CE 010I40, AUTHOR Hansen, Mary Lewis TITLE Exploring Writing Careers

DOCUMENT HESUME

-ED 137 612 08 CE 010i40, AUTHOR Hansen, Mary Lewis TITLE Exploring Writing Careers. A Student Guidebook. INSTITUTION Technical Education Research Center, Cambridge, Mass. // SPONS AGENCY Bureau of Odtupational and Adult Education (DHEW/OE) Washington, D.C. Div. of Research and Demonstration. PUB.DATE 76 CONTRACT OEC-0-74-9253 NOTE 80p.; For related documents see CE 010 734-744 AVAILABLE F-0 Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Prin ing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 (Stock Number 017-080-01642-7, $1.40) 'EDES PRICE HP-$0.83 BC-$4.67 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Business; *Career Exploration; Creative Writing; *Editing; Instructional Materials; Journalism; *Occupational Information; Occupations; Publications; Publicize; Resource Guides; Secondar/ Education; Technical Writing; *Writing

ABSTRACT One of six student guidebooks in a series of 11 arts and humanities career exploration guides for grade 7-12 teachers, counselors, and students, ihis student book on exploration of writing careers presents information on specific occupations in four different careerieceas: Creative writers, editors, business occupations, and educators about writing. A chapter devoted to each .career area includes general discussion of the field and what people in that field do, various specializations within job'categories, description of' personality characteristics and interests that are appropriate, education or experience required, where and how jobs are found and the job outlook, suggestions a person in the-field would make to students, and sources of additional information. The chapters and their -subheadings are as follows:(1) Creative Writers (literary writers, journalists and specialized writers in advertising, public relations, technical and scientific writers, and educational writers) ,(2) Editors (for tradeboOks, textbooks; newspapers, 'Apagazines, and rewrite editors)-, (3)_Business Occupations (literary agento, advertising jobs, textbook sales, and bookstore, sale's) (4) Educators About Writing (librarians, reviewers/critics,,and teachers). Appended are a glossary, a list of nearZy 100 occupations in writing, and a list of professional associations with" career information about writing occupations. (JT)

a Documents acquhed by ERIC Lnclude many informal unpublished materials not available from other sources. ERIC makes effort to Obtain the4est copy available. Nevertheless, items of marginal reproducibility are often encountered and this affects quality of the microfiche and hardcopy reproductions ERIC makes available via the ERIC Document Reproduction Service (EDR EDRS is not responsible for the quality of the original-document. Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made fr the original. Exploring 'Writing 'Careers a 'student guidolvok

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION I wELFARE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION THIS DOCUMENT HASI3EEN REPRO DuCED EXACTLY. ASRECEIVED FROM THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGIN AT IND IT POINTS OFVIEW OR OPINIONS a. STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY SENT OiFICIAL NATIONAL REPRE BY INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION POSITION OR MARY LEWIS HANSEN POLICY

'TECHNICAL EDUCATION RESEARCH CENTERS, INC. 44 BRATTLE STREET .CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS 02138

ci U.S. Government Printing Office Washington: 1976

For gole by the Superintendent of nts; U.S. Ooceivacnt Printing (Mee, WohIngton, D.

air' No. 017-080-01642-7 Developed and dacmnatd purauant to Contract No,OEC 9257 for Curriculum Development Branch Division of Research and Demonstration Bureau of Oceur.tional and Adult Education U.S, Office of Education Department of Health. Education and Welfare uhder

Part'l. Currteuluai Development in'Vocational and Technical ducation ocational Education Amendments of 19E Public Law 90-576

Discrimination Prohibited - Title VI of the-CiVil Rights Act of:I964 states: "No person in the United States, shall. on tho ground of race, color, or national origin, be ,..acloded from participation in, be denied the benefit of or be subjected todlscrim- Ovation under any program or activity receivingfed- erat financial assiatance." Therefore, the Vocational Education program, lake all other programs oractivi . tici receiving financial assistance fromthe Depart- ment of Health. Education and Welfare, mOst he opero ated in compliance with this law, ,

The project presented or reported.herein wms performed pursuant to a contract from the U.S. Office

of Education, Department of Health. EthiCation and . Welfare, However, the opinions expressed herein do not neces$arily reflect the position orpolicy of the WS. Office-of Education, and noofficial, endorsement by the U.S. Office of Educationshould be inferred. u.5Government Printing Office Wshlngton ; 1575 ,Ptiott*S, 2 .6-i'lei : diabei:,--:-60ite0r: aPhi11ip AcadeyyAndovei

, f4.18-:-4-sdatuSI:tve-s ; p ,,,Af;-= -': Pcist;' ., _ _ . , Ken ' Wi lii ams ; Aff3. Iiate Arists : TAB- E OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION

2. CREATIVE WRITERS 4

Literary Writers 10 Journalists 14 Specialized Writers 19

Advertising 19 Public Relations 23 Technical, Scientific Wri 27 Educational Writers 30

EDIT°.

Tradebook Editors 35 Te;bpook Editors 39 Newspaper Editors 40 Magazine Editors 43 Rewrite Editors 44

BUSINESS OCCUPATIONS 49 Literary Agent 54 Advertising Jobs 55 Textbook Sales 57 Bookstore Sales 49

EDUCATORS ABOUT WRXTING !61

-Librarians 63- Reviewers/Critics 65 TeaChers 67

APPENDIXES

A. Glossary 69 B. Occupations in Writing 71 c. Associations 73 INTRODUCTION

'John, a Junior in high school, is college," so he Teads the assign-, a sciene fiction fan and an Oak- ments in the textbdok, usually Athletics fan. With elec- just before exams. tronics parts that he buys.from k a maiPorder catalogue, John :For keeping John happy and help- ,builds alarm sYstems toscare hig ing him learn, th.eprinted word is sister. He has. to:take American vital. The process of getfing the history in school, and thecourse right printed words into John's hands and head involved four kinds bbres him, but John'sparents want - him to go to a'"really good Jof workers:

The creatorsof written words,,whether.itis a scienee fictien story, anewspaper sports artic1e,3 the cataloguerdescription of the electronics.part, or a textbook. These people are creative.writers.

The editors Who make sure the wordsare put together clearly_and correctly.

The businesseo le WhO buy, print, and sell the printed words, wileiher as books, Magazines, postersi newspapers catal -pes, textbooks, comic books, etc.

The critics, teachers, and librarians whoeducate readers abdut printed words. For-John, the science fiction critic is especially important intelling him which new sci-fi bpoksare worth buying. Visiting the locations of T1fefollow ng chapters discuss 2. jobs connected with writingfrom, careers in wrLting. For each:of the newspaper city room tothe the four main .groups ofworlers, _neighborhood bookstore, to an you wilt learn about typesof advertising agency jobs, specific activitiesperform- usually ed in jobs, preparation _ -Trying out some of the trequired, career ladders', the different kinds af work -- talents and-personalitiesof writing.in variaiiS stylesfor peeple'holding writing jobs,job' ,various audiences,lgetiinga' :locations, the outloOk forthese part-time job in a library or jobs in the future, someof the bookstOre-i-volunteering to- antages-and disadvantages of Work for a hospital public particular jobs, and some of the relations department ethical problems presented:by A. Looking at trade journals these jobs:. and directories which areused Because-salaries for writing by professionals in thefield jobs vary among-regions ofthe of writing. Some of these country, no salaries are men- are: tioned. A source of information Advertisinf Age which does include salariesis the OccupationalOutlook-Hand- Columbia JournaliSm Review The professional associa- -book. Editor and Publisher tioñs at the end of this book have freebrochures pro- Literar: Market Place viding additional,information about different kinds ofwrit.- PublisIibrsWeekl ing careers,. And mayalso have Writer the names of colleges,which offer Writer's Di est 'preparation in-a particularwrit- ing field, such asiournalism. iter's-Handbook A Your high school guidanceand Writerts Market counseling office is likely to

have brochures and.bookswith' , TV Guide also printsarticle's additional information aboutjobs . which will give you more in- in the writing,world. Another formation about the,realities 'source is your scchOol library, of writing careers. and cOMmunity and collegeii- , , The information on thefollowing braries. pages comes mainlyfrom intervier If yoUtare interested in a par- with a large number ofpeople in ticular- writing eareer you can the Writing world. Although in get very helpfulinformation by: soMe cases the names arechanged, eVery,Story, quotation, orletter I. .-Talking to manydifferent, describes an aCtlAal person or .people who -are involvedin ,the. actual eVent, '01T One whichcould wtiting world -'-. peoplelike have happened. to tell studentsabout their. careers 7 Concluding the narrative is a closely relate to the writing glossary of terms (other unfamil- world, and a list of professional iar words can be found in the associations which provide career narrative or-in a dictionary), information. a list-0f the many jobs which, 4

CREATIVE WRITE

Writers: A 'ef View

What does a writer do? Puts words together to helppeople learn or have a feeljng aboLit 'something 4 What skills does a writer need? Excellent grammarf Ability to organize Understanding an audience Typing, usifIly

Wha e _ona ualities doesua writer need? Love of language. 6uriosity Ability to.listen Self-discipiine, concentration Interest in reading

What pre aration does awriter need? Formal education through thebachelor's _egree is usefUl great deal of writing experience,whether ..published pr not 'Knowledge of a specialfield forsome writing jobs

What kinds o_ ree-lance* writers are there?- , .(*People who get paid onlyfor each piece of \writing published) Poets Novelists Short-story writers Essayists (short non- lotionpieces) Biographers Non-fiction writers Play writers (calledplaywrights) Script writers for film, tv,radio LyriO' writers Tor music Gag writers for comediansand shows 9 Do-many ea-lance writers earn a iEull living fro hei writing? No,- very feW

,HOw ree-lance writers their work -unished? irst, by submifting.their manuscripts toa,magazine, book, or newspaper publisher. After several pieces are published, a literary agent may be willing to help the writer gnt more work published. Publishers * or producers of plays, films, television, and radio shows may commission work from establishedfree-lance writers.

Bow can a writer oarn a sala

I. Many jobs require some writing [Is. 2. These ocCupational fields requirepeople whose , main job is writing: Newspaper and broadcast journalism wrjtings Advertising :writing Public relations writing Technical/science writing Edupational writing,(textbooks, references, proposals for funds) Seript writers for televiSion, radio Qreetipg.card and other meseage writing Writing criticisms of other peoples ereative "works

These occupational fields require skills simiar -to a writer's skills':." Editing for newsOapers, magazines, and'books

Teacning literature, creative writing,jour- nali'sm courses Working as a literary agent

4. People interested iv-writing might enjoythese jobs:t- Legal counsel for writers TechniCal/production posi ions finished product sales Librarianship

1 0 I .

What is the job outlookfor salaried writers? Technical wr1-inq/editinq isprobably the major f-Feld Journal-. which the number ofjobs wi IIincrease. television, and radio work ists seekin newspaper, rural areas. will' more likely findjobs in suburban and lIm-' Advertising writihgopportunities are presently The reces- ited. because of theeconomic recess%n editorial jobs in sion is alsopresen+ly limiting Teaching jobs areex= book and magazinepublishing. = Jobs helping businessand indusy trernely limited- prob- employers comunicate withtheir employees wi II ably increase. Are sries1are? of Most wrHer/edi-t-ors donot make large amounts jobs pay better money Technical writing/editing ln news- than do most othersalaried writing jobs. firms, and papers, adv-tising,and public relations senior staff peopleear'n book orrnagazi ne publishers1 they also. more money thanbeginners, of course, but do less writing endmorebusiness tasks.

