the sand sea areas.

2D. Habitat specificity (elevation, etc): Few habitat restrictions.

2E. Migration: Yes No Unknown

If Yes, describe:

3. Number of Populations and Subpopulations in which the taxon is distributed:

Location of each: Approx. area occupied: Approx. No. of Individuals: Present in all countries in the Arabian peninsula; absent from Region-wide Numerous highly arid desert environments (see attached map). Generally ranges in close proximity to human settlements. No longer present in Bahrain.

34 4. Population Trends

4A. Is the population: Decreasing Increasing Stable Unknown

4B. If declining, what has been the rate of decline?

< 20% > 20% > 50% > 80%

Over how many years has the population decline occured?

4C. If stable or unknown, do you predict a future decline in the population size: Yes No

If yes, please specifiy rate and factors e.g. habitat loss, threats, trade, etc.:

Comments:

5. Habitat Status

5A. Is the habitat distribution: Continuous Fragmented Unknown

5B. Is there any change in the range of the habitat where the taxon occurs?

Yes No Unknown

If Yes, is it: Decreasing in area Increasing in area Stable Unknown

5C. If decreasing, what has been the decline? < 20% > 20% > 50% > 80%

Over how many years has the decline occured?

5D. If stable or unknown, do you predict a future decline in the habitat:

Yes No Unknown

If Yes, what do you predict decline will be?

< 20% > 20% > 50% > 80%

Over how many years do you predict the decline will occur?

5E. State primary cause of change:

5F. Is there any change in the quality of habitat where the taxon occurs?

Yes No Unknown

Is the habitat quality: Declining Improving Unchanged Unknown

5G. State the primary cause of change:

35 6. Threats

6A. What are the threats facing the taxon:

Present Future Present Future Pollution Disease Development Hybridization Infrastructural development Decline in prey species Road Kills Loss of Habitat Damming Genetic problems War Grazing Recreational activities Habitat fragmentation

Hunting (recreation or retail) Predation Harvest for medicine Interspecific competition

Harvest for food/timber Livestock competition (food etc)

Poisoning Livestock conflicts (retaliation kills)

Pesticides Introduced species (non-livestock) Persecution Nutritional disorders Trade of animals/parts

Other comments/threats (please specify): Major threats are few. In some areas, livestock conflict issues result in persecution. Trade of skins also occurs at low levels and rabies confirmed present in some populations. Disease could potentially effect other foxes species in decline such as Blanford's and Sand foxes.

6B. Would these threats result in (perceived or inferred) population decline?

Yes No Unknown

Notes:

7. Trade

7A. Is the taxon in trade: Yes No Unknown

If yes, is it: Local Regional International Commercial 7B. Parts in trade:

Skin Fur Horn

Glands Taxidermy Products

Bones Hair Organs

Meat Live Animal

Comments/Other threats (please specify): Trade in red fox is not widespread.

36 8. Data Quality

8A. Are the estimates you have supplied based on: Census or monitoring General field sudies Informal field studies

Literature Museum studies/records Hearsay/popular belief

Indirect information from trade, etc

9. Studies (field) conducted over the past 10 years (indicate year of study not year of publication): Researchers: Location: Year (of study): Topics: MacDonald, D.W. et al Saudi Arabia 1999 Group dynamics, territoriality Lenain, D.M., et al Saudi Arabia 2004 Ecology, diet & behavior Lenain, D.M. & Warrington, S. 2001 Translocation NCWCD Saudi Arabia 1992-1994 Population dynamics NCWCD Saudi Arabia 1992-1996 Distribution DBCR UAE ongoing Camera trapping Spalton, A. Oman ongoing Camera trapping

10. Conservation Status

10A. Global IUCN Red List Category: Global Least Concern (LC) Regional/National:

10B. Workshop Assesment of Regional Red List category:

10C. CITES: Not Listed

10D. National Wildlife Legislation:

10E. National Red Data Book:

10F. International Red Data Book: 2004 red list classification

10G. Other legislation (please specify):

10H. Existing protected areas for this species (please specifiy): Numerous - red foxes distributed widely and present in most protected areas in Arabia.

10I. Recommended protected areas for this species (p lease specify): None recommended

10J. Existing regional conservation/protection.action plan(s): No species-specific plans.

10K. Conservation/protection/action plan(s) enforced/implemented: No species-specific plan implemented.

37 11. Supporting Research

11A. Is research recommended? Yes No

If Yes, what type of research would you recommend?

Surveys Genetics Taxonomic Life History Public awareness

Trade Reintroduction Human Impact Monitoring

Other (please specify): An investigation into red fox competition with blanford's and sand foxes (priority - as reports suggest red fox exclude both species in Arabia), ranging behavior in relation to human settlements, disease exposure and transmission to other threatened species and effects of control efforts on population dynamics.

12. Management

12A. What management is recommended for the taxon?

Habitat management Wild population management

Monitoring Translocation

Public awareness Limiting factor management

Work in local communities Address policy makers

Captive breeding Sustainable Utilisation

Law enforcement Genome Research Banking

Other Potentially wild population control depending on results from competition study.

13. Captive Breeding

13A. If captive breeding is recommended, is it for:

Species recovery Reintroduction Research

Preserve live genome Husbandry Education

13B. Do captive stocks already exist? Yes No

If yes, list the facilites: Numerous facilities.

13C.Number in captvity: Males: - Females: - Unsexed: - Total: Unk

13D. Does a coordinated Species Management Plan exist? Yes No If yes, list the participating institutions:

If Not, is a Species Management Plan recommended: Yes No List the institutions that should particpate: Range-wide program to monitor population status, investigate competitive effects of red foxes on other fox species and potential control of populations if necessary.

38 13E. Level of captive breeding recommended:

Intensify existing program Decrease existing program

Initiate program within 3 years Maintain program as it is

Undertake no captive program

13F. Are techniques establised for captive breeding?

Techniques known for this or similar taxon Some techniques known for this or similar taxon

Information not available with this group of compilers Techniques not known

14. Sources/References (complete citation): IUCN/SSC Canid Specialist Group Action Plan (2004). Furley (1983). Lariviere, S. & Pasitschniak-Arts, M. (1996). Lenain, D.M. and Warringtion, S. 2001. Is translocation an effective tool to remove predatory foxes from a desert protected area? Journal of Arid Environments 48:205-209. Lenain, D.M., Olfermanna, E. & Warrington, S. 2004. Ecology, diet and behavior of two fox species in a large, fenced protected area in central Saudi Arabia. Journal of Arid Environments 57:45-60. MacDonald, D.W., Courtenay, O., Forbes, S. & Mathews, F. 1999. The red fox (Vulpes vulpes) in Saudi Arabia: loose-knit groupings in the absence of territoriality. Journal of Zoology 249:383-391.

15. Compilers: See attached list.

39 40 Conservation Workshop for the Fauna of Arabia Taxon Data Sheet

Working Group: Canid and hyaena Date: 21 February 2005

1. Taxonomy

1A. Scientific Name (Genus & species,subspeices): Vulpes ruepelli

1B. Synonyms (with authority & date): Ruppell's fox, Sand fox

1C. Common Name(s) with language/region: Tha'labal remmal (Arabic)

2. Distribution of Taxon

2A. Historical Distribution (last 100 years): Largely unknown, but likely widespread through Arabia

2B. Current Distribution (illustrate on map): See map attached

2C. Habitat of the Taxon (ecosystem level): Sand and gravel desert

2D. Habitat specificity (elevation, etc): Lower elevation, interdunal areas

2E. Migration: Yes No Unknown

If Yes, describe:

3. Number of Populations and Subpopulations in which the taxon is distributed:

Location of each: Approx. area occupied: Approx. No. of Individuals: Saudi Arabia Unknown Yemen Unknown Less abundant red foxes UAE Unknown Small populations Oman Unknown Some population known Palestine Unknown Less common red fox Qatar Border regions Small populations Not recorded in Sinai since 1985 - -

41 4. Population Trends

4A. Is the population: Decreasing Increasing Stable Unknown

4B. If declining, what has been the rate of decline?

< 20% > 20% > 50% > 80%

Over how many years has the population decline occured? 10 years

4C. If stable or unknown, do you predict a future decline in the population size: Yes No

If yes, please specifiy rate and factors e.g. habitat loss, threats, trade, etc.: Habitat loss, red fox competition

Comments:

5. Habitat Status

5A. Is the habitat distribution: Continuous Fragmented Unknown

5B. Is there any change in the range of the habitat where the taxon occurs?

Yes No Unknown

If Yes, is it: Decreasing in area Increasing in area Stable Unknown

5C. If decreasing, what has been the decline? < 20% > 20% > 50% > 80%

Over how many years has the decline occured? 10 years

5D. If stable or unknown, do you predict a future decline in the habitat:

Yes No Unknown

If Yes, what do you predict decline will be?

< 20% > 20% > 50% > 80%

Over how many years do you predict the decline will occur?

5E. State primary cause of change: Various localized causes including off-road driving/activities (Oman, Yemen, UAE), gravel extraction activities, human settlements, agricultural development.

5F. Is there any change in the quality of habitat where the taxon occurs?

Yes No Unknown

Is the habitat quality: Declining Improving Unchanged Unknown

5G. State the primary cause of change: Urban development, off-road activities, overgrazing

42 6. Threats

6A. What are the threats facing the taxon:

Present Future Present Future Pollution Disease Development Hybridization Infrastructural development Decline in prey species Road Kills Loss of Habitat Damming Genetic problems War Grazing Recreational activities Habitat fragmentation

Hunting (recreation or retail) Predation Harvest for medicine Interspecific competition

Harvest for food/timber Livestock competition (food etc)

Poisoning Livestock conflicts (retaliation kills)

Pesticides Introduced species (non-livestock) Persecution Nutritional disorders Trade of animals/parts

Other comments/threats (please specify): Pesticides and poisoning have widespread usage in the region but are not major threats to the species. heavy declines in prey species occur in some areas and may have an influence. Grazing places a trophic level threat on foxes.

6B. Would these threats result in (perceived or inferred) population decline?

Yes No Unknown

Notes:

7. Trade

7A. Is the taxon in trade: Yes No Unknown

If yes, is it: Local Regional International Commercial 7B. Parts in trade:

Skin Fur Horn

Glands Taxidermy Products

Bones Hair Organs

Meat Live Animal

Comments/Other threats (please specify):

43 8. Data Quality

8A. Are the estimates you have supplied based on: Census or monitoring General field sudies Informal field studies

Literature Museum studies/records Hearsay/popular belief

Indirect information from trade, etc

9. Studies (field) conducted over the past 10 years (indicate year of study not year of publication): Researchers: Location: Year (of study): Topics: UAE 2004-2005 Ecological study of Al Dhafra region NCWCD Harrat al Harrah 1992-1996 Distribution survey NCWCD Mahazat-as-sayd 1992-1994, Distribution survey NCWCD Mahazat-as-Sayd 1996-1998 Distribution survey ERWDA Abu Dhabi 1996 - present Distribution survey

10. Conservation Status

10A. Global IUCN Red List Category: Global Data deficient Regional/National:

10B. Workshop Assesment of Regional Red List category:

10C. CITES: No listing

10D. National Wildlife Legislation:

10E. National Red Data Book: Endangered in UAE

10F. International Red Data Book: 2004 Red Book listing

10G. Other legislation (please specify):

10H. Existing protected areas for this species (please specifiy): Jordan - Dana Reserve, Oman - Arabian Oryx Sanctuary, Saudi Arabia - Harrat al Harrah, Al-Kunfah, Mahazat- as-Sayd, Uruq Bani Ma'arid, Thummah

10I. Recommended protected areas for this species (p lease specify): Al Dhafra proposed protected areas (Abu Dhabi)

10J. Existing regional conservation/protection.action plan(s): No species-specific plan

10K. Conservation/protection/action plan(s) enforced/implemented: No species-specific plan implemented

44 11. Supporting Research

11A. Is research recommended? Yes No

If Yes, what type of research would you recommend?

Surveys Genetics Taxonomic Life History Public awareness

Trade Reintroduction Human Impact Monitoring

Other (please specify): Competition with red foxes, disease risk

12. Management

12A. What management is recommended for the taxon?

Habitat management Wild population management

Monitoring Translocation

Public awareness Limiting factor management

Work in local communities Address policy makers

Captive breeding Sustainable Utilisation

Law enforcement Genome Research Banking

Other

13. Captive Breeding

13A. If captive breeding is recommended, is it for:

Species recovery Reintroduction Research

Preserve live genome Husbandry Education

13B. Do captive stocks already exist? Yes No

If yes, list the facilites: BCEAW (5), Dubai Zoo (2) and private collection sin UAE and Saudi Arabia

13C.Number in captvity: Males: Females: Unsexed: Total: >25

13D. Does a coordinated Species Management Plan exist? Yes No If yes, list the participating institutions:

If Not, is a Species Management Plan recommended: Yes No List the institutions that should particpate: Management program that includes all fox species is recommended

45 13E. Level of captive breeding recommended:

Intensify existing program Decrease existing program

Initiate program within 3 years Maintain program as it is

Undertake no captive program

13F. Are techniques establised for captive breeding?

Techniques known for this or similar taxon Some techniques known for this or similar taxon

Information not available with this group of compilers Techniques not known

14. Sources/References (complete citation): IUCN/SSC Canid Specialist Group action plan (2004) Harrison and Bates (1991) Lindsay, IM and MacDonald DW (1986) Nader (1990)

15. Compilers: Bandar Al Faleh, Hany Tatwany, Husam Abuzinada, Ahmed Boug, Abdul Rahman Khoja, Al Dewani Moh’d Ali, Mohmd saia Al-ondi, Dieter Ernst, Mayas A Qarqas, Greg Simkins, Husan El Alqamy, Omer A Baeshen, Nasser Tumah, Masaa Al Jumaily, Galal Hussein A Harogi, Norman Ali Khalaf, Shamsa Al Dahiry, Azhar Abba, Mona Al Dahiry, Abbas Hussein Mohmd, Nayel Mohd, Mubarak Ali Mahanna Al Dosari, H.S. Robert Glaser, Khaled Juma Al Rasbi, Salem Ali Al Mashani, Raju P Vasuevan, Peter Phelan, Chris Drew, Ingrid Barcelo, John Newby, Declan O’Donavan, Ibrahim Ahmed Khuluti, Mohammad A. Abubaker, Wolf Ofner, Abbi Salter, Andrew Spalton, Hadi Al Hikmani, Saeed Abdullah-Aswad, Alsaqqaf Ahamad Mohammed, Jed Murdoch (facilitator)

46 47 Conservation Workshop for the Fauna of Arabia Taxon Data Sheet

Working Group: Canid and Hyaena Date: 22 February 2005

1. Taxonomy

1A. Scientific Name (Genus & species,subspeices): Vulpes cana

1B. Synonyms (with authority & date): Blanford's fox, Afgan fox, Hoary fox, King fox, Rock fox & Steppe fox

1C. Common Name(s) with language/region: Tha'leb sakhari (Arabic)

2. Distribution of Taxon

2A. Historical Distribution (last 100 years): Rocky mountainous areas across the Arabian peninsula likely.

2B. Current Distribution (illustrate on map): Localized areas; see attached map.

2C. Habitat of the Taxon (ecosystem level): Rocky mountainous areas and wadis.

2D. Habitat specificity (elevation, etc): 100-2000m asl. rocky terrain, small caves, rocky cracks.

2E. Migration: Yes No Unknown

If Yes, describe:

3. Number of Populations and Subpopulations in which the taxon is distributed: Unknown

Location of each: Approx. area occupied: Approx. No. of Individuals: Jordan 3 protected areas Unknown Palestine Rift valley Small Populations Saudi Arabia Southwest mountains Unknown Oman North/South mtns Unknown

48 4. Population Trends

4A. Is the population: Decreasing Increasing Stable Unknown

4B. If declining, what has been the rate of decline?

< 20% > 20% > 50% > 80%

Over how many years has the population decline occured?

4C. If stable or unknown, do you predict a future decline in the population size: Yes No

If yes, please specifiy rate and factors e.g. habitat loss, threats, trade, etc.: Habitat loss, competition with red foxes.

Comments:

5. Habitat Status

5A. Is the habitat distribution: Continuous Fragmented Unknown

5B. Is there any change in the range of the habitat where the taxon occurs?

Yes No Unknown

If Yes, is it: Decreasing in area Increasing in area Stable Unknown

5C. If decreasing, what has been the decline? < 20% > 20% > 50% > 80%

Over how many years has the decline occured?

5D. If stable or unknown, do you predict a future decline in the habitat:

Yes No Unknown

If Yes, what do you predict decline will be?

< 20% > 20% > 50% > 80%

Over how many years do you predict the decline will occur?

5E. State primary cause of change: Human impacts.

5F. Is there any change in the quality of habitat where the taxon occurs?

Yes No Unknown

Is the habitat quality: Declining Improving Unchanged Unknown

5G. State the primary cause of change: Habitat alteration in some areas like quarrying.

49 6. Threats

6A. What are the threats facing the taxon:

Present Future Present Future Pollution Disease Development Hybridization Infrastructural development Decline in prey species Road Kills Loss of Habitat Damming Genetic problems War Grazing Recreational activities Habitat fragmentation

Hunting (recreation or retail) Predation Harvest for medicine Interspecific competition

Harvest for food/timber Livestock competition (food etc)

Poisoning Livestock conflicts (retaliation kills)

Pesticides Introduced species (non-livestock) Persecution Nutritional disorders Trade of animals/parts

Other comments/threats (please specify): Red fox.

6B. Would these threats result in (perceived or inferred) population decline?

Yes No Unknown

Notes:

7. Trade

7A. Is the taxon in trade: Yes No Unknown

If yes, is it: Local Regional International Commercial 7B. Parts in trade:

Skin Fur Horn

Glands Taxidermy Products

Bones Hair Organs

Meat Live Animal

Comments/Other threats (please specify):

50 8. Data Quality

8A. Are the estimates you have supplied based on: Census or monitoring General field sudies Informal field studies

Literature Museum studies/records Hearsay/popular belief

Indirect information from trade, etc

9. Studies (field) conducted over the past 10 years (indicate year of study not year of publication): Researchers: Location: Year (of study): Topics: Dana Reserve, Jordan 2003-2004 Distribution & presence/absence Smith, M UAE 1998-2000 Status & distribution northern Oman camera trapping ERWDA UAE - Jebel Hafit 2000-present ecological study, Fauna & Flora

10. Conservation Status

10A. Global IUCN Red List Category: Global Vulnerable (VU) Regional/National:

10B. Workshop Assesment of Regional Red List category:

10C. CITES: Appendix II

10D. National Wildlife Legislation:

10E. National Red Data Book:

10F. International Red Data Book: 2004 red list classification

10G. Other legislation (please specify):

10H. Existing protected areas for this species (please specifiy): Jordan - 3 protected areas, Israel - Ein Gedi, UAE - Jebel Hafit

10I. Recommended protected areas for this species (p lease specify): No specific recommendations due to lack of information.

10J. Existing regional conservation/protection.action plan(s): No species-specific plan.

10K. Conservation/protection/action plan(s) enforced/implemented: No species-specific plan.

51 11. Supporting Research

11A. Is research recommended? Yes No

If Yes, what type of research would you recommend?

Surveys Genetics Taxonomic Life History Public awareness

Trade Reintroduction Human Impact Monitoring

Other (please specify): Competition with red fox and ecology study.

12. Management

12A. What management is recommended for the taxon?

Habitat management Wild population management

Monitoring Translocation

Public awareness Limiting factor management

Work in local communities Address policy makers

Captive breeding Sustainable Utilisation

Law enforcement Genome Research Banking

Other Ecological studies, competition with red fox and public education to address misidentification.

13. Captive Breeding

13A. If captive breeding is recommended, is it for:

Species recovery Reintroduction Research

Preserve live genome Husbandry Education

13B. Do captive stocks already exist? Yes No

If yes, list the facilites: BCEAW (9)

13C.Number in captvity: Males: Females: Unsexed: Total: 9

13D. Does a coordinated Species Management Plan exist? Yes No If yes, list the participating institutions:

If Not, is a Species Management Plan recommended: Yes No List the institutions that should particpate: Range-wide study that also incorporates other fox species.

52 13E. Level of captive breeding recommended:

Intensify existing program Decrease existing program

Initiate program within 3 years Maintain program as it is

Undertake no captive program

13F. Are techniques establised for captive breeding?

Techniques known for this or similar taxon Some techniques known for this or similar taxon

Information not available with this group of compilers Techniques not known

14. Sources/References (complete citation): Harrison & Bates (1991). Geffen, E. & MacDonald, D.W. (1993). Geffen, E., Hefner, R., MacDonald, D.W. & Ucko, M. (1992). Geffen, E., Hefner, R., MacDonald, D.W. & Ucko, M. (1992). MacDonald, D.W. & Tattersall, F.H. (1996). Stuart, C.T. & Stuart, T. (1995). Smith, M., Budd, K.J. & Gross, C. (2003)

15. Compilers: See attached list.

53 54 Conservation Workshop for the Fauna of Arabia Taxon Data Sheet

Working Group: Canid and Hyaena Date: 20 February 2005

1. Taxonomy

1A. Scientific Name (Genus & species,subspeices): Canis aureus

1B. Synonyms (with authority & date): Asiatic jackal, golden jackal, common jackal

1C. Common Name(s) with language/region: Ibn awa (Arabic)

2. Distribution of Taxon

2A. Historical Distribution (last 100 years): Largely unknown in Arabia, although continuous populations may have linked northern and southern extent of range in Arabia.

2B. Current Distribution (illustrate on map): distribution is largely unknown throughout the range. see attached map of known or perceived populations.

2C. Habitat of the Taxon (ecosystem level): Gravel, scrubland, cultivated and urban areas

2D. Habitat specificity (elevation, etc): Generally confined to lowlands

2E. Migration: Yes No Unknown

If Yes, describe:

3. Number of Populations and Subpopulations in which the taxon is distributed:

Location of each: Approx. area occupied: Approx. No. of Individuals: Saudi Arabia - eastern province (Al Hasa) Highly localized Unknown Jordan Country-wide Unknown Yemen Unknown Unknown Iraq Unknown Unknown Palestine Highly localized, but Unknown present in West bank, Gaza strip

55 4. Population Trends

4A. Is the population: Decreasing Increasing Stable Unknown

4B. If declining, what has been the rate of decline?

< 20% > 20% > 50% > 80%

Over how many years has the population decline occured? 10 years

4C. If stable or unknown, do you predict a future decline in the population size: Yes No

If yes, please specifiy rate and factors e.g. habitat loss, threats, trade, etc.: Main factors incl habitat loss, persecution

Comments:

5. Habitat Status

5A. Is the habitat distribution: Continuous Fragmented Unknown

5B. Is there any change in the range of the habitat where the taxon occurs?

Yes No Unknown

If Yes, is it: Decreasing in area Increasing in area Stable Unknown

5C. If decreasing, what has been the decline? < 20% > 20% > 50% > 80%

Over how many years has the decline occured? 10 years

5D. If stable or unknown, do you predict a future decline in the habitat:

Yes No Unknown

If Yes, what do you predict decline will be?

< 20% > 20% > 50% > 80%

Over how many years do you predict the decline will occur?

5E. State primary cause of change: Habitat loss and urbanization

5F. Is there any change in the quality of habitat where the taxon occurs?

Yes No Unknown

Is the habitat quality: Declining Improving Unchanged Unknown

5G. State the primary cause of change: Habitat loss and urbanization

56 6. Threats

6A. What are the threats facing the taxon:

Present Future Present Future Pollution Disease Development Hybridization Infrastructural development Decline in prey species Road Kills Loss of Habitat Damming Genetic problems War Grazing Recreational activities Habitat fragmentation

Hunting (recreation or retail) Predation Harvest for medicine Interspecific competition

Harvest for food/timber Livestock competition (food etc)

Poisoning Livestock conflicts (retaliation kills)

Pesticides Introduced species (non-livestock) Persecution Nutritional disorders Trade of animals/parts

Other comments/threats (please specify):

6B. Would these threats result in (perceived or inferred) population decline?

Yes No Unknown

Notes:

7. Trade

7A. Is the taxon in trade: Yes No Unknown

If yes, is it: Local Regional International Commercial 7B. Parts in trade:

Skin Fur Horn

Glands Taxidermy Products

Bones Hair Organs

Meat Live Animal

Comments/Other threats (please specify):

57 8. Data Quality

8A. Are the estimates you have supplied based on: Census or monitoring General field sudies Informal field studies

Literature Museum studies/records Hearsay/popular belief

Indirect information from trade, etc

9. Studies (field) conducted over the past 10 years (indicate year of study not year of publication): Researchers: Location: Year (of study): Topics: Yom Tov, Yoram, Ashkenazi and Golan Heights, Irael 1993 Cattle predation by the golden Viner jackal in the Golan Heights, Israel. Various reports by oil companies likely in existence

10. Conservation Status

10A. Global IUCN Red List Category: Global Least Consern Regional/National:

10B. Workshop Assesment of Regional Red List category:

10C. CITES: Appendix III

10D. National Wildlife Legislation:

10E. National Red Data Book:

10F. International Red Data Book: 2004 red list classification

10G. Other legislation (please specify):

10H. Existing protected areas for this species (please specifiy): Distribution and population status largely unknown. Confirmed presence in 8 national parks in Jordan including Shaumari Wildlife Reserve, Asraq Wetland Reserve, Ajlun , Dana Nature Reserve, Mujib Nature Reserve, Dibbin Nature Reserve and Wadi Rumm Protected Area

10I. Recommended protected areas for this species (p lease specify): No Specific reserve recommended

10J. Existing regional conservation/protection.action plan(s): No species-specific plans but some protection under various regional and country wildlife laws

10K. Conservation/protection/action plan(s) enforced/implemented: No species-specific plans implemented

58 11. Supporting Research

11A. Is research recommended? Yes No

If Yes, what type of research would you recommend?

Surveys Genetics Taxonomic Life History Public awareness

Trade Reintroduction Human Impact Monitoring

Other (please specify):

12. Management

12A. What management is recommended for the taxon?

Habitat management Wild population management

Monitoring Translocation

Public awareness Limiting factor management

Work in local communities Address policy makers

Captive breeding Sustainable Utilisation

Law enforcement Genome Research Banking

Other

13. Captive Breeding

13A. If captive breeding is recommended, is it for:

Species recovery Reintroduction Research

Preserve live genome Husbandry Education

13B. Do captive stocks already exist? Yes No

If yes, list the facilites: BCEAW and Al Ain Zoo in the UAE

13C.Number in captvity: Males: Females: Unsexed: Total: <20

13D. Does a coordinated Species Management Plan exist? Yes No If yes, list the participating institutions:

If Not, is a Species Management Plan recommended: Yes No List the institutions that should particpate: The program should be range-wide and focus on obtaining baseline information on population status and distribution among jackals and other canids including Blanford and Sand fox

59 13E. Level of captive breeding recommended:

Intensify existing program Decrease existing program

Initiate program within 3 years Maintain program as it is

Undertake no captive program

13F. Are techniques establised for captive breeding?

