Draft Supplemental Site Assessment Report ADOT&PF Yakutat Airport Multiple Sites Yakutat, Alaska
SLR Ref: 104.00065.12003
ADEC File Number: 1530.38.018
June 2012
Draft Supplemental Site Assessment Report ADOT&PF Yakutat Airport Multiple Sites Yakutat, Alaska
Prepared for: ALASKA DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION P.O. Box 111800 410 Willoughby, Suite 302 Juneau, AK 99811-1800
This document has been prepared by SLR International Corporation. The material and data in this report were prepared under the supervision and direction of the undersigned.
Christina Bentz Associate Geologist
Andy Larson Project Manager
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CONTENTS
ACRONYMS ...... iii
1.0 INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1 Background ...... 1 1.2 Regional Setting ...... 1 1.3 Regional and Local Geology ...... 2 1.4 Objectives ...... 2
2.0 REGULATORY CRITERIA ...... 3
3.0 ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS ...... 4 3.1 Recognized Environmental Conditions ...... 4 3.2 Historical Recognized Environmental Conditions ...... 5
4.0 CONTAMINATION AND EXPOSURE ...... 6 4.1 Nature and Distribution of Contaminants...... 6 4.2 Identification of Potential Contaminants of Concern ...... 7 4.2.1 Documented Substances Present at the Yakutat Airport ...... 7 4.2.2 Potential Contaminants of Conern ...... 8 4.3 Conceptual Site Model ...... 9 4.3.1 Impacted Media ...... 10 4.3.2 Transport Mechanisms and Exposure Media ...... 10 4.3.3 Exposure Pathways ...... 10 4.3.3.1 Complete or Potentially Complete Exposure Pathways ...... 10 4.3.3.2 Incomplete Exposure Pathways ...... 12 4.3.4 Current and Future Receptors ...... 12
5.0 POTENTIALLY RESPONSIBLE PARTIES ...... 13
6.0 PROPOSED FUTURE WORK ...... 17 6.1 Drinking Water Investigation ...... 17 6.1.1 Investigation Methods...... 17 6.1.2 Analytical Testing ...... 17 6.2 Indoor Air Study ...... 17 6.2.1 Investigation Methods...... 17 6.2.2 Analytical Testing ...... 18 6.3 Contaminated Soil and Groundwater Investigation and Delineation ...... 18 6.3.1 Investigation Methods...... 18 6.3.2 Analytical Testing ...... 19
7.0 REFERENCES ...... 20
Yakutat Airport Supplemental Report_D.docx June 2012 i CONTENTS (CONTINUED)
APPENDICES Appendix A Conceptual Site Model Scoping & Graphic Forms
Yakutat Airport Supplemental Report_D.docx June 2012 ii ACRONYMS
AAC Alaska Administrative Code ADEC Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation ADOT&PF Alaska Department of Transportation & Public Facilities AFFF aqueous fire fighting foam AST aboveground storage tank ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials bgs below ground surface CFC chlorofluorocarbons CSM Conceptual Site Model cy cubic yards DOT U.S. Department of Transportation DRO diesel range organics ESA environmental site assessment FAA Federal Aviation Administration FUDS Formerly Used Defense Sites GC gas chromatograph GRO gasoline range organics HCFC hydrochlorofluorocarbons HREC Historical Recognized Environmental Condition LUST leaking underground storage tanks NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NPS National Park Service NWS National Weather Service PAH polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon PCB polychlorinated biphenyls PCE tetrachloroethylene PCOC potential contaminant of concern PID photoionization detector PRP potential responsible parties RCRA Resource Conservation and Recovery Act REC Recognized Environmental Condition RRO residual range organics
Yakutat Airport Supplemental Report_D.docx June 2012 iii ACRONYMS (CONTINUED)
SIM selective ion monitoring SLR SLR International Corporation SREB Snow Removal Equipment Building TCE trichloroethylene USAF U.S. Air Force USEPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency WWII World War Two VOC volatile organic compound
Yakutat Airport Supplemental Report_D.docx June 2012 iv 1.0 INTRODUCTION
SLR International Corporation (SLR) was contracted by the Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation (ADEC) to complete a Phase I Environmental Site Assessment (ESA) in conformance with the scope and limitations of the American Society for Testing and Materials’ (ASTM) Standard Practice E 1527-05 for the Yakutat Airport State-owned or managed properties. In addition to the requirements of the ASTM Phase I ESA, ADEC also requested additional work in order to construct a comprehensive analysis of historical information and environmental conditions before site characterization or corrective actions plans are initiated. As part of this additional work ADEC would like to identify potential responsible parties (PRPs), clarify immediate liabilities, estimate the scope of future site investigations, and evaluate risk from completed contaminant exposure pathways.
1.1 BACKGROUND
The Site is a state-owned public-use airport located southeast of the main city of Yakutat in southeast Alaska. It is located approximately three miles from the City of Yakutat in Township 28 South, Range 34 East, Copper River Meridian, Records of the Juneau Recording District, First Judicial District of the State of Alaska. The Site is owned by the Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities (ADOT&PF) and the more developed portions of the airport are divided into blocks and lots. A few blocks and lots within the Site boundary have not been released to the State of Alaska by the U.S. government and remain federal property. These properties, which are excluded from the Site, include: Block 10, Lot 1; Block 14, Lots 1A and 6; and Block 15, Lots 1 and 2. The majority of the Site is utilized as an active airport although there are also lodging facilities, offices, vehicle maintenance and leasing facilities, residential housing, a restaurant/lounge, and other facilities.
The Site origins date back to 1940 when the Yakutat Army Airfield was constructed as part of the United States Army’s long-range defense program for Alaska during World War II (WWII). The airfield served as a ferrying field and refueling stop during the war. The airbase was placed on caretaker status in April 1944, declared surplus in December 1945, and ceased operations in 1946. Land not designed as part of the Tongass National Forest was placed in federal land holding for the Civil Aeronautics Administration (now known as the Federal Aviation Administration [FAA]). By 1948, all property used by the military had been declared surplus and today, none of the former military land is owned or controlled by the Department of Defense (USACE, 2008).