0 writing as lThat shbuld studentsdo who are thnki a career? Write forpractce,try different siyles literary Write and edit for theschoo1 newspaper, magazine, yearbook Vo.ynteer to write forthe 1ocal newspaper a journal or adaily log of events,feelings . Kee Read everya, watch moviesand t'levision, but with a critical, eye writing - Especial ly read critIcismof all sorts of

- - Write some more

Iswrting fun' Many people sobn dropout.of jobs = Not necessarily. firms when ,-.\wlth news.ppers,publishers, advertising hy isvej thatwriting/editing is hard work ut writing, and thejobs related = Tio' glamorocis. toflt, can be verysatisfying. -

= ., ''=1=1 7

Washington.Post Newsroom

ls there a y other profession in whichyoui_can start wi.th a ty ewri+er anda sheet of blank paper, and earn a l' ng? Besides, there is that old cliche, 'You mee such interesting people,' And it happens to be true. Ilnteresting'peoplel inclVdes Senators, Congressmen (and Presidents), drunks, nuts,liars, cheats, sa- ts, other journalists, artists,crook:s, e crusaders,F leftists, rightists, middleists,poor people, rich people, down people,up people, and

assorted'others. r -Don Whitehead,writer,

The pan who wrote those wordswas m.?,nager. Next he worked as a re- ans Mk* the quesvion, "What is porter for the Associated Press, most satisfying about being a which is a large service sending journalist?" He has been a writer news all over the woild. During e since high school, where hewrote World War,II and the Koiean War, Don Whitehead servecrasrawar newspaper. He studied journalj.sm correspondent. He earned two :nth:cc:ha:hi:7 Pulitzer prizes-- the highest tant publisher of a small wealy award a journa/ist can receive newspap-er: FlAs next birjob was during these wars. Afterwards he assistant editor and business was managing editor for the , 12 incoe on salary paidby the'news -Washington,D.Ct officeof_a New paper. :Salary-isn't veryimpor- York city-newspaPer. Thdn White- tant to Rick: his main.desire is head became'afree-lance writer. tO. be a gsOsl, writer. But he gets He gave up hissalary as a join-- .2 Weekly salaryfOr a sevenand% 'malist to write books. The first --half hour day;plus overtime book,- TheFB I .Stort, was bbught attend and reporton=special by many-peopleand read by many He considershimSelf. streng- more. With later books, he a good thened his reputation as Maxine Kumin is a poetand novel- 'research6r and a .goodwriter. She -writes completelyon a Somd,very large businessesasked lance basis. She said, clhim'to writehistories of their the-managing ,companies hen nde,ahi1db0-01--arrover- in the South- I had editor of a newspaper write.Poetry he lives asked Den. whelming -desireJo erp town where cioset poet since -Whiiehead to write acolumn .sev- _and-was a age eight I never-expeCtie eral times a weekfOr a salary. to become a seriouspublished his late White4ead is now is writer. / Tennessee and 60's.' He liVes in spends big-Wintervacations,in-Tier,Maxine Winin wasawarded a Punt- , ida. iilie-writes theneWspaper: "zer prite tor oneof her'books of columns, and dependingon how he She iS taken quiteseriou ,Poems. feels, Writes BbOkS::Hd-is.a, ly as a poet andnovelist., in 11414* e0d Successful Person is associat,e, crea- has been-a jour7 Scott Miller his:career7 . He dibector- for anadvertising ' , 50..years. Peo- - tive )1alist for nearlk He travels to Pew,York ple like to read.his writing agency. and Hollywood and teEurope to Richard,Dollinger has.been a Mbke sure the tvcommercials are jeurnaiist..lor about fourye..As being,filmed the way heplanned is Be reports oncity gOvernment them:. Before the commercial actiViaties for_amedium-sized ,.filmej., he writes _a script-that Miller Akily 'newspaper inMassachusetts dan, be shownind30 seconds. ' Week.because Pdople.think hip Tlewsarticles' Works 60 to 80 hours-,e. und I can al- areaccurate,-fair,and well- he feels,' "It's fun, I °. A the- Script. Written. . jwaYs iMprove on can't leaveunfinished work on my Rick his aBachelor's-degree- Some- desk."He gets a salarY; in English.AUring times hisadvertising firm hires mers he-worke4* for free-forja. a free-lancewriterto writeone weekly suburban,newspaper,--,anct isc). script if theregular itaff he was a reporterand editorin-, chief of his-collegeriewspaper. loaded witlymbrk. iS --He is inhis.miadle 20's.. He 'Anot_h!r land iofwriter is a interested in-actingand sometime technical writer. Fran .Broadbridge She writes hopes-to combinehis writing and does-this kind of Iwgrk. acting anterest-S-Trr-a-317 filAugts to show-people-how_to_i_tL-__ and ser- -0 drame'critic. maintain,, oPeTate, sh on a free-a Nice compufersused witkmedical Rick doesn't publ Her educational lance basis.-'He ea nsall' his -e:quipment. .background is in niath and Bnglis . Don Whitehead, Richard Bollinger, %She finas it _noce Sary to geta- Makine Kumin, Scott Miller, 4ftd- long-withyeople; because she Fran Broadbridge_are ell. Creative _viorks with:engineers. and.other .writers. Sometimes:creative writ- People who are 'not especially,ver- ers start with-just-a skinny, lit-. -ba4 Broadbridge has to have the tle bit of an idea. .Semetimes persOnal skills .to get infooma- they'start with an-actio'n.they have tion from-thesepeople. observed-- a disappointed looking "The outlook Tor technical teem-age couple standing.beside a 'writers is good," Ms,..Broadbridge" broken.motorexple, for example. ,said.. "The U S will continue to' For writers who are "Creating," -need people who can translatebe- the idea-or observation gets.shaped .tween people and machines." She into a unique piece-of writing: considers that-het-annualsalary .Creativelwritirsmay be,grouped is a good one; in her field 'of into three broa categories:, technical writing Men and wdMen are paid salaries on an equal Those writers whoare . basis. creating literature' 2. -JournaliSts *cialized writers. _LITE RN; WRITERS

started writing poemsbe- literature hope that I Writers of .cause-they'are smal) and gan their work will beread not just 0 the head or magazine, be carried aroynd. in today's-newspaper ail day. I -wrote tRe.novéls but will be passed onto future out of a desire toexpress generations. Most of these writ- not fit into form that ruits them ideas that coul , ers find one a poem. best.- Thus they areuivally one of the following: maga- P .KUmin also writes essays: --zine editorssometimes ask her to, ,.Poets write reviews (criticalessays) _ Novelists about-the:work-of-other-poets-or novelists; thenShebecomes a,' Short story writers critie and-essayist. Essayists; including .critics No matter whatforM a literary writer-usesi=in-impertant questiOn 411 Biographers-- literary Other,mon,fiction wtiters . for people-considering writing as acareer.in: "Can I Playwrights ma e -a livingat it?" .Scriptwriters for movies,: -The answer has tobe,"Most teleVision, radio likely not," Librettists'for opera Very-, yery few literary,writers living by-their writ- Lyricists for musicshows. earn'a full ing. Most peopleadd' to their teething or by'. use more writing income by ,Some literary writers occupation:- Maxine_Kumin, for working Ain,soMe other than one form. whether onnot it.isrelated to -Instance, said, , writing

15 Student:- Why can't- I earn a Would you like to living as-a literary write a writer biography? Wise old7Writer: Some people Student: do. Well, that meansdoing Most don't, partlybecause a lot of research, doesn'tit? they don't write 'whatpeople Reading, and talkingto people want to.read. Publishers are and taking noteS,and.. in business tomake money, so theY rarely pu )ishwork that Writer: (interrupts) Sound like isn't likely t sell. . . too much work?All writing is hard work, and afterall the hard StUdent: _What_sells? . -workir-you'-il -get-rejectionSlips from editors --,thoseletters CookpookS, "how-to-' which politely Ao-it" books, say, ,'No, thank you, mystery stories, we aren't able to publishyour soMe trashy novelt:.. writing." _ Maybe_you'il_be_lucky-_ _ enOugh to get a letterwhich tells Student: But cookbooks and you how to 4mproveyour Writing. trashy novels aren't 'literature, So then you,revite:'you rewrite I want to writepoetry. 0 and rewrite. -You sendyour manu-; script back to thatfriendly edi7 Writer: You'(l never make a tor. It may still getrejocted. fiving.just by writing.poetry. Can you take that?

Student: Well, I got an "A" Student; on my last science-fiction We ll,, how doesanyone short ever get ankthing published? 'story. Could I get.a collection jh of short stories published? writer: Most people .never Writer: particularly poets andshort Probably not, unless story writers, they are brilliant as I said before. .short stor- Many of the magazines ies, altho6gh which pub- science fiction lished short fiCtion popular now.- are no Ion-- ger in business. Others publish far fewer Student: ,(Annoyed) poems And short Of-course stories than they they'll be,brilliant.. used to. A How much= magazine like Es'uire'decided. money would I make? in the stimmer of 19 not even to read unsolicitse _Writer: That depends oetry'and on how f.lotion -- that is many_copies of-the manuscripts book people which writers :buy. ,Yop get a perdentage submitted without of being commissioned -the sale price. by the-maga- -.What you earn zine. is called royalties. If you want to make moneyat a liter- Stbd:, euenit-e -ary-wrtter,VW mtyou think my last question! .- about non-fiCtion? That sells better than fjction. -12

and then literaryage Well, you canpossibly Writer: ini*-ested. get'a storypublished in one of magazineS, which the. "little" Student: .How doliterary agents small circulatien:, have a very help? -You won't jetpaid, e)icept in free copies of themagazine. edi-. Writer: They know all the Sometimes youmight,even be- book pub= tors. They know which asked to contributesome money what kind of So, you .11sher is accepting toward printingCosts. non-fiction thi5 year,or plan- out.your manuscripts keep sending ning to publish morebooks for magazine, editors,'or to book and children than before. They knOW if you are writingplays and what articlesand.stories maga- scripts, toproducers'and direc- interested in.. and re- zine editors are tors. You Aeep writing agent helps 1 e_ _buytng, A literary vising; You-try=to meet-peop to, se 1 amandi&Fifrralid---g-ets----- in the'publishing,andiproducing the author anadvancepn.royal- It helps to[(flow people, the world. ties. AgentSalso help sell because, yourmanuscript is more the paper- SOMe ,subsidiery,rights: --likely-to be-readclosely. ba6ktatik-rigtits-after-the --- notso-good stuffhaslbeen pub published the friend of an manuscript: has' been =lished because in hard cover,and the movie editor or a famouswriter wrote 'rights, it. 'But mainlythe aUthor's first piece getspublished be- Couldn't I lend my book pub-- Student: cause.it's good.and writing straight to anagent?- willing-t lishers are Whyloothersending_manuscripts chance-.On 2sEAwritin toa.pUblisher 'first?