Techniques known for this or similar taxon Some techniques known for this or similar taxon

Information not available with this group of compilers Techniques not known

14. Sources/References (complete citation): Primary references include: Nader (1996), Harrison and Bates (1991), Gasperetti (1985), and Kingdon (1991) and IUCN/SSC specialist Group Action Plan (2004)

15. Compilers: Bandar Al Faleh, Hany Tatwany, Husam Abuzinada, Ahmed Boug, Abdul Rahman Khoja, Al Dewani Moh’d Ali, Mohmd saia Al-ondi, Dieter Ernst, Mayas A Qarqas, Greg Simkins, Husan El Alqamy, Omer A Baeshen, Nasser Tumah, Masaa Al Jumaily, Galal Hussein A Harogi, Norman Ali Khalaf, Shamsa Al Dahiry, Azhar Abba, Mona Al Dahiry, Abbas Hussein Mohmd, Nayel Mohd, Mubarak Ali Mahanna Al Dosari, H.S. Robert Glaser, Khaled Juma Al Rasbi, Salem Ali Al Mashani, Raju P Vasuevan, Peter Phelan, Chris Drew, Ingrid Barcelo, John Newby, Declan O’Donavan, Ibrahim Ahmed Khuluti, Mohammad A. Abubaker, Wolf Ofner, Abbi Salter, Andrew Spalton, Hadi Al Hikmani, Saeed Abdullah-Aswad, Alsaqqaf Ahamad Mohammed, Jed Murdoch (facilitator)

60 61 62 راثكإو ةيامح ةشرو ةيبرعلا ةريزجلا هبش تاناويح

Conservation ةقراشلا – ءارحصلا هزتنم Workshop 2005 رياربف 20-23 for the fauna of arabia

Desert Park - Sharjah

20 - 23 February 2005

راثكإو ةيامح زكرم ةيبرعلا ةريزجلا هبش تاناويح ضارقنإلاب ةددهملا

BREEDING CENTRE FOR ENDANGERED eagles & vultures ARABIAN WILDLIFE 63 Chapter 3

Vultures and Large Eagles

Executive Summary...... 65

Aegipius monachis (Cinereous Vulture)...... 69

Aquila chrysaetos (Golden Eagle)...... 75

Aquila clanga (Spotted Eagle)...... 81

Aquila heliaca (Imperial Eagle)...... 87

Aquila nipalensis (Steppe Eagle)...... 93

Aquila pomerina (Lesser Spotted Eagle)...... 99

Aquila rapax (Tawny Eagle)...... 105

Aquila verreauxi (Verreaux’s Eagle)...... 111

Circaetus gallicus (Short-toed Eagle)...... 117

Gypaetus barbatus (Bearded Vulture)...... 123

Gyps fulvus (Griffon Vulture)...... 129

Haliaeetus albicilla (White-tailed Eagle)...... 135

Haliaeetus leucoryphus (Pallas’s Fish Eagle) ...... 141

Hieraaetus fasciatus (Bonelli’s Eagle)...... 147

Hieraaetus pennatus (Booted Eagle)...... 153

Neophron percnopterus (Egyptian Vulture)...... 159

Terathopius ecaudatus (Bateleur)...... 165

Torgos tracheliotus (Lappet-faced Vulture)...... 171

64 Large Eagles and Vultures of Arabia

Participant List

Khaldoun Alomari Barbara Arca Simon Aspinall Tom Bailey Graham Child Nigel Collar (facilitator) Damien Egan Nashat Hamidan Omer Ahmed Hassan Zafar ul Islam Stanley Janyk Reza Khan Jannes Kruger Sean McKeown Peter McKinney Mohammed Nayel Galal Hussein Nasser Gavin Nel Patrick Paillat Geer Scheres Mohammed Shobrak Christophe Tourenq

Species Reviewed (Alphabetical by genus)

Cinereous Vulture Aegypius monachus Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos Spotted Eagle Aquila clanga Imperial Eagle Aquila heliaca Steppe Eagle Aquila nipalensis Lesser Spotted Eagle Aquila pomerina Tawny Eagle Aquila rapax Verreaux’s Eagle Aquila verreauxi Short-toed Eagle Circaetus gallicus Bearded Vulture Gypaetus barbatus Griffon Vulture Gyps fulvus White-tailed Eagle Haliaeetus albicilla Pallas’s Fish Eagle Haliaeetus leucoryphus Bonelli’s Eagle Hieraaetus fasciatus Booted Eagle Hieraaetus pennatus Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus Bateleur Terathopius ecaudatus Lappet-faced Vulture Torgos tracheliotus

65 Executive summary

The group convened for the first time on 20th February 2005 to evaluate the level of knowledge of vulture and eagle species on the Arabian Peninsula and Jordan, and to assign conservation status to those species.

The participants varied greatly in their individual levels of speciality. Academics, raptor biologists, general ecologists, field workers, government representatives, ornithologists, professional falconers and captive breeding specialists all gave contributions according to their own expertise.

Whilst much valuable data was collected from all participants, it became clear that much of the region is under-studied with regards to raptors and the ecology that relates directly to their survival. Most concrete data came from Saudi Arabia and Jordan, with mostly informal studies, sightings and anecdotal information for most of the rest of the region. Oman was not represented in the meeting and specialists from here would help in completing a more comprehensive conservation profile for the region.

The group started proceedings with a general discussion in which each member gave sighting information on each species. This helped establish which species would be problematic due to insufficient data, or knowledge present at the table, as well as whether certain species should be included at all.

Taxon data sheets were completed, but were found to be difficult to fill in adequately due to the fact that certain species are residents whereas others are migratory or winter visitors (Table 1). It was concluded that three species, the white-tailed sea eagle, Pallas’ fish eagle and the booted eagle would not be included and given local conservation status due to the fact that they are not generally extant within the region. These include Arabia as a marginal part of their wintering range and have historically never been extant on the Arabian Peninsula in sufficient numbers to have any significance to the species as a whole, or have been recorded from questionable or exceptional sightings on only one or two occasions.

Two Species, the Griffon Vulture and the Bearded Vulture, were listed as critically endangered and were elected as priority species. Five species were listed as endangered, six as vulnerable and two as near threatened. Status assigned was according to IUCN guidelines and was used only on a regional level.

Threats

The most important threats facing most of the raptors include:

●● Poisoning. Often in the form of carcasses baited for large predators ●● Persecution. Shooting through ignorance, trapping and removal of chicks for trade. ●● Disturbance. Occasionally intentional, but mostly indirect, such as recreational activities, camping, quarrying etc ●● Decline in prey species. Either by hunting eg: Hyrax hunting is affecting Verreaux’s eagles, or by eliminating the predators that would normally make carcasses available to scavenging species. ●● Livestock competition. Tree nesting species are often in conflict with people using these as fodder. Raptors in general are erroneously thought to be stock thieves and are killed indiscriminately by many farmers. ●● Pesticides. Secondary/ indirect poisoning due to the use of chemical pesticides. 66 Unknown threats

Certain migratory species, such as the steppe eagle, have shown a marked decline in recent years although no accurate statistics have been published to date. In the case of the Steppe eagle, it was tentatively agreed upon by the group that factors causing this decline are largely unknown and open to speculation. It was also agreed that the apparent decline of the species is happening at breeding sites rather than on the southern end of their migration where the eagles would widely disperse into Africa and therefore not all face a common threat.

Diclofenac

Diclofenac, an inexpensive anti-inflammatory drug used in livestock, is lethal to certain raptor species and has had near-catastrophic effects on vulture populations in nearby Western Asia. Due to lax laws in the distribution of veterinary drugs throughout the region, the possibility of this substance affecting Arabian Vulture species has been identified as a potential threat.

Threats facing the Priority species

The two priority species listed as critically endangered face threats common to several of the species assessed. The Griffon vulture, being a colonial nesting bird, is affected by disturbance near nesting colonies. This has been identified in the form of stone quarrying, development and certain recreational activities. A reduction in carcasses (possibly through a reduction in natural predators), and poisoning were also identified as possible threats. The Bearded Vulture is also threatened by a lack of predator-produced carcasses, with fragmented bone essential to the species for adequate calcium intake, particularly for developing chicks.

Discussion and recommendations

Due to time limitations, no tasks were formulated by the Raptor group. The threats identified for many of the species are common to species discussed by other groups (large carnivores, hyrax, ungulates etc.) in this and previous conservation workshops. It is clear that raptor conservation is integral to the many other classes of wildlife under discussion in the workshop process. It would be very beneficial to merge groups in the future to formulate action plans based on threats facing raptors and all other species vital in food webs and general ecology. In the short-term future (the next conservation meeting) however, it is hoped that more specific action plans tangible to group participants can be listed. More updated literature is required from most of the region and more field studies are required, specifically from Oman, UAE, and Yemen.

Recommendations listed in the Taxon Data Sheets included research and management for all species assigned with conservation status. Captive breeding was recommended for five of the species. This is a sensitive issue and controversial in the context of conservation, but was agreed upon by the group largely due to the fact that captive stock already exists, and should be made use of for research, educational purposes and maintenance of live genomes.

67 Table 1

SN# Species Status Breeds c. br. R&M 1 Griffon Vulture CR x x x 2 Bearded Vulture CR x x x 3 Lappet-faced Vulture EN x x x 4 Verreaux’s Eagle EN x x x 5 Bateleur EN x x x 6 Black Vulture EN x 7 Lesser Spotted Eagle EN x 8 Golden Eagle VU x x 9 Tawny Eagle VU x x 10 Bonelli’s Eagle VU x x 11 Short-toed Eagle VU x x 12 Greater Spotted Eagle x 13 Imperial Eagle VU x 14 Egyptian Vulture NT x x 15 Steppe Eagle NT x 16 Booted Eagle - 17 White-tailed Eagle - 18 Pallas’s Fish Eagle -

68 Conservation Workshop for the Fauna of Arabia Taxon Data Sheet

Working Group: Vultures and Large Eagles Date: February 2005

1. Taxonomy

1A. Scientific Name (Genus & species,subspeices): Aegypius monachus

1B. Synonyms (with authority & date):

1C. Common Name(s) with language/region: Cinereous Vulture, Back Vulture, Monk Vulture (English), Nisser el Aswad (Arabic)

2. Distribution of Taxon

2A. Historical Distribution (last 100 years): Unknown

2B. Current Distribution (illustrate on map): Fairly widespread in W Arabia in winter, but very rare

2C. Habitat of the Taxon (ecosystem level): Open areas with scattered trees, including foothills

2D. Habitat specificity (elevation, etc): Trees for nesting (but it does not breed in the region)

2E. Migration: ✔ Yes No Unknown

If Yes, describe:

3. Number of Populations and Subpopulations in which the taxon is distributed: Continuous

Location of each: Approx. area occupied: Approx. No. of Individuals: Jordan: 4 records (19th Century, 1964, February 2002, March 2004) Saudi Arabia: no details Yemen: only recorded in early 20th Century (fide M. Shobrak)

69 4. Population Trends

4A. Is the population: Decreasing Increasing Stable ✔ Unknown

4B. If declining, what has been the rate of decline?

< 20% > 20% > 50% > 80%

Over how many years has the population decline occured?

4C. If stable or unknown, do you predict a future decline in the population size: Yes ✔ No

If yes, please specifiy rate and factors e.g. habitat loss, threats, trade, etc.:

5. Habitat Status

5A. Is the habitat distribution: ✔ Continuous Fragmented Unknown

5B. Is there any change in the range of the habitat where the taxon occurs? Yes ✔ No

If Yes, is it: Decreasing in area Increasing in area Stable Unknown

5C. If decreasing, what has been the decline? < 20% > 20% > 50% > 80%

Over how many years has the decline occured?

5D. If stable or unknown, do you predict a future decline in the habitat: Yes ✔ No

If Yes, what do you predict decline will be?

< 20% > 20% > 50% > 80%

Over how many years do you predict the decline will occur?

5E. State primary cause of change:

5F. Is there any change in the quality of habitat where the taxon occurs? ✔ Yes No

Is the habitat quality: ✔ Declining Improving Unchanged Unknown

5G. State the primary cause of change: Decline in quality of food owing to more careful management practices including for health reasons

70 6. Threats

6A. What are the threats facing the taxon:

Present Future Present Future Pollution Disease Development Hybridization Infrastructural development Decline in prey species ✔ ✔ Road Kills ✔ ✔ Loss of Habitat Damming Genetic problems War Grazing Recreational activities Habitat fragmentation

Hunting (recreation or retail) Predation Harvest for medicine Interspecific competition

Harvest for food/timber Livestock competition (food etc)

Poisoning ✔ ✔ Livestock conflicts (retaliation kills) Pesticides ✔ ✔ Introduced species (non-livestock) Persecution ✔ ✔ Nutritional disorders Trade of animals/parts

Other threats (please specify): Decline of prey species due to disposal of carcasses

6B. Would these threats result in (perceived or inferred) population decline? Yes

7. Trade

7A. Is the taxon in trade: Yes ✔ No

If yes, is it: Local Regional International Commercial 7B. Parts in trade:

Skin Fur Horn

Glands Taxidermy Products

Bones Hair Organs

Meat Live Animal

Others (please specify):

71 8. Data Quality

8A. Are the estimates you have supplied based on: Census or monitoring General field sudies ✔ Informal field studies

✔ Literature Museum studies/records Hearsay/popular belief

✔ Indirect information from trade, etc

9. Studies (field) conducted over the past 10 years (indicate year of study not year of publication): Researchers: Location: Year (of study): Topics: None known

10. Conservation Status

10A. Global IUCN Red List Category: Global Near threatened National Endangered

10B. Additional comments or recommendations: Population migratory (only wintering in region)

10C. CITES: II

10D. National Wildlife Legislation: none

10E. International Red Data Book:

10F. International Red Data Book:

10G. Other legislation (please specify): CMS

10H. Existing protected areas for this species (please specifiy): Mahazat as-Sayd, Harat al Hara and Ibex Reserve (all in Saudi Arabia)

10I. Recommended protected areas for this species (p lease specify): n/a

10J. Existing regional conservation/protection.action plan(s): One exists for vultures in Saudi Arabia

10K. Conservation/protection/action plan(s) enforced: none

72 11. Supporting Research

11A. Is reserach recommended? ✔ Yes No

If Yes, what type of research would you recommend?

✔ Surveys Genetics Taxonomic Life History Public awareness

Trade Reintroduction Human Impact Trade

Other (please specify): Survey is needed of wintering birds to establish baseline Monitoring is required using satellite telemetry to determine patterns of distribution and key areas

12. Management

12A. What management is recommended for the taxon?

Habitat management Wild population management

Monitoring Translocation

✔ Public awareness Limiting factor management

Work in local communities Address policy makers

Captive breeding Sustainable Utilisation

✔ Law enforcement Genome Research Banking

✔ Other Existing plan implementation

13. Captive Breeding

13A. If captive breeding is recommended, is it for:

Species recovery Reintroduction Research

Preserve live genome Husbandry Education

13B. Do captive stocks already exist? Yes ✔ No

If yes, list the facilites:

13C.Number in captvity: Males: Females: Unsexed: Total:

13D. Does a coordinated Species Management Plan exist? Yes ✔ No If yes, list the participating institutions:

If Not, is a Species Management Plan recommended: Yes ✔ No List the institutions that should particpate:

73 13E. Level of captive breeding recommended:

Intensify existing program Decrease existing program

Initiate program within 3 years Maintain program as it is

✔ No captive program required

13F. Are techniques establised for captive breeding?

✔ Techniques known for this or similar taxon Some techniques known for this or similar taxon

Information not available with this group of compilers Techniques not known

14. Sources/References (complete citation): None

15. Compilers: Khaldoun Alomary, Barbara Arca, Simon Aspinall, Graham Child, Nigel Collar (facilitator) Damien Egan, Nashat Hamindan, Zafar ul Islam, Stanley Janyk, Reza Khan, Jannes Kruger, Sean McKeown, Gavin Nel, Geer Scheres, Mohammed Shobrak, Christophe Tourenq

74 Conservation Workshop for the Fauna of Arabia Taxon Data Sheet

Working Group: Vultures and Large Eagles Date: February 2005

1. Taxonomy

1A. Scientific Name (Genus & species,subspeices): Aquila chrysaetos

1B. Synonyms (with authority & date):

1C. Common Name(s) with language/region: Golden Eagle (English), Al Eqab Al Dhahabi (Arabic)

2. Distribution of Taxon

2A. Historical Distribution (last 100 years): Unknown to have been different to current distribution

2B. Current Distribution (illustrate on map): Spottily widespread

2C. Habitat of the Taxon (ecosystem level): Small mountains, hills, plains and sand-dune country

2D. Habitat specificity (elevation, etc): Trees and small shrubs for nests

2E. Migration: Yes No Unknown

If Yes, describe:

3. Number of Populations and Subpopulations in which the taxon is distributed: Continuous

Location of each: Approx. area occupied: Approx. No. of Individuals: Jordan: 1 pair known Saudi Arabia: <50 pairs UAE: <10 pairs (4 pairs known) Oman: 20 (-30) pairs (fide Oman Bird Records Committee)

75 4. Population Trends

4A. Is the population: Decreasing Increasing Stable ✔ Unknown

4B. If declining, what has been the rate of decline?

✔ < 20% > 20% > 50% > 80%

Over how many years has the population decline occured? 30 years

4C. If stable or unknown, do you predict a future decline in the population size: Yes No

If yes, please specifiy rate and factors e.g. habitat loss, threats, trade, etc.:

5. Habitat Status

5A. Is the habitat distribution: ✔ Continuous Fragmented Unknown

5B. Is there any change in the range of the habitat where the taxon occurs? Yes ✔ No

If Yes, is it: Decreasing in area Increasing in area Stable Unknown

5C. If decreasing, what has been the decline? < 20% > 20% > 50% > 80%

Over how many years has the decline occured?

5D. If stable or unknown, do you predict a future decline in the habitat: ✔ Yes No

If Yes, what do you predict decline will be?

< 20% ✔ > 20% > 50% > 80%

Over how many years do you predict the decline will occur? 100 years

5E. State primary cause of change: Lack of regeneration of desert trees

5F. Is there any change in the quality of habitat where the taxon occurs? ✔ Yes No

Is the habitat quality: ✔ Declining Improving Unchanged Unknown

5G. State the primary cause of change: Decline in food quantity Lopping of trees

76 6. Threats

6A. What are the threats facing the taxon:

Present Future Present Future Pollution Disease Development Hybridization Infrastructural development Decline in prey species Road Kills Loss of Habitat ✔ ✔ Damming Genetic problems War Grazing ✔ ✔ Recreational activities Habitat fragmentation

Hunting (recreation or retail) Predation Harvest for medicine Interspecific competition

Harvest for food/timber ✔ ✔ Livestock competition (food etc) ✔ ✔

Poisoning Livestock conflicts (retaliation kills)

Pesticides Introduced species (non-livestock) Persecution ✔ ✔ Nutritional disorders ✔ ✔ Trade of animals/parts ✔ ✔

Other threats (please specify): Chicks are collected from nests and brought to market/zoos/offered as VIP gifts. Livestock destroys habitat (nest trees, prey cover). Nutritional disorders are caused by overuse of carrion owing to decline in live prey availability. Persecution from falconers who hate eagles.

6B. Would these threats result in (perceived or inferred) population decline? Yes

7. Trade

7A. Is the taxon in trade: ✔ Yes No

If yes, is it: ✔ Local Regional ✔ International Commercial 7B. Parts in trade:

Skin Fur Horn

Glands Taxidermy Products

Bones Hair Organs

Meat ✔ Live Animal

Others (please specify):

77 8. Data Quality

8A. Are the estimates you have supplied based on: ✔ Census or monitoring General field sudies ✔ Informal field studies

✔ Literature Museum studies/records Hearsay/popular belief

✔ Indirect information from trade, etc

9. Studies (field) conducted over the past 10 years (indicate year of study not year of publication): Researchers: Location: Year (of study): Topics: Khaldoun Eastern desert of mid-1980s Monitoring of migration Jordan

10. Conservation Status

10A. Global IUCN Red List Category: Global Least Concern National Vulnerable

10B. Additional comments or recommendations:

10C. CITES: II

10D. National Wildlife Legislation: Protected in Jordan, nothing in Saudi Arabia, protected on paper in UAE

10E. National Red Data Book:

10F. International Red Data Book:

10G. Other legislation (please specify): CMS?

10H. Existing protected areas for this species (please specifiy): Harrat al Harra and Ibex Reserve (Saudi Arabia), Oryx Reserve (Oman)

10I. Recommended protected areas for this species (p lease specify): Umm al Zummul and Al Dhafra (UAE)

10J. Existing regional conservation/protection.action plan(s): none

10K. Conservation/protection/action plan(s) enforced/implemented: No

78 11. Supporting Research

11A. Is reserach recommended? ✔ Yes No

If Yes, what type of research would you recommend?

✔ Surveys Genetics Taxonomic ✔ Life History ✔ Public awareness

Trade Reintroduction Human Impact ✔ Monitoring

Other (please specify):

12. Management

12A. What management is recommended for the taxon?

✔ Habitat management Wild population management

✔ Monitoring Translocation

✔ Public awareness Limiting factor management

Work in local communities Address policy makers

Captive breeding Sustainable Utilisation

✔ Law enforcement Genome Research Banking

✔ Other Establish appropriate laws in Saudi Arabia

13. Captive Breeding

13A. If captive breeding is recommended, is it for:

Species recovery Reintroduction Research

Preserve live genome Husbandry Education

13B. Do captive stocks already exist? ✔ Yes No

If yes, list the facilites: Private and public situation unclear

13C.Number in captvity: Males: Females: Unsexed: Total:

13D. Does a coordinated Species Management Plan exist? Yes No If yes, list the participating institutions:

If Not, is a Species Management Plan recommended: Yes No List the institutions that should particpate:

79 13E. Level of captive breeding recommended:

Intensify existing program Decrease existing program

Initiate program within 3 years Maintain program as it is

✔ No captive program required

13F. Are techniques establised for captive breeding?

✔ Techniques known for this or similar taxon Some techniques known for this or similar taxon

Information not available with this group of compilers Techniques not known

14. Sources/References (complete citation): None

15. Compilers: Khaldoun Alomary, Barbara Arca, Simon Aspinall, Graham Child, Nigel Collar (facilitator) Damien Egan, Nashat Hamindan, Zafar ul Islam, Stanley Janyk, Reza Khan, Jannes Kruger, Sean McKeown, Gavin Nel, Geer Scheres, Mohammed Shobrak, Christophe Tourenq

80 Conservation Workshop for the Fauna of Arabia Taxon Data Sheet

Working Group: Vultures and Large Eagles Date: February 2005

1. Taxonomy

1A. Scientific Name (Genus & species,subspeices): Aquila clanga

1B. Synonyms (with authority & date):

1C. Common Name(s) with language/region: Great Spotted Eagle, Spotted Eagle (English), Al Eqab Munaqat al Kabein (Arabic)

2. Distribution of Taxon

2A. Historical Distribution (last 100 years): Extensive penetration of the Arabian Peninsula in winter

2B. Current Distribution (illustrate on map): No known change from former times

2C. Habitat of the Taxon (ecosystem level): Open marshy country, steppe, irrigated grassland, coastal mangroves, open country near dams

2D. Habitat specificity (elevation, etc): Lowlands below 1,000m

2E. Migration: ✔ Yes No Unknown

If Yes, describe:

3. Number of Populations and Subpopulations in which the taxon is distributed: Continuous

Location of each: Approx. area occupied: Approx. No. of Individuals: Jordan: Very rare vagrant Saudi Arabia: Rare winter visitor UAE: Up to 50 in winter Yemen: Very rare in winter Oman: Up to 200 in winter Arabian Peninsula as a whole <500 birds each winter

81 4. Population Trends

4A. Is the population: Decreasing Increasing Stable ✔ Unknown

4B. If declining, what has been the rate of decline?

< 20% > 20% > 50% > 80%

Over how many years has the population decline occured?

4C. If stable or unknown, do you predict a future decline in the population size: ✔ Yes No

If yes, please specifiy rate and factors e.g. habitat loss, threats, trade, etc.: Probably as other eagles in the region

5. Habitat Status

5A. Is the habitat distribution: ✔ Continuous Fragmented Unknown

5B. Is there any change in the range of the habitat where the taxon occurs? ✔ Yes No

If Yes, is it: Decreasing in area ✔ Increasing in area Stable Unknown

5C. If decreasing, what has been the decline? < 20% > 20% > 50% > 80%

Over how many years has the decline occured?

5D. If stable or unknown, do you predict a future decline in the habitat: Yes No

If Yes, what do you predict decline will be?

< 20% > 20% > 50% > 80%

Over how many years do you predict the decline will occur?

5E. State primary cause of change: Irrigated areas results in an increase in habitat area

5F. Is there any change in the quality of habitat where the taxon occurs? Yes ✔ No

Is the habitat quality: Declining Improving Unchanged Unknown

5G. State the primary cause of change:

82 6. Threats

6A. What are the threats facing the taxon:

Present Future Present Future Pollution Disease Development Hybridization Infrastructural development Decline in prey species Road Kills Loss of Habitat Damming Genetic problems War Grazing Recreational activities Habitat fragmentation

Hunting (recreation or retail) Predation Harvest for medicine Interspecific competition

Harvest for food/timber Livestock competition (food etc)

Poisoning ✔ ✔ Livestock conflicts (retaliation kills) Pesticides ✔ ✔ Introduced species (non-livestock) Persecution ✔ ✔ Nutritional disorders Trade of animals/parts

Other threats (please specify):

6B. Would these threats result in (perceived or inferred) population decline? No

7. Trade

7A. Is the taxon in trade: Yes ✔ No

If yes, is it: Local Regional International Commercial 7B. Parts in trade:

Skin Fur Horn

Glands Taxidermy Products

Bones Hair Organs

Meat Live Animal

Others (please specify):

83 8. Data Quality

8A. Are the estimates you have supplied based on: Census or monitoring General field sudies ✔ Informal field studies

✔ Literature Museum studies/records Hearsay/popular belief

✔ Indirect information from trade, etc

9. Studies (field) conducted over the past 10 years (indicate year of study not year of publication): Researchers: Location: Year (of study): Topics:

10. Conservation Status

10A. Global IUCN Red List Category: Global Vulnerable National

10B. Workshop Assesment of regional Red List category: Vulnerable

10C. CITES: II

10D. National Wildlife Legislation: no

10E. National Red Data Book:

10F. International Red Data Book:

10G. Other legislation (please specify): CMS

10H. Existing protected areas for this species (please specifiy): Khoe Dubai and Eastern Lagoon mangroves (Abu Dhabi), Harrat al Harra and Mahazat as Sayd (Saudi Arabia), some protected khors (Southern Oman)

10I. Recommended protected areas for this species (p lease specify): Al Hair (Saudi Arabia)

10J. Existing regional conservation/protection.action plan(s): None

10K. Conservation/protection/action plan(s) enforced/implemented: No

84 11. Supporting Research

11A. Is reserach recommended? ✔ Yes No

If Yes, what type of research would you recommend?

✔ Surveys Genetics Taxonomic Life History Public awareness

Trade Reintroduction Human Impact ✔ Monitoring

Other (please specify): Telemetry of wintering individuals to learn more of their use of region and habitats

12. Management

12A. What management is recommended for the taxon?