1.2 REGIONAL SETTING
The city of Yakutat is located at the mouth of Yakutat Bay in an isolated location in lowlands along the Gulf of Alaska, approximately 212 miles northwest of Juneau, Alaska. Yakutat has a climate located on the boundary of subarctic and subpolar oceanic. Yakutat has high annual precipitation.
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1.3 REGIONAL AND LOCAL GEOLOGY
Yakutat is located on the Yakutat foreland, a gently sloping glacial outwash plain between the Saint Elias Mountains and the Gulf of Alaska. Repeated cycles of glacial advance and retreat deposited the moraine complex and outer border of the outwash that now comprise the Yakutat foreland. Eight dominant surficial deposits have been mapped in the Yakutat area, all of Holocene age. These include artificial fill, organic, eolian, beach, delta-estuarine, alluvial, outwash, and moraine deposits. Artificial fill is mostly presented under the airport runways and other areas that were extensively modified during construction (USACE, 2008).
The structural geology of the local bedrock is somewhat complex with the Yakutat block being isolated at a transition margin. The Yakutat block is moving with the Pacific plate, colliding with, and subducting beneath, southern Alaska (USACE, 2008).
1.4 OBJECTIVES
The objectives of this report are to:
• Summarize key findings from the Phase I ESA;
• Clarify liabilities;
• Identify PRPs;
• Describe the nature and anticipated distribution of contaminants;
• Define potential contaminants of concern (PCOC);
• Evaluate risk from completed contaminant exposure pathways;
• Estimate quantities of contaminated soil; and,
• Estimate the scope of future site investigations (including methods for screening, sampling, and analytical testing).
Yakutat Airport Supplemental Report_D.docx June 2012 2 2.0 REGULATORY CRITERIA
The mostly likely cleanup levels for work at the Yakutat Airport are defined in Tables B1 and C in 18 Alaska Administrative Code (AAC) 75, Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Control Regulations, as amended through October 1, 2011 (ADEC, 2011b) for soil and groundwater, and in 18 AAC 70, Water Quality Standards, as amended through May 26, 2011 (ADEC, 2011a) for surface water. For soil, Yakutat is located in the over-40-inch zone. Sediment cleanup levels recommended for this site are those listed in National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Screening Quick Reference Tables (NOAA, 2008).
Yakutat Airport Supplemental Report_D.docx June 2012 3 3.0 ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
SLR performed a Phase I ESA of the ADOT&PF Yakutat Airport Multiple Sites property in Yakutat, Alaska (SLR, in progress). The Phase I ESA was performed in conformance with the scope and limitations of the ASTM’s Standard Practice E 1527-05. This assessment revealed the following findings with respect to Recognized Environmental Conditions (RECs) and Historical Recognized Environmental Conditions (HRECs) at the Yakutat Airport.
3.1 RECOGNIZED ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
SLR has performed a Phase I ESA of the ADOT&PF Yakutat Airport Multiple Sites property located in Yakutat, Alaska. The Phase I ESA was performed in conformance with the scope and limitations of the ASTM’s Standard Practice E 1527-05. Exceptions to, or deletions from, this practice are described in Section 4 of this report. This assessment has revealed the following findings with respect to RECs and HRECs at the Site:
• The Yakutat Airport has a long history of fuel handling, aircraft operations, vehicle maintenance and leasing, and other related activities that have been conducted dating back to WWII.
The following specific observations contributed to the Site-wide REC:
• Fifty-one aboveground storage tanks (ASTs), 34 drums, and other fuel containing vessels, with some exhibiting past releases, observed during the Site Reconnaissance. In addition former ASTs and underground storage tanks are known to exist at the Site based on the historical records reviewed.
• A contaminated soil stockpile was observed covering portions of Block 12, Lots 6 and 7 and Block 13, Lots 2, 5, and 6.
• Strip and floor drains with unknown discharge locations were observed associated with the buildings on Block 1, Parcel A (WWII hangar); Block 4, Lot 2; and Block 22, Lot 5.
• The presence of facilities with unknown discharge in conjunction with the waste lagoon, and large number of septic systems (with exact location and origins unknown).
• Staining was observed in several hangars and buildings at the Site. These include the WWII hangar on Block 1, Parcel A; the Alsek Air building on Block 1, Lot 1A; the Yakutat Coastal Airlines building on Block 2, Lot 3; the National Park Service (NPS) building on Block 4, Lot 2; the Situk Leasing building on Block 5, Lot 2; and the NOAA building on Block 17, Lot 2.
• An in-holding non-ADOT&PF property located on Block 15, Lots 1 and 2, was learned to be a polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)-cleanup site. The environmental records search did not find this Site and the current status is unknown. The lots are owned by the federal government and five monitoring wells were observed.
• Eight regulatory-managed contaminated sites are located within the Site boundary, and several open contaminated sites located close to the Site’s boundary.
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3.2 HISTORICAL RECOGNIZED ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
The following HRECs were identified:
• Twenty spills were found in ADEC’s spills database that may have occurred at or near the Site. All but three of these spills have been closed by ADEC; the remaining three spills were transferred to ADEC’s Contaminated Sites Department. These spills are classified as HRECs.
• Three records were found in ADEC’s Leaking Underground Storage Tanks (LUST) database of sites that have been closed within the Site boundary.
• There are contaminated sites within the Site boundary that are listed with a status of “Cleanup Complete” or “Cleanup Complete – Institutional Controls”.
Yakutat Airport Supplemental Report_D.docx June 2012 5 4.0 CONTAMINATION AND EXPOSURE
4.1 NATURE AND DISTRIBUTION OF CONTAMINANTS
Although several areas of known contamination have been identified by SLR during the Phase I ESA, the level of detail for these sites varies significantly. The formerly used defense sites (FUDS) are well documented although several, located within the boundary of the Site, indicate further characterization is needed (S&W, 2012). In addition to known contaminated sites, 20 documented spills were found that may have occurred at or near the airport. Although most of these have been closed by ADEC, the presence of remaining contamination was not readily available, nor the exact location of most of these spills. Based on the long history of fuel- handling at the Site, SLR assumes that petroleum-impacted soils and groundwater may be widespread across the developed portion of the airport.