. (With enihai tudent: Writer: Because most.agentS And then? ,usuallywon'f.represent you you're already a Tub- You, untl I :Writer; .Wei , next time Agents ta manuscript, yoUr lished writer. send out a ,percentage 9f yourearninO, letter,to'the editor can wrlter6 cover too. At a (beginning say thatyou've alreadypub:- have much to share. If that. you ycm't lished such-end-such; once notieed at'al 1 Another consideration: firet .plece was is established,pub- editors will a writer by-reviewers, the lishers or producersare like- probably haveread_thexeviews. that writer Teviewsi that ly to approach If they were .good asking for newmanuscripts. not... If you're reallythere,-firmly._ - established aS awriter, the Are you saying that,- Student: - ,prcibl'em becomes lessone of don't publishthe' most people getting workpublished than - second time? one of gettingwork written! working! 5o. But And .that meenS writers do gettheir workac------cepfed a secondand:a-third time, 4

Student:. HmmM, you've discour- meeting people. TaWcour e aged me. Maybe Iought to work in literature. Go to movies in my uncle",s restaurant after and ba I l games; Li ve! Li sten! all. Learni- If you' carp enough No, caring about writing isn't Writeri Of course, you should. enough; Writing, revising, it- But, 'you should also keep wri't ing some more. Sending menu- ing. Write for your school new5- scripts off to Rubl ishers. paper or literary magazine and Being aggressive. Getting a keep trying different forms of teaching job to support your- iterary -wr i ti ng. And keep self while w iting... ead ng ,and observ i ng and

While the old writerS was wise6 earn their livingin some other in pointing _outAhe _realit-t9s way, _and work as literarywriters of freelance writing, thereare intheir free time.'The ,person many careers which call for good mho'seriously wants tobe a lit- , iting skills and which pay.a erary writer willalwaysfind a ,straight: salary.There are also. %stay to support the creative urge. many happy,. people who, teach or

Maxine: KuMip -novel-i nning. -poet. 14

JOURNALISTS

and Not all writers have the problem than complaints from students Of selling each piece of writing parents. A magazine Avice,col- t,drinking td,make a living. Journalists Limn to teen-agers are among.the writers who earn a while driVing,(e_ e front7page' -salary, although somei'journalis- photograph of a4-autOmobile crash)- tic writing is published 04 a can influence:teen--agedrivers free-lance basks. more than Sermons byparents-,- teachersor clergy people A Aside from the-fact,of salary .televisiet news writer'S comment versUs_free-lance income, what about a raciarproblem:can calla is the difference between jour- people or,make them, angry e nalism andjiterary writing?: A toward people-of another race. mple answer'is that journaliS-- tic writing is ephemerd1;, it is A careful look.at a",big-city , (The.aver= newspaper shows thedifferent kinds . meant for:today only. -age time:a reader spends with a ok, writing: jobS,;available: daily,newspaper:is 34 minutes. Literary. writers 110e-that their News reporter work Will endure over . time ind Political commentator will be read and re:read in the, (analyzes political events) future.. Of course,_some pieces -of journalistic,writing- do-en- Editorial writer: dure. Instead of getting thrown -;,FeatUre writer .out in the trash.with the rest , of yesterday's newspaper or last. liumor writer week's.magazine, Pieces will be Correspondent (for State, printed in books for future for Washington, D.C., fpr reading. .Journalism is a highly foreign countries. and-eVents) respected career for-writers. Special reporter er columnist Even when thrown out, journal istic writing can, have a great .Sports-writer. - Impact on readers (or listenerS, Critics/aeviewers in the case'of,television radio). Newspaper articles .,Theater Visual arts about the.dangerref fire-in a - Television Architecture sChool-building can get the city 140vies- Books to make the building safefaster Music Dance

1.9 15

: Puzzles, games ariicle. Another less obvious person is the headline writer for Obituaries (death articles and captions for photo- announcements) graphs. Consumer affairs Suburban and rural newspapers do E tion not usually have a staff with special responsibility: The report- Travel, ers may have to be generalists with special knowledge Of thecom- Writers about: munity. Onp rekorter may write a . Human relatio s including feature on a woman whose bee- advice columns) keeping hobby won a prize for the - best honey at the county fair,an Home-related topics obituary for a prominent citizen -Social evtnts ncluding who,just 'died, an article about a 4eddings, etc music show, being prOduced by the recreation department, a summary Hobbies of the fire department ' s '.'runs" Financial' and business for the previous day, anda. re- topic's (including the port on the Mayor' s decision to economy) fire half of the town employees - -- all in one dai;' The reporter Concerns of special gro ps, probably writes all the headlines such -as the elderly, too . -farmers) Smaller newspap er s use many ar 7 Health topics ticles and reports from Pwire" services (examples are -Associated Community and public a fairs- Press, and bnited Press) . These serviceS :have_ --salaried reporters and free- lance' ''Stringers", (stringers write, articlea,only when especially newsworthy events '141Celg in-their location) all over the', country and the world. Wire ser- Clearly, many of these writers vices are a big source of, writing jobs for journalists. must specialize in certain areas. For instance, on a big 'city paper; the movie critic rarely -also reviews dance concerts.

In addition, many papers employ writers whose work may not seem obvious. One kind of writer on a big city paper iS the rewrite person Reporters telephone this person with details of the story, and he/she quickly writes the - Employers hire journal s with:

Curiosity The dbility"i tO look atfacts and events fairly.-,:frot several pointsof-View to- The ability to work_under pressure-_ eet deadlines lionestx,Jairness,objeCtivity, Writing skills-, including'grammarand. a punCtuation .Typing,skills Initiative,7 getting startedancLfollowing' through,_pn astory. Theability to bp at easewith different kindi of'people Willingness to learn.aboutall'kinds of.. ideas,4. facts, people Most likely a college or_graduate degree, mnYbe in journalism; perhapsonly a high . school diploma Maybe a special knowledge,,suchas in sports, Previous experience - on asmaller newspaper,

, . or a high school'orcollege'paper,

readers Journalists. also.write_for maga- journals that appeal:to While few newspaper's pay With a common, narrow interest. zines. newsletters free-lance writers for their work 'There are magazines or from unless they are,stringers, maga-. for every special interest zines vary. -Newsweek, for exaMple, astrology to zoology, and people rarely accepts-a free lancepiece 'with writing skills and-some- spe- for Seventeen usually -cial knowledge report_mews of writing. Many of these publiShes several free-lance ar- every one of them.,_ in specialized magazines.are called ticles and stories each issue, they addition to staff writers'work. "trade" magazines, because Icir people in a par- ,biggeg.tmazketthese with specialized magazines -those ticular -business.

A What is the job market for into technical writing Formpr journaligts? 'The, competition In' journalists1 areQiired forcpublid cities is tough. Begilning jour- relatidns, work, too. nalistic wri,ters are most likely , to find jbbs on.rural and Subur- Magazins.writers can mpve froma ban newspapers,(not suburbs-in newspaper lnto, a magazine staff theNortheast y.s. or in the (or the other way around). Oork- San Francisco, California, 'area ing for a imall trade journafcan where- rh6 competition,is as keen lead to a job writing for a larger as on big city papers). A jour- one in the same general field.. .nalist with a special interest 'Jr' the future, the, market for in, for example,city government . jobs may be more-open.to journal- activities,,mill more likely land ists who combine writing`sktlls a job on a big-city newspaper af- with specialized knowledge ina ter work4g as the city goVern- particular field. For the immedi- ment reporter on a smaller paper, ate'firture, ajournalist with curi-- than by covering_sports or social osity-and the willingness to do events for the big-cirY paper. some digging by talking with The right kind of experience people,sreading,-aftpuding meet- 'counts! ings, observing, Onuse writing _ Journalistic-writèrs-can-use skiils_for many different kinds of theirskills in dther fdrms,of employersotal spectalizatio-' writing. Non-fiction book writin.journalistic writing.isap- ing is one'possibility;.another' proaching, butpot yet here. is advertising copy-writing. Re- imrters' with knowledge of science, computers', And technology can move

_Aou a ist!s:'.13re arat n.

A great deal of writing practice 0 A broad education in liberal arts - Most likely a degree in Englishor journalism and_courses. in area of special interest Typing courses A great.deal of reading with the notion of determining why a particular piece of writing succeeds or fails A long-standing, keen awareness of life and of people ardund the writer 18

Some important facts* about the 4, In 1974, women joUrnalism job outlook for journalists are: 'graduates were hired for 43% of all' mediarjobs.

:In the ppst few year&, 5. Of 185 daily newspaper. there has been ehuge in-,- editors polled.in 1974 (all crease in the number of stu- of whom had hired at'leastc dents- graauating frOl college one newsroom employeethai ,-with.degrees in journalism: year), nearly 90 percent said

-. from 3,-000 in 1904 ,to 12,125 they planned:either no hiring in. 1974: .In- 1974, eor 55,400 of additional staff in 1975, college Istudènts ,claimediour_ or planned'to-decreasestaff. nalism s their-major- *while a modest increase in-num- 2.. In 1974, daily newspapers . hired fewer news writers-than 'ber 'Of jobs is,predicted, in the before. Oilext few years a,huge number of journalism graduates,and other 3. Minorities are being hired students will be 'seeking those for media jobs (which include jobs. The competition for 'jobs newspapers, broadcasting,wire is fierce..Most peopl; wh6 have services, magazines, adver- , jobs_as journalists, however, tisingi. and public.relations) thoroughly enjoy these careers. at an increasing rate. ''ECIAL4LED. WRITERS

For the third large category of Produce copy for news re- writers; that "long-standing, leases about a new product keen awareness 0 life and peo- or. service ple"which,is considered important Write scripts fo for journalists' may not seeman televi- essential part of job preparation. sion or radio commercials AntlYretitis.- Prepare a sales.presentation "Specialized writers" is-really which,Jor example, the re- just,a convenient _title for clump-' frigerator manufactu_ -r's ing together all the writers,who sales department can use aren't,specifically "literary" when talking to a grt up of or "jquinalistic." -wboleiale appliance dealers This'third group of writ Write booklets for sales-_ people-to 'use when.selling includes: , to individual customers 1. Advertising writers Prepare pamphlets for 2. Public relations Writers -customers -3. Technical/sCience writers In all cases,..the copywriter works 4. Educational writers very closely with'other peoplp in the creative department-to pre- _ . . . . S. -Otherspecialized writer.s..- pare,the advertising.

AdvertISinWriters Among the obvious places where- the copywriter's work-appears are_ Because advertising is aimed at the television, radio, and news- influencing people, writers in paper/magazine media. Other sour- this field must understand human, ,.ces ofoadvertising are'billboards psychology. They must have a keen' 'and transit Cards (advertising awareness of,people and life a- posters in buses and subways). round them. Point-of7sale'displays are found -in stOres, ga$ stations,'and oth- There-are Many different kinds er places where a display.Might, of jobs:1n the- advertiiing field; . . enCourage. the' Customer- to buy the person. WhOse main.jeib'is writ- something not:planned. (This ing is called a "copywriter..!*- ,kind of buying is called "impulse" AlOng.with arI directors, and laY- buying.). Brochures or'letters Out people, and.television'prodd- and mail-order Icatalokues areyer Yeers, copyWriters. form:the "crea- other sources of advertising which -tive department".-Ameng....the--=, 'require the service' of a copy- tasks-a copywriter might do.are: writer,

Write one-line Slogansor Most copywriters worlt on a sal- short copy-for printed ary basis.'. They-ara employed in Media including poSters advertising agencies and in the. advance to Large, retail store'shAte their The copywriter can become direCtor of the creative own advertising staff. News- , papers, magazines, And television deRprtment and other managerial stations have axadvertising and johg. *With responsibilities as a promotion staff; Companies which manager, the,person spends much sell primarily through direct nail '.1.ess time.imactUal writing . jebs'in adver- nust havp copxwriter.s. Some large 4)ther nonwriting printers whose custemers'adver-, tising are also available to exper- Copywriters tise through circulaits and,bro- Tienced copywriters. and Tiures have copywrdters to assist can-move out of advertisio the customers. Puhlic relations into coniinuity writing for radio firms or departments which asSist and television. Publishers.of .- with adVertising hirecopywriters. books and records might kre for- -mer copywriters to-writebook Firmg specializing in running . political campaigns foi candidates jackets or-record covers. Writing for major public Offices hire copy fora. public relations firm or:4e7- writers- "TrofeSsiOnal and trade partment is anotherpossibility: associations are another gource The job outlook for adv5AZ.ising bf employment. - copywriters is hard to *predict. , Most advertising- jobs arelo-,,, As in every field, room exists cated in_hig_cities,_particalar- for the extreMely capabl, ener- But ly New York, .Chicago, and Los getic, aggressive-Person. Angeles.- The competition for advertising is tied to the economy. copyWritingiebs is- also strong- .During sloW or bad times in the retail est in big Cities,because peo- economy, manufactUrers, ple are seeking jobs there. stores, and service companres may, cut their advertisingbudgets A beginning copywritermaY that leadsto a' cut in,jobs for spend time researching the pro-, copywriters. Even if gone' stores. -duct or seviee being advertised, -and companies increase advertising proofreading the printer's galley in slow periods to.encourage more .for mistakes; and doing some pf buying, advertising agencies and the less challenging'copywriting. .departments are flot likely to_ The junior copywriter is usually hire many hew People: ,t1-1e. regular given broad assignments;_ senior employees.justork. harder. 'The copywriters tend to specialize. best job market for advertising in advertising particular products copywriters exists when theeceno- or services. my- is growing And peopleare able, and willing to buy new'products and services.' What are Eniployers Looking for in. , AdvertisingCopywriters