✔ Habitat management Wild population management

✔ Monitoring Translocation

✔ Public awareness Limiting factor management

Work in local communities Address policy makers

Captive breeding Sustainable Utilisation

✔ Law enforcement Genome Research Banking

✔ Other Creation of law in Saudi Arabia, where nothing adequate exists for this species

13. Captive Breeding

13A. If captive breeding is recommended, is it for:

Species recovery Reintroduction Research

Preserve live genome Husbandry Education

13B. Do captive stocks already exist? ✔ Yes No

If yes, list the facilites: Private collectors

13C.Number in captvity: Males: Females: Unsexed: Total: Unknown

13D. Does a coordinated Species Management Plan exist? Yes ✔ No If yes, list the participating institutions:

If Not, is a Species Management Plan recommended: Yes ✔ No List the institutions that should particpate:

85 13E. Level of captive breeding recommended:

Intensify existing program Decrease existing program

Initiate program within 3 years Maintain program as it is

✔ No captive program required

13F. Are techniques establised for captive breeding?

Techniques known for this or similar taxon ✔ Some techniques known for this or similar taxon

Information not available with this group of compilers Techniques not known

14. Sources/References (complete citation): None

15. Compilers: Khaldoun Alomary, Barbara Arca, Simon Aspinall, Graham Child, Nigel Collar (facilitator) Damien Egan, Nashat Hamindan, Zafar ul Islam, Stanley Janyk, Reza Khan, Jannes Kruger, Sean McKeown, Gavin Nel, Geer Scheres, Mohammed Shobrak, Christophe Tourenq

86 Conservation Workshop for the Fauna of Arabia Taxon Data Sheet

Working Group: Vultures and Large Eagles Date: February 2005

1. Taxonomy

1A. Scientific Name (Genus & species,subspeices): Aquila heliaca

1B. Synonyms (with authority & date):

1C. Common Name(s) with language/region: Imperial Eagle (English)

2. Distribution of Taxon

2A. Historical Distribution (last 100 years): Extensive penetration of the Arabian Peninsula in winter

2B. Current Distribution (illustrate on map): No known change from former times

2C. Habitat of the Taxon (ecosystem level): Mountains, coasts, deserts, golf courses

2D. Habitat specificity (elevation, etc): None

2E. Migration: ✔ Yes No Unknown

If Yes, describe:

3. Number of Populations and Subpopulations in which the taxon is distributed: Continuous

Location of each: Approx. area occupied: Approx. No. of Individuals: Jordan: passage migrant <50 birds wintering Saudi Arabia: Passage and winter visitor throughout 500-1,000 birds UAE: winter visitor <5 Oman: winter visitor 10-20 Yemen: migrant and winter visitor 50-100 Total number in Arabian Peninsula in winter 615-1,175

87 4. Population Trends

4A. Is the population: ✔ Decreasing Increasing Stable Unknown

4B. If declining, what has been the rate of decline?

✔ < 20% > 20% > 50% > 80%

Over how many years has the population decline occured?

4C. If stable or unknown, do you predict a future decline in the population size: Yes No

If yes, please specifiy rate and factors e.g. habitat loss, threats, trade, etc.:

5. Habitat Status

5A. Is the habitat distribution: ✔ Continuous Fragmented Unknown

5B. Is there any change in the range of the habitat where the taxon occurs? Yes ✔ No

If Yes, is it: Decreasing in area Increasing in area Stable Unknown

5C. If decreasing, what has been the decline? < 20% > 20% > 50% > 80%

Over how many years has the decline occured?

5D. If stable or unknown, do you predict a future decline in the habitat: Yes No

If Yes, what do you predict decline will be?

< 20% > 20% > 50% > 80%

Over how many years do you predict the decline will occur?

5E. State primary cause of change:

5F. Is there any change in the quality of habitat where the taxon occurs? Yes No

Is the habitat quality: Declining Improving Unchanged Unknown

5G. State the primary cause of change:

88 6. Threats

6A. What are the threats facing the taxon:

Present Future Present Future Pollution Disease Development Hybridization Infrastructural development Decline in prey species Road Kills Loss of Habitat Damming Genetic problems War Grazing Recreational activities Habitat fragmentation

Hunting (recreation or retail) Predation Harvest for medicine Interspecific competition

Harvest for food/timber Livestock competition (food etc)

Poisoning ✔ ✔ Livestock conflicts (retaliation kills)

Pesticides Introduced species (non-livestock) Persecution ✔ ✔ Nutritional disorders Trade of animals/parts

Other threats (please specify): At least four birds have been found with one leg over the past ten years in KSA (P. Paillat)

6B. Would these threats result in (perceived or inferred) population decline? No

7. Trade

7A. Is the taxon in trade: Yes ✔ No

If yes, is it: Local Regional International Commercial 7B. Parts in trade:

Skin Fur Horn

Glands Taxidermy Products

Bones Hair Organs

Meat Live Animal

Others (please specify):

89 8. Data Quality

8A. Are the estimates you have supplied based on: Census or monitoring ✔ General field sudies ✔ Informal field studies

✔ Literature Museum studies/records Hearsay/popular belief

✔ Indirect information from trade, etc

9. Studies (field) conducted over the past 10 years (indicate year of study not year of publication): Researchers: Location: Year (of study): Topics: K. Alomari Jordan 1999-2004 Raptor breeding survey P. Paillat Saudi Arabia 1993-2004 Satellite tracking

10. Conservation Status

10A. Global IUCN Red List Category: Global Vulnerable National

10B. Workshop Assesment of regional Red List category: Vulnerable

10C. CITES: II

10D. National Wildlife Legislation: as others

10E. National Red Data Book:

10F. International Red Data Book:

10G. Other legislation (please specify): CMS

10H. Existing protected areas for this species (please specifiy): Wadi Dana, Muyib, Rum, Dibeen (Jordan); Mahazat, Harrat al Harra, Al Khumfa and Ibex Reserve (Saudi Arabia)

10I. Recommended protected areas for this species (p lease specify): Burqu' (Jordan)

10J. Existing regional conservation/protection.action plan(s):

10K. Conservation/protection/action plan(s) enforced/implemented:

90 11. Supporting Research

11A. Is reserach recommended? ✔ Yes No

If Yes, what type of research would you recommend?

✔ Surveys Genetics Taxonomic Life History ✔ Public awareness

Trade Reintroduction Human Impact ✔ Monitoring

Other (please specify):

12. Management

12A. What management is recommended for the taxon?

Habitat management Wild population management

✔ Monitoring Translocation

✔ Public awareness Limiting factor management

Work in local communities Address policy makers

Captive breeding Sustainable Utilisation

✔ Law enforcement Genome Research Banking

✔ Other Creation of law in Saudi Arabia

13. Captive Breeding

13A. If captive breeding is recommended, is it for:

Species recovery Reintroduction Research

Preserve live genome Husbandry Education

13B. Do captive stocks already exist? ✔ Yes No

If yes, list the facilites: Private

13C.Number in captvity: Males: Females: Unsexed: Total: Unknown

13D. Does a coordinated Species Management Plan exist? Yes ✔ No If yes, list the participating institutions:

If Not, is a Species Management Plan recommended: Yes ✔ No List the institutions that should particpate:

91 13E. Level of captive breeding recommended:

Intensify existing program Decrease existing program

Initiate program within 3 years Maintain program as it is

✔ Undertake no captive program

13F. Are techniques establised for captive breeding?

Techniques known for this or similar taxon Some techniques known for this or similar taxon

✔ Information not available with this group of compilers Techniques not known

14. Sources/References (complete citation): None

15. Compilers: Khaldoun Alomary, Barbara Arca, Simon Aspinall, Graham Child, Nigel Collar (facilitator) Damien Egan, Nashat Hamindan, Zafar ul Islam, Stanley Janyk, Reza Khan, Jannes Kruger, Sean McKeown, Gavin Nel, Geer Scheres, Mohammed Shobrak, Christophe Tourenq, Patrick Paillat, Omer Ahmed Hassan, Galal Hussein Nasser, Jamal Aldeen al Faqih, Laco Molnar, Tom Bailey

92 Conservation Workshop for the Fauna of Arabia Taxon Data Sheet

Working Group: Vultures and Large Eagles Date: February 2005

1. Taxonomy

1A. Scientific Name (Genus & species,subspeices): Aquila nipalensis

1B. Synonyms (with authority & date):

1C. Common Name(s) with language/region: Steppe Eagles (English), Eqab al Suhoul, Eqab al Badeyah (Arabic)

2. Distribution of Taxon

2A. Historical Distribution (last 100 years): Extensive penetration of the Arabian Peninsula in winter

2B. Current Distribution (illustrate on map): No known change from former times

2C. Habitat of the Taxon (ecosystem level): Open country, Mountains, Plains, very catholic

2D. Habitat specificity (elevation, etc): None known

2E. Migration: ✔ Yes No Unknown

If Yes, describe:

3. Number of Populations and Subpopulations in which the taxon is distributed: Continuous

Location of each: Approx. area occupied: Approx. No. of Individuals: Jordan: commonest wintering eagle 100s per year Saudi Arabia 1000s in winter UAE <50 on passage, <10 in winter Yemen 100s in winter Oman <500 in winter At least 50% of Arabian birds go on to Africa to winter

93 4. Population Trends

4A. Is the population: ✔ Decreasing Increasing Stable Unknown

4B. If declining, what has been the rate of decline?

< 20% ✔ > 20% ✔ > 50% > 80%

Over how many years has the population decline occured? 5 years

4C. If stable or unknown, do you predict a future decline in the population size: Yes No

If yes, please specifiy rate and factors e.g. habitat loss, threats, trade, etc.:

Comments: M. Shobrak put decline at 20% but P. Paillat argued for 50% based on the decline in numbers seen (300 previously, 10-15 now) and low proportion of juveniles. Similar seen in UAE but not Jordan or Yemen.

5. Habitat Status

5A. Is the habitat distribution: ✔ Continuous Fragmented Unknown

5B. Is there any change in the range of the habitat where the taxon occurs?

Yes ✔ No Unknown

If Yes, is it: Decreasing in area Increasing in area Stable Unknown

5C. If decreasing, what has been the decline? < 20% > 20% > 50% > 80%

Over how many years has the decline occured?

5D. If stable or unknown, do you predict a future decline in the habitat:

✔ Yes No Unknown

If Yes, what do you predict decline will be?

✔ < 20% > 20% > 50% > 80%

Over how many years do you predict the decline will occur? 10 years

5E. State primary cause of change: Possibly there will be an impact from buildings and cable cars in mountains in Saudi Arabia

5F. Is there any change in the quality of habitat where the taxon occurs?

✔ Yes No Unknown

Is the habitat quality: ✔ Declining Improving Unchanged Unknown

5G. State the primary cause of change: The species favours trees around dumps for roosting, also powerlines, but now the municipality in Saudi Arabia where P. Paillat works is burying carcasses. however, other municipalities are still dumping carcasses, so this cannot be the cause of decline.

94 6. Threats

6A. What are the threats facing the taxon:

Present Future Present Future Pollution Disease Development Hybridization Infrastructural development Decline in prey species ✔ ✔ Road Kills ✔ ✔ Loss of Habitat Damming Genetic problems War Grazing Recreational activities Habitat fragmentation

Hunting (recreation or retail) ✔ ✔ Predation Harvest for medicine Interspecific competition

Harvest for food/timber Livestock competition (food etc)

Poisoning ✔ ✔ Livestock conflicts (retaliation kills) ✔ ✔ Pesticides ✔ ✔ Introduced species (non-livestock) Persecution ✔ ✔ Nutritional disorders Trade of animals/parts ✔ ✔

Other comments/threats (please specify): Trade in animals/parts is small and has only been seen in Saudi Arabia and Yemen. Pesticides are a presumed threat; group participants recognised that something very serious must be happening to this species on its breeding grounds if this decline is mirrored across its range.

6B. Would these threats result in (perceived or inferred) population decline?

Yes ✔ No Unknown

Notes:

7. Trade

7A. Is the taxon in trade: ✔ Yes No Unknown

If yes, is it: ✔ Local Regional International Commercial 7B. Parts in trade:

Skin Fur Horn

Glands Taxidermy Products

Bones Hair Organs

Meat Live Animal

Comments/Other threats (please specify):

95 8. Data Quality

8A. Are the estimates you have supplied based on: ✔ Census or monitoring ✔ General field sudies ✔ Informal field studies

✔ Literature Museum studies/records Hearsay/popular belief

Indirect information from trade, etc

9. Studies (field) conducted over the past 10 years (indicate year of study not year of publication): Researchers: Location: Year (of study): Topics: P. Paillat Taif, south of Jeddah 1993-2004 Migration Yemen Ornithological Society Babul Mandab 1999-2005 Migration crossing

10. Conservation Status

10A. Global IUCN Red List Category: Global Least Concern Regional/National:

10B. Workshop Assesment of Regional Red List category: Near Threatened

10C. CITES: II

10D. National Wildlife Legislation: As other eagles

10E. National Red Data Book:

10F. International Red Data Book:

10G. Other legislation (please specify): CMS

10H. Existing protected areas for this species (please specifiy): Harrat al Harra, Mahazat as Sayd, Riyadh, Khunfa, Tubaiq, Ibex Reserve, National Wildlife Research Centre, King Khalid Research Centre at Thumamah (Saudi Arabia)

10I. Recommended protected areas for this species (p lease specify):

10J. Existing regional conservation/protection.action plan(s):

10K. Conservation/protection/action plan(s) enforced/implemented:

96 11. Supporting Research

11A. Is reserach recommended? ✔ Yes No

If Yes, what type of research would you recommend?

✔ Surveys Genetics Taxonomic ✔ Life History Public awareness

Trade Reintroduction Human Impact ✔ Monitoring

Other (please specify): Life history study should specifically include migration studies.

12. Management

12A. What management is recommended for the taxon?

Habitat management Wild population management

✔ Monitoring Translocation

✔ Public awareness Limiting factor management

Work in local communities Address policy makers

Captive breeding Sustainable Utilisation

✔ Law enforcement Genome Research Banking

✔ Other Creation of law in Saudi Arabia

13. Captive Breeding

13A. If captive breeding is recommended, is it for:

Species recovery Reintroduction Research

Preserve live genome Husbandry Education

13B. Do captive stocks already exist? ✔ Yes No

If yes, list the facilites: Dubai, possibly Sana'a and Taif

13C.Number in captvity: Males: Females: Unsexed: Total: Unknown

13D. Does a coordinated Species Management Plan exist? Yes ✔ No If yes, list the participating institutions:

If Not, is a Species Management Plan recommended: Yes ✔ No List the institutions that should particpate:

97 13E. Level of captive breeding recommended:

Intensify existing program Decrease existing program

Initiate program within 3 years Maintain program as it is

✔ Undertake no captive program

13F. Are techniques establised for captive breeding?

Techniques known for this or similar taxon ✔ Some techniques known for this or similar taxon

Information not available with this group of compilers Techniques not known

14. Sources/References (complete citation): None

15. Compilers: Khaldoun Alomary, Barbara Arca, Simon Aspinall, Graham Child, Nigel Collar (facilitator) Damien Egan, Nashat Hamindan, Zafar ul Islam, Stanley Janyk, Reza Khan, Jannes Kruger, Sean McKeown, Gavin Nel, Geer Scheres, Mohammed Shobrak, Christophe Tourenq

98 Conservation Workshop for the Fauna of Arabia Taxon Data Sheet

Working Group: Vultures and Large Eagles Date: February 2005

1. Taxonomy

1A. Scientific Name (Genus & species,subspeices): Aquila pomarina

1B. Synonyms (with authority & date):

1C. Common Name(s) with language/region: Lesser spotted Eagle (English), Al Eqab al Munaqat al Saqeir (Arabic)

2. Distribution of Taxon

2A. Historical Distribution (last 100 years): Extensive penetration of the Arabian Peninsula in winter

2B. Current Distribution (illustrate on map): No known change from former times

2C. Habitat of the Taxon (ecosystem level): Open country, sometimes with trees

2D. Habitat specificity (elevation, etc): Lowlands

2E. Migration: ✔ Yes No Unknown

If Yes, describe:

3. Number of Populations and Subpopulations in which the taxon is distributed: Continuous

Location of each: Approx. area occupied: Approx. No. of Individuals: Jordan: passage migrant throughout Tens each year Saudi Arabia: passage migrant throughout Very rare, tens each year UAE: occasional in winter <5 per year Oman: occasional in winter <5 per year Yemen: passage migrant Tens each year

99 4. Population Trends

4A. Is the population: ✔ Decreasing Increasing Stable Unknown

4B. If declining, what has been the rate of decline?

< 20% ✔ > 20% ✔ > 50% > 80%

Over how many years has the population decline occured? 5 years

4C. If stable or unknown, do you predict a future decline in the population size: Yes No

If yes, please specifiy rate and factors e.g. habitat loss, threats, trade, etc.:

Comments: M. Shobrak put decline at 20% but P. Paillat argued for 50% based on the decline in numbers seen (300 previously, 10-15 now) and low proportion of juveniles. Similar seen in UAE but not Jordan or Yemen.

5. Habitat Status

5A. Is the habitat distribution: ✔ Continuous Fragmented Unknown

5B. Is there any change in the range of the habitat where the taxon occurs?

Yes ✔ No Unknown

If Yes, is it: Decreasing in area Increasing in area Stable Unknown

5C. If decreasing, what has been the decline? < 20% > 20% > 50% > 80%

Over how many years has the decline occured?

5D. If stable or unknown, do you predict a future decline in the habitat:

✔ Yes No Unknown

If Yes, what do you predict decline will be?

✔ < 20% > 20% > 50% > 80%

Over how many years do you predict the decline will occur? 10 years

5E. State primary cause of change: Possibly there will be an impact from buildings and cable cars in mountains in Saudi Arabia

5F. Is there any change in the quality of habitat where the taxon occurs?

✔ Yes No Unknown

Is the habitat quality: ✔ Declining Improving Unchanged Unknown

5G. State the primary cause of change: The species favours trees around dumps for roosting, also powerlines, but now the municipality in Saudi Arabia where P. Paillat works is burying carcasses. however, other municipalities are still dumping carcasses, so this cannot be the cause of decline.

100 6. Threats

6A. What are the threats facing the taxon:

Present Future Present Future Pollution Disease Development Hybridization Infrastructural development Decline in prey species ✔ ✔ Road Kills ✔ ✔ Loss of Habitat Damming Genetic problems War Grazing Recreational activities Habitat fragmentation

Hunting (recreation or retail) ✔ ✔ Predation Harvest for medicine Interspecific competition

Harvest for food/timber Livestock competition (food etc)

Poisoning ✔ ✔ Livestock conflicts (retaliation kills) ✔ ✔ Pesticides ✔ ✔ Introduced species (non-livestock) Persecution ✔ ✔ Nutritional disorders Trade of animals/parts ✔ ✔

Other comments/threats (please specify): Trade in animals/parts is small and has only been seen in Saudi Arabia and Yemen. Pesticides are a presumed threat; group participants recognised that something very serious must be happening to this species on its breeding grounds if this decline is mirrored across its range.

6B. Would these threats result in (perceived or inferred) population decline?

Yes ✔ No Unknown

Notes:

7. Trade

7A. Is the taxon in trade: ✔ Yes No Unknown

If yes, is it: ✔ Local Regional International Commercial 7B. Parts in trade:

Skin Fur Horn

Glands Taxidermy Products

Bones Hair Organs

Meat Live Animal

Comments/Other threats (please specify):

101 8. Data Quality

8A. Are the estimates you have supplied based on: ✔ Census or monitoring ✔ General field sudies ✔ Informal field studies

✔ Literature Museum studies/records Hearsay/popular belief

Indirect information from trade, etc

9. Studies (field) conducted over the past 10 years (indicate year of study not year of publication): Researchers: Location: Year (of study): Topics: P. Paillat Taif, south of Jeddah 1993-2004 Migration Yemen Ornithological Society Babul Mandab 1999-2005 Migration crossing

10. Conservation Status

10A. Global IUCN Red List Category: Global Least Concern Regional/National:

10B. Workshop Assesment of Regional Red List category: Near Threatened

10C. CITES: II

10D. National Wildlife Legislation: As other eagles

10E. National Red Data Book:

10F. International Red Data Book:

10G. Other legislation (please specify): CMS

10H. Existing protected areas for this species (please specifiy): Harrat al Harra, Mahazat as Sayd, Riyadh, Khunfa, Tubaiq, Ibex Reserve, National Wildlife Research Centre, King Khalid Research Centre at Thumamah (Saudi Arabia)

10I. Recommended protected areas for this species (p lease specify):

10J. Existing regional conservation/protection.action plan(s):

10K. Conservation/protection/action plan(s) enforced/implemented:

102 11. Supporting Research

11A. Is reserach recommended? ✔ Yes No

If Yes, what type of research would you recommend?

✔ Surveys Genetics Taxonomic ✔ Life History Public awareness

Trade Reintroduction Human Impact ✔ Monitoring

Other (please specify): Life history study should specifically include migration studies.

12. Management

12A. What management is recommended for the taxon?

Habitat management Wild population management

✔ Monitoring Translocation

✔ Public awareness Limiting factor management

Work in local communities Address policy makers

Captive breeding Sustainable Utilisation

✔ Law enforcement Genome Research Banking

✔ Other Creation of law in Saudi Arabia

13. Captive Breeding

13A. If captive breeding is recommended, is it for:

Species recovery Reintroduction Research

Preserve live genome Husbandry Education

13B. Do captive stocks already exist? ✔ Yes No

If yes, list the facilites: Dubai, possibly Sana'a and Taif

13C.Number in captvity: Males: Females: Unsexed: Total: Unknown

13D. Does a coordinated Species Management Plan exist? Yes ✔ No If yes, list the participating institutions:

If Not, is a Species Management Plan recommended: Yes ✔ No List the institutions that should particpate:

103 13E. Level of captive breeding recommended:

Intensify existing program Decrease existing program

Initiate program within 3 years Maintain program as it is

✔ Undertake no captive program

13F. Are techniques establised for captive breeding?

Techniques known for this or similar taxon ✔ Some techniques known for this or similar taxon

Information not available with this group of compilers Techniques not known

14. Sources/References (complete citation): None

15. Compilers: Khaldoun Alomary, Barbara Arca, Simon Aspinall, Graham Child, Nigel Collar (facilitator) Damien Egan, Nashat Hamindan, Zafar ul Islam, Stanley Janyk, Reza Khan, Jannes Kruger, Sean McKeown, Gavin Nel, Geer Scheres, Mohammed Shobrak, Christophe Tourenq

104 Conservation Workshop for the Fauna of Arabia Taxon Data Sheet

Working Group: Vultures and Large Eagles Date: February 2005

1. Taxonomy

1A. Scientific Name (Genus & species,subspeices): Aquila rapax

1B. Synonyms (with authority & date):

1C. Common Name(s) with language/region: Tawny Eagle (English), Al Eqab al Asham (Arabic)

2. Distribution of Taxon

2A. Historical Distribution (last 100 years): Mainly in western Arabian Peninsula

2B. Current Distribution (illustrate on map): No known change from former times

2C. Habitat of the Taxon (ecosystem level): Open country, mostly dry areas, all elevations

2D. Habitat specificity (elevation, etc): None

2E. Migration: Yes No Unknown

If Yes, describe:

3. Number of Populations and Subpopulations in which the taxon is distributed: Continuous

Location of each: Approx. area occupied: Approx. No. of Individuals: Jordan: unrecorded Saudi Arabia 300-400 pairs breed UAE none? Oman Vagrant Yemen: based on 106 juveniles recently recorded at tip 50-100 pairs

105 4. Population Trends

4A. Is the population: Decreasing Increasing ✔ Stable Unknown

4B. If declining, what has been the rate of decline?

< 20% > 20% > 50% > 80%

Over how many years has the population decline occured?

4C. If stable or unknown, do you predict a future decline in the population size: ✔ Yes No

If yes, please specifiy rate and factors e.g. habitat loss, threats, trade, etc.: Pesticides and poisoning

Comments:

5. Habitat Status

5A. Is the habitat distribution: ✔ Continuous Fragmented Unknown

5B. Is there any change in the range of the habitat where the taxon occurs?

Yes ✔ No Unknown

If Yes, is it: Decreasing in area Increasing in area Stable Unknown

5C. If decreasing, what has been the decline? < 20% > 20% > 50% > 80%

Over how many years has the decline occured?

5D. If stable or unknown, do you predict a future decline in the habitat:

Yes ✔ No Unknown

If Yes, what do you predict decline will be?

< 20% > 20% > 50% > 80%

Over how many years do you predict the decline will occur?

5E. State primary cause of change:

5F. Is there any change in the quality of habitat where the taxon occurs?

✔ Yes No Unknown

Is the habitat quality: ✔ Declining Improving Unchanged Unknown

5G. State the primary cause of change: As vultures; this species eats carrion and , some loss of abundance probably mirrors some loss of carcasses

106 6. Threats

6A. What are the threats facing the taxon:

Present Future Present Future Pollution Disease Development Hybridization Infrastructural development Decline in prey species Road Kills Loss of Habitat Damming Genetic problems War Grazing Recreational activities Habitat fragmentation

Hunting (recreation or retail) Predation Harvest for medicine Interspecific competition

Harvest for food/timber Livestock competition (food etc)

Poisoning ✔ ✔ Livestock conflicts (retaliation kills) Pesticides ✔ ✔ Introduced species (non-livestock) Persecution ✔ ✔ Nutritional disorders Trade of animals/parts ✔ ✔

Other comments/threats (please specify): Disturbance

6B. Would these threats result in (perceived or inferred) population decline?

✔ Yes No Unknown

Notes:

7. Trade

7A. Is the taxon in trade: ✔ Yes No Unknown

If yes, is it: ✔ Local Regional International Commercial 7B. Parts in trade:

Skin Fur Horn

Glands Taxidermy Products

Bones Hair Organs

Meat ✔ Live Animal

Comments/Other threats (please specify):

107 8. Data Quality

8A. Are the estimates you have supplied based on: Census or monitoring General field sudies ✔ Informal field studies

✔ Literature Museum studies/records Hearsay/popular belief

✔ Indirect information from trade, etc

9. Studies (field) conducted over the past 10 years (indicate year of study not year of publication): Researchers: Location: Year (of study): Topics:

10. Conservation Status

10A. Global IUCN Red List Category: Global Least concern Regional/National:

10B. Workshop Assesment of Regional Red List category: Vulnerable

10C. CITES: II

10D. National Wildlife Legislation: As other raptors

10E. National Red Data Book:

10F. International Red Data Book:

10G. Other legislation (please specify):

10H. Existing protected areas for this species (please specifiy): None known

10I. Recommended protected areas for this species (p lease specify): Jizan Dam (Saudi Arabia)

10J. Existing regional conservation/protection.action plan(s):

10K. Conservation/protection/action plan(s) enforced/implemented:

108 11. Supporting Research

11A. Is reserach recommended? ✔ Yes No

If Yes, what type of research would you recommend?

✔ Surveys Genetics Taxonomic ✔ Life History ✔ Public awareness

Trade Reintroduction Human Impact ✔ Monitoring

Other (please specify):

12. Management

12A. What management is recommended for the taxon?

Habitat management Wild population management

✔ Monitoring Translocation

✔ Public awareness Limiting factor management

Work in local communities Address policy makers

Captive breeding Sustainable Utilisation

✔ Law enforcement Genome Research Banking

✔ Other creation of law in Saudi Arabia

13. Captive Breeding

13A. If captive breeding is recommended, is it for:

Species recovery Reintroduction Research

Preserve live genome Husbandry Education

13B. Do captive stocks already exist? ✔ Yes No

If yes, list the facilites: Dubai (two birds)

13C.Number in captvity: Males: Females: Unsexed: Total:

13D. Does a coordinated Species Management Plan exist? Yes ✔ No If yes, list the participating institutions:

If Not, is a Species Management Plan recommended: Yes ✔ No List the institutions that should particpate:

109 13E. Level of captive breeding recommended:

Intensify existing program Decrease existing program

Initiate program within 3 years Maintain program as it is

✔ Undertake no captive program

13F. Are techniques establised for captive breeding?