Without further characterization, it is impractical to estimate the volume of contaminated soil present at the Site currently. Although, for four of the FUDS sites, the volume of contaminated soil was estimated as part of the Yakutat Airport Feasibility Study (S&W, 2010):
• Northwest Airport Drum Dump – 339 cubic yards (cy);
• Air Corps Warehouse Group No. 2 – 14 cy;
• Rifle Range – 460 cy; and
• Runway Safety Area 20 – 7,000 cy.
Other areas where visibly stained soil or flooring was noted and contamination is assumed present include:
• Soil staining beneath heating oil AST(s): − Block 2, Lot 4A, outside south face of lodge − Block 3, Lot 1A, most westerly lodge has AST against east side of building − Block 3, Lot 1A, south of lodge building − Block 3, Lot 1B, one tank between two most easterly cabins and one between the two most westerly − Block 22, Lot 5, south of the hangar − Block 40, Lot 7, east side of the garage/shop building
• Stained concrete flooring was noted inside the following buildings: − Snow Removal Equipment Building (SREB) − WWII Hangar on Block 1, Parcel A − Alsek Air on Block 1, Lot 1A − Fueling building Block 2, Lot 2 on inside of access fence − Yakutat Coastal Airlines Block 2, Lot 3 − Alaska Airlines Terminal Building Block 2, Lot 5 − Storage room/lodge on Block 3, Lot 1B − NPS Building on Block 4, Lot 2 − Situk Leasing Shop on Block 5, Lot 2
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− NOAA Shop on Block 17, Lot 2 − Kip Fanning’s Hangar on Block 22, Lot 5
4.2 IDENTIFICATION OF POTENTIAL CONTAMINANTS OF CONCERN
The following sections describe observed substances at the Yakutat Airport and identified PCOCs.
4.2.1 DOCUMENTED SUBSTANCES PRESENT AT THE YAKUTAT AIRPORT
During SLR’s Site reconnaissance visit in May 2012 the following substances were noted to be stored at the Site:
• Heating Oil
• Gasoline
• Diesel fuel
• Aviation fuel
• #2 fuel
• Batteries
• Waste oil
• Propane tanks
• De-icer (ethylene glycol) tanks
• Aluminum cleaner
• Wood preservatives
• High gloss enamel spray paints
• Acetone
• Engine oil
• Insulating foam sealant
• Aqueous fire fighting foam (AFFF)
• Purple K
• Old power transformers
• Shop and household cleaning supplies
• Urea deicing tanks and urea/sand storage piles; and
• Compressed helium.
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In addition, the following substances were known to exist on the Site historically:
• Agent Orange;
• Miscellaneous petroleum products;
• Tactical gas;
• Tar; and
• Chevron 325 solvent.
4.2.2 POTENTIAL CONTAMINANTS OF CONERN
On an airport-wide basis, the following PCOCs have been identified: gasoline range organics (GRO), diesel range organics (DRO), residual range organics (RRO), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), PCBs, and Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) metals, although the presence of PCBs is probably isolated to a few locations. Pesticides and/or herbicides have also been commonly used at airports, so may also be a site-wide PCOC. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) were each noted in one building, but due to the age of the facilities onsite, may be present in other buildings where interior inspection was not possible. These are considered to be localized to specific facilities as described below.
The following PCOCs have been identified for specific locations within the Site boundary:
SITE NAME PCOC FAA Building 607 PCBs, DRO, RRO, PAHs, lead ADOT&PF Former Shop Building PCBs, DRO, RRO, PAHs, lead ADOT&PF Borrow Pit A DRO, RRO, PAHs Alaska Airlines Cargo Building DRO NOAA Yakutat Office (Block 1, Lot 3A) DRO, RRO, PAHs ERA Aviation (Block 22, Lot 4) DRO, RRO, PAHs Alaska Airlines Chromium, lead, benzene, spent halogenated solvents used in degreasing, and spent non- halogenated solvents¹ WWII Hangar Building (Block 1, Parcel A) Asbestos, lead, mercury, and PCBs Sites with visibly stained soil from heating oil tanks (See Section 4.1) Petroleum hydrocarbons and associated compounds Sites with visibly stained flooring inside buildings (See Section 4.1) Petroleum hydrocarbons and associated compounds
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SITE NAME PCOC Strip and floor drains with unknown discharge (Block 4, Lot 2; Block 1, Petroleum hydrocarbons and VOCs Parcel A and Lot 1A; and Block 22, Lot 5) (including chlorinated solvents) Block 2, Lot 5 (Cold storage) HCFCs (R-22) Block 2, Lot 4A (Walk-in freezer) CFCs ¹ See Phase I ESA Section 2.1.1 for listing of spent halogenated and non-halogenated solvents found in site records for Alaska Airlines.
The following PCOCs have been identified at FUDS present within the Site boundary (S&W, 2012):
SITE NAME SOIL SURFACE WATER SEDIMENT Northwest Airport Drum DRO None Pentachlorophenol Dump Arsenic Arsenic Cadmium Mercury Quartermaster Loop Drum PCBs Barium DRO Dumps Selenium Mercury Air Corps Warehouse Arsenic Lead None Group No. 2 Rifle Range Lead None None
Runway Safety Area 20 Petroleum None None Hydrocarbons
4.3 CONCEPTUAL SITE MODEL
This Conceptual Site Model (CSM) was developed to qualitatively assess the risk to potential human receptors from contaminants in soil and groundwater at the Site. SLR notes that this CSM is for the entire Yakutat Airport and that at a particular location within the boundary of the Site not all of these findings may hold true (i.e., for sites where no PAHs, PCBs, or other compounds that can permeate the skin are found the dermal exposure pathways could be incomplete).
This CSM is based upon available data and describes the potential exposure scenarios for current and potential future site receptors. This CSM was prepared in accordance with the ADEC Draft Guidance on Developing Conceptual Site Models (ADEC, 2010) using the ADEC Draft Human Health Conceptual Site Model Scoping Form, which is included in Appendix A. The ADEC Draft Human Health Conceptual Site Model Diagram was used to summarize the results of the checklist, and is also included in Appendix A.