A hkeen- awareness'' of people;' and. theSyc factors -.which !cause people to ,buy Excellint writing copy, that; is exciting: an'tbipf Curiosity, .inteieSt -in '-rgieziic Ability.to ,work-, well with:. othe,, membits Of vieCreafIeDpártthèn

- qapacity te,'fakp; cr 45m

"That's a Idusr fl. artis coulknever,:illbStrafe,--It _ o long, and.f :,.never got --something _g...xclting.-' --!! , --Willingness. to mirk, long' hou order- to nieei deadlines

A college-degree ..(bachelOr's )_probably, with somel ,adveitising courses, butnot nedissartiYan lief.- , . _ tiskng TlIftjor ,..,0_ 1,1 Possibly a maiter's degree . Probal7ly ,spmselliflg experienee Writing experienee, eithOr ,aa, a_ copyWri,tn-on a, -previlqai. job; -or aS a newspaper repartir,, of 'on collfie pliblications . . Smile ability in- yisualpe expefiefice .22

Why do you like bein

get to'be Ereat i ve -The work is rarely boring. . abou,t everything from flea collars fei.erectri.c lawn mowers tobarbe4ded ch cken..w ngs. lts.a cha II en e to so I ve the p rob 1#A- of gett i ng:peop eto accept a 6e4 product --rieven when the newprocliict is far. better thap anithing else on themarket I 6n joy scj v ng p rob 1 ems . We' kld around I work with; too. I 1 [Ice the people a 'Iot,, eVen when we're stiII trying .out ideas at mid- night, w i th, the ci ent schedu I ed. to comei n at 8:30 the next morning for a completepresentation of a full advertising campa gh. tut tometlmeS...

What don't you like about being anadvertising copywriter"?

doh' t like the .peop I e. _There' s. We II , sometimes an ambitious juniorcopywriter-who-wants my jOb. She: s' a !ways try Mg to- take creditforaideas. And the art director lovesto'patch-my mistakes. But he's moving to another job soon,for a big the i n of d scount'stores hate some of the -c I iets . There's, Al so I rea 1 I this one guy who manufacturesplastic.toys. They are the absolutely -cruddiesttoys. The plastic i cheap'; so the parts---break-right-away abd the' % sharp -ends could hurt a kid. The design of the toys s 4.g the' wcirst_poss i61 e taste vi sua y 'really have 'to ,write a script for a-tv corn- gari.sh. And I mercia Lwhich will be Sbown onSaturday morning and at 5 p.m. every n ight. And ki ds all over -Amer i ca are'going to beg tpeir.motbers tobuy' themjhat .cheap, ugly, breakablepiece.ot n'onSense -- all because of' my commercial . I -wish the tanUfacturer would thinlc about thase kids morethan he thinks d. çeuse about his'prof i t. I w iSh my agency wou I him far a client. _

I di like it.. .But I I ike my work .muon more than'

CommentS from en employee of an advertisI agencyi n Ch icaga 23

Public Relations e Answering reporters' questions about the organization when Another career field requiring newsworthy events occur. excellent writing skills is pub- 4'- lic relations, which is often * Writing a newsletter (often called simply "P.R." This field called a house organ) for is related to advertising.because employees of the organization one,goal of public relations writ- * Writing another kind ofnews- ing is to "sell" the public on-the letter for outsiders who are idea that a company or organiza- -interested in regular news tion is:a good one. It is relat- about the organization ed to journalism because public relations writing,aims to inform ' Writing the organization's annual financial report people -- both employees andout- sideri -- about thecompany in,a Writing speeches, letters for straightforward way. Public'rela- officials of the organization tions writing is also ephemeral; it is written primarily for today. Writing any kind of pamphlets or brochures needed to explain Public relations writers work special a3pects= of the organi- for all kinds-of-organizations: zation's work manufacturers, hospitals, universities, insurance companies, Arranging for school groups social welfare groups suchas and community groups to tour the Red Cross,-unions, tradeas- the organization's facilities sociations, government agencies, Ivieasuring public ppinion about . political parties and candidates, the organization. cultural groups such as community, art associations, "and on and on. Public relations Work may alo

Jhe variety of locations for Pub include: - lic relations jobs is almost limitless. Raising funds .10 the_organi- The person in charge is called :zation in various organizations; Direc- tor of Public Relations, Director to be shOwn:either,in the .- of Community Relations,-Public facilities or to groupsr, Information Officer, Director.of _outside_ Communications. Depending on the size of the firm, the P.R. de- Giving sPeephea to ciVic and partment may have onlyone or two other groups ebployees or a rather large staff. Handling Complaints about the', No matter what the title, the organization- tasks of the P.R. staff usually ' Working With advertisingagen-, -include: ciesor the advertising-de-/ Writing news releases for Tartment'' the local or national media, Setting up human relations andfor trade journals programs for those employees who have direct public contact 24

payroll. -Some the pu_ P.R. staff on the Devising services to hire of organizations and P.R. firms lic (such as free use special facility, or freeTlance writers for space in the When an economic publishing,information about assignments. crunch hits anorganization, the consumer problems)which are public relations budget --whether not related tothe organiza- for staff oroutside-freb-lance tion, but make thepublic help -- ds likely tobe the first like it better. budget which isdrastically cut. Thus, the job outlookfor public SoMe organizationswill.hire relations is directlytied to firm''Which sPecializesin public conditions . relations- rather thanhave a, general economic

ons Pers on LookS The Emplci e o a Nibic Rdla

style Excellent writing sk ls, in a journalistic

Previous writing experience

Curiosity

Great likingfor'people,, tact with people

-A bachelor'S degree probably inEnglishi, journalksm or-communiCations

owledge of design, layoutand mechanics of geitt,ing material printed

,kindsof peOple; _asily:to ability to give' forinaiprosentaiiofii

2 9 25

To publiclze an artiats-In-schoolsprogram, a".:17? person had this photo taken fornewspaper artitles and brochures.

This profile of a farmer public _talked with a patient who wes' relations person helps explain the angry about the nIght.nQrses' advantages and disadVantages of- noise, drafted, five letters and -the-work. a speech for the.hospital direc- Martha Lo4 Patterson workedas tor's signature, and showed'a director of community relations Cub Scout troop through'the for a medium-sized hospitaTjn clinical laboratories . a...Boston, Massachusetts, suburb, ln between I was pleasant to She said: a printing company salesman who wanted to bid on printing the ['really enjOyed that job be- hdspitalJs annual report, and cause I got to know everybody to 6 doctor who, wanted me:to in-the hospital-and a,lot of write a feature7story'for the people in the coMmunity. My local paper-about his nephew'S, workingslay had agreat.deal 'trip to spot the Loch Ness_mons- of vai:lety. On one day; for ter in Scotlahd e instance, I gathered facts o the printer,and I didh' write about agnew.plece-of_X7say. about the nephew.) equipment, wrote a, news re- lease ahout Candy-Stripers, ' That day also included a p one asked the-Housekeeping Depart- tall from the loCal newspaper ment to add more -ash trays-to . about the .cause of death for the waiting room in Emergency, Mr. 'So-and-so." The reporter 26

reason) quit. . because:the emergency -And that is ohe was angry, My job took me into everycorner ward nurse would nottell the of the bespital4 so I knew what cause of death. So',,left my the problems were.- I 'also had office, (which WaS f away from some ideas abouthow to solve the main-hospital becauseP.R. those problems.' wasn't conside-red important office There enough for me to have an But I had no, authority. in the main building)and prac- was,no way my ideaswould be tically ran over to Emergency 'turned into nospitalpolicy quickly dig help 'Change the to,get the information (although I so,the reporter couldmeet her: schedule of waking patientsup! deadline. (If .1 cooperate with Now they're awakenedafter 7 a.m., the opers, they're.morelikely wilen the day shift ofnurses to print, the,newsreleases 1 comes onduty.:Before I raised write about the.hospital.) 'the question, the nightshift Instead of bothering.thenurses- nurses' waked thepatients up at- chetked the med- in .Ertiergency, I 5=30 pr'6 the patients ical reports of all it's probably rare that aP.R. 24 hours. treated in the last ,he or she is'made 'So-and so' had killedhim- person, unless president and sits:in on The nurse hadn't Wanted a vite self. top management decisionmeetings, that information in thepaper, can really makechanges. so she refusedto teli the re- trotted back to my Just to Write; porter. I I: wasn't content office, called the reporterto arrange meetings,' and bepleas- explain what badhappened, and ant te peOple. Also,' Iwas the reporterwrae in that af-: supporting two children,and I ternoon's paper, Mr.'$0-and7 couldn't afford the:salarythe But so' died suddenly on hospital pid. .50 I quit. dead on ar 1- the,job. he was pronounced I thoroughly enjoyed Nal at the Hospital...' It required a great-many,glffer- without mentioning thesuicide'. ent skills andabilities. Ws your,tal- P.R. good to use as many of From talking to,other job. know that my Job at On4s as possjble in a ,people, i Public relations work canbe the-bosptfal-was similat:to very creative. what most P.R.,departments e5.(pert on I was an instant

,everything, ond 1 ioved the challenge of'"learningsomething new constontly. I loved,the part of my job which,tielPed to. make the,hospital abetter place for patients.

t: 27

..:Technital Writers and audience Which has some know- Scientific Writers ledge'or particular lnterest in the field.- :Scientific writers, People who combine an interest in contrast to technical'writers, in writing with a knowledge of write in terms )aymen can under- scientific and technical subjects stand for the'general public "are good candidates,for jobsas about-scientific, medical, and technical or Scientific writers. technical subjectS.* The difference between the Iwo kinds of writers has been simply The-difference between technical Aescribed as: and scientific writers is less important than the similarities. Technical writers interpret technical informat on:foran

Similarities Between-Technical Writers

Interest in communicating technical information .Writing Skills A con6ern for accuraCy Curiosity and-sthe willingness to do thorbugh research An.ability to work well with scientists, engineers, technologists; andtechnicians for obtaining inktial information and for getting critical. comment On draft manuscrips.