Techniques known for this or similar taxon Some techniques known for this or similar taxon

✔ Information not available with this group of compilers Techniques not known

14. Sources/References (complete citation): None

15. Compilers: Khaldoun Alomary, Barbara Arca, Simon Aspinall, Graham Child, Nigel Collar (facilitator) Damien Egan, Nashat Hamindan, Zafar ul Islam, Stanley Janyk, Reza Khan, Jannes Kruger, Sean McKeown, Gavin Nel, Geer Scheres, Mohammed Shobrak, Christophe Tourenq, Patrick Paillat, Omer Ahmed Hassan, Galal Hussein Nasser, Jamal Aldeen al Faqih, Laco Molnar, Tom Bailey

110 Conservation Workshop for the Fauna of Arabia Taxon Data Sheet

Working Group: Vultures and Large Eagles Date: February 2005

1. Taxonomy

1A. Scientific Name (Genus & species,subspeices): Aquila verreauxi

1B. Synonyms (with authority & date):

1C. Common Name(s) with language/region: Verreaux's Eagle (English), Black Eagle (English), Al Eqab al Aswad (Arabic)

2. Distribution of Taxon

2A. Historical Distribution (last 100 years): Throughout much of Arabian Peninsula

2B. Current Distribution (illustrate on map): No change from former times

2C. Habitat of the Taxon (ecosystem level): Rocky foothills and mountains, wadis

2D. Habitat specificity (elevation, etc): Mainly in areas where hyraxes found

2E. Migration: Yes No Unknown

If Yes, describe:

3. Number of Populations and Subpopulations in which the taxon is distributed: Continuous

Location of each: Approx. area occupied: Approx. No. of Individuals: Jordan 1 pair Saudi Arabia 50-100 pairs UAE none known Oman <10 pairs Yemen 25 pairs Total population in Arabian Peninsula 86-136 pairs

111 4. Population Trends

4A. Is the population: Decreasing Increasing ✔ Stable Unknown

4B. If declining, what has been the rate of decline?

< 20% > 20% > 50% > 80%

Over how many years has the population decline occured?

4C. If stable or unknown, do you predict a future decline in the population size: ✔ Yes No

If yes, please specifiy rate and factors e.g. habitat loss, threats, trade, etc.: Pesticides and poisoning

Comments:

5. Habitat Status

5A. Is the habitat distribution: ✔ Continuous Fragmented Unknown

5B. Is there any change in the range of the habitat where the taxon occurs?

Yes ✔ No Unknown

If Yes, is it: Decreasing in area Increasing in area Stable Unknown

5C. If decreasing, what has been the decline? < 20% > 20% > 50% > 80%

Over how many years has the decline occured?

5D. If stable or unknown, do you predict a future decline in the habitat:

Yes ✔ No Unknown

If Yes, what do you predict decline will be?

< 20% > 20% > 50% > 80%

Over how many years do you predict the decline will occur?

5E. State primary cause of change:

5F. Is there any change in the quality of habitat where the taxon occurs?

✔ Yes No Unknown

Is the habitat quality: ✔ Declining Improving Unchanged Unknown

5G. State the primary cause of change: As vultures; this species eats carrion and insects, some loss of abundance probably mirrors some loss of carcasses

112 6. Threats

6A. What are the threats facing the taxon:

Present Future Present Future Pollution Disease Development Hybridization Infrastructural development Decline in prey species Road Kills Loss of Habitat Damming Genetic problems War Grazing Recreational activities Habitat fragmentation

Hunting (recreation or retail) Predation Harvest for medicine Interspecific competition

Harvest for food/timber Livestock competition (food etc)

Poisoning ✔ ✔ Livestock conflicts (retaliation kills) Pesticides ✔ ✔ Introduced species (non-livestock) Persecution ✔ ✔ Nutritional disorders Trade of animals/parts ✔ ✔

Other comments/threats (please specify): Disturbance

6B. Would these threats result in (perceived or inferred) population decline?

✔ Yes No Unknown

Notes:

7. Trade

7A. Is the taxon in trade: ✔ Yes No Unknown

If yes, is it: ✔ Local Regional International Commercial 7B. Parts in trade:

Skin Fur Horn

Glands Taxidermy Products

Bones Hair Organs

Meat ✔ Live Animal

Comments/Other threats (please specify):

113 8. Data Quality

8A. Are the estimates you have supplied based on: Census or monitoring General field sudies ✔ Informal field studies

✔ Literature Museum studies/records Hearsay/popular belief

✔ Indirect information from trade, etc

9. Studies (field) conducted over the past 10 years (indicate year of study not year of publication): Researchers: Location: Year (of study): Topics:

10. Conservation Status

10A. Global IUCN Red List Category: Global Least concern Regional/National:

10B. Workshop Assesment of Regional Red List category: Vulnerable

10C. CITES: II

10D. National Wildlife Legislation: As other raptors

10E. National Red Data Book:

10F. International Red Data Book:

10G. Other legislation (please specify):

10H. Existing protected areas for this species (please specifiy): None known

10I. Recommended protected areas for this species (p lease specify): Jizan Dam (Saudi Arabia)

10J. Existing regional conservation/protection.action plan(s):

10K. Conservation/protection/action plan(s) enforced/implemented:

114 11. Supporting Research

11A. Is reserach recommended? ✔ Yes No

If Yes, what type of research would you recommend?

✔ Surveys Genetics Taxonomic ✔ Life History ✔ Public awareness

Trade Reintroduction Human Impact ✔ Monitoring

Other (please specify):

12. Management

12A. What management is recommended for the taxon?

Habitat management Wild population management

✔ Monitoring Translocation

✔ Public awareness Limiting factor management

Work in local communities Address policy makers

Captive breeding Sustainable Utilisation

✔ Law enforcement Genome Research Banking

✔ Other creation of law in Saudi Arabia

13. Captive Breeding

13A. If captive breeding is recommended, is it for:

Species recovery Reintroduction Research

Preserve live genome Husbandry Education

13B. Do captive stocks already exist? ✔ Yes No

If yes, list the facilites: Dubai (two birds)

13C.Number in captvity: Males: Females: Unsexed: Total:

13D. Does a coordinated Species Management Plan exist? Yes ✔ No If yes, list the participating institutions:

If Not, is a Species Management Plan recommended: Yes ✔ No List the institutions that should particpate:

115 13E. Level of captive breeding recommended:

Intensify existing program Decrease existing program

Initiate program within 3 years Maintain program as it is

✔ Undertake no captive program

13F. Are techniques establised for captive breeding?

Techniques known for this or similar taxon Some techniques known for this or similar taxon

✔ Information not available with this group of compilers Techniques not known

14. Sources/References (complete citation): None

15. Compilers: Khaldoun Alomary, Barbara Arca, Simon Aspinall, Graham Child, Nigel Collar (facilitator) Damien Egan, Nashat Hamindan, Zafar ul Islam, Stanley Janyk, Reza Khan, Jannes Kruger, Sean McKeown, Gavin Nel, Geer Scheres, Mohammed Shobrak, Christophe Tourenq, Patrick Paillat, Omer Ahmed Hassan, Galal Hussein Nasser, Jamal Aldeen al Faqih, Laco Molnar, Tom Bailey

116 Conservation Workshop for the Fauna of Arabia Taxon Data Sheet

Working Group: Vultures and Large Eagles Date: February 2005

1. Taxonomy

1A. Scientific Name (Genus & species,subspeices): Circaetus gallicus

1B. Synonyms (with authority & date):

1C. Common Name(s) with language/region: Short-toed Eagle (English), Al Eqab al Thabeen (Arabic)

2. Distribution of Taxon

2A. Historical Distribution (last 100 years): Western Arabian Peninsula

2B. Current Distribution (illustrate on map): Most of Tihamah

2C. Habitat of the Taxon (ecosystem level): Dry open country with trees

2D. Habitat specificity (elevation, etc): Trees and ledges for nesting (areas with snakes)

2E. Migration: Yes No Unknown

If Yes, describe:

3. Number of Populations and Subpopulations in which the taxon is distributed: Probably continuous

Location of each: Approx. area occupied: Approx. No. of Individuals: Jordan: breeds in the north, fairly common migrant 100s Saudi Arabia: breeds (only 2 nests recorded), common 100s migrant UAE: 1-2 pairs breed, common migrant Oman: breeds Numbers unknown Yemen: presumed to breed, migrant and scarce winter visitor Total breeding population for Arabian Population Estimated 200 pairs

117 4. Population Trends

4A. Is the population: Decreasing Increasing Stable Unknown

4B. If declining, what has been the rate of decline?

< 20% > 20% > 50% > 80%

Over how many years has the population decline occured?

4C. If stable or unknown, do you predict a future decline in the population size: Yes No

If yes, please specifiy rate and factors e.g. habitat loss, threats, trade, etc.: Shooting, capture, habitat loss

Comments: Possible reduction in snake numbers due to overgrazing also a factor to consider

5. Habitat Status

5A. Is the habitat distribution: Continuous Fragmented Unknown

5B. Is there any change in the range of the habitat where the taxon occurs?

Yes No Unknown

If Yes, is it: Decreasing in area Increasing in area Stable Unknown

5C. If decreasing, what has been the decline? < 20% > 20% > 50% > 80%

Over how many years has the decline occured?

5D. If stable or unknown, do you predict a future decline in the habitat:

Yes No Unknown

If Yes, what do you predict decline will be?

< 20% > 20% > 50% > 80%

Over how many years do you predict the decline will occur? 10 years

5E. State primary cause of change: Clearance of tress in Tahamah and elsewhere

5F. Is there any change in the quality of habitat where the taxon occurs?

Yes No Unknown

Is the habitat quality: Declining Improving Unchanged Unknown

5G. State the primary cause of change: Overgrazing

118 6. Threats

6A. What are the threats facing the taxon:

Present Future Present Future Pollution Disease Development Hybridization Infrastructural development Decline in prey species Road Kills Loss of Habitat Damming Genetic problems War Grazing Recreational activities Habitat fragmentation

Hunting (recreation or retail) Predation Harvest for medicine Interspecific competition

Harvest for food/timber Livestock competition (food etc)

Poisoning Livestock conflicts (retaliation kills)

Pesticides Introduced species (non-livestock) Persecution Nutritional disorders Trade of animals/parts

Other comments/threats (please specify): Disturbance (p,f)

6B. Would these threats result in (perceived or inferred) population decline?

Yes No Unknown

Notes:

7. Trade

7A. Is the taxon in trade: Yes No Unknown

If yes, is it: Local Regional International Commercial 7B. Parts in trade:

Skin Fur Horn

Glands Taxidermy Products

Bones Hair Organs

Meat Live Animal

Comments/Other threats (please specify):

119 8. Data Quality

8A. Are the estimates you have supplied based on: Census or monitoring General field sudies Informal field studies

Literature Museum studies/records Hearsay/popular belief

Indirect information from trade, etc

9. Studies (field) conducted over the past 10 years (indicate year of study not year of publication): Researchers: Location: Year (of study): Topics:

10. Conservation Status

10A. Global IUCN Red List Category: Global Least concern Regional/National:

10B. Workshop Assesment of Regional Red List category: Vulnerable

10C. CITES: II

10D. National Wildlife Legislation: as other raptors

10E. National Red Data Book:

10F. International Red Data Book:

10G. Other legislation (please specify): CMS

10H. Existing protected areas for this species (please specifiy): Dibbin Forest Reserve (Jordan), Mahazat as Sayd, Harrat al Harra and Khunfa (Saudi Arabia), Jebel Samhan (Oman)

10I. Recommended protected areas for this species (p lease specify):

10J. Existing regional conservation/protection.action plan(s):

10K. Conservation/protection/action plan(s) enforced/implemented:

120 11. Supporting Research

11A. Is research recommended? Yes No

If Yes, what type of research would you recommend?

Surveys Genetics Taxonomic Life History Public awareness

Trade Reintroduction Human Impact Monitoring

Other (please specify):

12. Management

12A. What management is recommended for the taxon?

Habitat management Wild population management

Monitoring Translocation

Public awareness Limiting factor management

Work in local communities Address policy makers

Captive breeding Sustainable Utilisation

Law enforcement Genome Research Banking

Other Creation of law in Saudi Arabia

13. Captive Breeding

13A. If captive breeding is recommended, is it for:

Species recovery Reintroduction Research

Preserve live genome Husbandry Education

13B. Do captive stocks already exist? Yes No

If yes, list the facilites: Dubai (2 birds)

13C.Number in captvity: Males: Females: Unsexed: Total:

13D. Does a coordinated Species Management Plan exist? Yes No If yes, list the participating institutions:

If Not, is a Species Management Plan recommended: Yes No List the institutions that should particpate:

121 13E. Level of captive breeding recommended:

Intensify existing program Decrease existing program

Initiate program within 3 years Maintain program as it is

Undertake no captive program

13F. Are techniques establised for captive breeding?

Techniques known for this or similar taxon Some techniques known for this or similar taxon

Information not available with this group of compilers Techniques not known

14. Sources/References (complete citation): None

15. Compilers: Khaldoun Alomary, Barbara Arca, Simon Aspinall, Graham Child, Nigel Collar (facilitator) Damien Egan, Nashat Hamindan, Zafar ul Islam, Stanley Janyk, Reza Khan, Jannes Kruger, Sean McKeown, Gavin Nel, Geer Scheres, Mohammed Shobrak, Christophe Tourenq, Patrick Paillat, Omer Ahmed Hassan, Galal Hussein Nasser, Jamal Aldeen al Faqih, Laco Molnar, Tom Bailey

122 Conservation Workshop for the Fauna of Arabia Taxon Data Sheet

Working Group: Vultures and Large Eagles Date: February 2005

1. Taxonomy

1A. Scientific Name (Genus & species,subspeices): Gypaetus barbatus

1B. Synonyms (with authority & date):

1C. Common Name(s) with language/region: Bearded Vulture, Lammergeier (English), Al Qutour (Arabic), Al Neiser al Multahi (Arabic)

2. Distribution of Taxon

2A. Historical Distribution (last 100 years): Southern Jordan to south western Arabian Peninsula

2B. Current Distribution (illustrate on map): As above, except extinct in Jordan

2C. Habitat of the Taxon (ecosystem level): Steep cliffs, mainly above 2,000m

2D. Habitat specificity (elevation, etc): Mountains in treeless areas

2E. Migration: Yes No Unknown

If Yes, describe:

3. Number of Populations and Subpopulations in which the taxon is distributed: Continuous

Location of each: Approx. area occupied: Approx. No. of Individuals: Jordan Extinct Saudi Arabia ?<50 individuals Yemen (has highest mountains) ??<25 individuals Oman Not recorded Total population in Arabian Peninsula <50 (M. Shobrak)

123 4. Population Trends

4A. Is the population: Decreasing Increasing Stable Unknown

4B. If declining, what has been the rate of decline?

< 20% > 20% > 50% > 80%

Over how many years has the population decline occured? 30 years

4C. If stable or unknown, do you predict a future decline in the population size: Yes No

If yes, please specifiy rate and factors e.g. habitat loss, threats, trade, etc.:

Comments:

5. Habitat Status

5A. Is the habitat distribution: Continuous Fragmented Unknown

5B. Is there any change in the range of the habitat where the taxon occurs?

Yes No Unknown

If Yes, is it: Decreasing in area Increasing in area Stable Unknown

5C. If decreasing, what has been the decline? < 20% > 20% > 50% > 80%

Over how many years has the decline occured?

5D. If stable or unknown, do you predict a future decline in the habitat:

Yes No Unknown

If Yes, what do you predict decline will be?

< 20% > 20% > 50% > 80%

Over how many years do you predict the decline will occur?

5E. State primary cause of change:

5F. Is there any change in the quality of habitat where the taxon occurs?

Yes No Unknown

Is the habitat quality: Declining Improving Unchanged Unknown

5G. State the primary cause of change: Decrease in both bone-breaking carnivores and wild ungulates, resulting in nesting failure from calcium deficiency

124 6. Threats

6A. What are the threats facing the taxon:

Present Future Present Future Pollution Disease Development Hybridization Infrastructural development Decline in prey species Road Kills Loss of Habitat Damming Genetic problems War Grazing Recreational activities Habitat fragmentation

Hunting (recreation or retail) Predation Harvest for medicine Interspecific competition

Harvest for food/timber Livestock competition (food etc)

Poisoning Livestock conflicts (retaliation kills)

Pesticides Introduced species (non-livestock) Persecution Nutritional disorders Trade of animals/parts

Other comments/threats (please specify): Poisoning to kill leopards results in poisoning of vultures Nutritional disorders arise from loss of calcium source due to declining numbers of bone-breaking carnivores

6B. Would these threats result in (perceived or inferred) population decline?

Yes No Unknown

Notes:

7. Trade

7A. Is the taxon in trade: Yes No Unknown

If yes, is it: Local Regional International Commercial 7B. Parts in trade:

Skin Fur Horn

Glands Taxidermy Products

Bones Hair Organs

Meat Live Animal

Comments/Other threats (please specify):

125 8. Data Quality

8A. Are the estimates you have supplied based on: Census or monitoring General field sudies Informal field studies

Literature Museum studies/records Hearsay/popular belief

Indirect information from trade, etc

9. Studies (field) conducted over the past 10 years (indicate year of study not year of publication): Researchers: Location: Year (of study): Topics:

10. Conservation Status

10A. Global IUCN Red List Category: Global Least concern Regional/National:

10B. Workshop Assesment of Regional Red List category: Critical

10C. CITES: II

10D. National Wildlife Legislation: as other raptors

10E. National Red Data Book:

10F. International Red Data Book:

10G. Other legislation (please specify):

10H. Existing protected areas for this species (please specifiy): None known

10I. Recommended protected areas for this species (p lease specify): None known

10J. Existing regional conservation/protection.action plan(s): One exists in Saudi Arabia

10K. Conservation/protection/action plan(s) enforced/implemented: None

126 11. Supporting Research

11A. Is research recommended? Yes No

If Yes, what type of research would you recommend?

Surveys Genetics Taxonomic Life History Public awareness

Trade Reintroduction Human Impact Monitoring

Other (please specify): Literature survey for reintroduction Techniques and explanations of declines elsewhere in the range Assessment of distinctiveness needed in respect of possible reintroduction endeavours using imported birds Monitoring any nest found could provide useful basic information

12. Management

12A. What management is recommended for the taxon?

Habitat management Wild population management

Monitoring Translocation

Public awareness Limiting factor management

Work in local communities Address policy makers

Captive breeding Sustainable Utilisation

Law enforcement Genome Research Banking

Other Implement existing plan, establish protected areas in Saudi Arabia/Yemen if birds still found here

13. Captive Breeding

13A. If captive breeding is recommended, is it for:

Species recovery Reintroduction Research

Preserve live genome Husbandry Education

13B. Do captive stocks already exist? Yes No

If yes, list the facilites:

13C.Number in captvity: Males: Females: Unsexed: Total:

13D. Does a coordinated Species Management Plan exist? Yes No If yes, list the participating institutions:

If Not, is a Species Management Plan recommended: Yes No List the institutions that should particpate:

127 13E. Level of captive breeding recommended:

Intensify existing program Decrease existing program

Initiate program within 3 years Maintain program as it is

Undertake no captive program

13F. Are techniques establised for captive breeding?

Techniques known for this or similar taxon Some techniques known for this or similar taxon

Information not available with this group of compilers Techniques not known

14. Sources/References (complete citation): None

15. Compilers: Khaldoun Alomary, Barbara Arca, Simon Aspinall, Graham Child, Nigel Collar (facilitator) Damien Egan, Nashat Hamindan, Zafar ul Islam, Stanley Janyk, Reza Khan, Jannes Kruger, Sean McKeown, Gavin Nel, Geer Scheres, Mohammed Shobrak, Christophe Tourenq, Patrick Paillat, Omer Ahmed Hassan, Galal Hussein Nasser, Jamal Aldeen al Faqih, Laco Molnar, Tom Bailey

128 Conservation Workshop for the Fauna of Arabia Taxon Data Sheet

Working Group: Vultures and Large Eagles Date: February 2005

1. Taxonomy

1A. Scientific Name (Genus & species,subspeices): Gyps fulvus

1B. Synonyms (with authority & date):

1C. Common Name(s) with language/region: Griffon vulture, Griffon, European Griffon (English), Nisser (Arabic)

2. Distribution of Taxon

2A. Historical Distribution (last 100 years): Western Arabian Peninsula, some central-west mountains, Oman

2B. Current Distribution (illustrate on map): Similar to historical, but with some local disappearances making the breeding distribution less continuous

2C. Habitat of the Taxon (ecosystem level): Semi desert

2D. Habitat specificity (elevation, etc): Cliffs for breeding

2E. Migration: Yes No Unknown

If Yes, describe:

3. Number of Populations and Subpopulations in which the taxon is distributed: Continuous

Location of each: Approx. area occupied: Approx. No. of Individuals: Jordan 3 colonies Saudi Arabia c. 3,000 individuals, declining UAE No breeding birds Oman Population unknown Yemen Population unknown

129 4. Population Trends

4A. Is the population: Decreasing Increasing Stable Unknown

4B. If declining, what has been the rate of decline?

< 20% > 20% > 50% > 80%

Over how many years has the population decline occured? 5 years, seen at 2-3 colonies. Are changes omnipotent

4C. If stable or unknown, do you predict a future decline in the population size: Yes No

If yes, please specifiy rate and factors e.g. habitat loss, threats, trade, etc.:

Comments:

5. Habitat Status

5A. Is the habitat distribution: Continuous Fragmented Unknown

5B. Is there any change in the range of the habitat where the taxon occurs?

Yes No Unknown

If Yes, is it: Decreasing in area Increasing in area Stable Unknown

5C. If decreasing, what has been the decline? < 20% > 20% > 50% > 80%

Over how many years has the decline occured?

5D. If stable or unknown, do you predict a future decline in the habitat:

Yes No Unknown

If Yes, what do you predict decline will be?

< 20% > 20% > 50% > 80%

Over how many years do you predict the decline will occur? 30 years

5E. State primary cause of change: Quarrying, tourism, development near cities

5F. Is there any change in the quality of habitat where the taxon occurs?

Yes No Unknown

Is the habitat quality: Declining Improving Unchanged Unknown

5G. State the primary cause of change: Granite quarrying has caused great disturbance at some colonies; tourism has caused considerable disturbance near colonies; there is suspected to be a decline in the quality and quantity of food, and a decline in carnivores which are useful in making carcasses available; major insecticide use in SW Arabia; diclofenac is available to herdsmen within the species range although and effect on this species has not yet been seen.

130 6. Threats

6A. What are the threats facing the taxon:

Present Future Present Future Pollution Disease Development Hybridization Infrastructural development Decline in prey species Road Kills Loss of Habitat Damming Genetic problems War Grazing Recreational activities Habitat fragmentation

Hunting (recreation or retail) Predation Harvest for medicine Interspecific competition

Harvest for food/timber Livestock competition (food etc)

Poisoning Livestock conflicts (retaliation kills)

Pesticides Introduced species (non-livestock) Persecution Nutritional disorders Trade of animals/parts

Other comments/threats (please specify): Disturbance by feral dogs preventing birds from feeding at carcasses

6B. Would these threats result in (perceived or inferred) population decline?

Yes No Unknown

Notes:

7. Trade

7A. Is the taxon in trade: Yes No Unknown

If yes, is it: Local Regional International Commercial 7B. Parts in trade:

Skin Fur Horn

Glands Taxidermy Products

Bones Hair Organs

Meat Live Animal

Comments/Other threats (please specify):

131 8. Data Quality

8A. Are the estimates you have supplied based on: Census or monitoring General field sudies Informal field studies

Literature Museum studies/records Hearsay/popular belief

Indirect information from trade, etc

9. Studies (field) conducted over the past 10 years (indicate year of study not year of publication): Researchers: Location: Year (of study): Topics: Khaldoun Southern Jordan 1995-1999 Baseline survey, breeding raptor survey M. Shobrak Western Saudi Arabia 1999-2003 Monitoring of one colony

10. Conservation Status

10A. Global IUCN Red List Category: Global Least Concern Regional/National:

10B. Workshop Assesment of Regional Red List category: Critical

10C. CITES: II

10D. National Wildlife Legislation: Protected in Jordan but nowhere else

10E. National Red Data Book:

10F. International Red Data Book:

10G. Other legislation (please specify):

10H. Existing protected areas for this species (please specifiy): Dana Nature Reserve (Jordan), Ibex Reserve, M'foud el Erek (Saudi Arabia)

10I. Recommended protected areas for this species (p lease specify): Yarmouk River (Jordan), Adjar, Selma and Dinuma (Saudi Arabia)

10J. Existing regional conservation/protection.action plan(s): One exists for vultures in Saudi Arabia

10K. Conservation/protection/action plan(s) enforced/implemented: None

132 11. Supporting Research

11A. Is research recommended? Yes No

If Yes, what type of research would you recommend?

Surveys Genetics Taxonomic Life History Public awareness

Trade Reintroduction Human Impact Monitoring

Other (please specify): Survey of diclofenac usage is needed Monitoring should include counting colonies and collecting tissue for long-term studies

12. Management

12A. What management is recommended for the taxon?

Habitat management Wild population management

Monitoring Translocation

Public awareness Limiting factor management

Work in local communities Address policy makers

Captive breeding Sustainable Utilisation

Law enforcement Genome Research Banking

Other Existing plan implementation

13. Captive Breeding

13A. If captive breeding is recommended, is it for:

Species recovery Reintroduction Research

Preserve live genome Husbandry Education

13B. Do captive stocks already exist? Yes No

If yes, list the facilites: 4.2 (BCEAW, Sharjah), Sana'a 12 unsexed (Yemen), 1.1 Al Taraf (Saudi Arabia)

13C.Number in captvity: Males: Females: Unsexed: Total: unknown

13D. Does a coordinated Species Management Plan exist? Yes No If yes, list the participating institutions:

If Not, is a Species Management Plan recommended: Yes No List the institutions that should particpate: UAE, Yemen, Saudi Arabia

133 13E. Level of captive breeding recommended:

Intensify existing program Decrease existing program

Initiate program within 3 years Maintain program as it is

Undertake no captive program

13F. Are techniques establised for captive breeding?