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4.3.1 IMPACTED MEDIA
Impacted media at the Site are the environmental matrices to which a contaminant is directly released (ADEC, 2010). Available records were reviewed in order to identify media which have been impacted as a result of Site activities. Based on available sample results and known historical use information, surface soil, subsurface soil, groundwater, surface water, and sediment were all identified as impacted media for this Site.
4.3.2 TRANSPORT MECHANISMS AND EXPOSURE MEDIA
Transport mechanisms show how contaminants in the impacted media may move to other media, which may then result in human exposure. These other media are called exposure media. Six exposure media were identified for this Site including soil, groundwater, air, surface water, sediment, and biota. Possible transport mechanisms and exposure media are depicted on the ADEC Draft Human Health Conceptual Site Model Diagram (Appendix A).
4.3.3 EXPOSURE PATHWAYS
Each potential exposure pathway was evaluated using the ADEC Draft Human Health Conceptual Site Model Scoping Form (Appendix A). Based on this evaluation, 11 potentially complete exposure pathways were identified. These pathways are:
• incidental soil ingestion;
• dermal absorption of contaminants from soil;
• inhalation of fugitive dust;
• ingestion of groundwater;
• dermal absorption of contaminants in groundwater;
• inhalation of volatile compounds in tap water;
• inhalation of outdoor air,
• inhalation of indoor air;
• ingestion of surface water;
• dermal absorption of contaminants in surface water; and,
• ingestion of wild or farmed foods.
The determination of complete or incomplete exposure pathways is explained in the following sections.
4.3.3.1 Complete or Potentially Complete Exposure Pathways
The direct contact exposure pathway via incidental soil ingestion is considered potentially complete because soil contamination exists between 0 feet and 15 feet below ground surface
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(bgs), the Site is currently used by human receptors, and this use is expected to continue in the future.
The dermal absorption of contaminants from soil pathways is considered potentially complete because compounds that can permeate the skin (such as ethylene glycol and PCBs) are known to be present at the Site and a release of these substances would likely impact soil between 0 feet and 15 feet bgs. PCBs have also been identified as a PCOC in soil at one or more locations within the Site boundary.
The inhalation of fugitive dust pathway is considered potentially complete because non-volatile compounds (such as DRO and lead) have been identified as PCOCs in surface soil, where dispersement of dust particles by wind is possible. Chromium, although identified as a PCOC in some of the earlier FUDS investigations, has been eliminated as a PCOC from all sites within the Site boundary (S&W, 2012).
The ingestion of groundwater pathways is considered potentially complete because of the potential for contaminant migration to shallow groundwater, the potentially affected groundwater could be used as a drinking water source, and several of the PCOCs identified for the Site are volatile in nature.
The dermal absorption of contaminants in groundwater pathways is considered potentially complete because of the potential for contaminant migration to shallow groundwater and compounds that can permeate the skin (such as ethylene glycol and PCBs) are known to be present at the Site.
The inhalation of volatile compounds in tap water pathway is considered potentially complete because groundwater and/or surface water are used (or likely used) for household purposes.
The inhalation of outdoor air exposure pathway is considered potentially complete because of the likely presence of volatile contaminants in soil and/or groundwater between 0 feet and 15 feet bgs and the current and future use of the Site by human receptors.
The inhalation of indoor air exposure pathway is considered potentially complete due to the presence of occupied buildings on the Site (including residences), and because the likely presence of volatile contaminants in soil and/or groundwater between 0 feet and 15 feet bgs.
The ingestion of surface water pathway is considered potentially complete because of the potential for contaminants to impact ponded water within the Site boundary and the potential use of surface water. SLR is unaware of any surface water usage as a drinking water source, but many of the drainages at or near the airport are androgynous.
The dermal absorption of contaminants in surface water pathway is considered potentially complete because of the potential for contaminant migration to surface water, and compounds that can permeate the skin (such as ethylene glycol and PCBs) are known to be present at the Site.
The ingestion of wild and farmed foods pathway is considered potentially complete because some of the outlying areas of the Site and adjoining properties are heavily vegetated and
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contain berries and androgynous streams, which could be utilized by subsistence harvesters and/or consumers.
4.3.3.2 Incomplete Exposure Pathways
The only pathway determined to be incomplete during this evaluation is direct contact with sediment. Although several PCOPs have been identified in sediment at the Site, ADEC direct soil cleanup levels are assumed to be protective of sediment, and no known activities that would result in exposure to sediment are known.
4.3.4 CURRENT AND FUTURE RECEPTORS
The Site is primarily used as an airport, although there is a mix of uses at the Site including lodging/restaurant, residential housing, offices, etc. The following human receptors are considered to be potentially exposed to site contaminants (both currently and in the future):
• Residents;
• Commercial or industrial worker;
• Construction worker; and
• Site visitors or trespassers.
Due to the heavily vegetated nature of parts of the Site and surrounding areas, the close proximity of androgynous streams, and presence of berries, subsistence harvesters and consumers are also considered potential receptors.
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5.0 POTENTIALLY RESPONSIBLE PARTIES
The table below summarizes for each block and lot or facility, the current and previous owners, operators, and lessees, who might be named as PRPs. PRPs listed as airport-wide are not listed for each individual block and lot also, unless specifically named in the land records. It should also be noted that the anticipated extent of contamination at the Site and the long usage history will make it difficult to identify individual PRPs at this Site.
BLOCK LOT OWNER/OCCUPANT/LEASEE COMMENTS
Land that comprises the Yakutat Airport was originally owned by the Federal Government and used during WWII. The majority of the land Federal Government comprising the Yakutat Airport, excepting Block 10, Lot 1; Block 14, Lots 1A and 6; Block 15, Lots ADOT&PF 1 and 2; and some items related to airport Airport-Wide operation, has been transferred from the Federal FAA (formerly the Civil Aeronautics Government to the State of Alaska and are Administration) currently under the jurisdiction of ADOT&PF. ADOT&PF listed as one of the responsible companies for three documented spills at or near Yakutat Airport.