Willingness to'revise:, based on criticalcomments A visual perceptiveness,, because equipmentmay be a major focus of writing 'Some'knowledge of: layout', design, photographY; and graphics for Lilustrating written'material:. An edUcational background in science, engineering, or math, combined with Writing courses-(or the other way aroUnd)-, with at least a-bachelor's degree' Writing experience

*Nriter, Technical;" Occupational Brief-178, Chronicle Guidance Publications,- Inc.' Moravia, New York 974.- 28

Becauae scienee writers are equipment and other instruments. explain writing for a lay audience, their She prepares manuals which the use of the equipment. The man- employers publish'newspapers, teChnicians who trade and general magazines, er ual is used by the the public relations-materials. Sci- will install the equipment, be.salaried, or doctors and nurses who will operate ence writers can who will can work on afree-lance basas it, and the service people maintain it. Her tasks include: Technical writers are frequently-salaried. The U.S. Government Learning about the equipment and technical/scientific firms who she is,going to writeabout -do'work for the government are the hy talking with theengineer_ major employers of,technical Writ- or_ scientist who isdesigning Ters. The job outlook,, therefore, it .depends greatly on the amountof Reading-technical reports on 'research and deVelopment funds provided by the U.S. Congress. similar equipment,,or -exist- for, example, a few years ago the ing,parts of-the new equipment, .aerospace industry -- whether Checkingthe first draft of government or contracted bythe' the manual with the designers government -- hired many techni- for accuracy-

, cal writers. U.S. Government . ,budget cutbacks in aerospace re Rewriting the Manual until approved, search and Producti)on'resulted,' all the details are engineers in a cutback of jobs for techni- by the scientists and cal.writers, as well as among Obtaining or preparing dia-

other kinds of workers.- grams, photographs,and other - However, neW technical products illustrations' are being developed;and the use Devising a tample,layoutof of such technology as computera the manual- .is expanding. Theae factors help Working with the- pr nter en keep the joh-market,steady.' the final layout The geographical areas withthe PrOofreading the printer!a greatest Concentrationof technological industries offer the galleys at.each stage ofthe best job,possibilities for tech- printing process nicai-writerST -The-East-Coast, -Making-sure-the-manua particularly Philadelphia, Wash- completedon schedule., ington, D.C., Boston, and NeW Attendinvsalea meetings to- York,- is one auch'area. Los Angeleais anoeher.- Several of 'explain the manual. the large, cities in the South- write West haVe the kinds of industries Technital writers, also may material which the salesdepart- Which hire'technical writers. Ment uses, and news releases boUt What are the taska of technical the, new equipment.'Writing :ar, writers and scientific Writers? ticles for scientific and teChni-. . Fran Broadbridge i_stechnical _ cal.journafais_ another. major task writer.who works for a company performed by technical writers.. makingdoMputerized medical 29

Firms or university research groupS their work, andthe final results which seek- work from government (of the research-activities-- egenciesalso hire technical writ- whether the wqrk regards the- de- ers,tnwrite_proposals,and then Velopment of a new fighter plane to.write the.technical reports or research in:causes orcancer. _which describe the progress

Take as many writing,coUrses as yoU:canvtake.aSMuch science and math-as you caYl; take'ileatrontcP,and-

drafting-courses. . Betng_able to read a''fOrbigbibn guage-helps;- Latin IsTherbful- forlearning,-,roots-.01 words-and.for understanding 'Englithlbetfer6,- ,

Praptite.yodr, wrtting.ekills. techpical writer- has to be extremely clear-; .FOr nstice, an instruc7- - tion manUal fOr= medical equipmat._66U-id'caEls*InJurY jf the,operator doesn't Onderstand'eVery singlesteb . In the-instructions. Read. Rea8 eVerythingi -You can attend 'a col loge _which .offers bp undergrad- uate-major in technical writing,'017yOu can graduate program.-. But,,yoU'll-do.a lot of_tior7ning on the. job-,- t's-i good career for me because itisidreative and Ut-uses my intarestAn both writing.and engin- oaring, Educational Writers 4. Reference publications such as directOries,.,encyclopedias, (Yhdse sources Another group of:writers exists and dictionaries who use their creativewriting, dstally have staff-writers, but commission:expert! fot some of, skills in the area.of.education.- :The sources of publication are: the major writing-assignments.) S.- State Departments ofEduca- 1. TeXtbook publishers (The tion, local school'systems,and writers are usually 'teachers other educational agencies who haVe.been commissioned (Writing oCcurs in the formof by a textbook publisher;'the Curriculum development, report, work:is thus free7lance.3 and proposal writing,and is of-, ten combined with otherrespon- 2.. Educational research groups, either 4s part of &university Sibilities.) Or an independent firm.(The jobs work is usually:salaried, but -Most educational writing iWo require excellent retearch skills lasts only for the year or A which,a particular project' in addition to writing skills. lasts; the writers are often bachelor's degree may be accep- table for sooe of the jobs,but a former teachers.)- master's, or doctorate is often 3,'Journals, newspapers, required. A teaching background otheraediBig city dailies is essential for many educational usually have_One or more edu- writing jobs. Many-of the oppor- cation reporters on salary. tunities for educational writing Some educational journalshavq are available on apart-time 'Staff. writers; other newspapers, basis. fliagaiines and media accept 'free-lance work, though not .always with pay.). , Amy Shapiro WOrks for an7 rndependent:Educational Research.Firm

A friend to d me about the job, and I like it because work only three mornings a week. My youngest child is still nursery school, so I need to be at home in the afternoons. I love the work. The firm has a grant from` the U.S. Office of Educationto write a guiue for high school counselors.The guide will help them give better cOunseling tohandicapped studenTs.

'I spend, a lot of time onjesearch. I read books

and'articies, and I talk to all ki-nds of people who are'knowledgeable about solving the problemsof han- dicapped kids .Actually, I spend more time doing research 'Man writing.

The pay isn't all that good, and becauser4work only'part time, I don't get any fringe benefits,such as health insurance. But my experience as a high school counselor is being used. While1 mi5s having direct contact with students, thisproject will help thousands of students allacross the country. One problem is that the governmentfunding only lasts-18 months. Then I'll have to' look for another job.-

Oter Specialized Writers for newspapers, T.V. Guide; reads.scripts submitted tO There are a few people who make producers and, writes summary their living as-writers in very for producer) specialized ways. Some examples are,: Game.andpuzzle creatort: Cartoonandcomic7bOo1:=StOrk- Writer's of poetry anemes- __---lIne-writ-61-(writes words in sages_for greeting-cardS "balloons" for those cartoon Gag and, j6le writers, ists'who don't write their own story lines Continuity writers for radio, television\ And there are-many, many Other Title writers\(writes printed people who use :their writing sltills wordslor movies,, television, almost daily-in their job. Having

- films) excellent:writing skills.is an ad- , vantage in obtaining jobS 'and be- , Reader (writesblurbs-about in& prompted in jobs-of all sorts. movies and television shows

EDITORS

Edi A Brief_ View

What does an editor do? The editor may:

Choose book manuscripts to buyor arti,cles to print in newspapers or magazines, ( 'Suggest manuscript changes -to authors; Change mistakes in-spellinw,grammar, and punctuation.

What kind oferson makes aood editor SomeOne'who is curious. Someone who underStands what people like to raad.' Spomeone who hasa sharp ey6 for pitking up mistake6. Someone who enjOYs reading.

.:tiat skills doeN an edi 0 needf

s _ eeitor needs the same skrliSas a writer: Excellent grammar Ability.to organize ideas Understanding of-differAt-audrences Understanding,of how to use a library webl TypinR

What preparation does an.editorneed? -Most editOrS have a college degree, usually either i English or journalism. ENtors withlOp jops have alot. of experience as an adiibri.. ,Manyeditors have much understanding of special fieldS', such as-Soience,law, dhild-n rents books. Editors of textbooks 5for school.s usually have a teaching background. Newspaper'eNtors usuatly have been reporters before becomingeditors. 34

Where do-editors work?' Most editors work for bookpublishing companies, magazines, monthly or newspapers. These editors are paid a weekly or salary.", Some editors work asfree-lancers. These editors are paid by thehourfor editing a book or magazinearticle. Most book and magazine editinglob; are in big cities, especially New York, Chicago,Bostoh, Philadelphia, Los Angeles, and San Francisco. However; for newspaper editing jobs, most openings are,in,suburban and rural towns;

Whatisthe ob outlook for editors? Jobs are har&to find now. Because fewer books, magazines, and newspapers are beingpublished, there are fewer edi- for editors is torial jobs. The largest inrease of jobs un-- 1 n technical eA i ti ng. Technical ed i tors must haean derstanding pf sCiente and math. .

What should students do who are .thinkinabout editinas-aob? Learn grammar, spelling,and punctuation. Work on the school newspbperoryearbook. Think aboUf what the Edit readers of the newspaper are,iqterested in reading :the writing of other stUdentsto fell them-hOwto make their writing better..Take ,writing classes, Edit your own writingland'rewrite yourown mapuscripts!

fun to be an editor?

Yes,-_ if yotfTilke to decidewhich-of manymanuit&ipts-or articles is useful to 'print..,Yes, ifyOulike to make s6meone-e-l-sels-wr_i_t_i=ng_bet

3 9 35-

Theyriter puts-words together. way that both makes sense ta read- For literary and journalistic ersand-pleases the author. Some*- writing, somebody has to decide body has to correct spelling:and whether those words are worth punctuation-mistakes. These "some- -printing. For all Lnds of wri bodies" axe called editors. Edit- ing, somebody has to make sure ing is the occupation most Closely the words are put together in a related to writing.

' T DE BOOK EDITORS

("Trade books" are.sold through was reading much m fiction than bookstores and to fibraries for it-does'iw,4. The bsjkublishing a general reading audience. industry 'Tints far more - Maxwell Perkins was a famous , novels and col- , lections of poetry or short stor- 'editor of literary writing. Er- nest Hemingway and Thomas Wolfe ies. The editor of non-fiction were among the authors whose work still has to he concerned with whether the author is getting his/

he edited. Perkins' first re- , sponsibility was to choose which her message to the reader through novels to publish. Then he-worked proper choice of words; a clear with the author to gpt the manu- style, and effective organization. keript ready: Ichop out this The editor must make sure that whofe chapter. Add a paragraph the style is appropriate for the here with some, detail sO that intended audience of the book. -the -reader-can-see-the scene in But thenon-fiction editor's, con- .his mind," were some of the kinds cerns are weighed toward accuracy of.advice he give. of content aad toward acquiring manuscripts'which will sell many Perkins, for some authors, copies. served as more than an editor 7 He used to-spend hour's and hours The.possible,sale of a-book de- with Thomas Wolfe-- at any time pends on the pUblic-taste. people are buying French cookbooks of day or night-- helping.fhe . author through gtoomy periods so -thisyear, then the,editor may de- that he could get backvto his cide that a Mexican-American cook- work of creating novels. -BDt book will sell, well next year. *Perkins' -primary job was to edie Rather. than Wait for an unknpwn Wolfe's writing so.that the read- author to submit the manuscript of er could feel the impact of the a MexicanAmericin cookbookithe author's,-words even if that editor is likely to find someone meant throwing away hundreds of to compile it perhaps the chef of a famous Mexican-American res- pages. taurant in-Los Angeles or the Perkim,..mas 4h editor.at a food editor for a San, Antonio time when the American public newspaper.