Techniques known for this or similar taxon Some techniques known for this or similar taxon

Information not available with this group of compilers Techniques not known

14. Sources/References (complete citation): None

15. Compilers: Khaldoun Alomary, Barbara Arca, Simon Aspinall, Graham Child, Nigel Collar (facilitator) Damien Egan, Nashat Hamindan, Zafar ul Islam, Stanley Janyk, Reza Khan, Jannes Kruger, Sean McKeown, Gavin Nel, Geer Scheres, Mohammed Shobrak, Christophe Tourenq, Patrick Paillat, Omer Ahmed Hassan, Galal Hussein Nasser, Jamal Aldeen al Faqih, Laco Molnar, Tom Bailey

134 Conservation Workshop for the Fauna of Arabia Taxon Data Sheet

Working Group: Vultures and Large Eagles Date: February 2005

1. Taxonomy

1A. Scientific Name (Genus & species,subspeices): Haliaeetus albicilla

1B. Synonyms (with authority & date):

1C. Common Name(s) with language/region: White-tailed Eagle (English)

2. Distribution of Taxon

2A. Historical Distribution (last 100 years):

2B. Current Distribution (illustrate on map):

2C. Habitat of the Taxon (ecosystem level):

2D. Habitat specificity (elevation, etc):

2E. Migration: Yes No Unknown

If Yes, describe:

3. Number of Populations and Subpopulations in which the taxon is distributed: none, vagrant

Location of each: Approx. area occupied: Approx. No. of Individuals: Jordan 1 record (released bird) Saudi Arabia 1 record (released bird)

135 4. Population Trends

4A. Is the population: Decreasing Increasing Stable Unknown

4B. If declining, what has been the rate of decline?

< 20% > 20% > 50% > 80%

Over how many years has the population decline occured?

4C. If stable or unknown, do you predict a future decline in the population size: Yes No

If yes, please specifiy rate and factors e.g. habitat loss, threats, trade, etc.:

Comments:

5. Habitat Status

5A. Is the habitat distribution: Continuous Fragmented Unknown

5B. Is there any change in the range of the habitat where the taxon occurs?

Yes No Unknown

If Yes, is it: Decreasing in area Increasing in area Stable Unknown

5C. If decreasing, what has been the decline? < 20% > 20% > 50% > 80%

Over how many years has the decline occured?

5D. If stable or unknown, do you predict a future decline in the habitat:

Yes No Unknown

If Yes, what do you predict decline will be?

< 20% > 20% > 50% > 80%

Over how many years do you predict the decline will occur?

5E. State primary cause of change:

5F. Is there any change in the quality of habitat where the taxon occurs?

Yes No Unknown

Is the habitat quality: Declining Improving Unchanged Unknown

5G. State the primary cause of change:

136 6. Threats

6A. What are the threats facing the taxon:

Present Future Present Future Pollution Disease Development Hybridization Infrastructural development Decline in prey species Road Kills Loss of Habitat Damming Genetic problems War Grazing Recreational activities Habitat fragmentation

Hunting (recreation or retail) Predation Harvest for medicine Interspecific competition

Harvest for food/timber Livestock competition (food etc)

Poisoning Livestock conflicts (retaliation kills)

Pesticides Introduced species (non-livestock) Persecution Nutritional disorders Trade of animals/parts

Other comments/threats (please specify):

6B. Would these threats result in (perceived or inferred) population decline?

Yes No Unknown

Notes:

7. Trade

7A. Is the taxon in trade: Yes No Unknown

If yes, is it: Local Regional International Commercial 7B. Parts in trade:

Skin Fur Horn

Glands Taxidermy Products

Bones Hair Organs

Meat Live Animal

Comments/Other threats (please specify):

137 8. Data Quality

8A. Are the estimates you have supplied based on: Census or monitoring General field sudies Informal field studies

Literature Museum studies/records Hearsay/popular belief

Indirect information from trade, etc

9. Studies (field) conducted over the past 10 years (indicate year of study not year of publication): Researchers: Location: Year (of study): Topics:

10. Conservation Status

10A. Global IUCN Red List Category: Global Regional/National:

10B. Workshop Assesment of Regional Red List category:

10C. CITES:

10D. National Wildlife Legislation:

10E. National Red Data Book:

10F. International Red Data Book:

10G. Other legislation (please specify):

10H. Existing protected areas for this species (please specifiy):

10I. Recommended protected areas for this species (p lease specify):

10J. Existing regional conservation/protection.action plan(s):

10K. Conservation/protection/action plan(s) enforced/implemented:

138 11. Supporting Research

11A. Is research recommended? Yes No

If Yes, what type of research would you recommend?

Surveys Genetics Taxonomic Life History Public awareness

Trade Reintroduction Human Impact Monitoring

Other (please specify):

12. Management

12A. What management is recommended for the taxon?

Habitat management Wild population management

Monitoring Translocation

Public awareness Limiting factor management

Work in local communities Address policy makers

Captive breeding Sustainable Utilisation

Law enforcement Genome Research Banking

Other

13. Captive Breeding

13A. If captive breeding is recommended, is it for:

Species recovery Reintroduction Research

Preserve live genome Husbandry Education

13B. Do captive stocks already exist? Yes No

If yes, list the facilites:

13C.Number in captvity: Males: Females: Unsexed: Total:

13D. Does a coordinated Species Management Plan exist? Yes No If yes, list the participating institutions:

If Not, is a Species Management Plan recommended: Yes No List the institutions that should particpate:

139 13E. Level of captive breeding recommended:

Intensify existing program Decrease existing program

Initiate program within 3 years Maintain program as it is

Undertake no captive program

13F. Are techniques establised for captive breeding?

Techniques known for this or similar taxon Some techniques known for this or similar taxon

Information not available with this group of compilers Techniques not known

14. Sources/References (complete citation): None

15. Compilers: Khaldoun Alomary, Barbara Arca, Simon Aspinall, Graham Child, Nigel Collar (facilitator) Damien Egan, Nashat Hamindan, Zafar ul Islam, Stanley Janyk, Reza Khan, Jannes Kruger, Sean McKeown, Gavin Nel, Geer Scheres, Mohammed Shobrak, Christophe Tourenq, Patrick Paillat, Omer Ahmed Hassan, Galal Hussein Nasser, Jamal Aldeen al Faqih, Laco Molnar, Tom Bailey

140 Conservation Workshop for the Fauna of Arabia Taxon Data Sheet

Working Group: Vultures and Large Eagles Date: February 2005

1. Taxonomy

1A. Scientific Name (Genus & species,subspeices): Haliaeetus leucoryphus

1B. Synonyms (with authority & date):

1C. Common Name(s) with language/region: Pallas' Fish Eagle (English)

2. Distribution of Taxon

2A. Historical Distribution (last 100 years):

2B. Current Distribution (illustrate on map):

2C. Habitat of the Taxon (ecosystem level): Open country near water

2D. Habitat specificity (elevation, etc):

2E. Migration: Yes No Unknown

If Yes, describe:

3. Number of Populations and Subpopulations in which the taxon is distributed: Continuous but very rare

Location of each: Approx. area occupied: Approx. No. of Individuals: Saudi Arabia Jizan Dam, Tihamah 1-2 wintering each year by Red Sea

141 4. Population Trends

4A. Is the population: Decreasing Increasing Stable Unknown

4B. If declining, what has been the rate of decline?

< 20% > 20% > 50% > 80%

Over how many years has the population decline occured?

4C. If stable or unknown, do you predict a future decline in the population size: Yes No

If yes, please specifiy rate and factors e.g. habitat loss, threats, trade, etc.:

Comments:

5. Habitat Status

5A. Is the habitat distribution: Continuous Fragmented Unknown

5B. Is there any change in the range of the habitat where the taxon occurs?

Yes No Unknown

If Yes, is it: Decreasing in area Increasing in area Stable Unknown

5C. If decreasing, what has been the decline? < 20% > 20% > 50% > 80%

Over how many years has the decline occured?

5D. If stable or unknown, do you predict a future decline in the habitat:

Yes No Unknown

If Yes, what do you predict decline will be?

< 20% > 20% > 50% > 80%

Over how many years do you predict the decline will occur?

5E. State primary cause of change:

5F. Is there any change in the quality of habitat where the taxon occurs?

Yes No Unknown

Is the habitat quality: Declining Improving Unchanged Unknown

5G. State the primary cause of change:

142 6. Threats

6A. What are the threats facing the taxon:

Present Future Present Future Pollution Disease Development Hybridization Infrastructural development Decline in prey species Road Kills Loss of Habitat Damming Genetic problems War Grazing Recreational activities Habitat fragmentation

Hunting (recreation or retail) Predation Harvest for medicine Interspecific competition

Harvest for food/timber Livestock competition (food etc)

Poisoning Livestock conflicts (retaliation kills)

Pesticides Introduced species (non-livestock) Persecution Nutritional disorders Trade of animals/parts

Other comments/threats (please specify):

6B. Would these threats result in (perceived or inferred) population decline?

Yes No Unknown

Notes:

7. Trade

7A. Is the taxon in trade: Yes No Unknown

If yes, is it: Local Regional International Commercial 7B. Parts in trade:

Skin Fur Horn

Glands Taxidermy Products

Bones Hair Organs

Meat Live Animal

Comments/Other threats (please specify):

143 8. Data Quality

8A. Are the estimates you have supplied based on: Census or monitoring General field sudies Informal field studies

Literature Museum studies/records Hearsay/popular belief

Indirect information from trade, etc

9. Studies (field) conducted over the past 10 years (indicate year of study not year of publication): Researchers: Location: Year (of study): Topics:

10. Conservation Status

10A. Global IUCN Red List Category: Global Regional/National:

10B. Workshop Assesment of Regional Red List category:

10C. CITES:

10D. National Wildlife Legislation:

10E. National Red Data Book:

10F. International Red Data Book:

10G. Other legislation (please specify):

10H. Existing protected areas for this species (please specifiy):

10I. Recommended protected areas for this species (p lease specify):

10J. Existing regional conservation/protection.action plan(s):

10K. Conservation/protection/action plan(s) enforced/implemented:

144 11. Supporting Research

11A. Is research recommended? Yes No

If Yes, what type of research would you recommend?

Surveys Genetics Taxonomic Life History Public awareness

Trade Reintroduction Human Impact Monitoring

Other (please specify):

12. Management

12A. What management is recommended for the taxon?

Habitat management Wild population management

Monitoring Translocation

Public awareness Limiting factor management

Work in local communities Address policy makers

Captive breeding Sustainable Utilisation

Law enforcement Genome Research Banking

Other

13. Captive Breeding

13A. If captive breeding is recommended, is it for:

Species recovery Reintroduction Research

Preserve live genome Husbandry Education

13B. Do captive stocks already exist? Yes No

If yes, list the facilites:

13C.Number in captvity: Males: Females: Unsexed: Total:

13D. Does a coordinated Species Management Plan exist? Yes No If yes, list the participating institutions:

If Not, is a Species Management Plan recommended: Yes No List the institutions that should particpate:

145 13E. Level of captive breeding recommended:

Intensify existing program Decrease existing program

Initiate program within 3 years Maintain program as it is

Undertake no captive program

13F. Are techniques establised for captive breeding?

Techniques known for this or similar taxon Some techniques known for this or similar taxon

Information not available with this group of compilers Techniques not known

14. Sources/References (complete citation): None

15. Compilers: Khaldoun Alomary, Barbara Arca, Simon Aspinall, Graham Child, Nigel Collar (facilitator) Damien Egan, Nashat Hamindan, Zafar ul Islam, Stanley Janyk, Reza Khan, Jannes Kruger, Sean McKeown, Gavin Nel, Geer Scheres, Mohammed Shobrak, Christophe Tourenq, Patrick Paillat, Omer Ahmed Hassan, Galal Hussein Nasser, Jamal Aldeen al Faqih, Laco Molnar, Tom Bailey

146 Conservation Workshop for the Fauna of Arabia Taxon Data Sheet

Working Group: Vultures and Large Eagles Date: February 2005

1. Taxonomy

1A. Scientific Name (Genus & species,subspeices): Hieraatus fasciatus

1B. Synonyms (with authority & date):

1C. Common Name(s) with language/region: Bonelli's Eagle (English), Eqab Mukattat, Eqab Bonelli (Arabic)

2. Distribution of Taxon

2A. Historical Distribution (last 100 years): Widespread in region

2B. Current Distribution (illustrate on map): No known change from former times

2C. Habitat of the Taxon (ecosystem level): Rocky mountains, Mountain wadis, arid and wet foothills

2D. Habitat specificity (elevation, etc): Not in the lowlands

2E. Migration: Yes No Unknown

If Yes, describe:

3. Number of Populations and Subpopulations in which the taxon is distributed: Continuous

Location of each: Approx. area occupied: Approx. No. of Individuals: Jordan 7-13 pairs Saudi Arabia 100-200 pairs UAE 10-20 pairs Oman 100+ pairs Yemen 25-50 pairs Total for Arabian Peninsula 232-367 pairs

147 4. Population Trends

4A. Is the population: Decreasing Increasing Stable Unknown

4B. If declining, what has been the rate of decline?

< 20% > 20% > 50% > 80%

Over how many years has the population decline occured?

4C. If stable or unknown, do you predict a future decline in the population size: Yes No

If yes, please specifiy rate and factors e.g. habitat loss, threats, trade, etc.: disturbance, persecution, less prey

Comments:

5. Habitat Status

5A. Is the habitat distribution: Continuous Fragmented Unknown

5B. Is there any change in the range of the habitat where the taxon occurs?

Yes No Unknown

If Yes, is it: Decreasing in area Increasing in area Stable Unknown

5C. If decreasing, what has been the decline? < 20% > 20% > 50% > 80%

Over how many years has the decline occured? 15 years (data for Oman only but may be typical)

5D. If stable or unknown, do you predict a future decline in the habitat:

Yes No Unknown

If Yes, what do you predict decline will be?

< 20% > 20% > 50% > 80%

Over how many years do you predict the decline will occur?

5E. State primary cause of change: Burning of open forest in Dhofar

5F. Is there any change in the quality of habitat where the taxon occurs?

Yes No Unknown

Is the habitat quality: Declining Improving Unchanged Unknown

5G. State the primary cause of change:

148 6. Threats

6A. What are the threats facing the taxon:

Present Future Present Future Pollution Disease Development Hybridization Infrastructural development Decline in prey species Road Kills Loss of Habitat Damming Genetic problems War Grazing Recreational activities Habitat fragmentation

Hunting (recreation or retail) Predation Harvest for medicine Interspecific competition

Harvest for food/timber Livestock competition (food etc)

Poisoning Livestock conflicts (retaliation kills)

Pesticides Introduced species (non-livestock) Persecution Nutritional disorders Trade of animals/parts

Other comments/threats (please specify): Damming in Jordan poses a present and future threat Predation by baboons Goats affect prey-base

6B. Would these threats result in (perceived or inferred) population decline?

Yes No Unknown

Notes:

7. Trade

7A. Is the taxon in trade: Yes No Unknown

If yes, is it: Local Regional International Commercial 7B. Parts in trade:

Skin Fur Horn

Glands Taxidermy Products

Bones Hair Organs

Meat Live Animal

Comments/Other threats (please specify):

149 8. Data Quality

8A. Are the estimates you have supplied based on: Census or monitoring General field sudies Informal field studies

Literature Museum studies/records Hearsay/popular belief

Indirect information from trade, etc

9. Studies (field) conducted over the past 10 years (indicate year of study not year of publication): Researchers: Location: Year (of study): Topics: K. Alomari Jordan 1999-2004 Raptor breeding survey

10. Conservation Status

10A. Global IUCN Red List Category: Global Least Concern Regional/National:

10B. Workshop Assesment of Regional Red List category: Vulnerable

10C. CITES: II

10D. National Wildlife Legislation: As other raptors

10E. National Red Data Book:

10F. International Red Data Book:

10G. Other legislation (please specify):

10H. Existing protected areas for this species (please specifiy): Wadi Dana and Mujib (Jordan), Riyadh and Ibex Reserve (Saudi Arabia), Jebel Samhan (Oman)

10I. Recommended protected areas for this species (p lease specify): Turabah, Jebel Aloz and Shada (Saudi Arabia), Jebel Hafit (UAE)

10J. Existing regional conservation/protection.action plan(s):

10K. Conservation/protection/action plan(s) enforced/implemented:

150 11. Supporting Research

11A. Is research recommended? Yes No

If Yes, what type of research would you recommend?

Surveys Genetics Taxonomic Life History Public awareness

Trade Reintroduction Human Impact Monitoring

Other (please specify):

12. Management

12A. What management is recommended for the taxon?

Habitat management Wild population management

Monitoring Translocation

Public awareness Limiting factor management

Work in local communities Address policy makers

Captive breeding Sustainable Utilisation

Law enforcement Genome Research Banking

Other Creation of law in Saudi Arabia. Reduction of grazing pressure.

13. Captive Breeding

13A. If captive breeding is recommended, is it for:

Species recovery Reintroduction Research

Preserve live genome Husbandry Education

13B. Do captive stocks already exist? Yes No

If yes, list the facilites: Private

13C.Number in captvity: Males: Females: Unsexed: Total:

13D. Does a coordinated Species Management Plan exist? Yes No If yes, list the participating institutions:

If Not, is a Species Management Plan recommended: Yes No List the institutions that should particpate:

151 13E. Level of captive breeding recommended:

Intensify existing program Decrease existing program

Initiate program within 3 years Maintain program as it is

Undertake no captive program

13F. Are techniques establised for captive breeding?

Techniques known for this or similar taxon Some techniques known for this or similar taxon

Information not available with this group of compilers Techniques not known

14. Sources/References (complete citation): None

15. Compilers: Khaldoun Alomary, Barbara Arca, Simon Aspinall, Graham Child, Nigel Collar (facilitator) Damien Egan, Nashat Hamindan, Zafar ul Islam, Stanley Janyk, Reza Khan, Jannes Kruger, Sean McKeown, Gavin Nel, Geer Scheres, Mohammed Shobrak, Christophe Tourenq, Patrick Paillat, Omer Ahmed Hassan, Galal Hussein Nasser, Jamal Aldeen al Faqih, Laco Molnar, Tom Bailey

152 Conservation Workshop for the Fauna of Arabia Taxon Data Sheet

Working Group: Vultures and Large Eagles Date: February 2005

1. Taxonomy

1A. Scientific Name (Genus & species,subspeices): Hieraaetus pennatus

1B. Synonyms (with authority & date):

1C. Common Name(s) with language/region: Booted eagle (English), Alashab (Arabic)

2. Distribution of Taxon

2A. Historical Distribution (last 100 years): Throughout Arabian Peninsula in winter but rare

2B. Current Distribution (illustrate on map): No change from historic times

2C. Habitat of the Taxon (ecosystem level): Open woodland, foothills, valleys and lowlands

2D. Habitat specificity (elevation, etc): None

2E. Migration: Yes No Unknown

If Yes, describe:

3. Number of Populations and Subpopulations in which the taxon is distributed: Continuous

Location of each: Approx. area occupied: Approx. No. of Individuals: Jordan: passage migrant in spring, rare in autumn Rare Saudi Arabia South west Very few records UAE Unknown, assumed v. rare Oman Few birds winter/pass through Population in Arabian Peninsula is extremely small and entirely migratory: assessment abandoned at this point!!

153 4. Population Trends

4A. Is the population: Decreasing Increasing Stable Unknown

4B. If declining, what has been the rate of decline?

< 20% > 20% > 50% > 80%

Over how many years has the population decline occured?

4C. If stable or unknown, do you predict a future decline in the population size: Yes No

If yes, please specifiy rate and factors e.g. habitat loss, threats, trade, etc.:

Comments:

5. Habitat Status

5A. Is the habitat distribution: Continuous Fragmented Unknown

5B. Is there any change in the range of the habitat where the taxon occurs?

Yes No Unknown

If Yes, is it: Decreasing in area Increasing in area Stable Unknown

5C. If decreasing, what has been the decline? < 20% > 20% > 50% > 80%

Over how many years has the decline occured?

5D. If stable or unknown, do you predict a future decline in the habitat:

Yes No Unknown

If Yes, what do you predict decline will be?

< 20% > 20% > 50% > 80%

Over how many years do you predict the decline will occur?

5E. State primary cause of change:

5F. Is there any change in the quality of habitat where the taxon occurs?

Yes No Unknown

Is the habitat quality: Declining Improving Unchanged Unknown

5G. State the primary cause of change:

154 6. Threats

6A. What are the threats facing the taxon:

Present Future Present Future Pollution Disease Development Hybridization Infrastructural development Decline in prey species Road Kills Loss of Habitat Damming Genetic problems War Grazing Recreational activities Habitat fragmentation

Hunting (recreation or retail) Predation Harvest for medicine Interspecific competition

Harvest for food/timber Livestock competition (food etc)

Poisoning Livestock conflicts (retaliation kills)

Pesticides Introduced species (non-livestock) Persecution Nutritional disorders Trade of animals/parts

Other comments/threats (please specify):

6B. Would these threats result in (perceived or inferred) population decline?

Yes No Unknown

Notes:

7. Trade

7A. Is the taxon in trade: Yes No Unknown

If yes, is it: Local Regional International Commercial 7B. Parts in trade:

Skin Fur Horn

Glands Taxidermy Products

Bones Hair Organs

Meat Live Animal

Comments/Other threats (please specify):

155 8. Data Quality

8A. Are the estimates you have supplied based on: Census or monitoring General field sudies Informal field studies

Literature Museum studies/records Hearsay/popular belief

Indirect information from trade, etc

9. Studies (field) conducted over the past 10 years (indicate year of study not year of publication): Researchers: Location: Year (of study): Topics:

10. Conservation Status

10A. Global IUCN Red List Category: Global Regional/National:

10B. Workshop Assesment of Regional Red List category:

10C. CITES:

10D. National Wildlife Legislation:

10E. National Red Data Book:

10F. International Red Data Book:

10G. Other legislation (please specify):

10H. Existing protected areas for this species (please specifiy):

10I. Recommended protected areas for this species (p lease specify):

10J. Existing regional conservation/protection.action plan(s):

10K. Conservation/protection/action plan(s) enforced/implemented:

156 11. Supporting Research

11A. Is research recommended? Yes No

If Yes, what type of research would you recommend?

Surveys Genetics Taxonomic Life History Public awareness

Trade Reintroduction Human Impact Monitoring

Other (please specify):

12. Management

12A. What management is recommended for the taxon?

Habitat management Wild population management

Monitoring Translocation

Public awareness Limiting factor management

Work in local communities Address policy makers

Captive breeding Sustainable Utilisation

Law enforcement Genome Research Banking

Other

13. Captive Breeding

13A. If captive breeding is recommended, is it for:

Species recovery Reintroduction Research

Preserve live genome Husbandry Education

13B. Do captive stocks already exist? Yes No

If yes, list the facilites:

13C.Number in captvity: Males: Females: Unsexed: Total:

13D. Does a coordinated Species Management Plan exist? Yes No If yes, list the participating institutions:

If Not, is a Species Management Plan recommended: Yes No List the institutions that should particpate:

157 13E. Level of captive breeding recommended:

Intensify existing program Decrease existing program

Initiate program within 3 years Maintain program as it is

Undertake no captive program

13F. Are techniques establised for captive breeding?

Techniques known for this or similar taxon Some techniques known for this or similar taxon

Information not available with this group of compilers Techniques not known

14. Sources/References (complete citation):

15. Compilers: Khaldoun Alomary, Barbara Arca, Simon Aspinall, Graham Child, Nigel Collar (facilitator) Damien Egan, Nashat Hamindan, Zafar ul Islam, Stanley Janyk, Reza Khan, Jannes Kruger, Sean McKeown, Gavin Nel, Geer Scheres, Mohammed Shobrak, Christophe Tourenq, Patrick Paillat, Omer Ahmed Hassan, Galal Hussein Nasser, Jamal Aldeen al Faqih, Laco Molnar, Tom Bailey

158 Conservation Workshop for the Fauna of Arabia Taxon Data Sheet

Working Group: Vultures and Large Eagles Date: February 2005

1. Taxonomy

1A. Scientific Name (Genus & species,subspeices): Neophron percnopterus

1B. Synonyms (with authority & date):

1C. Common Name(s) with language/region: Egyptian vulture (English), Al Rakhmah, Al Anuoq, Al Rakhmah al Masriyah (Arabic)

2. Distribution of Taxon

2A. Historical Distribution (last 100 years): Widespread in Arabian Peninsula, except empty quarter

2B. Current Distribution (illustrate on map): No change from historical times

2C. Habitat of the Taxon (ecosystem level): Semi-desert, but mainly in mountains, coastal areas, villages and dumps

2D. Habitat specificity (elevation, etc): Small cliffs for breeding, holes, caves

2E. Migration: Yes No Unknown

If Yes, describe:

3. Number of Populations and Subpopulations in which the taxon is distributed: Continuous

Location of each: Approx. area occupied: Approx. No. of Individuals: Jordan: common breeder in 1960's, now occasional Saudi Arabia Unknown UAE Unknown but declining Oman Ubiquitous Yemen 100s on mainland 1,000+ on

159 4. Population Trends

4A. Is the population: Decreasing Increasing Stable Unknown

4B. If declining, what has been the rate of decline?

< 20% > 20% > 50% > 80%

Over how many years has the population decline occured? 15 years

4C. If stable or unknown, do you predict a future decline in the population size: Yes No

If yes, please specifiy rate and factors e.g. habitat loss, threats, trade, etc.:

Comments:

5. Habitat Status

5A. Is the habitat distribution: Continuous Fragmented Unknown

5B. Is there any change in the range of the habitat where the taxon occurs?

Yes No Unknown

If Yes, is it: Decreasing in area Increasing in area Stable Unknown

5C. If decreasing, what has been the decline? < 20% > 20% > 50% > 80%

Over how many years has the decline occured? 50 years

5D. If stable or unknown, do you predict a future decline in the habitat:

Yes No Unknown

If Yes, what do you predict decline will be?

< 20% > 20% > 50% > 80%

Over how many years do you predict the decline will occur? 50 years

5E. State primary cause of change: Quarrying for limestone and sandstone in the UAE

5F. Is there any change in the quality of habitat where the taxon occurs?

Yes No Unknown

Is the habitat quality: Declining Improving Unchanged Unknown

5G. State the primary cause of change: Improving due to fish disposal from Seine fishing

160 6. Threats

6A. What are the threats facing the taxon:

Present Future Present Future Pollution Disease Development Hybridization Infrastructural development Decline in prey species Road Kills Loss of Habitat Damming Genetic problems War Grazing Recreational activities Habitat fragmentation

Hunting (recreation or retail) Predation Harvest for medicine Interspecific competition

Harvest for food/timber Livestock competition (food etc)

Poisoning Livestock conflicts (retaliation kills)

Pesticides Introduced species (non-livestock) Persecution Nutritional disorders Trade of animals/parts

Other comments/threats (please specify):

6B. Would these threats result in (perceived or inferred) population decline?

Yes No Unknown

Notes:

7. Trade

7A. Is the taxon in trade: Yes No Unknown

If yes, is it: Local Regional International Commercial 7B. Parts in trade:

Skin Fur Horn

Glands Taxidermy Products

Bones Hair Organs

Meat Live Animal

Comments/Other threats (please specify):

161 8. Data Quality

8A. Are the estimates you have supplied based on: Census or monitoring General field sudies Informal field studies

Literature Museum studies/records Hearsay/popular belief

Indirect information from trade, etc

9. Studies (field) conducted over the past 10 years (indicate year of study not year of publication): Researchers: Location: Year (of study): Topics:

10. Conservation Status

10A. Global IUCN Red List Category: Global Not threatened Regional/National:

10B. Workshop Assesment of Regional Red List category: Not threatened

10C. CITES: II

10D. National Wildlife Legislation: Protected in Jordan

10E. National Red Data Book:

10F. International Red Data Book:

10G. Other legislation (please specify):

10H. Existing protected areas for this species (please specifiy): M. Shobrak indicated that he would supply this information after the meeting for Saudi Arabia

10I. Recommended protected areas for this species (p lease specify): M. Shobrak indicated that he would supply this information after the meeting for Saudi Arabia, Jebel Hafeet (UAE)

10J. Existing regional conservation/protection.action plan(s): One exists for vultures in Saudi Arabia

10K. Conservation/protection/action plan(s) enforced/implemented: None

162 11. Supporting Research

11A. Is research recommended? Yes No

If Yes, what type of research would you recommend?