ADOT&PF listed as one of the responsible SREB ADOT&PF companies for three documented spills at or near Yakutat Airport.
Parcel A Miller, Robert & Christine (WWII Federal Government Hangar)
Alsek Air Service, Inc. City and Borough of Yakutat 1A Alpha Managements, LLC Gulf Air Taxi, Inc.
Alpha Managements, LLC 1B Gulf Air Taxi, Inc.
1 U.S. Department of Commerce, National Weather Service (NWS) U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA 2A Fishing and Flying Totem Air, Inc. Alsek Air Service, Inc. Block 1 Lot 3A listed as a contaminated site in ADEC database. U.S. Department of Commerce, NWS 3A A UST was found associated with NOAA/NWS U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA associated with Block 1 Lot 3A. The UST is permanently out of service. It was originally installed in 1957 with no secondary containment.
Yakutat Airport Supplemental Report_D.docx June 2012 13 POTENTIALLY RESPONSIBLE PARTIES (CONTINUED)
BLOCK LOT OWNER/OCCUPANT/LEASEE COMMENTS
Leo’s Vehicles, LLC
Israelson, Arnold J 1A Totem Air, Inc.
Alsek Air Service, Inc.
Delta Western, Inc. Delta Western listed as one of the responsible 2 Western Pioneer, Inc. companies for 10 documented spills at or near Yakutat Airport. Chevron U.S.A, Inc.
Munich, Hans
Air Juneau, Inc.
3 North Pacific Processors, Inc.
2 Sitka Sound Seafoods, Inc.
Susitna Investment Company, Inc.
Alaskan Airport Properties, Inc. 4A Yakutat Airport Lodge, Inc.
Alaska Airlines Cargo Building listed as a contaminated site in ADEC database related to a UST. The UST is permanently out of service.
Alaska Airlines listed as a RCRA non-generator in federal/regional environmental records search. 5 Alaska Airlines, Inc. Listed as generating spent halogenated and non- halogenated solvents.
Alaska Airlines is listed as the responsible companies for one documented spill at or near Yakutat Airport.
Alaskan Airport Properties, Inc. 1 Yakutat Airport Lodge, Inc.
1A
1B Alaskan Airport Properties, Inc.
Alaska Airlines Cargo Building listed as a 3 contaminated site in ADEC database related to a UST. The UST is permanently out of service.
Alaska Airlines listed as a RCRA non-generator in federal/regional environmental records search. 2 Alaska Airlines, Inc. Listed as generating spent halogenated and non- halogenated solvents.
Alaska Airlines is listed as the responsible companies for one documented spill at or near Yakutat Airport.
Yakutat Airport Supplemental Report_D.docx June 2012 14 POTENTIALLY RESPONSIBLE PARTIES (CONTINUED)
BLOCK LOT OWNER/OCCUPANT/LEASEE COMMENTS
1 Dierick, Edward
JSB Investments, LLC
Woodard & Kopcyznski, LLC 2 C.E. “Bud” Woodward & Bernard “Kop” Kopczynski
ADOT&PF listed as one of the responsible 3 ADOT&PF companies for three documented spills at or near Yakutat Airport. 4 Yakutat Land, LLC
Hanson, W.A. & Alice I. Hanson
Alice Irene Hanson Irrevocable Trust for 4 Grandchildren and Their Issue John J. Waldron
Murray G. Waldron
Dee Jay Enterprises, Inc.
5 2 Situk Equipment, Inc.
6 3 Miller, Robert & Christine
10 1 Federal Government
ADOT&PF listed as one of the responsible 12 ADOT&PF companies for three documented spills at or near Yakutat Airport.
DOT is listed as the responsible company for one U.S. Department of Transportation documented spill at or near Yakutat Airport. The 13 4 (DOT) listing was not clear if it referred to DOT or ADOT&PF.
DOT is listed as the responsible company for one documented spill at or near Yakutat Airport. The 1A DOT listing was not clear if it referred to DOT or ADOT&PF.
14 DOT is listed as the responsible company for one U.S. Department of the Interior, NPS documented spill at or near Yakutat Airport. The 5 DOT listing was not clear if it referred to DOT or ADOT&PF.
6 Federal Government
DOT is listed as the responsible company for one documented spill at or near Yakutat Airport. The 15 1 & 2 DOT listing was not clear if it referred to DOT or ADOT&PF.
PCB-cleanup site noted on Block 15, Lots 1 and 2.
Yakutat Airport Supplemental Report_D.docx June 2012 15 POTENTIALLY RESPONSIBLE PARTIES (CONTINUED)
BLOCK LOT OWNER/OCCUPANT/LEASEE COMMENTS
16 1, 2 & 3 Alaska Department of Fish &Game
U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA 17 2 U.S. Department of Commerce, NWS
19 1 Alaska Department of Fish & Game
1 City and Borough of Yakutat
U.S. Department of Commerce, NWS 2 21 U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA
U.S. Coast Guard 3 U.S. Department of Homeland Security
ERA Aviation (Block 22, Lot 4) listed as a contaminated site in ADEC database. Gray, Gary C. 4 ERA Aviation is listed as the responsible company ERA Aviation/ERA Helicopters, Inc. for one documented spill at or near Yakutat 22 Airport.
Situk Equipment, Inc. 5 Evergreen Helicopters of Alaska, Inc.
1A Cokeley, Jim W.
4 Phillips, Leon
40 7 Cokeley, Frank L.
Bunker, Kathryn Cherie 10 Mankins, Terry K.
In addition to those entities listed above, the following (which do not appear on the table above) may also be a PRP as they have listed as a responsible company associated with one or more documented spills at or near the Site:
• Everts Air Fuel;
• Yakutat Coastal Airlines;
• SECON, Inc or Secon Construction;
• Malispina Investments, Inc.; and
• U.S. Air Force (USAF).
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6.0 PROPOSED FUTURE WORK
SLR understands that remediation work at the FUDS sites is currently underway and therefore, is not included in the scope of proposed future work. SLR recommends that future work be conducted in a manner that first addresses concerns associated with exposure of human receptors. As such, SLR recommends the following actions (described in further detail below) be conducted at the Yakutat Airport:
• Drinking water investigation;
• Indoor air study; and,
• Contaminated soil and groundwater investigation and delineations.