7 40 Accuracy of Content is essen; not:only a reprint in ihe thous- tail to th6 reader .making polenta ands-of the Original noVel but from that cookbook; the cook wants also a paperback on how the movie. to knolethat-one"cup of corn meal wa$ made. is Uctually enough. For the ,trade Unless high productioncosts, -book'publisher, lack of"accuracy particularly the cost of paper, ,can causeexpensiVelawsuits, or drive up the cost ofpaperbacks investigation by governmentzgen- so high that people cannotafford cies. If.Jani Doe writesin-lier to bUy_them; this publishingfield book, liy_Life as a Chauffeur for will offer.job possibilAtiesfor . Faous Gangsters, that her cousin eaitors who enjoy the promotional John Doe was involved in a big aspects of publishing,($ee next . bank hold-upunless his invOlve- chapter on Business Occupations ment has been proved, Jane and the publishing.company may be open Trade"Book PublishinE to a libel'suit. The,editor is Career Ladders responsible for questioning:such details, and for_checking any-prob- The editor'S job clearly has great lems with the publisher's.lawyers. impact on the writer and'theread- Many trade bOok publishers have er This'impact is generally re- a paperback division. This divi- cognized through a "Career ladder" ------sion-_somptimes publishes CITi inal (the steps in advancing from a ,manuscripts,a but more frequently, less-ilaWftant -job- publiShes paperback versions of great impact). N. books already printed in.hard AMong editors in hookvublishing, cdver (often called "cloth" 'the career ladder is quite defin- movie/tele- or novel-versions of . ite. :Me-highest poSition is sen- vision screenplays. The editor's ior editor or managing- editor. main tasksafter selecting with This 'Person makes decisions the sales department those titles -usually with other senioroffi- that will achieve wide sales in - ciali, such as'the-head 'of the Paperback and decidingon-the sales department, about which nuMbers to print, are to suggest books to publish, or whicharti- minor changes to make the books . cles tb print in the magazine. more readable and towork with 'Large publishing companies and, the art-depa'rtment in choosing large'magazines have editors in an eye-CatchingcoVer and perhaps charge of each major division. 'a different title. The editor of.. . . merbacks:sold mainly for class- The,sehior editors may have sev- room use may commission ateach- eral assistants. These editors ger or notedscholarto'writean read Manuscripts-and,recommend introduction specifically for:the the ones suitable for publidation. They suggest changes to be made by -7-paperback edition. Paperback editofS are constantly seeking authors in ihe manUscripts and books which will appealto:a- make style, content,and.organi- large audience, partly bytyini zation changes themselves in manu- in,witkcurrent news events-or scripts.The written word ,is the popular entertainment.' Thehigh- editor's mainconcern, but editors ly successful movie "Jaws" was may also-work-with the-staff of followed by the company's art department and production departments regarding: small cbmpany,. the copy editor, -illustrations, design of beek editdrial assistants, Or senior covers' and/or jacket,' choice-of -editors will proofread rther*than . _paper and book binding,type; -.hire 4.,proofreadert Some. small and size of, print. publishers use free-lance -proof- The book or inagazine,publishing readers. Proofreaders 'also work compai.ly may also hirecopyeditors, directly- for printers., .Copyread- both un a salary or on .a'free7 ers and proofreaders are considerl- ed to :have least 'respensibilitY. lancebasis, although. inc'spme , firms the- managing editor or edi- on the-, editorial career ladder; torial assistants also do. the copy- Thê people at the top of the editing. The responsibility of editorial. careerladderarewell the copy editor'is to make sure,. phid; partidularly_because-df that the typed manuscript has no they move to andther-publishing spekling,grammatical, or punctu- company, -their most productive ation mistakes. authors may decide -also 'to switch For some publications, 'an index publishersin order to stay With': the editors,- editor-is needed. This person has Junior:editors, the large taik.of cons-tructing an` itorial asSistants, copy edk- index which lists page numbers tors, and'proofreaders receive for every person or eventinthe low wages.; however, so many peo-. book. ple 'are seeking- these jobs just -o=enter--thepub-usines-s After--the manuscript' goeS to that employers can attract well the printer, a proofreader's ser .qualified-employees-withont- vices- are used ,by most publishers. paying -high salaries: The proofreader checks the ,print- ex.'s galleys against 'the manu-

. script to ,correct any errors'made in the printing process. In a '-Adven es and Disadv of. Bei_OvITrade Book Editor

As a trade book editor, have.a grdat deal of influence. My name never gets mentionedin a book Manuscript in . but I recommend buYing the-author's the first place, and I.suggest the,revisionswhich make that manuscript Tnto a bookwhich people will read and -One disadvantage -- for me, really prefer .the. 6Ountry -- to-myjob because I is that 1 have,to live in or near abig city, actu- ,ally mainly big -citjes,in the East,' towork as_an editOr. -The-other problem-for me- il.thatWomen are Still having to fight for equal pay. Trade book publishers,are:conservative and old-fashioned. But

. I dig the work; -Jan Chilton,:editor, Philadelphia "Textbobks" are sold tp schools is a specialist in the teaching of-- ,as teachinutOols for educators reading. That educator is Cal.led on aid levels from kindergarten ' the-senior author. Hamlinand-the through adult education. , senior -authOr choose writersjon-a Talbot Hamlin has the.title, free-lance basis) to write or adapt Executive Editor-of language Arts, fictionshOrtjdographies:. and for a textbook publisher. He is . poems for-the reading textbooks. 'in charge of this pubkisher!s Then HaMlin and his editorial as- :basic reading.series for students sistants make.changes in:these author's Manuscripts. from kindergarten throughnint4 Sbmptimes grade HiSfirm-hires7- on a they .aSk a writer to rewrifea royalty basis-- an educator. whe manusdript.

Dearlrs. Regal

Tqlerr-766o6t-theidtO you sent:A n-,!z.' acoup -The'stór SU it seemS'tp toi-ttying _ The-intnodUc+ioh'of:-thenetg with-all the ' confusing. What we hadhop.edLfo-rn I first you,is Chinese-Ameridanlaidhite'otF thathi_d'grederpti* hope woulciie, a thi-rcl, 4rader;a's, stand 1 ng cp.f th It seemv'to-mw Ni, , anarticrie-1-h: as 'So and,SiOjall*p This may'be _of'stattng,tWi* A hope' I-qn ,Ple&ie-think ab60 iny'sugyes that a After theauthor has revised textbook, he will indicate the story, Hamliwchecksit for photograph of Hitler at a mass . meeting,is required for page 206). acCuracy. The'mditor explained, The-art department of the,publish- I. read every manuScript pre- ing company ii responsible'for workinrclirectly with the illustra- pared, +0 'think the authpr is t7,rs or photographers,based. on yTonq; 1 'test every aspect for accuracy-because it is' the editor's specifications. used'for teachirpg. 'The field of textbook publishing - has 'grown in,recent years, even Editors of:college textbooks send with 6ompetition from films, cas- manuscripts out to experts-, such settes, teaching machinesand,a as universityprofessors, for. trend toward' using a number.ofpa- careful review of each text_to be perbook books rather---than onetext: sure that the information is ac- in a class. is alSo a fie d curate. that is giving increasing op or- posi- Tim textbook editor worksClose-, tunities for, women irt senior ly with the artist who isillus- tions. However, textbook sales of students trating-the story or= book. Hamlin are tied to the numbers recommends-the content of each il-, available to use the books. A de- enroll- lustration-and the style. For, creasing school and college s he mi ht- ent could thusreauce'the jeb specify a particular photograph possibilities (for_instance, in a social studies

EWSPAPER EDITORS

Thomas Murphy is the Managing newstaff'members without-a col7 them Editor of a dai y (except Satur- lege education but.encourages day, and Sunday) newspaper with a to-go-to college.at_night; circulation of 18000 readers in _neves-that a.newspaper has a-re- the suburbs of a big city. Along sponsibility-to train new reporters beCome,rito- with the paper'spublisher,.he' well, and-to help'them AS Manag- decides editorial policy. "We fessionaljdurnalists. think candidate X will be'a bet- ing Editor, MUrphy Very rarely ter mayor because he'llkeep ,city writet a news stOry,.but he usually writes-several editorials a. spenaingidown." "We think a :regional incinerator is a good week. ,He knows his SubUrban com- mUnity Well =- the-electedoffi- idea" ' ardexamples of policy. issues; .Murphy hires news repor- cials, th'e doctors and adminrifia- hospital, the ters, fires peoplesometimes, and -tors of the local, the, supervises a staff of 12 writers people in the public schools,' merchents,-the city workers; the. and editors.-He has only a high crhonipiam,d sometimes hires manufacturers. He wants his 'A Washington' POst Editbr's

newspeper.to help make the town choice pf Words, stylegrammar, a better place for pedple_tcrlive =spelling, and punctuation: It ' in By'chodsing which news stor- Also includes aocuraCy of facts ies-to emphasize,-And by choosing reporttd:In addition to deter- what position-to take inan edi- mining political views, thenews, torial, Murphy.influences his paper publisher and managing editor cOmmunitY. , Set 'the -style.and'tOne of theneWs- Newtpapar editors-haVe the same paper 7- whether the:paper will be basic responsibility as book-and sensational of more straightfor- magazine editors:--Choosing the mard, for example, or whether the _news stories to be.printed and paper is Aimed 'at readers with lest . making sure they are written as than high .schOol'education or at - well.as possible. "As well=as readers with some.college edUcation. possible" includes organization, 42

areer Ladder for aLarge:NewS. 4 er

:Publisher 'T Managing Editor

1 . Foreign Edi or ALS. Editor, CityEditor-

) Editors of yarious Sectiensr. (suph as".sports., crossword puzzles;livi

.I eporters

Copy Editors,-Copy Reade

Editors on ,small newspapers are print shop! Thus, far newspapers, writer and also frequently writers., :Onweek- the distinction hetween write editoris.not as clear as itUsn-' ly newspapers theediter may and stories andheadlines, take photo7 ally is for book publishers publishersof magazines with large graphs, sell adirertising, run;the circulations department, send out; _eirculation. pky bijis,:and run,th& MAGAZINE EDITOR -6

Geoffrey-Precourt isManaging But Geoffrey Precourt likes his Editor of-a monthly magazine. job. When the issue of the Maga- The magazipe is a "specialty" ma- tine.is particularly', good,- people gazine'because.it appeals only to call him to,say so. a:certain group of readers. In_ this caSe, the,readers -are people l,coUldn't get this satisfaction interested in the'city of Boston, from being a book-editor, be- Massachuseits. Precourt chooses- cause the 'resPonsibility,for articles or assigns authors to being good is more than the write about'Boston's-restaurants author's. A newspaper is read and.entertaimment places, itg too quickly for people to re- government- and-cultural- eVents, spond to a whole,issue. But for:exaMple. with 6 magazine, I can know ( __ Because of the magazine's con- when,people,are enjoying most , tent,-the managing editor must of a whole issue -- and that's have the ability to,talk to all my 'responsibility: kinds of people_ easily, particu- .' larly prominent people. Precourt Because Precourt's maeazine has says he must be able to concen- -a small,circulatiori and_ thus-A trate, too -and to-have a "toler- small staff,:he performs a great ance for tediUm.". ,many tasks as editor.. On large' arculation-magazines,-theeditor-- My work is often dull. First ial responsibilities are aSsigned very much the way-they are in a I edit all the news articles; book publiShing house or a large Then 1 copy edit them for newspaper. punctuation; spelling, etc. Thb senior editors . Then there are several more choose the main'stories or arti- editing steps after 1-he kin- cles to be published,'either py selecting aMong manuscripts sub- ter gets started. Before the ', magazine i5 ready for the news- mitted or (more likaly) assigning authors or reporters to write them. stands and Subscribers, 1 may haye read a story, closely The Staff of a large magazine usu-, eight to 12 times. - ally has several divisions, with an editor in charge of-each one- I can't get sick.and be away Junior editors, editorial assis- from the office for more than tants, and copy editors check the two days. After an issue is stories and.articles for errors closed -- ready for the read- in content and in writing. er -- i'might take a vacation, Put never more than seven days at a time. 44

:NON-FIcTION REWRITE EDITOR

Susan Horn is a rewrite editor. _Mostly the rewrite editor does She works fOr a university press Only that: putting the author (or publishing department) whiCh manuscript in pnblishable shape. assigns her bookS and articles -But Horn likes carrying the book to rewrite on a free-lancebasis. from beginning to almost the 'end. (She is nnt involved with distrib SheyorkS with the author, sug- , uting and selling copies.) gesting changes in writing style , ,Ms. Horn, whose college-and grad- and content to improve the manu- _ uate school courses mere concen- script. Sometimes she conducts . research to make sure the content trated in English, writes poetry is accurate. and novels in her free time.' write only as an avocation After the manuscript is in I final form, Susan Horn supervises because I couldn't,earn a the typing,and corrects theprint- Jiving as a poet or a fiction 'er'sgalley proofs 'to make sure writer. that no Adstakes occurred in -the For Susan Horn, free-lance edit- printini process: She has to de- ing is a good oCcupatiOn because :cide on tIltwright kind ofpapez"' she likes theproduC't of'her workl .for use in-the final printing. -- the booksand magazine articles Horn chooses the-color of the 'she edits. Although some pares of' boos cover an oversee. her work are lonely, Horn meets ist in designing the- jacket cover. people to exchange ideaS- with, and This free-lance editorts respon- shp likes intelligent people. sibilities are sOmewhat unusual.