Surveys Genetics Taxonomic Life History Public awareness

Trade Reintroduction Human Impact Monitoring

Other (please specify):

12. Management

12A. What management is recommended for the taxon?

Habitat management Wild population management

Monitoring Translocation

Public awareness Limiting factor management

Work in local communities Address policy makers

Captive breeding Sustainable Utilisation

Law enforcement Genome Research Banking

Other

13. Captive Breeding

13A. If captive breeding is recommended, is it for:

Species recovery Reintroduction Research

Preserve live genome Husbandry Education

13B. Do captive stocks already exist? Yes No

If yes, list the facilites: Butti ( 1 female), Sana'a (up to 10)

13C.Number in captvity: Males: Females: Unsexed: Total:

13D. Does a coordinated Species Management Plan exist? Yes No If yes, list the participating institutions:

If Not, is a Species Management Plan recommended: Yes No List the institutions that should particpate:

163 13E. Level of captive breeding recommended:

Intensify existing program Decrease existing program

Initiate program within 3 years Maintain program as it is

Undertake no captive program

13F. Are techniques establised for captive breeding?

Techniques known for this or similar taxon Some techniques known for this or similar taxon

Information not available with this group of compilers Techniques not known

14. Sources/References (complete citation): None

15. Compilers: Khaldoun Alomary, Barbara Arca, Simon Aspinall, Graham Child, Nigel Collar (facilitator) Damien Egan, Nashat Hamindan, Zafar ul Islam, Stanley Janyk, Reza Khan, Jannes Kruger, Sean McKeown, Gavin Nel, Geer Scheres, Mohammed Shobrak, Christophe Tourenq, Patrick Paillat, Omer Ahmed Hassan, Galal Hussein Nasser, Jamal Aldeen al Faqih, Laco Molnar, Tom Bailey

164 Conservation Workshop for the Fauna of Arabia Taxon Data Sheet

Working Group: Vultures and Large Eagles Date: February 2005

1. Taxonomy

1A. Scientific Name (Genus & species,subspeices): Terathopius ecaudatus

1B. Synonyms (with authority & date):

1C. Common Name(s) with language/region: Bateleur (English), Eqab Hakhim (Arabic), Eqab Musafaq (Arabic)

2. Distribution of Taxon

2A. Historical Distribution (last 100 years): south-western Arabian Peninsula

2B. Current Distribution (illustrate on map): Slight contraction to south (formerly seen near Jeddah)

2C. Habitat of the Taxon (ecosystem level): Open lowland areas and foothills, with scattered tress

2D. Habitat specificity (elevation, etc): Large trees needed for nesting

2E. Migration: Yes No Unknown

If Yes, describe:

3. Number of Populations and Subpopulations in which the taxon is distributed: Continuous

Location of each: Approx. area occupied: Approx. No. of Individuals: Saudi Arabia <5 pairs Yemen c.25 pairs

165 4. Population Trends

4A. Is the population: Decreasing Increasing Stable Unknown

4B. If declining, what has been the rate of decline?

< 20% > 20% > 50% > 80%

Over how many years has the population decline occured? 10 years

4C. If stable or unknown, do you predict a future decline in the population size: Yes No

If yes, please specifiy rate and factors e.g. habitat loss, threats, trade, etc.:

Comments:

5. Habitat Status

5A. Is the habitat distribution: Continuous Fragmented Unknown

5B. Is there any change in the range of the habitat where the taxon occurs?

Yes No Unknown

If Yes, is it: Decreasing in area Increasing in area Stable Unknown

5C. If decreasing, what has been the decline? < 20% > 20% > 50% > 80%

Over how many years has the decline occured?

5D. If stable or unknown, do you predict a future decline in the habitat:

Yes No Unknown

If Yes, what do you predict decline will be?

< 20% > 20% > 50% > 80%

Over how many years do you predict the decline will occur?

5E. State primary cause of change:

5F. Is there any change in the quality of habitat where the taxon occurs?

Yes No Unknown

Is the habitat quality: Declining Improving Unchanged Unknown

5G. State the primary cause of change: Removal of tress in Tihamah and Yemen

166 6. Threats

6A. What are the threats facing the taxon:

Present Future Present Future Pollution Disease Development Hybridization Infrastructural development Decline in prey species Road Kills Loss of Habitat Damming Genetic problems War Grazing Recreational activities Habitat fragmentation

Hunting (recreation or retail) Predation Harvest for medicine Interspecific competition

Harvest for food/timber Livestock competition (food etc)

Poisoning Livestock conflicts (retaliation kills)

Pesticides Introduced species (non-livestock) Persecution Nutritional disorders Trade of animals/parts

Other comments/threats (please specify):

6B. Would these threats result in (perceived or inferred) population decline?

Yes No Unknown

Notes:

7. Trade

7A. Is the taxon in trade: Yes No Unknown

If yes, is it: Local Regional International Commercial 7B. Parts in trade:

Skin Fur Horn

Glands Taxidermy Products

Bones Hair Organs

Meat Live Animal

Comments/Other threats (please specify):

167 8. Data Quality

8A. Are the estimates you have supplied based on: Census or monitoring General field sudies Informal field studies

Literature Museum studies/records Hearsay/popular belief

Indirect information from trade, etc

9. Studies (field) conducted over the past 10 years (indicate year of study not year of publication): Researchers: Location: Year (of study): Topics:

10. Conservation Status

10A. Global IUCN Red List Category: Global Least Concern Regional/National:

10B. Workshop Assesment of Regional Red List category: Endangered

10C. CITES: Appendix II

10D. National Wildlife Legislation: as other eagles in Saudi Arabia; protected in Yemen as "endangered"

10E. National Red Data Book: none in Saudi Arabia; Buraa in Yemen probably

10F. International Red Data Book:

10G. Other legislation (please specify):

10H. Existing protected areas for this species (please specifiy):

10I. Recommended protected areas for this species (p lease specify):

10J. Existing regional conservation/protection.action plan(s):

10K. Conservation/protection/action plan(s) enforced/implemented:

168 11. Supporting Research

11A. Is research recommended? Yes No

If Yes, what type of research would you recommend?

Surveys Genetics Taxonomic Life History Public awareness

Trade Reintroduction Human Impact Monitoring

Other (please specify): Genetic studies required to assess distinctiveness of Arabian vs African population

12. Management

12A. What management is recommended for the taxon?

Habitat management Wild population management

Monitoring Translocation

Public awareness Limiting factor management

Work in local communities Address policy makers

Captive breeding Sustainable Utilisation

Law enforcement Genome Research Banking

Other

13. Captive Breeding

13A. If captive breeding is recommended, is it for:

Species recovery Reintroduction Research

Preserve live genome Husbandry Education

13B. Do captive stocks already exist? Yes No

If yes, list the facilites: Ta'if (2 females, 1 male), Butti (female, origin unknown)

13C.Number in captvity: Males: Females: Unsexed: Total:

13D. Does a coordinated Species Management Plan exist? Yes No If yes, list the participating institutions:

If Not, is a Species Management Plan recommended: Yes No List the institutions that should particpate:

169 13E. Level of captive breeding recommended:

Intensify existing program Decrease existing program

Initiate program within 3 years Maintain program as it is

Undertake no captive program

13F. Are techniques establised for captive breeding?

Techniques known for this or similar taxon Some techniques known for this or similar taxon

Information not available with this group of compilers Techniques not known

14. Sources/References (complete citation): None

15. Compilers: Workshop participants

170 Conservation Workshop for the Fauna of Arabia Taxon Data Sheet

Working Group: Vultures and Large Eagles Date: February 2005

1. Taxonomy

1A. Scientific Name (Genus & species,subspeices): Torgos tracheliotus

1B. Synonyms (with authority & date):

1C. Common Name(s) with language/region: Lappet-faced Vulture (English), Nisser al Udoon, Nisser al Wardi (Arabic), Loubad (old name in Saudi Arabia)

2. Distribution of Taxon

2A. Historical Distribution (last 100 years): All Arabia except eatsern lowlands and high mountains

2B. Current Distribution (illustrate on map): No change from former times

2C. Habitat of the Taxon (ecosystem level): Semi-desert, desert

2D. Habitat specificity (elevation, etc): Trees needed for nesting

2E. Migration: Yes No Unknown

If Yes, describe:

3. Number of Populations and Subpopulations in which the taxon is distributed: continuous

Location of each: Approx. area occupied: Approx. No. of Individuals: Jordan: formerly present in south Vigrant UAE Rare visitor Saudi Arabia 250 pairs Oman and Yemen 50 pairs jointly

171 4. Population Trends

4A. Is the population: Decreasing Increasing Stable Unknown

4B. If declining, what has been the rate of decline?

< 20% > 20% > 50% > 80%

Over how many years has the population decline occured? 30 years

4C. If stable or unknown, do you predict a future decline in the population size: Yes No

If yes, please specifiy rate and factors e.g. habitat loss, threats, trade, etc.: various

Comments:

5. Habitat Status

5A. Is the habitat distribution: Continuous Fragmented Unknown

5B. Is there any change in the range of the habitat where the taxon occurs?

Yes No Unknown

If Yes, is it: Decreasing in area Increasing in area Stable Unknown

5C. If decreasing, what has been the decline? < 20% > 20% > 50% > 80%

Over how many years has the decline occured?

5D. If stable or unknown, do you predict a future decline in the habitat:

Yes No Unknown

If Yes, what do you predict decline will be?

< 20% > 20% > 50% > 80%

Over how many years do you predict the decline will occur? 30 years

5E. State primary cause of change: Tree lopping for fodder, disturbance (use of trees as shade), lack of regeneration of desert tress, occasional stoning of chicks in nests

5F. Is there any change in the quality of habitat where the taxon occurs?

Yes No Unknown

Is the habitat quality: Declining Improving Unchanged Unknown

5G. State the primary cause of change: Decline in quality of food owing to more careful management practices, including for health reasons

172 6. Threats

6A. What are the threats facing the taxon:

Present Future Present Future Pollution Disease Development Hybridization Infrastructural development Decline in prey species Road Kills Loss of Habitat Damming Genetic problems War Grazing Recreational activities Habitat fragmentation

Hunting (recreation or retail) Predation Harvest for medicine Interspecific competition

Harvest for food/timber Livestock competition (food etc)

Poisoning Livestock conflicts (retaliation kills)

Pesticides Introduced species (non-livestock) Persecution Nutritional disorders Trade of animals/parts

Other comments/threats (please specify): Disturbance from four wheel drives in desert

6B. Would these threats result in (perceived or inferred) population decline?

Yes No Unknown

Notes:

7. Trade

7A. Is the taxon in trade: Yes No Unknown

If yes, is it: Local Regional International Commercial 7B. Parts in trade:

Skin Fur Horn

Glands Taxidermy Products

Bones Hair Organs

Meat Live Animal

Comments/Other threats (please specify):

173 8. Data Quality

8A. Are the estimates you have supplied based on: Census or monitoring General field sudies Informal field studies

Literature Museum studies/records Hearsay/popular belief

Indirect information from trade, etc

9. Studies (field) conducted over the past 10 years (indicate year of study not year of publication): Researchers: Location: Year (of study): Topics: M. Shobrak Western Saudi Arabia 1992-present Ecology, breeding bioogy, ecophysiology

10. Conservation Status

10A. Global IUCN Red List Category: Global Not threatened Regional/National:

10B. Workshop Assesment of Regional Red List category: Endangered

10C. CITES: II

10D. National Wildlife Legislation: Protected (Jordan), theoretically protected (UAE), unprotected (Saudi)

10E. National Red Data Book:

10F. International Red Data Book:

10G. Other legislation (please specify):

10H. Existing protected areas for this species (please specifiy): Ibex reserve, Mahazat as Sayd, Urouq Bani Muarid and Al Khunfa (Saudi Arabia)

10I. Recommended protected areas for this species (p lease specify): Al Ula (Saudi Arabia) Jebel Hafit (UAE)

10J. Existing regional conservation/protection.action plan(s): One exists for vultures in Saudi Arabia

10K. Conservation/protection/action plan(s) enforced/implemented: None

174 11. Supporting Research

11A. Is research recommended? Yes No

If Yes, what type of research would you recommend?

Surveys Genetics Taxonomic Life History Public awareness

Trade Reintroduction Human Impact Monitoring

Other (please specify):

12. Management

12A. What management is recommended for the taxon?

Habitat management Wild population management

Monitoring Translocation

Public awareness Limiting factor management

Work in local communities Address policy makers

Captive breeding Sustainable Utilisation

Law enforcement Genome Research Banking

Other existing plan implementation

13. Captive Breeding

13A. If captive breeding is recommended, is it for:

Species recovery Reintroduction Research

Preserve live genome Husbandry Education

13B. Do captive stocks already exist? Yes No

If yes, list the facilites: Dubai (1.1), Butti (2.1) Al Ain (unknown)

13C.Number in captvity: Males: Females: Unsexed: Total:

13D. Does a coordinated Species Management Plan exist? Yes No If yes, list the participating institutions:

If Not, is a Species Management Plan recommended: Yes No List the institutions that should particpate:

175 13E. Level of captive breeding recommended:

Intensify existing program Decrease existing program

Initiate program within 3 years Maintain program as it is

Undertake no captive program

13F. Are techniques establised for captive breeding?

Techniques known for this or similar taxon Some techniques known for this or similar taxon

Information not available with this group of compilers Techniques not known

14. Sources/References (complete citation): None

15. Compilers: Khaldoun Alomary, Barbara Arca, Simon Aspinall, Graham Child, Nigel Collar (facilitator) Damien Egan, Nashat Hamindan, Zafar ul Islam, Stanley Janyk, Reza Khan, Jannes Kruger, Sean McKeown, Gavin Nel, Geer Scheres, Mohammed Shobrak, Christophe Tourenq, Patrick Paillat, Omer Ahmed Hassan, Galal Hussein Nasser, Jamal Aldeen al Faqih, Laco Molnar, Tom Bailey

176 راثكإو ةيامح ةشرو ةيبرعلا ةريزجلا هبش تاناويح

Conservation ةقراشلا – ءارحصلا هزتنم Workshop 2005 رياربف for the 20-23 fauna of arabia

Desert Park - Sharjah

20 - 23 February 2005

راثكإو ةيامح زكرم ةيبرعلا ةريزجلا هبش تاناويح ضارقنإلاب ةددهملا

BREEDING CENTRE aquatiC invertebrates FOR ENDANGERED ARABIAN WILDLIFE 177 Chapter 4

Aquatic Invertebrates

Introduction...... 179

Procedure...... 179

Results...... 180

List of localities...... 183

Conclusions and recommendations...... 184

8.1. Annex 1. List of participants of the FIG-group 2005...... 187

8.2. Annex 2. Freshwater invertebrates of the Arabian Peninsula: species lists...... 189

8.3. Annex 3. Freshwater localities of the Arabian Peninsula...... 205

178 Freshwater Invertebrate Group (FIG) –Report

1. Introduction

The Arabian Peninsula counts over a thousand species of freshwater invertebrates, of which no comprehensive lists or databases exist to date and important information on diversity, distribution, ecology, etc, is missing; only a handful of taxa are present in the Red List. However, many of these invertebrates form the basis of aquatic food webs, and can be used as important indicators of anthropogenic disturbances.

Following the recommendation of the 2004 Group on Freshwater Fauna, a group of specialists in freshwater invertebrates assembled during the Sharjah Conservation Workshop for the Fauna of Arabia in February 2005 and assessed the status of freshwater invertebrates of the Arabian Peninsula.

The task of the 2005 Freshwater Invertebrate Group was to select taxa of importance to main habitat types in the region and to identify a number of endemics, currently known only from specialized literature. For this, a list of habitat types had to be produced first, to which selected species were assigned.

A list of participants of the workshop and their affiliation is given in Annex 1.

2.Procedure

2.1. Identification of problems

At the beginning of this workshop, group members agreed that preparing taxon data sheets for all known freshwater invertebrates of the Arabian Peninsula was neither possible nor feasible, because of lack of population data and the high number of species. In contrast to vertebrates, invertebrates pose fundamental problems:

i. The heterogeneity and high number of taxa of freshwater invertebrates make it impossible for specialists to be familiar with all of them. Assigning specialists to subgroups and identifying targeted species was therefore necessary. ii. The taxon data sheet in its present form was found to be largely incompatible with data usually available for invertebrates (e.g. inaccurate information on population size, life history, distribution or even endemism).

2.2. Teams

It was decided to subdivide the large group of species in workable units, excluding taxa on which data are insufficient; this resulted in four subgroups (Table 1), each preparing a species list for the Arabian Peninsula and identifying possible flagship species, representative of main freshwater habitats. Lesser-known groups, (e.g. Rotifera and Hydracarina), have not been included, though literature is available.

Team 1 Mollusca Zuhair Amr, Nashat Hamidan, Gary Feulner, Ibrahim Alharti Team 2 Crustacea – Annelida Kay Van Damme, Reginald Victor, Christel Griffioen Team 3 Insects, Wolfgang Schneider, Neelofar Ali, Gary Feulner Team 4 Insects, Non-Odonata Anthony Van Harten, Abdel Karim Nasher

179 Table 1. Freshwater Invertebrate Group (2005) teams.

During the process, literature was used, compiled by the Sharjah Breeding Center for this meeting (Aquatic Invertebrates Briefing Book Vols. 1-2, 2005).

3. Results

3.1. Freshwater habitats

A simplified working classification (Table 2) for freshwater/limnetic habitats in the Arabian Peninsula was adopted. This scheme does not follow any existing textbook classification, but is aimed at focussing on the Peninsula in particular. A main distinction was made between permanent and semi-permanent/temporary waterbodies. Although the general term “wadi” could indicate both, the term (B2) is used here for intermittent watercourses in the Arabian Peninsula.

This classification and definitions of limnetic habitats are not meant to be final, but ratherto facilitate future work on conservation issues and biodiversity assessments.

Habitat type Working definition Examples A. Permanent waterbodies A1- Lakes Stagnant natural or artificial surface waterbodies, Al-Aflaj (KSA) including smaller pools and ponds Mareb Dam (YEM) A2- Wetland Permanent wetlands, including sabkhas and Azraq wetland reserve (JOR) and Swamps “lagoons” with fluctuating salinity (relatively Al-Ansab (OM) shallow and rich in vegetation) Lagoons in Dhofar (OM) Al-Jubail wetlands (KSA) Al-Hair (KSA) A3a- Springs Lotic (running) environment, both natural Damt (YE) (springs) and artificial (wells), including El Baha area (KSA) hydrothermal vents Al-Kharj (KSA) Al-Aba oasis (KSA) Mountain Springs Jebel Al-Akhdar (OM) Haggeher (Socotra, YEM) A3b- Rivers Lotic environment originating from one or Wadi Surdud (YEM) and streams more springs, including permanent wadis and Wadi Habib (OM) mountains streams Wadi Wraia’a (UAE) Wadi Al-Dawaser (KSA) Wadi Turabah (KSA) A4- Subterra- Subterranean rivers and lakes, underground Hoti Cave (OM) nean waters aquifers and brackish wells in limestone areas Erher Cave (Socotra, YEM) (karstic environment) Al Kharj (KSA) Wells Hadiboh-Mori (Socotra, YEM) B Temporary / Semi-permanent water bodies

180 B1- Ephem- Sporadically filled environments which dry out Qa Al-Azraq (JOR) eral pools completely; includes temporary water bodies in Rewgid karst (Socotra, (“ghadir”) river catchments YEM) Huqf area (OM) B2- “Wadis” Intermittent and seasonal water courses with Wadi (YEM) irregular, stochastic flow regime Wadi Baih (UAE)

Table 2. Freshwater Invertebrate Group (2005) working classification of aquatic habitats com- monly found in the Arabian Peninsula.

3.2. Freshwater Invertebrates of the Arabian Peninsula: species numbers

An overview of the number of species and endemics found in the Arabian Peninsula, is given in Table 3. The table illustrates uncertainties in species numbers and endemics, which will be com- mented on later. Complete lists can be found in Annex 2.

Group Species number Endemic (sub)species Mollusca 23 4? (18%) Crustacea 58? 12 (20%) Annelida 7 2 (29%) Insects, Non-Odonata 288 ? Insects, Odonata 63 7 (9%)

Table 3. Total number of species and local endemic species of freshwater invertebrates in the Arabian Peninsula, based on literature.

3.2.1. Mollusca

In total, 23 species of freshwater molluscs (Annex 2.1) have been recorded from the Arabian Peninsula, of which all but two are gastropods. Four are considered endemic to the Arabian Peninsula (Biomphalaria arabica, Bulinus beccari, Bulinus wrighti and Stenothyra arabica,). The first three species are considered as intermediate hosts for urinary and intestinal schistosomiasis. These intermediate host species are under various forms of control. The fourth species, Stenothyra arabica, was collected from excavated materials near sea shorelines, and is represented only by shells. No available population has been recorded.

Species like Melanopsis praemorsa are considered as indicators for water quality and flow. The existence of such species is an indicator for natural habitat with minimum ecological changes, and reflects the abundance of freshwater vertebrates and other invertebrates as well as the algae. So far, none of the reported species are listed in the IUCN Red Data Book.

3.2.2. Crustacea (and Annelida)

51 species of aquatic crustaceans are recorded from the Peninsula, of which 16 are endemic (31%) at (sub)species level, and four endemic genera (Socotora, Socotrapotamon, Paradoniscus, Indoweckelia). It is important to note, that 12 out of 16 endemic crustacean species are found on Soqotra Island (YEM), the remaining are from Oman, which can be attributed to a unique faunal composition in combination with more intensive and focused collection on Soqotra in recent years. The endemism occurs mainly in subterranean environments, but temporary waterbodies are most

181 important for the continuation of a large number of these species as well. Particularly in planktonic crustaceans (Copepoda, Cladocera), species numbers and data on distribution are incomplete because of a lack of field surveys; as a result most seem rare, while in reality they have not been studied well outside Yemen. Among the Annelida, two polychaetes are endemic to a particular area in the region, again in subterraneous environments.

Crustacea in particular, are among the most important groups in the aquatic food web, serving as food for predators (fish) and keeping algal populations down; tadpole shrimp (Notostraca) are important biological control agents for mosquitoes. In subterranean habitats, sensitive species can be used as sensitive indicators for anthropogenic disturbance of the hydrological regime. Again, none of these species are listed in the IUCN Red List, while most of the endemics are known to occur only in geographically small areas (e.g. the freshwater crabs Socotora and Socotrapotamon or the cave-inhabiting isopod Paradoniscus) in fast developing regions, and are considered vulnerable to endangered. Others, like most fairy shrimp (Anostraca), are considered rare, which is a result of a lack of distribution data.

3.2.3. Odonata

There are 63 species of Odonata (Annex 2.3) recorded from the Arabian Peninsula, of which 17 are and 46 . Of these, 7 (sub)species (9%) are endemic to the region.

Areas of special interest are Southwestern Arabia (Mountain ranges of Saudi Arabia, Yemen), and the Mountains of Oman. This follows almost exactly the distribution of freshwater verte- brates like fish and amphibians.

3.2.4. Insects Non-Odonata (selected taxa)

There are approximately 286 species of the groups listed in Table 5, recorded from the Arabian Peninsula based on the available literature. Other groups were not taken into consideration at this moment.

Group Species number Endemic (sub)species Ephemeroptera 7 65% Trichoptera 17 65% Hemiptera Corixidae 11 10% Hemiptera Notonectidae 13 40% Coleoptera Dytiscidae 55 35% Coleoptera 55 28% Diptera Limoniidae 16 75% Diptera Tipulidae 2 50% Diptera Chironomidae 54 65% Diptera Culicidae 45 18% Diptera Simuliidae 13 30%

Table 5. Total species number and local endemic (sub)species of freshwater insects (Non-Odonata) in the Arabian Peninsula.

This list of non-odonate species is far from being complete, with literature and basic fieldwork missing. Due to sporadic collecting, many species are known from single records only, 182 and even the description of new taxa is in many cases based on type specimens only. Therefore our knowledge does by no means reflect the diversity and/or distribution in these groups; with increasing collecting efforts and more realistic distribution data at hand, even the status “endemic” for many (if not most) taxa may be challenged. Therefore, the insects, with exception of the Odonata (see 3.2.4) are at present not good indicators of freshwater status in the Peninsula due to a lack of information.

3.3. Identification of flagship species

In the future, taxon data sheets – adapted to invertebrates – should be prepared for some of the species, the so-called flagship species (Table 6). These taxa are indicator species for freshwater habitats in Arabia and their conservation facilitates protection of biologically diverse ecosystems. Together with prominent vertebrates, some spectacular species (e.g. Lindenia tetraphylla, Aeshna yemenensis, Socotropotamon socotrensis) could serve as “ambassadors” for their habitat in public awareness programmes/projects. A list of 11 selected flagship species and their typical habitat (code from Table 1) is shown in Table 6. Because of the lack of data, no representative species could be selected within the insects, other than Odonata. Of the latter, five species endemic to the Arabian Peninsula have been listed as flagship species; these species illustrate the importance of freshwater habitats in Southwestern Arabia, the Oman Mountains and Soqotra. Among the Crustacea, two out of three listed species are local endemics, while Triops cancriformis is a typical species of temporary rock pools, with a distribution reaching outside Arabia. As noted earlier, endemism of crustaceans is found mainly in Socotra and Oman.

Habitat Flagship species Group A1 Lindenia tetraphylla Odonata A2 Ischnura evansi Odonata A3 Aeshna yemenensis Odonata Azuragrion granti Odonata Melanopsis praemorsa Mollusca Socotrapotamon socotrensis Crustacea A4 Namanereis gesae Polychaeta Indoweckelia stocki Crustacea B1 Triops cancriformis Crustacea Branchipodopsis buettikeri Crustacea B2 Arabineura khalidi Odonata

Table 6. Selection of aquatic invertebrate flagship species and allocation to habitat types proposed in Table 1.

4. List of localities

A list of important freshwater sites in Arabia (country-wise) is given in Annex 3. This enumera- tion is incomplete and preliminary and should be amended by FIG members. Nevertheless the localities listed were given highest priority for the conservation of freshwater biodiversity.

In view of a known or expected high number of endemic species we suggest as soon as possible conservation measures and public awareness programmes in the following areas (for a list of localities compare with Annex 3):

183 ●● High mountain springs and streams in mountain ranges KSA, OM, YEM (including Soqotra); these contain most of the endemic species among aquatic invertebrates of Arabia. ●● Wadi systems in UAE (e.g. Wadi Wraia, Shaqwah), SW-Arabia (KSA, YEM) and SE- Arabia (OM), both interior and coastal. ●● Subterranean waters of Soqotra Island (YEM), OM, and KSA ●● Traditional irrigation systems in YEM and OM (Falaj, Qanat)

5. Conclusions and recommendations

1. There is a clear gap in knowledge (taxonomical, field surveys…) concerning the freshwater invertebrates of the Arabian Peninsula. Odonata and larger Crustacea are by far the most indicative group, which can be used for conservation of their habitats. The freshwater fauna group of 2004 identified a similar problem and main causes.We recommend: • Organized field surveys and collecting program. • Establishment of regional freshwater working groups • Establishment of international expertise to study freshwater invertebrates.