6.1 DRINKING WATER INVESTIGATION
Many residential properties are present at the Yakutat Airport and groundwater is used by some individuals and facilities as a source of drinking water and/or gray water. Interviews conducted during the Phase I ESA indicated that groundwater testing has not been conducted recently. SLR recommends that all onsite wells be sampled to determine if groundwater used for household purposes poses a risk to onsite receptors.
6.1.1 INVESTIGATION METHODS
Drinking water wells should be sampled from closest to the source prior to any treatment, if feasible. Water should be allowed to run for a period of at least 5 minutes prior to sampling.
6.1.2 ANALYTICAL TESTING
SLR recommends that the following analytical testing may be appropriate:
• Full list VOCs U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Method 524.2.
6.2 INDOOR AIR STUDY
Many of the structures present at the Site are slab on grade or have crawl spaces; as such, vapor intrusion may be a source of human exposure to existing contamination. SLR recommends that an indoor air study be conducted for buildings with exposures risks.
6.2.1 INVESTIGATION METHODS
SLR recommends that an indoor air study be conducted in accordance with ADEC guidance as follows:
• Conduct building survey – to include use of building, number of persons, number of floors, age of structure, presence of basement or crawl space, specifics on the heating
Yakutat Airport Supplemental Report_D.docx June 2012 17
and venting systems, and the presence of sumps or utilities that may increase the likelihood of vapor intrusion.
• Collection of indoor air, outdoor air, and/or sub-slab/soil gas samples – to assess the potential exposure and vapor intrusion risks.
6.2.2 ANALYTICAL TESTING
SLR recommends that the following analytical testing may be appropriate:
• Full list VOCs using USEPA Method TO-17.
6.3 CONTAMINATED SOIL AND GROUNDWATER INVESTIGATION AND DELINEATION
Based on the Site’s long history of fuel handing, aircraft operations, vehicle maintenance and leasing, and other related activities dating back to WWII, it is likely that fuel-related contamination is present in surface and subsurface soils and groundwater. As such, SLR proposes that a soil and groundwater investigation of the developed portion of the Site is warranted. In order to maximize results while minimizing costs, SLR proposed that the best method would be using a combination of insitu groundwater field screening, field portable gas chromatograph (GC) analysis for groundwater, and soil boring advancement, field screening, and sampling. SLR effectively used this method at the Northway Airport for ADEC in 2009.
6.3.1 INVESTIGATION METHODS
SLR recommends advancing temporary well points using a direct push rig on a grid-based system in order to conduct insitu groundwater field screening and collect samples for analysis with a field portable GC. Field GC analysis can be obtained with 24 hours of sample collection and allow for quick delineation of groundwater contamination and more targeted soil boring advancement. SLR recommends that field screening samples be analyzed for benzene, tetrachloroethylene (PCE), and trichloroethylene (TCE). Temporary well point screening samples can be split for laboratory analysis if desired.
Following the advancement of temporary well points, SLR recommends advancing direct push soil borings with continuous soil sampling to provide a complete lithographic profile. Proposed maximum soil boring depth will be determined by one of the following criteria: 1) clean soil is encountered below contaminated soil based on field screening results, 2) groundwater is encountered (except where monitoring wells are to be completed), or 3) 15 feet bgs. Two levels of field screening are recommended for all soil borings. A preliminary full photoionization detector (PID) profile of the extracted soil should be collected concurrent with visual and olfactory observations. Based on the results of the full PID profile, zones of interest should be identified for heated headspace readings. Both zones of elevated and non-elevated PID readings should be selected for heated headspace readings; this approach will aide in determining the nature and extent of contamination to the extent practical.
Yakutat Airport Supplemental Report_D.docx June 2012 18
For temporary well points and soil borings, SLR recommends investigation at the Site proceed in a methodical manner based on past land use, findings in nearby soil borings, and temporary well point screening results. Investigation activities should start in areas where the potential for contamination is high based on interviews and Site features (i.e. locations with current or historical USTs, ASTs, drums, staining, etc.) and proceed outward from there. SLR anticipates that initial investigation activities would be limited to within the Site boundary, but may extend beyond the Site if necessary, upon approval by ADEC, approval from the landowner, and if utilities in the area have been cleared.
6.3.2 ANALYTICAL TESTING
Depending on location, SLR recommends that the following analytical testing may be appropriate:
• GRO using Alaska Method 101 (locations where gasoline, AVGAS, Jet-A, or similar fuels located currently or historically);
• DRO using Alaska Method 102 (all locations);
• RRO using Alaska Method 103 (all locations);
• Full list VOCs using USEPA Method 8260B (all locations);
• PAHs for ADEC-priority compounds only using USEPA Method 8270C with selective ion monitoring (SIM) (selected samples); and
• Lead using USEPA Method 6020 (selected samples if gasoline is expected or in areas where lead has been listed as a PCOC).
Yakutat Airport Supplemental Report_D.docx June 2012 19
7.0 REFERENCES
Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation (ADEC), 2010. Policy Guidance on Developing Conceptual Site Models. October.
ADEC, 2011a. Alaska Administrative Code (18 AAC 70), Water Quality Standards, as amended through May 26.
ADEC, 2011b. Alaska Administrative Code (18 AAC 75), Oil and Other Hazardous Substances Pollution Control, as amended through October 1.
Shannon & Wilson, Inc. (S&W), 2010. Final Report: Feasibility Study Former Yakutat Air Force Base, Yakutat, Alaska. July.
S&W, 2012. Volume I 2010 Supplemental Remedial Investigation Former Yakutat Air Force Base, Yakutat, Alaska. February.
SLR International Corporation (SLR), in progress (2012). Draft Phase I Environmental Site Assessment Report, Multiple ADOT&PF Sites, Yakutat Airport , Yakutat, Alaska.
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), 2008. Military Munitions Response Program Preliminary Assessment for Yakutat Air Base, Yakutat, Alaska, Property Number F10AK0606. July.