Susan Hoxm's Advice toStudents .WITIMIELII_Wish to Become Editors

a.Try to become an apprentice to arieditor Don't take a secretarial job unless itinc udes an apprenticeship, butdc3 know how to type Know hoW to use the libraryfor research Have a good knowledge of the Eng3jshlanguage sensitivity to words, to grammar, to pt!nctuation Know how to prepare an index Be able to work with deadlines Have plenty of tact to work-withauthors, printers, designers,.artists 45

PROBLEMS FACEDBY EDITORS

There are many tales, some of lake-will sai fewer cop and them true -- about books which will make, the industry's àner were turned down by numbers of .angry -- but that article c uld senior editors, and then became Aead to stopping the polluti'nso bestsellers when published by a that the community residents,cn company willing to take a chance. use the lake again for:fishing ad There are also many examples_of swimming. Should aa editor let a books written by established'au- reporter-slip arY opinion'(which thors about pqpular-subjects Which properly belongs on the editorial quickly wound:up on remainder ta- page) into a front pagenews arti- bles (sold in boekstoresat less cle'to help a "good" candidate for thanYcost), losing the publishers office? --- a great deal of money. ..extbook,editors who have printed The biggest nightmare ofa sen- Selections from novels about ghetto ior editor is.turning down the' life have had their reading text- wrong bdok, or publishing a real books banned by some SthOol- systems loser. (Publishers do sometimes in the cOuntrY_The editors felt accept manuscripts which willnot that students benefit fromlearn- sell enough copies to re'cover ing about ghetto life from authofs . printing costs, but which are -who have lived_it. the people-in considered_importantenoU o --.thecoimunity-objected- o .cer-ain .publish; poetry ia good example.) words and ideas in theelections: But editors have another kind Thus a conflict arose. of problem. ( A manuscript may The conflicts faced by.editors have obvious sale,potential'but are not alwayS on amoral level:. be6personally distressing to the SometimeS they.are"simplyargU- editor. Does he/she want to see mentS with authors.Or reporters a politician convictedsof accept- about the choice'ofa word Or the ing bribes make money from royal- Use of a comma. (The editor knOWs ties on a book about the politic- that thecomma,belongs in the sen,-: al corruption?Does the editor tence; the author doesn't care recommend a junk noVel that might about'gramMar books and doesn't sell hundreds of thousands of want:that comma!) copies over a novel with 1.4erary : merit which may barely recover But:these problems- (even sloppy. printing costs? putictuation) -can affeft sales and if'poOr.sales force the'publiSher Newspaper and magazine editors -out of.business, the-editor hasnce also face conflicts in choosing job: Yet formany senior-editors, which stories and articles to 'the opportunity cifxinfluencing publlsh. By giving prominent public-ideas, actions,'and taste space to the lurid_murder-of_a -- for:the gbod.,-- gives great go-gp dancer, the editor may get satisfaction. more copies sold. That same space devoted to an-,article about in- ,dustrial pollution of the local

-50 FOR EDITIMU EDUCATIONAL REQUIREMENTS.AND JO OPPORTUNITIES

are usually.locatedin-,big cities, Mpst editors have at least a exists 'for bachelors degree._ In bookpub- where more competition, In additfon, the,eco- lishing; the degree isfrequently all jobs. nomic recession and.American!s" in English; in newspaperand maga- shifting from reading toteleviiion zine publishing, thedegree is have both decreasedthe number of usually in English,journalism, books and magazinesbeing published. or communication. Senior editors Jobs are scarce; thecompetitimis have had previouseditorial ex- keen. perience. Textbook,editors have .almost always had teachingexperiv Specialty-aildience publishers ience. Newspaper editors have offer the bestpossibilities. usually had extensive reporting These magazines andbooks are -aimed experience-. at an audienceinterested in rock music, far example, orsoccer,'or Getting a beg nningeditorial . There are many the lives ofcontemporary.Black \ job is difficult. .frade associations \applicants because peoplethink Americans. publish magazines, too: for ex- of publishing as a',glamour" . ample,The NationalHardware fierd, and thepublishing jobs Retailers'Association publishes concern for accuracy in spelling' a monthly magazine called Hard- and grammar. Knowing standard ware Retailer for its mebers;. proofreading symbols is essential. most ASociations publish at least a newsletter. Another ex- -Job-Locations ample of a specialized field which , hires editors ig that of thecol- .Where.are jobs.for editors? The lege or university alumni office, major magazine and book pubiishers , and.other publications 'departments are. located On the- East coast ,of colleges. Religioutorganiza- (New york, 'Boston', and Philadel- tions-also hire editors for their phia).,- Specialized magazines, pub- publications. 1.1ished by trade.assoeiitions are'. Editors working for publishers edited in the .-headeliarters -of the with a-specialized audiencemay - Association; Waghington, need a.technical or scientific New'York---and-Chicago- are the lo- background in additionto editor- cations of'many trade associations. ial skills. For.textbooks and- .Technical editors ftnd Work In the jobrnals of a highly scientific samelocatibns. that technical-writ- ,naturei the editor must have aC- ers do (see chapter two on-"Writ- quired knowledge of the particu- -,ers) wherever there-is -a.con--

,lar field. ..centration'of 'electroniCs, chemi- . - These editors are usually called technical editors, cal,land other,technological and their job is simifar to.that industries. writersexcept that Newspaper editorial jobS exist they do more revising of other everywhere, but in the-newspaper people's work than actual creat-., world these,are the 'top Yobs: ing. --The job outlook for quail- Most newspaper editori haveac- fied:technfcal editers is better .quired their job after manyyears than the outlook kor,most other of experience as a reperter;'many kinds of edifors. . also have developed special know- Copy editors'aand proofreaders ledge of a.particular field.

work.not only for book,maga- _ Copy'editors and proofreaders zineand newspaper publishers. will'find great cpmpetition for ...They also work, either on aeal- these beginning-level jobs'in ark or a free-lance basis, with' metropolitan-areas. TheSe.a'reas advertising copywriters, public are already filled with people relations writers, educational seeking work with pUbliShers!. writers_(particularly for firms which publish directories and No-matter where theeediting' other reference works), and takesplace, the editor plays a ,other kinds-:Of specialized writ- major role in getting the writer's . ers. __Thezideal copy editor and work'into the hands of-the reader. procifreader ddesnot necessarily Other workers,are eve any education beYond high but their occupations_are'less school,although without further clearly related to the'actua/ education', these people cannot creation of writing. usually advance to more responsible jobs. They must have a sharp-eye for errors, witha .LriboZir

ertonal ChkraCteristics of Most_Editors

'A desire to be-accurate

Judg Tent: about what-43epp e want read qr nee to read - Ability-to_work,smoothly with other people (egpeciaRlY tajth writerS

A sense of.ethi-Crs e% Ability to workunder,ddadlines

A5 the Oitor'advance an,ability to supervisethe work of other people(lanagerial skills) e_The capacity to aecept-criticiSmand compliments gracefully.

The,wi be%-usu ly a behin&the-scenes worker.

,Typing,skiliS for editorial,aSsistthts nndjuniar,. editora -and Occasionally,for senibr editers too. _OecUPATIONS

B-usiness obsinth eWO d A 'Brief View iVhy .are there business jobs fOr_ writing?

Someone has to make sura that thewrittenword-get- and then sol d -to- readers

inds of busimess iobs are there? The literary agd-Fit-hel-ps sprthe writer's Manuscript to, a pub Isher. The pub 1sh 1 ng. company has workers who are n tharge of printing the book, choosing 'drawingsand 'photo- ..,01--aphs for the book, and advertising the bookso that 'pet)- pie wi II 'buy it. The pub Ii shi ng company usua I ly hires another 'company4to distribute the book' tobookstores: Bookstores hire managers qnd salespeopleto sel Ithe book to people. %

Mfagkzi nes work the' same-way. But magazine publishers also have a circulation department. Those workers-are in charge

. of ma i I i ng;'the magaz ne. to peop I e, and d i stri but ng the maga2ine-.ito such placet"as drugstores. Magazi ne publishers have other workers who sell advertising , space' ih the magazi oe to stores or other companies. Without-2sel ling enough advertjsing-space, most magazines, mightgo out'of bdsiness.

Newspaper pub i)sher,i also have circu (at ion and -advert i ing'wdrkerS. Most ri-vspaper publ ishing Oompan ies pr nt their own -newspapers, so -they alsohave business jobs in prA nt

5 4 SO

d? What kind of peo le like busine s'ohs in the writing wo People w ho like the exc tementof buS ness Peop e who ike produc ipg ,-- advert i si ng and seling, the printed -word, magazines, People who enjowaworkingin a place where books, and newspapers are puttogether, printed, or Sold. -

What kind of skills are needed? For pr inti ng jobs, printi ng machi ne ski 1I s. are necessary. For an advertising job, or .ajob bs a, I iterary agent, workers must understand thereading audience and have must know how writing skills. For seliing 'jobs, workers to help people choose whatbooks and magazines to buy. ' ------For-many-business jobsnthewr_i-tj wor I d, workers need math slci 1 ls.

What is the job oUtiook? Writing business jobs are_-tiedto thel'general economy. It peopleshaVe money to buybooks, magazines, and newspapers, -then there are morebusiness jobs in the writing world.., But when the economyis slow, people buy- fewer books, magazines, and- newspapers - and that means fewer competes with tele- business -jobs.- The printed-word also vision,. movies, end ,radio- for- anaudience. When people read less, there'are. fewerprinted works sold -- and that moans- fewer businb-ssjobs.