2. We identified some of the most important localities in the Arabian Peninsula recommended for future conservation of the freshwater invertebrate fauna. This list is far from complete and should include input from and coordination with ichthyologist and herpetologists studying the region.

3. Flagship species should be selected in a similar way for amphibians and fish, to facilitate protection of the most vulnerable regions.

4. Extensive literature studies to produce species lists and distributions, and to follow up species status, can be partly avoided by constructing an electronic template in which all the literature and distribution data are compiled in the future: construction of an Arabian Freshwater Invertebrate Database. Data compiled during this workshop can be used directly for this purpose and made freely available (collection of knowledge and expertise).

5. Literature on freshwater invertebrates is scattered and mainly based outside of the Arabian Peninsula. Suggestion to compile this knowledge in a Freshwater Invertebrate Library.

6. Establishment of freshwater invertebrate collections in local museums, and help to establish museums where they are not yet available in the region (e.g. Yemen).

7. Expand contacts with experts on freshwater invertebrates worldwide (taxonomists) and stimulate research (in-depth taxonomy of molluscs, crustaceans and insects) and publication of data.

8. Further amendment of the Taxon Data Sheet. It was agreed on that the list is hardly applicable for invertebrates, which complicates IUCN .

Specific recommendations of FIG-group

1. continuation of the FIG and coordination of data processing (Organizers, Facilitator)

184 2. coordination of FIG with fish and amphibian expert groups (FFG 2004), each maintaining their own identity, mainly to identify areas of common conservation needs, flagship species and conservation/research priorities. To meet this end, a simultaneous meeting of FFG and FIG experts is crucial for the FIG group. Specialists of participating countries could be asked to prepare specific conservation needs for groups and regions (Organizers, Facilitator).

3. coordination of FIG and FFG with representatives of national environmental authorities in order to further identify areas for conservation (Organizers, ?)

4. expand email-list of the FIG (list of taxonomists of Arabian freshwater invertebrates) to enhance multilateral collaboration (A. Van Harten, Facilitators)

5. continuous completion of centralized literature collection (FIG members)

6. further identify groups of invertebrates which require study (FIG members)

7. finalization of taxon data sheets for flagship-species and preparing IUCN criteria (?)

8. start of the Arabian (Freshwater) Invertebrate Database, development of electronic data sheets and input of data from literature (K. Van Damme, A. Van Harten)

185 8. Annex

8.1. Annex 1. List of participants of the FIG-group 2005 8.2. Annex 2. Freshwater invertebrates of the Arabian Peninsula: species lists 8.3. Annex 3. Freshwater localities of the Arabian Peninsula

Abbreviations used in text:

FFG: Freshwater Fauna Group FIG: Freshwater Invertebrate Group JOR: Jordan KSA: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia KUW: Kuwait OM: Sultanate of Oman QAT: Qatar SOQ: Soqotra Archipelago (Yemen) UAE: United Arab Emirates YEM: Yemen

Acknowledgements:

Members of the FIG 2005 and facilitators in particular wish to thank the input of the Sharjah Breeding Center staff and the organizers of this workshop for inviting us.

186 8.1. Annex 1. List of participants of the FIG-group 2005.

1. Al-Harthi, Ibrahim Q. Marine biologist NCWD P.O. Box 61681 Riyadh 11575, Saudi Arabia Tel. +966 500586652 Fax. +966 14418413 E-mail: [email protected]

2. Ali, Neelofar P.O. Box 77 Abu Dhabi, U.A.E. Tel. +971 504722626 Fax. +971 025321416 E-mail: [email protected] [email protected]

3. Amr, Zuhair S. Freshwater Biologist (Mollusca) Jordan University of Science and Technology P.O. Box 3030 Irbid, Jordan Tel. +962 65333956 E-mail: [email protected]

4. Barceló, Ingrid Desert Ecologist ERWDA, Terc P.O. Box 45553 Abu Dhabi, U.A.E. Tel./Fax. +971 24446428 E-mail: [email protected]

5. Feulner, Gary Chairman Dubai Nat. Hist. Group P.O. Box 31045 Dubai, U.A.E. Tel. +971 43303600 Fax. +971 13303550 E-mail: [email protected]

6. Griffioen, Christel Staff Sharjah Breeding Centre P.O. Box 29922 Sharjah, U.A.E. Tel.: +971 65311212 Fax.: +971 65311156 E-mail: [email protected]

187 7. Hamidan, Nashat A. Freshwater Biologist (Fish, Crustacea) YEMal Society for the Conservation of Nature P.O. Box 1215 Amman, Jordan Tel. +962 65337931/2 Fax. +962 65347411 E-mail: [email protected] [email protected]

8. Nasher, Abdul Karim Parasitologist Faculty of Science, Sana’a University P.O. Box 122231 Sana’a, Yemen Tel. +967 1464558 Fax. +967 1214075 E-mail: [email protected] [email protected]

9. Schneider, Wolfgang Freshwater Biologist (Odonata) Hessisches Landesmuseum Darmstadt Friedensplatz 1 D-64283 Darmstadt, Germany Tel. +49 6151 165707 E-mail: [email protected]

10. Van Damme, Kay Freshwater Biologist (Crustacea) Ghent University, Dpt. of Biology, Limnology Group K.L. Ledeganckstr. 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium Tel. +32 92645263 Fax. +32 92644353 E-mail: [email protected] [email protected]

11. van Harten, Tony Entomologist (Insecta) P.O. Box 34491 Abu Dhabi, U.A.E. Tel. +971 503270876 E-mail: [email protected] [email protected]

12. Victor, Reginald Freshwater Biologist (Ecology, Crustacea) Center for Environmental Studies & Research P.O. Box 36 Al-Khod Sultanate of Oman PC 123 Tel. +968 515433 188 Fax. +968 513415 E-mail: [email protected]

8.2. Annex 2. Freshwater invertebrates of the Arabian Peninsula: species lists (based on litera- ture).

8.2.1. Annex 2.1. Freshwater Molluscs reported from the Arabian Peninsula.

Scientific name Status Distribution range Habitats Hydrobiidae 1. Hydrobia lactea Common Eastern Arabian peninsula A1 2. Paludestrina glaucovireus Uncommon Northern Oman and Dhofar A1 Bithyniidae 3. Bithynia badiella Rare Khaibar, Saudi Arabia A1 Stenothyridae 4. Stenothyra arabica Endemic (?) Ras Al-Khaimah Sea shoreline 5. Gangetia miliacea Introduced Dhofar Brackish wa- ters (A1-A2) Thiaridae 6. Thiara scabra Introduced North Oman, Hadramaut Brackish water Yemen, Socotra and UAE (A1-A2) 7. Melanoides tuberculata Very com- Arabian Peninsula, Jordan A1-2, A3, B2 mon 8. Melanoides cf. plicaria Rare UAE Brackish water (A1-2) Melanopsidae 9. Melanopsis praemorsa Common Eastern Saudi Arabia A3a Lymnaeidae 10. Radix auriculata Common Arabian peninsula A1 11. Radix natalensis Common South west Arabia , UAE, A1 Oman 12. Gelba truncaulata Common Asir, Saudi Arabia and Yemen Irrigation ca- nals (A3b) 13. Stagnicola palustris Rare South western Saudi Arabia A1 Planorbidae (14). Planorbis planorbis Extinct Duhran, Saudi Arabia A1 15. Gyraulus piscinarum Rare Oman , Jordan A1 16. Biomphalaria arabica Endemic Western Arabia and Dhofar A1 – B1 17. Bulinus truncates Common Western Arabia and Jordan A1 – B1 18. Bulinus beccari Endemic South western Arabia A1 –B1 19. Bulinus wrighti Endemic Saudi Arabia , Yemen and A1 Oman 20. Indoplanorbis exustus Introduced Saudi Arabia ,Oman , Socotra A1 – A3b Physidae 21. Physella acuta Introduced Saudi Arabia A1 Anchlidae

189 22. Ancylus flaviatilis Rare Yemen , Saudi Arabia A1 – A3b Pisidiidae 23. Pisidium caserianum Rare Yemen, Saudi Arabia A1

8.2.2. Annex 2.2. Freshwater Crustacea (and Annelida) reported from the Arabian Peninsula.

Classification Status Distribution range in Arabia Habitat Phylum Crustacea Class Branchiopoda Order Notostraca 1. Triops cancriformis sim- Rare YEM (expected in KSA, OM) B1 plex 2. Triops numicudis (= gra- Common KSA, OM, UAE B1, B2 narius) Order Anostraca 3. Artemia sp. Common 4. Branchinella spinosa Rare OM Brackish wa- ters (A2) 5. Branchipodopsis Endemic OM (Dhofar) B1 buetikkeri* 6. Branchipodopsis relictus* Endemic YEM (Soqotra) B1 7. Branchipus shaefferi Common KSA, OM (expected through- B1 out Peninsula) 8. Streptocephalus neumanni Rare YEM (expected from KSA and B1 OM) 9. Streptocephalus simplex Rare YEM (Aden) B1 arabicus 10. Streptocephalus torvi- Rare YEM (mountains) B1 cornis (not including Strepto- cephalus sp. in Thiery, 1996) 11. Tanymastigites cyrenaica Rare (single KSA B1 record) Order Spinicaudata 12. Eocyzicus aff. plumosus Common KSA, OM B1 13. Eulimnadia (aff.) marga- Common OM (/YEM) A1-2, B1 retae 14. Lepthesteria mayeti Common KSA, YEM, OM B1 15. Lynceus semiaefacies Rare YEM (Jebel Jihaf) B1 Order Anomopoda 16. Alona alsafadii* Endemic YEM A4 17. Ceriodaphnia cornuta Common YEM A1, A2, B1 18. Chydorus sphaericus Common KSA, OM, YEM A1-3, B1-2

190 19. Daphnia longispina Common YEM A1 20. Diaphanosoma excisum Common YEM A1 21. Karualona socotrensis* Endemic YEM (Soqotra) B1, B2 22. Moina micrura Common YEM A1 23. Nicsmirnovius camer- Endemic YEM (Soqotra) A3b ounensis dioscoridus* Class Ostracoda 24. Cypretta murati Unknown YEM 25. Darwinula stevensoni Unknown YEM B2 26. Hemicypris aurita Common YEM B2 27. Oncocypris mulleri? Common YEM B2 28. Stenocypris major Unknown YEM B2 29. Strandesia amati Common YEM A2-B2 30. Strandesia parva Rare YEM B2 Class Malacostraca Order Decapoda 31. Socotora pseudocardi- Endemic YEM (Soqotra) Lives in rock soma* crevices 32. Socotrapotamon nojiden- Endemic YEM (Soqotra) A3, A4 sis* 33. Socotrapotamon socot- Endemic YEM (Soqotra) A3, A4, B2 rensis* Order Isopoda 34. Cyathura omanensis* Endemic OM 35. Paradoniscus aquaticus* Endemic YEM (Abd al Kuri) A4 36. Paradoniscus degeesti* Endemic YEM (Soqotra) A4 Order Amphipoda 37. Indoweckelia stocki* Endemic YEM (Soqotra) A4, A3 38. Indoweckelia superstes* Endemic YEM (Soqotra) A4, A3 Class Maxillopoda Order Copepoda 39. Bryocyclops soqotraensis Endemic YEM (Soqotra) A4 40. Cryptocyclops linjanticus Unknown YEM 41. Ectocyclops mozhae Endemic YEM (Soqotra) A3b – B2 42. Ectocyclops rubescens Unknown YEM 43. Halicyclops socotranus* Endemic YEM (Soqotra) Brackish wells (A4-A3a) 44. Mesocyclops aspericornis Common YEM 45. Mesocyclops granulatus Unknown YEM 46. Mesocyclops kieferi Common YEM 47. Microcyclops davidi Unknown YEM 48. Microcyclops tachispina Unknown YEM 49. Paracyclops fimbriatus Unknown YEM 50. Thermocyclops decipiens Unknown YEM 51. Tropocyclops confinis Unknown YEM

191 Phylum Annelida Class Polychaeta 1. Namanereis araps* Endemic OM (South-East) A4 2. Namanereis gesae* Endemic YEM (Soqotra) A4 (Sub)Class Hirudinea 3. Batracobdelloides tricari- natus 4. Helobdella conifera 5. Limnatis nilotica 6. Limnatis paluda 7. Placobdelloides multistria- tus

*Species marked with an asterisk are endemic to a particular region within the Peninsula, found either in Socotra Island (Yemen) or Oman.

192 Additional references (Crustacea):

Botoseanu, L., 1997. Stygofauna of Oman, 1. A new freshwater stygobiont Cyathura (Isopoda, Anthuridae) from interstia of coarse wadi sediments in Oman. Annales of Limnologie 33: 79-84.

Cumberlidge, N. & Wranik, W., 2002. A new genus and new species of freshwater crab (Potamoidea: Potamidae) from Socotra Island, Yemen. Journal of Natural History, 36(1): 51- 64.

Glasby C.J., 1997. A new species of Namanereis (Polychaeta: Nereididae: Namanereididae) in groundwater of the Sultanate of Oman, Arabian Peninsula. Beaufortia 47, 6.

Van Damme, K., Chiambeng, G., Maiphae, S. & Dumont, H.J., 2003. New species in the rheophilous genus Nicsmirnovius Chiambeng & Dumont, 1999 (Branchiopoda : Anomopoda : Chydoridae) and reassignment of Alona eximia Kiser, 1948 and Alonella fitzpatricki Chien, 1970. Hydrobiologia, 499, 25-49.

Holsinger, T.S. & S. Ruffo, 2002. Indoweckelia superstes n. gen. n. sp. from subterranean waters of Socotra Island: the first weckeliid amphipod crustacean (Hadziidae) found in the Indo-West Pacific Region. Bulletino del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale de Verona, 26, Botanica Zoologia, 27-36.

Ruffo, S., Holsinger, T.S. & T. R. Sawicki, 2003. Indoweckelia stocki n.sp. from subterranean waters of Northern Oman: the second weckeliid amphipod crustacean (Hadziidae) described from the Middle East (Stygofauna of Oman, nr. 6). Bulletino del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale de Verona, 27, Botanica Zoologia, 3-11.

Thiéry, A. & S. Jean, 2004. Branchipodopsis buettikeri, new species (Anostraca, Branchipodidae), the first Arabian (Sultanate of Oman) representative of the genus of freshwater fairy shrimps, with biogeographical remarks. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 24(3), 398-408.

193 8.2.3. Annex 2.3. Odonata of the Arabian Peninsula

Total of 63 species, 7 taxa (5 species, 2 subspecies) of them endemic to the Peninsula

Zygoptera (damselflies):17 Anisoptera (dragonflies): 46 Within their family species are listed alphabetically. IUCN (2000) criteria: CR (critically endangered), EN (endangered), EX (extinct), VU (vulner- able)

Remarks (incl. Distribution range IUCN criteria if Classification Status in Arabia Habitat applicable) ZYGOPTERA

LESTIDAE 1. Lestes (Xerolestes) pal- rare (?) SW-Arabia (KSA, not estivating eggs? lidus (Rambur, 1842) YEM) known

COENAGRIONIDAE 2. Azuragrion granti endemic YEM (SOQ only) A3 EN (McLachlan, 1903) 3. Azuragrion vansomer- extinct in KSA (Nejd: al- A1 EX, common in eni (Pinhey, 1956) Arabia Aflaj) S-Africa 4. Enallagma nigridorsum very rare OM (Dhofar), YEM A1 – A3 relict populations, (Selys, 1876) (mainland & SOQ) CR in Arabia (?) 5. Enallagma somalicum very rare, en- OM (Dhofar) A1 relict population, amitinum (Waterston, demic sub- CR in Arabia 1991) species 6. Agriocnemis pygmaea Single record OM A1, A2 passive migrant? (Rambur, 1842) 7. Ischnura evansi (Mor- common JOR, KSA, KU, A1 (?), migratory ton, 1919) OM, UAE, YEM A2 8. Ischnura fountaineae Rare JOR, E-Arabia A1, A2, (Morton, 1905) (KSA, KU) B1(?) 9. Ischnura senegalensis common JOR, OM (Dhofar), A1, A2 (Rambur, 1842) YEM (south & SOQ) 10. Ceriagrion glabrum common KSA, OM, UAE, A1, A2 (Burmeister, 1839) YEM (incl. SOQ) 11. Pseudagrion arabicum endemic, SW-Arabia (KSA, A1 – A3, VU, mountains (Waterston, 1980) rare YEM) B2 (?) only? 12. Pseudagrion decorum common OM, UAE A1 – A3 (Rambur, 1842) 13. Pseudagrion hamoni Very common SW-Arabia (KSA, A1 – A3, (Fraser, 1955) YEM) B2 14. Pseudagrion kersteni Rare YEM A1 – A3 mountains only? (Gerstaecker, 1869)

194 15. Pseudagrion sublac- common JOR, SW-Arabia A1 – A3 subspecies morto- teum Karsch, 1893) (KSA, YEM) ni Schmidt, 1936 in JOR

PLATYCNEMIDIDAE 16. Arabicnemis caerulea endemic, OM, UAE, YEM A1 – A3 VU (?) (Waterston, 1984) rare (SW only)

PROTONEURIDAE 17. Arabineura khalidi endemic OM, UAE B2 (Schneider, 1988)

ANISOPTERA AESHINIDAE 18. Aeshna yemenensis endemic, KSA (Asir?), YEM A3 VU (?), moun- (Waterston, 1985) rare tains only 19. imperator common JOR, KSA, OM, A1 – A3, (Leach, 1815) UAE, YEM (incl. B1, B2 SOQ) 20. Anax parthenope (Se- common JOR, KSA, OM, A1 – A3, migratory lys, 1839) UAE, YEM B1, B2 21. Anax speratus (Hagen, rare SW-Arabia (KSA, A1 1867) YEM) – A3a 22. Anax tistis (Hagen, rare OM A1, A2, strong migrant 1867) B1 23. Hemianax ephippiger common all over Arabia A1 notorious migrant (Burmeister, 1839) – A3a, B1, B2

GOMPHIDAE 24. Lindenia tetraphylla fairly com- JOR, KSA, KU, A1 notorious migrant (Vander Linden, 1825) mon UAE 25. Paragomphus genei fairly com- JOR, KSA, OM, A3b, B1 (Selys, 1841) mon YEM (incl. SOQ), UAE 26. Paragomphus sinaiti- common KSA, OM, UAE, A3b, B1, cus (Morton, 1929) YEM (?) B2 (?)

LIBELLULIDAE 27. farinosa fairly com- S-Arabia (OM, A1 – A3 (Foerster, 1898) mon YEM) 28. abbotti rare JOR, YEM A3b (?) one record for (Calvert, 1899) Jordan 29. Orthetrum anceps fairly com- JOR, KSA (Hijaz A1 – A3 (Schneider, 1845) mon only) 30. Orthetrum caffrum common KSA (Asir), YEM A3a & b, (Burmeister, 1839) (SW) B2 (?)

195 31. Orthetrum chrysostig- very common all over Arabia A1 – A3, estivating larvae? ma (Burmeister, 1839) (incl. SOQ) B1, B2 32. Orthetrum julia falsum rare YEM (incl. SOQ) A1 – A3 (Longfield, 1955) 33. Orthetrum koll- rare YEM ? unpublished mannspergeri (Buchholtz, record; confused 1959) with O. taeniola- tum 34. Orthetrum ransonneti rare JOR, OM, UAE (?) A3b records from the (Brauer, 1865) Levant 35. Orthetrum sabina very common all over Arabia A1 – A3, (Drury, 1773) (incl. SOQ) B1, B2 36. Orthetrum taeniola- common JOR, KSA, KU, A1 – A3 confused with O. tium (Schneider, 1845) OM (except Dho- kollmannspergeri far), UAE, YEM (?) 37. Orthetrum trinacria rare JOR, KSA ? (Selys, 1841) 38. Brachythemis fusco- rare KSA unpublished palliata (Selys, 1887) record 39. Brachythemis leucos- common JOR, KSA A1 – A3, ticta (Burmeister, 1839) B2 40. Crocothemis chaldaeo- common (?) KSA, KU, UAE, A1, A2 confused with rum (Morton, 1920) OM (north only) C.erythraea 41. Crocothemis erythraea common all over Arabia A1, A2 Confused with C. (Brulle, 1832) (incl. SOQ) chaldaeorum in E-Arabia 42. Crocothemis sanguino- rare (?) JOR, KSA (SW), A3 subspecies ara- lenta (Burmeister, 1839) OM, YEM bica Schneider, 1982 43. Crocothemis servilia fairly com- JOR, KSA A1 – A3 notorious migrant (Drury, 1770) mon 44. Diplacodes lefebvrii common JOR, KSA, KU, A1 – A3 (Rambur, 1842) OM, UAE, YEM (incl. SOQ) 45. Sympetrum fonscolom- fairly com- all over Arabia A1 – A3 migratory, record bii (Selys, 1840) mon (incl. SOQ) for SOQ unpub- lished 46. Sympetrum sinaiticum very rare JOR, KSA A1 – A3 (Dumont, 1977) 47. annulata common all over Arabia A1 – A3 subspecific classi- (Beauvais, 1807) fication unclear 48. Trithemis arteriosa common all over Arabia A1 – A3 subspecific classi- (Burmeister, 1839) (incl. SOQ) fication unclear 49. Trithemis donaldsoni rare YEM A1 – A3 (Calvert, 1899) 50. Trithemis furva common SW-Arabia (KSA, A1 – A3 (Karsch, 1899) YEM)

196 51. Trithemis kirbyi (Selys, very common KSA, OM, UAE, A1 – A3 1891) YEM 52. Trithemis pallidinervis very rare OM (N only) ? (Kirby, 1889) 53. Palpopleura deceptor very rare KSA A1 relict species, (Calvert, 1899) only one record, CR in Arabia (?) 54. Macrodiplax cora common OM, YEM (incl. A1 notorious migrant (Kaup in Brauer, 1867) SOQ) 55. Selysiothemis nigra common JOR, KSA, KU, A1, B1 notorious migrant (Vander Linden, 1825) OM, UAE, YEM (?) 56. Urothemis edwardsi very rare JOR, OM (Dhofar A1 relict population, (Selys, 1849) only) CR in Arabia (?); EX subspecies hulae Dumont, 1975 in JOR 57. Urothemis th. thomasi rare, en- S-Arabia (OM, A1 VU (?) (Longfield, 1932) demic YEM) 58. Zygonyx torridus common all over Arabia A3a & b (Kirby, 1889) (incl. SOQ) 59. Rhyothemis semihyali- very rare OM (Dhofar only) A1 relict population, na separata (Selys, 1849) CR in Arabia (?); EX subspecies syriaca Selys, 1849 60. Pantala flavescens common all over Arabia (incl A1, B1 (Fabricius, 1798) SOQ) 61. Tramea basilaris rare KSA (SW), OM, A1 tropical migrant (Beauvois, 1817) YEM (SOQ) 62. Tramea limbata rare OM (Dhofar only), A1 tropical migrant (Desjardins, 1832) YEM (SOQ) 63. Acisoma panorpoides rare OM (Dhofar only) A1 relict population, ascalaphoides (Rambur, CR in Arabia (?) 1842)

197 8.2.4. Annex 2.4. Insecta (Non-Odonata) of the Arabian Peninsula

Ephemeroptera Baetis balcanicus Müller-Liebenau & Soldan KSA Caenis corana (Thomas & Sartori) KSA Caenis luctuosa (Burmeister) KSA Centroptilum dimorphicum Soldan & Thomas KSA Choroterpes arabica Sartori & Gillies YEM Choroterpes pacis Sartori SOO Cloeon saharense Soldan & Thomas KSA SOO

Total No. of species 07 Approximate % of endemics 65%

Trichoptera Abaria tripunctata Moseley YEM Cheumatopsyche capitella Martynov UAE Cheumatopsyche columnata Martynov YEM Cheumatopsyche thaba Mosely YEM KSA Chimarra lejea Moseley YEM Chimarra saudia Malicky KSA Dhatrichia inasa Moseley YEM Ecnomus arabicus Malicky KSA Hydroptila adana Moseley YEM Hydroptila hirra Moseley YEM KSA Mesophylax asperses Rambur KSA Microptila bejela Moseley YEM Oecetis terraesanctae Botosaneanu & Gasith YEM Setodes alalus Moseley YEM KSA Setodus sugdeni Malicky UAE Stactobia fahija (Moseley) YEM Ylodes reuteri McLachlan KSA

Total No. of species 17 Approximate % of endemics 65%

Hemiptera, Corixidae Cymatia rogenhoferi (Fieber) KSA Corixa affinis Leach YEM Heliocorisa vermiculata (Puton) KSA Micronecta anatolica Lindberg YEM Micronecta isis Horvath YEM KSA Micronecta scutellaris (Stal) YEM KSA Sigara assimilis (Fieber) KSA Sigara hoggarica Poisson YEM KSA Sigara lateralis (Leach) YEM KSA Sigara lunbladiana Hutchinson YEM KSA Sigara marginata (Fieber) YEM KSA

Total No. of species 11 Approximate % of endemics 10% 198 Hemiptera, Notonectidae Anisops ariva Lansbury YEM Anisops convexonota Brown YEM KSA Anisops crinita Brooks KSA Anisops debilis perplexa Poisson YEM UAE KSA Anisops pellucens Gerstaecker YEM Anisops popovi Lansbury YEM Anisops sardea Herrich-Schaeffer YEM KSA Anisops socotrensis Brown YEM Anisops varia Fieber YEM KSA Anisops varia scutellata Fieber KSA Enithares rhodopis Hutchinson KSA Enithares sobria (Stål) YEM KSA Notonecta arabiensis Hungerford YEM KSA

Total No. of species 13 Approximate % of endemics 40%

Coleoptera, Dytiscidae Aglymbus gestroi Sharp KSA Coelambus confluens (Fabricius) YEM KSA Coelambus elevatus Sharp KSA Coelambus inscriptus Sharp KSA Colymbetes piceus Klug KSA Colymbetes substrigatus Sharp YEM Copelatus pulchellus Klug KSA Cybister africanus Laporte YEM Cybister cephalotes Sharp YEM KSA Cybister punctipennis (Taschenberg) YEM Cybister tripunctatus africanus Castel¬nau YEM KSA Cybister vulneratus Klug YEM KSA SOO Eretes helvolus Klug YEM Eretes sticticus (Linnaeus) YEM KSA QAT UAE SOO Eretes succinctus Klug YEM Guignotus angularis (Klug) KSA Guignotus capensis (Régimbart) YEM KSA Guignotus confusus (Klug) YEM KSA Guignotus major (Sharp) YEM KSA Guignotus pentagrammus (Schaum) KSA Guignotus pusillus (Fabricius) KSA Guignotus signatellus Klug KSA Herophydris musicus Klug KSA Hydaticus arabicus Guignot YEM Hydaticus decorus Klug YEM KSA Hydaticus histrio Clark YEM SOO Hydaticus jucundus Reiche YEM KSA Hydaticus ponticus Sharp KSA Hydroglyphis angularis (Klug) KSA Hydroglyphus capensis (Régimbart) KSA Hydroglyphus major (Sharp) KSA Hydroglyphus pusillus (Fabricius) KSA 199 Hydroglyphus signatellus Klug KSA Hydrovatus aristidis Leprieur KSA Hydrovatus sordidus Sharp KSA Hydaticus satoi Wewalka SOO Hyphydrus guineensis Aubé YEM Hyphydrus pictus Klug YEM KSA Laccophilus maindroni Régimbart SOO Laccophilus pictipennis Sharp YEM KSA Laccophilus sharpi Régimbart KSA Laccophilus sordidus Sharp YEM KSA Laccophilus sublineatus Sharp YEM Laccophilus variegates Germar KSA Methles cribratellus (Fairmaire) KSA Potamonectes banajai Brancucci KSA Potamonectes insignis (Klug) YEM KSA Potamonectes mascatensis Régimbart SOO Potamonectes millingeni Balfour-Browne KSA Potamonectes seriatus (Sharp) YEM KSA Potamonectes walkeri (van den Branden) KSA Prodaticus africanus Rocchi KSA Prodaticus pictus Sharp YEM KSA SOO Rhantus includens (Walker) YEM KSA Rhantus pulverosus (Stephens) KSA Yola bicristata (Sharp) YEM KSA Yola buettikeri Brancucci KSA Yola darfurensis Balfour-Browne YEM KSA Yola enigmata Omer-Cooper KSA Yola insignis (Sharp) YEM KSA Yola porcata (Klug) KSA