Yakutat Airport Supplemental Report_D.docx June 2012 20
LIMITATIONS
The services described in this work product were performed in accordance with generally accepted professional consulting principles and practices. No other representations or warranties, expressed or implied, are made. These services were performed consistent with our agreement with our client. This work product is intended solely for the use and information of our client unless otherwise noted. Any reliance on this work product by a third party is at such party's sole risk.
Opinions and recommendations contained in this work product are based on conditions that existed at the time the services were performed and are intended only for the client, purposes, locations, time frames, and project parameters indicated. The data reported and the findings, observations, and conclusions expressed are limited by the scope of work. We are not responsible for the impacts of any changes in environmental standards, practices, or regulations subsequent to performance of services. We do not warrant the accuracy of information supplied by others, or the use of segregated portions of this work product.
The purpose of an environmental assessment is to reasonably evaluate the potential for, or actual impact of, past practices on a given site area. In performing an environmental assessment, it is understood that a balance must be struck between a reasonable inquiry into the environmental issues and an appropriate level of analysis for each conceivable issue of potential concern. The following paragraphs discuss the assumptions and parameters under which such an opinion is rendered.
No investigation can be thorough enough to exclude the presence of hazardous materials at a given site. If hazardous conditions have not been identified during the assessment, such a finding should not therefore be construed as a guarantee of the absence of such materials on the site, but rather as the result of the services performed within the scope, practical limitations, and cost of the work performed.
Environmental conditions that are not apparent may exist at the site. Our professional opinions are based in part on interpretation of data from a limited number of discrete sampling locations and therefore may not be representative of the actual overall site environmental conditions.
The passage of time, manifestation of latent conditions, or occurrence of future events may require further study at the site, analysis of the data, and/or reevaluation of the findings, observations, and conclusions in the work product.
This work product presents professional opinions and findings of a scientific and technical nature. The work product shall not be construed to offer legal opinion or representations as to the requirements of, nor the compliance with, environmental laws rules, regulations, or policies of federal, state or local governmental agencies.
Yakutat Airport Supplemental Report_D.docx June 2012 21
APPENDIX A
CONCEPTUAL SITE MODEL SCOPING & GRAPHIC FORMS
Draft Supplemental Site Assessment Report ADOT&PF Yakutat Airport Multiple Sites Yakutat, Alaska ALASKA DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION P.O. Box 111800 410 Willoughby, Suite 302 Juneau, AK 99811-1800
June 2012
Print Form Human Health Conceptual Site Model Scoping Form
Site Name: ADOT&PF Yakutat Airport Multiple Sites
File Number: 1530.38.018
Completed by: SLR International Corporation
Introduction The form should be used to reach agreement with the Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) about which exposure pathways should be further investigated during site characterization. From this information, summary text about the CSM and a graphic depicting exposure pathways should be submitted with the site characterization work plan and updated as needed in later reports. General Instructions: Follow the italicized instructions in each section below.
1. General Information: Sources (check potential sources at the site) USTs Vehicles ASTs Landfills Dispensers/fuel loading racks Transformers
Drums Other: Sewage Lagoon
Release Mechanisms (check potential release mechanisms at the site) Spills Direct discharge Leaks Burning Other:
Impacted Media (check potentially-impacted media at the site) Surface soil (0-2 feet bgs*) Groundwater Subsurface soil (>2 feet bgs) Surface water Air Biota Sediment Other:
Receptors (check receptors that could be affected by contamination at the site) Residents (adult or child) Site visitor Commercial or industrial worker Trespasser Construction worker Recreational user Subsistence harvester (i.e. gathers wild foods) Farmer Subsistence consumer (i.e. eats wild foods) Other:
* bgs - below ground surface 1 revised October 2010 2. Exposure Pathways: (The answers to the following questions will identify complete exposure pathways at the site. Check each box where the answer to the question is "yes".) a) Direct Contact - 1. Incidental Soil Ingestion Are contaminants present or potentially present in surface soil between 0 and 15 feet below the ground surface? (Contamination at deeper depths may require evaluation on a site-specific basis.)
If the box is checked, label this pathway complete: Complete
Comments:
2. Dermal Absorption of Contaminants from Soil Are contaminants present or potentially present in surface soil between 0 and 15 feet below the ground surface? (Contamination at deeper depths may require evaluation on a site specific basis.)
Can the soil contaminants permeate the skin (see Appendix B in the guidance document)?
If both boxes are checked, label this pathway complete: Complete
Comments:
b) Ingestion - 1. Ingestion of Groundwater Have contaminants been detected or are they expected to be detected in the groundwater, or are contaminants expected to migrate to groundwater in the future? Could the potentially affected groundwater be used as a current or future drinking water source? Please note, only leave the box unchecked if DEC has determined the ground- water is not a currently or reasonably expected future source of drinking water according to 18 AAC 75.350.
If both boxes are checked, label this pathway complete: Complete
Comments:
2 revised October 2010 2. Ingestion of Surface Water
Have contaminants been detected or are they expected to be detected in surface water, or are contaminants expected to migrate to surface water in the future? Could potentially affected surface water bodies be used, currently or in the future, as a drinking water source? Consider both public water systems and private use (i.e., during residential, recreational or subsistence activities).
If both boxes are checked, label this pathway complete: Complete
Comments:
3. Ingestion of Wild and Farmed Foods
Is the site in an area that is used or reasonably could be used for hunting, fishing, or harvesting of wild or farmed foods? Do the site contaminants have the potential to bioaccumulate (see Appendix C in the guidance document)? Are site contaminants located where they would have the potential to be taken up into biota? (i.e. soil within the root zone for plants or burrowing depth for animals, in groundwater that could be connected to surface water, etc.)
If all of the boxes are checked, label this pathway complete: Complete
Comments:
c) Inhalation- 1. Inhalation of Outdoor Air Are contaminants present or potentially present in surface soil between 0 and 15 feet below the ground surface? (Contamination at deeper depths may require evaluation on a site specific basis.)
Are the contaminants in soil volatile (see Appendix D in the guidance document)?