Total No. of species 55 Approximate % of endemics 35%

Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae Agraphydris minutissimus (Kuwert) KSA SOO Allocotocerus striatopunctatus (Castelnau) KSA Arabhydrus gallagheri Hebauer SOO Berosus asiaticus Kuwert KSA Berosus fuscostriatus Fairmaire KSA SOO Berosus insolitus Orchymont KSA Berosus nigriceps (Fabricius) KSA SOO Berosus problematicus Schödl YEM Berosus pulchellus McLeay KSA Berosus rubiginosus Kuwert KSA SOO Cercyon nigriceps (Marsham) KSA Cercyon quisquilius (Linnaeus) KSA Cercyon subsolanus Balfour-Browne KSA Coelostoma horni (Régimbart) KSA SOO Coelostoma stultum (Walker) KSA SOO Coelostoma transpaspicum Reitter KSA SOO Cryptopleurum ferrugineum Motschulsky KSA 200 Dactylosternum abdominale (Fabricius) KSA Dactylosternum depressum (Klug) KSA Enochrus ater (Kuwert) KSA SOO Enochrus circumductus (Régimbart) YEM Enochrus esuriens (Walker) KSA Enochrus hesperidum (Sharp) YEM Enochrus latus (Kuwert, 1888) KSA Enochrus nitidulus (Kuwert) KSA Enochrus politus (Küster) SOO Enochrus segmentinotatus (Kuwert) KSA Enochrus tetraspilus (Régimbart) KSA Helochares andreinii Orchymont KSA SOO Helochares crenatuloides Orchymont SOO Helochares pallens (McLeay) KSA Hydrochara flavipalpis Boheman SOO Hydrophilus aculeatus Solier YEM KSA SOO Hydrous senegalensis Perch YEM Laccobius arabicus Gentili YEM KSA Laccobius eremita Gentili KSA Laccobius eximius Kuwert KSA Laccobius gracilis Mots. YEM Laccobius leucaspis Kiessenwetter KSA Laccobius minor (Wollaston) YEM KSA Laccobius praecipuus Kuwert YEM KSA QAT SOO Laccobius subpictus erlangeri (Ré¬gim¬bart) YEM KSA Pachysternum brunneum Balfour-Browne YEM Paracymus relaxus Rey KSA Regimbartia attenuata (Fabricius) SOO Sphaeridium exile Boheman YEM Sphaeridium quinquemaculatum Fabricius KSA Sphaeridium senegalense Castelnau YEM Sternolophus decens Zaitsev YEM KSA SOO Sternolophus solieri Castelnau YEM Temnopterus spinipennis Gory YEM Thysanarthria brittoni Balfour-Browne YEM Thysanarthria sulcata (Chiesa) SOO

Total No. of species 53 Approximate % of endemics 28%

Diptera, Limoniidae Conosia irrorata (Wiedemann) KSA KUW Dicranomyia convoluta Hancock MS YEM Gonomyia saudiarabiensis Hancock YEM KSA SOO Gonomyia yemenensis Hancock MS YEM Hexatoma omanensis Hancock SOO Thaumastoptera calceata Mik KSA Idiocera buettikeri Hancock KSA SOO Idiocera hofufensis Hancock KSA Idiocera lanciformis Hancock SOO Idiocera lobatostylata Hancock KSA 201 Idiocera omanensis Hancock SOO Idiocera sanaaensis Hancock MS YEM Limonia sokotrana (Alexander) YEM Styringomyia ebejeri Hancock SOO UAE Symplecta harteni Hancock MS YEM Symplecta pilipes (Fabricius) KSA KUW YEM

Total No. of species 16 Approximate % of endemics 75%

Diptera, Tipulidae Holorusia albovittata (Macquart) YEM Tipula orientalis Lackschewitz YEM KSA

Total No. of species 02 Approximate % of endemics 50%

Diptera, Chironomidae Ablabesmyia longistyla Fittkau KSA SOO Ablabesmyia monilis (Linnaeus) KSA Bryophaenocladius paraproductus Cranston & Judd KSA Chironomus annularis Degeer YEM Chironomus calipterus Kieffer KSA UAE Chironomus seychelleanus Kieffer KSA SOO Cladotanytarsus omanensis Cranston KSA SOO Cladotanytarsus pseudomancus (Goetghebuer) KSA SOO Cladotanytarsus reductus (Freeman) KSA Conchapelopia trifascia (Freeman) KSA Cricotopus albitibia (Walker) KSA Cryptochironomus diceras Kieffer KSA Cryptochironomus rostratus Kieffer KSA Dicrotendipes freemani Epler KSA SOO Dicrotendipes peringueyanus Kieffer KSA Dicrotendipes pilosimanus quatuordecimpunctatus (Goetghebuer) YEM Dicrotendipes sudanicus (Freeman) KSA SOO Kiefferulus disparilis (Goetghebuer) KSA Larsia rutshuruiensis (Goetghebuer) KSA Larsia teesdalei (Freeman) KSA Microchironomus deribae (Freeman) QAT Microchironomus lendli (Kieffer) KSA Microchironomus tener (Kieffer) KSA Microtendipes umbrosus Freeman KSA Neozavrelia nudalus Cranston KSA Neozavrelia saudiarabica Cranston KSA Paramerina vaillanti Fittkau KSA Paraphaenocladius impensus (Walker) KSA Paratendipes nubilipennis Freeman KSA Paratendipes nudisquama (Edwards) KSA SOO Paratrichocladius micans (Kieffer) YEM KSA Polypedilum aegyptium Kieffer KSA SOO 202 Polypedilum alticola Kieffer KSA Polypedilum bifurcatum Cranston KSA SOO Polypedilum buettikeri Cranston KSA Polypedilum malickianum Cranston KSA Polypedilum nubeculosum (Meigen) KSA Polypedilum nubifer (Skuse) KSA SOO QAT Polypedilum tana Cranston & Judd KSA Polypedilum wittei Freeman KSA Procladius apicalis (Kieffer) KSA Procladius brevipetiolatus (Goetghebuer) KSA Procladius reidi Freeman KSA Psectrocladius limbatellus (Holmgren) KSA Rheotanytarsus ringei Lehmann KSA Stictochironomus puripennis (Kieffer) KSA SOO Tanytarsus horni Goetghebuer KSA Tanytarsus mcmillani Freeman KSA SOO Tanytarsus nigricornis Goetghebuer YEM Tanytarsus nimar Cranston KSA Tanytarsus pallidulus Freeman YEM KSA Tanytarsus trifidus Freeman KSA SOO Virgatanytarsus arduennensis (Goetghebuer) KSA SOO Virgatanytarsus nigricornis (Goetghebuer) KSA

Total No. of species 54 Approximate % of endemics 65%

Diptera, Culicidae Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) YEM Aedes caspius (Pallas) YEM UAE Aedes grantii (Theobald) YEM Aedes hirsutus adenensis Edwards YEM Aedes natronius Edwards YEM Aedes vexans arabiensis (Patton) YEM Aedes vittatus Bigot YEM Anopheles arabiensis Patton YEM Anopheles cinereus Theobald YEM Anopheles culifacies Giles UAE Anopheles culifacies adenensis Christophers YEM Anopheles dthali Patton YEM Anopheles fluviatilis James YEM Anopheles gambiae Giles YEM Anopheles pharaoensis Theobald YEM Anopheles pretoriensis (Theobald) YEM Anopheles rupicolus Lewis YEM Anopheles sergentii (Theobald) YEM Anopheles squamosus Theobald YEM Anopheles stephensi Liston UAE Anopheles turkhudi Liston YEM Culex annulus Theobald YEM Culex arbieeni Salem YEM Culex decens Theobald YEM 203 Culex ethiopicus Edwards YEM Culex fatigans Wiedemann YEM Culex laticinctus Edwards YEM Culex mattinglyi Knight YEM Culex molesuts Firsskal QAT Culex nebulosus Theobald YEM Culex pipiens Linnaeus YEM UAE Culex pusillus Mcquart UAE Culex quinquefasciatus Say YEM UAE Culex salisburiensis salisburiensis The¬o¬bald YEM Culex simpsoni Theobald YEM Culex sinaiticus Kirkpatrick YEM Culex sitiens Wiedemann YEM UAE Culex thalassius Theobald YEM Culex theileri Theobald YEM Culex tigripes Grandpré & Charmoy YEM Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles YEM UAE Culex univittatus Theobald YEM Culiseta longiareolata (Macquart) YEM Ochlerotatus caspius (Pallas) UAE Stegomyia fasciata Fabricius YEM

Total No. of species 45 Approximate % of endemics 18%

Diptera, Simuliidae Simulium arabicum Crosskey YEM KSA Simulium aureosimile PomeYEM YEM Similium buettikeri Crosskey & Roberts SOO UAE Simulium damnosum Theobald YEM Simulium dentulosum YEM Simulium hargreavesi Gibbins YEM KSA Simulium medusaeforme YEM Simulium nili Gibbins YEM KSA Simulium rasyani Garms, Kerner & Me¬re¬dith YEM Simulium ruficorne Macquart YEM KSA SOO Simulium ruthefoordi de Meillon YEM Simulium urundiense Fain YEM Simulium yemenense Crosskey & Garms YEM KSA

Total No. of species 13 Approximate % of endemics 30%

TOTAL NO. OF ALL SPECIES 286

204 8.1. Annex 3. Freshwater localities of the Arabian Peninsula

8.1.2. Annex 3.1. Freshwater localities in Yemen

I- Standing Water Bodies: a. Dam Reservoir (Marib). b. Hot springs of: 1. Ghail Bawazir (Hadhramaut). 2. As-Sukhna (Hudaidah). 3. Hammam Damt (Al-Baydha) 4. Hammam Ali (Thamar). c. Shoran Volcanic Lake () d. Temporary Seasonal ponds forming after rainy season. e. Various water dams

II- Wadis a. Major Wadis include: 1. Wadi Surdud (along Sana’a-Hudaidah Road). 2. Wadi Zabid (Hudaidah). 3. Wadi Mor (Hajjah). 4. Wadi Bana (Ibb). 5. Wadi Warazan (Taiz). 6. Wadi Al Barakani (Taiz). 7. Wadi Rasyan (Taiz). 8. Wadi Al Masila (Hadhramaut). 9. Wadi Tuban (Lahej). 10. Wadi Kadyut (Al Mahra). b. Various intermittent wadis and streams that appear after rainy seasons.

III- High mountain streams of southern mountain ranges of Yemen (Hadramauth,...)

IV- Freshwater Habitats of the Soqotra Archipelago a. coastal wells (coastal plain Hadiboh-Mori, wells Abd al Kuri, Samha) b. permanent mountain streams Haggeher Mountains and Deksam plateau c. subterraneous freshwater rivers and lakes (Kasekas, Erher Cave, Ghiniba Cave, Hoq Cave and Fozzreher Cave...) d. permanent lakes and marshes (Deksam plateau, e.g. Leem Deksam) e. ephemeral pools in limestone rock (Eriosh, Rewgid, Maleh)

8.1.2. Annex 3.2. Freshwater localities in Jordania

I- Permanent water bodies a. “Burqu” (Eastern Desert) b. Azraq Wetland (Eastern Jordania) c. Hot spring Al Afra and Burbaita

II- Running water/Rivers in Dead Sea Drainage Basin 1. Ghor Fifa 2. Wadi Khnaizerah 3. Wadi Al-Hadeatha 205 4. Wadi Al-Hujib 5. Wadi Al-Hassa

8.1.3. Annex 3.3. Freshwater localities in UAE See Scott, 1996

Wadis Hajar Mountains Streams and pools Fujairah and Ras al Khaima Al Ain Oasis Aflaj Ain Al Faidya East of Jabel Hafeet Wadi Bih, Wadi Khab, Wadi Zibat, Wadi W’raia, Wadi Shaqwah, Wadi Shee

Artificial lakes: Al Ajban, Rufaisa Dam

8.1.4. Annex 3.4. Freshwater localities in KSA

Standing water: Wadi Jizan Dam Wadi Besha Dam Dhamat Al-Jindul Al-Aflag Bader (spring near Medina) Oasis complex in Eastern province (Al Hofuf, Al Aba)

Wadi Turabah Wadi Masilah Wadi Dawassir

Running water: Al-Boha, Asir, Al Hair

Special: thermal springs: Gizan hotsprings, Ahsa hotspring

8.1.4. Annex 3.4. Freshwater localities in OM

Khors: southern Oman Thermal springs all Cold springs north and south oman Aflaj permanent water Haylas and Huqf temporary pools Hoti Cave and Tavi Attair (Jebal Samhan) Wadi Bani Khaled

Nakhl Al-Thuwarah

....

206 Workshop Participants

Contact details

2005

207 Bahrain

1 Mr. Mubarak Ali Mohanna Al-Dosary Head of Mammals Department of Protected Areas NCWP PO Box 28690 State of Bahrain T. 00973 836116 F. 00973 836117/8 M. 00973 3919 6108 Email: [email protected]

2 Mr. Abbas Hussain Mohammed Specialist for Wildlife Capture and Breeding NCWP PO Box 28690 State of Bahrain T. 00973 836116 F. 00973 836117/8

3 Dr. Nayel Mohammed Nayel PO Box 28532 West Rifaa Kingdom of Bahrain F. +973 17750715 M. +973 396 44911 Email: [email protected]

Belgium

4 Dr. Kay van Damme Ghent University Faculty of Sciences Department of Biology Limnology Research Group KL Ledeganckstraat 35 B-9000 Ghent Belgium T. 0032 9264 5263 F. 0032 9264 4353 Email [email protected]

Germany

5 Dr. Dieter Ernst Biologist Kielerstr. 148 D-22769, Hamburg T/F. 040/8503995 Email: [email protected] 208 6 Prof. HS Robert Glaser Gutenbergstr 24 D-35390 Giessen Germany T. +49 641 35129

7 Dr. Wolfgang Schneider Hessisches Landesmusseum Friedensplatz 1 64283 Darmstadt Germany T. 0049 6151 165707 F. 0049 6151 165765 Email [email protected]

India

8 Mr. M. Zafar-ul Islam Projects Manager Important Bird Areas and Indian Bird Conservation Network Bombay Natural History Society Hornbill House Shaheed Bhagat Singh Road Mumbai 400 023 India T. +91 22 22821811 F. +91 22 22837615 M. +91 22 22837615 Email [email protected] Website: www.bnhs.org www.ibcnetwork.org

Jordan

9 Mr. Mohammad Adnan Abu Baker Jordan University of Science and Technology Department of Applied Biological Sciences PO Box 3030 Irbid 22110 Jordan T. +962 2 295111 F. +962 2 295123 M. +962 77 430540 Email: [email protected]

209 10 Mr. Mayas Qarqaz Fauna Research Team Leader Research and Survey Section Royal Society for Conservation of Nature PO Box 1215 Amman 11941 Jordan T +962 6 5337931/2 F +962 6 5347411 M +962 077619330 Email: [email protected] [email protected]

11 Mr. Khaldoun Alomari Bird Research Team Leader Research and Survey Section Royal Society for Conservation of Nature PO Box 1215 Amman 11941 Jordan T. +962 6 5337931/2 F. +962 6 5347411 Email [email protected]

12 Dr Zuhair Amr Jordan University of Science and Technology Department of Biology PO Box 3030 Irbid Jordan T. +962 2 295111 ext 3468 F. +962 2 295123 M. +962 79 545281 Email: [email protected]

13 Mr. Nashat Hamidan Dept of Biological Sciences Faculty of Sciences University of Jordan Amman - 11942 Jordan T. +962 6 843555 +962 6 843666 ext: 3162 +962 6 5159687 (home) F. +962 6 5348932 Email: [email protected]

210 Oman

14 Dr. Andrew Spalton Office of the Advisor for Conservation of the Environment Diwan of Royal Court PO Box 246 Muscat 113 Sultanate of Oman T. +968 693 536/7 F. +968 693 883 Email [email protected]

15 Mr. Hadi Musalam al Hikmi Office of the Advisor for Conservation of the Environment Diwan of Royal Court PO Box 246 Muscat 113 Sultanate of Oman T. +968 693 536/7 F. +968 693 883

16 Prof. Reginald Victor Director Centre for Environmental Studies and Research (CESAR) PO Box 17 SQU 123 Sultanate of Oman T. +968 244 15 442 ext 3122 F. +968 244 14012 M. +968 99724493 Email [email protected]

17 Dr. Michael Robinson Department of Biology SQU PO Box 36 Al Khoud PC 123 Muscat Sultanate of Oman Email [email protected]

18 Mr. Khalid al Rasbi Oman Mammal Breeding Centre Seef Muscat Sultanate of Oman T. +968 24 530 220

211 19 Mr. Salim Al Mashni Director of Veterinary Services Royal Razat Farm Royal Farm and Gardens Royal Court Affairs Salalah F. +968 2323 5009 +968 2323 5306

20 Ali Salem Musalem Bait Said Director of Nature Conservation, Wildlife Ministry of Regional Municipalities and Environment and Water Resources PO Box 2035 Code No. 211 Salalah Dhofar Sultanate of Oman T. +968 226005 F. +968 226012 M. +968 9499643 Email: [email protected]

Qatar

21 Mohammed Sayd al Kuadi Supreme Council for the Environment and Natural Reserves Email [email protected] F. +974 441 5248

22 Sayd Abdallah al Aswad Supreme Council for the Environment and Natural Reserves F. +974 441 5248

KSA

23 Mr Abdulrahman Khoja Administration Director National Wildlife Research Centre (NWRC) PO Box 1086 Taif Kingdom of Saudi Arabia T. +966 2 7455188 F. +966 2 7455176 M. +966 50 571 2405 Email: [email protected]

212 24 Mr. Mohammed Al Dewani Al Dewani Parrots Farm PO Box 25341 Al Jafar 31982 Al Ahsa Kingdom of Saudi Arabia T. +966 5390963 F. +966 5390967 Email [email protected]

25 Dr Mohammed Shobrak Director National Wildlife Research Centre (NWRC) PO Box 1086 Ta’if Kingdom of Saudi Arabia T. +966 2 745 5188 F. +966 2 745 5176 M. +966 50 572 1001

26 Mr. Hany Tatwany National Commission for Wildlife Conservation and Development PO Box 61681 Riyad 11575 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia T +966 1 441 8700 x 45 F +966 1 441 8413 M +966 50 520 1757

27 Dr. Ahmed Boug National Wildlife Research Centre (NWRC) PO Box 1086 Ta’if Kingdom of Saudi Arabia T +966 2 745 5188 F +966 745 5176 M +966 50 532 8093

28 Mr. Bandar Alfaleh National Commission for Wildlife Conservation and Development PO Box 61681 Riyad 11575 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia F + 966 1 441 8413 M +966 50 528 2135

213 29 Mr. Ibrahim Gabel Alharthi National Commission for Wildlife Conservation and Development PO Box 61681 Riyad 11575 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia F +966 1 441 8413 M +966 50 058 6652

30 Mr. Husam Abdulwahab Abuzinada National Wildlife Research Centre (NWRC) PO Box 1086 Ta’if Kingdom of Saudi Arabia T. +966 2 745 5188 F. +966 2 745 5176 M. +966 50 571 2405

UAE

31 Dr. Tom Bailey Dubai Falcon Hospital PO Box 23919 Dubai UAE F. +971 4 337 9223 M. +971 50 644 5829 Email: [email protected]

32 Ms. Barabra Arca Veterinarian Wildlife Protection Office PO Box 27962 Dubai UAE T. +971 4 334 4262 F. +971 4 394 3128

33 Dr Peter Mckinney Veterinary Officer Wildlife Protection Office PO Box 27962 Dubai UAE T. +971 4 3344262 F. +971 4 394 3128 Email: [email protected]

214 34 Ms. Ingrid Barcelo Llanes Research Associate ERWDA PO Box 2723 Abu Dhabi UAE T. +971 2 444 6428 F. +971 2 681 0008 M. +971 50 532 5713 Email: [email protected]

35 Mr. Christopher Drew Zoologist TERC ERWDA PO Box 45553 Abu Dhabi UAE T. +971 2 693 4646 F. +971 2 681 0008 M. +971 50 442 8401 Email: [email protected]

36 Mr. Gary Feulner Dubai Natural History Group PO Box 31045 Dubai UAE T. +971 4 330 3600 F. +971 4 330 3550 Email: [email protected]

37 Mr. Christian Gross CG Associates and Animal Management Consultancy PO Box 1022 Umm al Quwain T. +971 6 766 2293 F. +971 6 766 2294 Email: [email protected]

38 Jonathan Ali Khan Managing Director Ocean World Productions FZ.LLC PO Box 27419 Dubai UAE T. +971 4 282 0872 F. +971 4 282 4165 Email: [email protected]

215 39 Mr. Norman Ali Khalaf Zoologist PO Box 37038 Sharjah UAE T/F. +971 6 5313350 M. +971 50 488 8604 Email [email protected] Website www.gazelle.8m.net www.jaffa.8m.net

40 Dr. Mohammed Ali Rheza Khan Head of Zoo Section Public Parks and Horticulture Department Dubai Municipality PO Box 67 Dubai UAE T. +971 4 2215555 F. +971 4 224 6666 M. +971 506537451 Email: [email protected] [email protected]

41 Engineer Ibrahim Ahmed Khuluti Head of Planning and Follow-up Section Environment Protection and Industrial Development Commission Government of Ras al Khaimah PO Box 11377 Ras al Khaimah UAE T. +971 7 228 4080 F. +971 7 228 4090 M. +971 50 511 9407 Email: [email protected] [email protected]

42 Mr. Sean McKeown Collection Manager H.E. Sheikh Butti bin Juma al Maktoum’s Wildlife Centre PO Box 7237 Dubai UAE T. +971 4 337 9097 F. +971 4 337 9097 M. +971 50 451 7373 Email: [email protected]

216 43 Mr. Declan O’ Donovan Wadi al Safa Wildlife Centre PO Box 27875 Dubai UAE F. +971 4 335 9000 M. +971 50 659 0777 Email: [email protected]

44 Dr. Christophe Tourenq Wildlife Ecologist TERC ERWDA PO Box 45553 Abu Dhabi UAE T. +971 2 693 4483 Email: [email protected]

45 Dr. Raju P. Vasudevan Veterinarian PO Box 12188 Hatta Conservation Area UAE M. +971 50 655 4108 Email: [email protected]

46 Dr. Mohammed Wazed Wildlife Protection Office PO Box 27942 Dubai UAE T. +971 4 334 4262 F. +971 50 650 6250 Email: [email protected]

47 Dr. Neelofar Ecologist Environment and Wildlife Management Private Department of HH Sheik Zayed Bin Sultan Al Nahyan PO Box 77 Abu Dhabi Abu Dhabi F. +971 2 666 3033 M. +971 50 472 2626 Email: [email protected]

217 48 Mr. Abdul Monem Mohamed Darwish Director Environmental Research Department Emirates Heritage Club PO Box 42959 Abu Dhabi T. +971 2 445 6456 F. +971 2 445 4664 M. +971 50 5141414 Email: [email protected]

49 Mr. Jannes Kruger Falconer Al Hurr Falconry Services PO Box 73095 Dubai F. +971 4 264 5773 M. +971 50 7966294 Email [email protected] Web www.alhurrfalconry.com

50 Ms. Muna Obaid Al Ain Zoological Park PO Box 1042 Al Ain T. +971 3 782 8188 F. +971 3 782 9112 M. +971 50 818 1809 Email [email protected]

51 Dr. Laco Molnar Avian and Wildlife Medicine Al Warsan Falcon Hospital PO Box 77338 Abu Dhabi F. +971 2 563 3881 M. +971 50 612 6267 Email [email protected]

52 Mr. Simon Aspinall Email [email protected]

53 Mr. Tony van Harten UAE Insect Project PO Box 63799 Sharjah T +971 50 327 0876 Email: [email protected]

218 55 Mr. Greg Simkins Dubai Desert Conservation Reserve PO Box 7631 Dubai T. +971 4 832 9900

56 Mr. Gavin Nel Dubai Desert Conservation Reserve PO Box 7631 Dubai T. +971 4 832 9900

57 Mr. Geer Scheers Endangered Wildlife Breeding Centre PO Box 47087 Abu Dhabi T +971 3 701 5555 F +971 3 721 1880 M +971 50 818 8384 Email: [email protected]

58 Mr. Abdulaziz Abdul Razaq Al Mutawa Thuraya Satellite Telecommunications Company PO Box 29222 Sharjah T. +971 6 882 8888 F. +971 6 882 8484 M. +971 50 530 4111 Email [email protected]

United Kingdom

60 Dr. David Mallon Regional Chairperson of the Antelope Specialist Group (Asia and Middle East) Species Survival Commission (IUCN) 3 Acre Street Glossop Derbyshire SK13 8JS UK T. +44 1457 853560 F. +44 1457 852578 Email: [email protected]

219 61 Dr. Nigel Collar Leventis Fellow in Conservation Biology Special Advisor (Development) to the Chief Executive Birdlife International Wellbrook Court Girton Road Cambridge CB3 0NA United Kingdom T. +44 1223 279811 +44 1223 762979 Email [email protected] Website www.birdlife.org

62 Mr. James Murdoch IUCN/SSC Canid Specialist Group WildCRU University of Oxford Tubney House Abingdon Road Abingdon OX13 5QL UK T. +44 1865 393 100 F. +44 1865 393 101 Email [email protected]

Yemen

63 Ass. Prof. Ahmed Mohammed Al-Saqqaf Assistant Professor of Environmental Education Head of Society/ Dean of Faculty PO Box 50788 Mukalla Hadramaut Yemen T. +967 5 360764 M. +967 71709976 Email: [email protected]

64 Dr. Karim Nasher, PhD Faculty of Science Sana’a University PO Box 12231 Sana’a Republic of Yemen T. +967 1 464558 (h) +967 1 200522 (o) F. +967 1 214075 M. +967 77911 596 Email [email protected] 220 65 Dr. Masaa al Jumaily PO Box 12231 Sana’a Republic of Yemen T. +967 1 464558 M. +967 77911 596 Email [email protected]

66 Mr Ahmed Ali Hassan

67 Mr. Jamal Aldeen Al Faqih

68 Omer Ahmed Hassan

69 Galal Hussein Nasser Email: [email protected]

221