If both boxes are checked, label this pathway complete: Complete
Comments:
3 revised October 2010 2. Inhalation of Indoor Air Are occupied buildings on the site or reasonably expected to be occupied or placed on the site in an area that could be affected by contaminant vapors? (within 30 horizontal or vertical feet of petroleum contaminated soil or groundwater; within 100 feet of non-petroleum contaminted soil or groundwater; or subject to "preferential pathways," which promote easy airflow like utility conduits or rock fractures) Are volatile compounds present in soil or groundwater (see Appendix D in the guidance document)?
If both boxes are checked, label this pathway complete: Complete
Comments:
4 revised October 2010 3. Additional Exposure Pathways: (Although there are no definitive questions provided in this section, these exposure pathways should also be considered at each site. Use the guidelines provided below to determine if further evaluation of each pathway is warranted.) Dermal Exposure to Contaminants in Groundwater and Surface Water
Dermal exposure to contaminants in groundwater and surface water may be a complete pathway if: o Climate permits recreational use of waters for swimming. o Climate permits exposure to groundwater during activities, such as construction. o Groundwater or surface water is used for household purposes, such as bathing or cleaning.
Generally, DEC groundwater cleanup levels in 18 AAC 75, Table C, are assumed to be protective of this pathway.
Check the box if further evaluation of this pathway is needed:
Comments:
Inhalation of Volatile Compounds in Tap Water
Inhalation of volatile compounds in tap water may be a complete pathway if: o The contaminated water is used for indoor household purposes such as showering, laundering, and dish washing. o The contaminants of concern are volatile (common volatile contaminants are listed in Appendix D in the guidance document.)
Generally, DEC groundwater cleanup levels in 18 AAC 75, Table C, are assumed to be protective of this pathway.
Check the box if further evaluation of this pathway is needed: Comments:
5 revised October 2010 Inhalation of Fugitive Dust
Inhalation of fugitive dust may be a complete pathway if: o Nonvolatile compounds are found in the top 2 centimeters of soil. The top 2 centimeters of soil are likely to be dispersed in the wind as dust particles. o Dust particles are less than 10 micrometers (Particulate Matter - PM10). Particles of this size are called respirable particles and can reach the pulmonary parts of the lungs when inhaled. o Chromium is present in soil that can be dispersed as dust particles of any size.
Generally, DEC direct contact soil cleanup levels in Table B1 of 18 AAC 75 are protective of this pathway because it is assumed most dust particles are incidentally ingested instead of inhaled to the lower lungs. The inhalation pathway only needs to be evaluated when very small dust particles are present (e.g., along a dirt roadway or where dusts are a nuisance). This is not true in the case of chromium. Site specific cleanup levels will need to be calculated in the event that inhalation of dust containing chromium is a complete pathway at a site.
Check the box if further evaluation of this pathway is needed:
Comments:
Direct Contact with Sediment
This pathway involves people's hands being exposed to sediment, such as during some recreational, subsistence, or industrial activity. People then incidentally ingest sediment from normal hand-to-mouth activities. In addition, dermal absorption of contaminants may be of concern if the the contaminants are able to permeate the skin (see Appendix B in the guidance document). This type of exposure should be investigated if: o Climate permits recreational activities around sediment. o The community has identified subsistence or recreational activities that would result in exposure to the sediment, such as clam digging.
Generally, DEC direct contact soil cleanup levels in 18 AAC 75, Table B1, are assumed to be protective of direct contact with sediment.
Check the box if further evaluation of this pathway is needed: Comments:
6 revised October 2010 4. Other Comments (Provide other comments as necessary to support the information provided in this form.)
7 revised October 2010
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s Current & Future Receptors e R Identify the receptors potentially affected by each exposure pathway: Enter “C” for current receptors, “F” for future receptors, “C/F” for both current and future receptors, or “I” for insignificant exposure. C/F C/F C/F C/F C/F C/F C/F C/F C/F F C/F F C/F must Groundwater Tap Water . : Follow the numbered directions below. Do not numbered : Follow the ntaminants in (4) Compounds in Instructions consider contaminant concentrations or engineering/land when describing pathways. controls use Exposure Pathway/Route Check all pathwaysCheckcould that be complete. The pathways identified in this column 3 of theHuman agreewith Sections 2 and CSM ScopingHealth Form ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Ingestion of Wild or Farmed Foods Incidental Soil Ingestion Dermal Absorption of Contaminants from Soil Inhalation of Fugitive Dust Inhalation of Fugitive Dust Inhalation of Outdoor Air Inhalation of Indoor Air Ingestion of Groundwater Dermal Absorption of Co Inhalation of Volatile Compounds in Tap Water Direct Contact with Sediment Ingestion of Surface Water Dermal Absorption of Contaminants in Surface Water Inhalation of Volatile (3) air soil biota sediment groundwater ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ surface water Check all exposure (2). media identified in Exposure Media
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c check groundwater check groundwater check groundwater check surface water check surface water check surface water check surface water check soil (2) check sediment check soil check possible transport Transport Mechanisms For each medium identifiedFor each medium followin (1), the top arrow and mechanisms. Check additional media under (1) if the media acts as a secondary source. June 2012 SLR International Corporation Direct release to surface water Direct release to sediment Direct release to groundwater Direct release to surface soil Direct release to subsurface soil ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Migration to subsurface Migration to groundwater Volatilization erosion Runoff or Uptake by plants or animals Other (list):______Migration to groundwater Volatilization Uptake by plants or animals Other (list):______Volatilization Flow to surfacebody water Flow to sediment Uptake by plants or animals Other (list):______Volatilization Sedimentation Uptake by plants or animals Other (list):______Resuspension, runoff, orerosion Uptake by plants or animals Other (list):______DOT&PF Yakutat Airport Multiple Sites DEC File Number: 1530.38.018 A A ✔ ✔ ✔ (1) ✔ ✔ Soil Soil water Water Surface Surface Media Ground- Sediment Site: ______(0-2 ft bgs) Completed By: ______Completed: Date Subsurface (2-15 ft bgs) (2-15 ft Check the media that directly affectedcould be by the release. HUMAN HEALTH CONCEPTUAL SITE MODEL GRAPHIC FORM