Where are 'obs located? Most towns and citieshave-newspapers. Most openings in rural areas, newspaper businessjdbs are in the suburbs and because many people arecompeting for jobs in -bigcities. in Jobs in distributing andcirculation are, usually found _ _ oilies.--Bookselling_jobs are, foundin suburbs and cities. Almost all jobs forI iterary agents are16-NiTAPYOrk-alty,. because that is where Mostbooks are published. 51

6 'The writer puts words' together includes printing and produotionj to inform, entertain, persuade. sales and promotion, and circula- The editor helps make surethose tion and distribution. words are put together so that the Writer's message is under, The Itterar- Market Place, which stood-by the.reader, But before is a business ZirectorY.of American the author's work reaches thebook publishing, lists-,82 firms in- reader, other kindS of workers volved in different kinds:of acti- are involved. vities related to writing. Some of these activitieS are obvious: These workers may_havediffer- book publishers, magazines, news- -ent kinds of jobs, but.theyare papers. But many of. the activities all :concerned-with the:business are not-well known. aspects of:writing.. 'Business

.Writing7kelated Businesses _sted in The Literary Market Place)

A- hors' Agents= Exhibits Illustration Agents Exporters and Importers. Lecture.Agents MagazineSubscription Agenc ds Artists and Art Services Micropublishers Adult-Book Clubs Photo and Picture Sources' Juvenile BookClubs Public Relations_Service$-: Book MarnifacturerS Publishers'Sales.RepresentatiVes Hand,Bookbinders ,Radio and.Tetetision Programs- Binders Dies featuring BOoks Cover Boards Consulting and Editorial Services 'Bookbinding Supplies DataProcessint Services, Manufacturers and Messenger,Services: DistrihUtors: Shipping Services BoOkTaper-MerChants Shipping Suppliers Book Paper Mills SteM.0 and Typing ServiceS Type Manufacturers, Translators Book ReView.Services Wholesaler's toA3ook Stores , clipping Bureaus Wholesalers in Special Subjects Direct Mail Specialists Wholesaler's to School's and Lettershop, .Duplicating, -Libraries -and Mailing Services Prebinders tO Schools and Mailing LiSts Libraries Free-lance Editorial Work Whelesale Remainder Dealers 52

Following-a book from ablank A Literay Ag nt Can H ana By: piece of paper'in_the creative, writer's typewriter to thefin- Being aware'of which.-pub- ishe&product on sale in a:book- lishing houses dAng the sev- the store gives an idea'ofhow eral hundred active-oneS might business People are involved. be interested in a book about Newspaper and magazine publishers juvenile justice. have businets workerssimilar to, : Being perSonally acquainted those in book publishing.' .with the editors of many pub- Jhe particular creative writer' lishing houses; so that the is a fictitious person,namedJane agent can more effectively .As the.city government reporter "sell" JanelS book to the,pub- for a medium7sized daily paper, ,lisher most likely to publish -Jane-hasjearned-a-great-deal_ -and7promdtaithe-book-effettive -about.,what happens to-juveniles ly. For instanCe, the agent who get in trouble with thelaw. will:steer Jane away-from She wants to write a bookfsor the "vanity'presSes" or from pub- general public to point outthat lishinghouses which_do not 'most juvenile offenders maynot make an, effort to get the book be receiving fair treatment. She into the hands of buyers. -wants to call the bookJuvenile After getting an editor to Justite? agree that the publisherwill But Jane doesn't have enough_ buy Jane'S manuscript, arrang. money to take tiMeoff from work ing for a contract which.bene- .to cOndutt all thenecessary re- fits Jane on'publishing and search., She wants an advande- - subsidiary rights..

againSt royalties to-live on . while she writes the book.-.-Jane- writes an outline of what thebook will cover,And'a samplechapter. , She sends it out to awell-known trade book ptiblisher., _Sixanxious Weekslater,'.the rejection slip _comes back. "We.don't think the -general public will,beinterested." 'Jane is crushed, but she sends out her outline andSample chap- _ . ter again. After-tW i-bore-rejec-- tions, Jane decides toapproach a literary agent.

7 53

Now Jane also knows that very so Alfred cannot sell.this editor. few agents will work 'with unpub- ,on Juvenile Justice?but he does- fished authors. HoweverJane's interest the editor in a manuscript newspaper articles usually appear ow'The Sixtyj-iTE1StaLin_aLaa: with a "by-line" ,(that is, her Flies (the editor likes to fish). 'name listed under the headline), and one story was nominated for The process of talking with edi-' a major journalistic award. She tors and sending out Jane's out- ,writes a letter about herself, , line and sample chapter finally chooses,clippings of particularly results in a sale. Alfre&nego- .;z well-written articles about 1.a.tes a Contract for Jane.' The , juvenile justice problems published contract inCludes detailS about in,her paper, and sends these off royalty adVances, rate of royalty, to an agent she picked out ofa copies printed,sales to book 14,s-t-in-Literar -Market Place:- Alas! Rejection again. The agent reprint tights for paperback dis-. works only with established write tributioni and _advertising and' promotion. _ , However,-this agent feels that Jane's unpublished manuscript has Zane takes a six-month leave promise. The agent recommends a. froeher newspaper job,' and has ' friend-who_has recently-begun- 'to borrow-money'to liveon because new agency after working for a the advance,against:royaltiesis big publisher for many years. quite small. The.complete manu- Jane tries again, with.-- at la script goes through the publisher's editing process,(see chapter success,. . .on "Editors") ankthe editor sends The agent, Alfred Drakejalsoa the manuScriptback to JanefOr fictitious-name), believes that reviSions,,I3y now she ig'working h'e can sell Jane's idea for a .again_for-the neWSpaper; so she- book few changes in :-SpendS'nights and weekends. revis-' . thp outline -- and get an advance 'ing her took-according to-_the-_- from the publisher so that she editorI-s Suggestions; After: ieV-' can Complete the manuscript. eral months of back-and-forthing,, For a fee' Of-course! The agent_ including a review of the manu- en-percent-of-th --script-by-theTpublisheris7-1-awyer, royalty Jane receives for each the manuscript is.considered ready' book sold. for production.' :Jane will not . After agreeing to serve as see,it again.until the'printer's Jane's literary agent, Alfred galley,propfs_are ready. starts calling editors to de- .The publishing cempany -has a scribe Jane's book idea. The number of salaried people now.work- first One who nibbles gets invit- ing on Jane's .manuscript :The ed.to lunch. This editor likes production department people get-,,. expensive FrenCh food and a lot bids'for printing., paper, land of wine,. which Alfred pays for. binding froMprinters and-binders. After a_long lunch,:the editor (Most book and magazine publishers says that all children between use an hutside printing company the ages of 13 and 19 should be instead of havihg their own print- locked in jail (the editor'sson ing pressel as newspapers de). belongs to a motorcycle gang). The art department.people are 54

involved-in illustrations (if-any), Jane's apPearing em radio and television shows and ia bookstores. type style, cover:design,and jac- Another group of workers is.re- ket design.:, -Employesin the.mar7 keting departmentPlan foradver- sponsible,for getting,the book distributed through wholesale -tising the book,,obtaining:reviews Of it in-newspapers and magazines, boOk dealers-- and getting .free publicitythrough

The iterary. Agent

Skills and Personal Characteristics

ting'skills and market knowledge t select manuscripts which are publishable Personal knowledge of ublishingworld, s me knowledge of movie and tertvisionworld Ability to sell manuscripts hydescribing them Business and legal.knowledgedsparticularlyfor advising authors oncontractsli Willingness to work on owninitiative, Tact in working with authorspublishers

Preparation

No special.degree:, Trospe-cta-lwork-experience, xcept-that-working_ in publishing cempany or asassistant in a large literary agency provides knowledgeof publishing world.which is essentialfor success

. . b_ PoSsibilit

Limited to geographical a easin which trade book publishers, arelocated Competition is keen Reduction in number of bookspublished reduces feeS for agents, but increasein,movie and paperback'sale rights increasefees

9 55

'AdvertiSing Jobs

For trade book publishers, theadvertising depare- ment is responsible for writing copy and designing advertisements to appear in magazinesand neWSpapers. The job of these workers-is to persuadepeOple to buy books through reading advertisements'.

In newspaper and magazine publishing,many workers _in the advertising departmentare/telling advern- _s_pa to stores, hotels, manufacturers and otherbus- lnesses -Or to the advertising which represent them). For most newspapers. and magazines,the __incorae_from_saleof_advertisings'pAPeiLITeater than the income from subscriptions 'ofnewsstand-sales. Some advertisingyerkers fornewspapersand magazines are,sellingAhenewspaper or magazine itself to potential subScribers. ',The number of:Subscribers is added to the number of newsstandsaleS to provide the total circulatibn. 'A magazine with a large=cir- / Culation Can usually charge higheradvertising rates than'can a low circulation magazine.

The circulation department makesSure that subscribers get their magazines- -and newspapers. &line of these publishers haveseparate news/stand departments. AS with book publishers, mc3t1magazinesand newspapers turn'over the,actual--distributionCmal- ing or truck deliVeiy of :co ies)to another coipany.

Because production and 'circula- .thpfirst set of printer's Villey tion workers do'notperform the-- proofs., This,is her last chance- tasks norrequire the skillS and -to make correCtions and revise ,preparation of Writers and editors, content, .and probably the last no detailed information is given time she-Will see-her book- until here abOuf their occupations, it is bound and jacketed and ready With the exception-of advertising for. sale. and promotion people, Jane the author is unlikely to'encoiinter The publishing company alSo sends anyenc other than her editor-in .copies of galley propfs,.,to impor- ihe Publishing. coffipany. tant reviet4ers, critics, and.to experts in.the field of juvenile, JuVenile Justice? cemes closer-. justice. Their,comments -- if to publication after the produc- favorable -r will appear'on the tion depahment chooses a printer. book jacketand in advertising. ,The editor sends Jane a copY Of When-the book 'published, many- .

6 0 56

free copies will go toadditional, trying to line up personal'appearances on radio andtelevision for book'critics see next chapter). Jane to promote her.book. They After several sets of galley, also try to interest bookclubs in proofS are checkedby editors, buying rights to Jane's book. the printer's presses roll. The, Jane's literary agent tries,to ar-, imges are sent off to abinder. arngefor a lecture agent tosign The jackets are wrappedaround Jane up for lectures -- afine the books. Juvenile Justice? sonrceof additicinal incomefor is ready for sale. her, as well as freeadvertising Alfred Drake, 'Most copies pf the bOOR go to for Juvenile Jnstice? publish- 'a Shipping service,or-to. awhole the agent, also:pushes the puy, salp bobk dealer.- Some cOpies' etls advertising department to advertising space in the NewYork. are sent to the publisher,who and.jour, forwards a few,to Jane (the ac--- ;rites BoolOreview Section nals written fer peopleintereited,, tual nWher---Wat--writ-ten-intoher.

. Contract). problems. Her.friends -She is elated! distrib-.. throw aparty for her,(publisherS In theaieantime the book nsedto give.parties for authors, utors,ard sending out annonneements customers &bout and, occasionally still.dd,, but to their bookstore Their salesmen rarely for.a-beginning,authorof Juvenile-Juitice? oWners'into,- _ a book that isunlikely:to, be a ,a.re talking bookstore Her friends'wonder making'shelf rOom for eoPies'of' best seller). Free-lance book qavel-' when.she will appea'r on televi- the book. erS(salespeople who represbrit. Sion.' They ask:her what shpwill publishers and AdstrIbutors) are do with alithe. money sheiS sure boOkstor6,to to earn on royalties. They as,k _ ,calling on other recommend Jane's book. All these her Whatbook,she isgoing to' 'salespeople krioW their customers write' next., well enough to havp somehOtion of '%-= ,The marketing people at thepub7 how many.copies.each.boolistore is lishing heuse spend some time jikely to take

' P

61 57

Textbook_Sales

'There is one business occupationin'textbook publishing. which is more closely relatedto writing and, editing than . other businessjobs. That is the salesperson. 'Textbook .publishers hire saleSpeopletO sell elementary and high .school texts to schools and toState,pepartments of Edu- cation. These salespeople have,likely hadprevious teach- -.ing experience, andare thus 'college graduateS. The people who Selltexts to.colleges.and-univer'sities are Called collegefield'representativeSor ''trivelers..." Their j'Ob haS two partS. One.is to get college faculty members and department headsto agree to buythe textbook published by-the college traveler'semOoyer.The other' professor has an interesting 'idea for a'new textbook Whichthe pubiishermight market well.. The head of freshman Englishfor a university with 5,000-new,freshmen student's eachirearis-a'good candidate for writing a textbook, becausethe college'will almost ,alwayS'choose that textbook foruSe in all- freshman .English courses. After acquiringa.new textbookmanu- , -ript from a.:,college professor,.thefield representatiVe Atay become partly responSible for theediting,proaess the field representatiVe-knows

the-professors in.the field . who can- reView the manuscript-for:accuracyOf content and 'fOr'style, and -this reView processby'Several.other editors.. the -major part .of college textbook:editing.:=

The"textbook salesper-son: 411., Must be knowledgeable about education

Must know many teaChers'.on the,levelof'education for which he/she is,sellingtextbooks Almost always_has_a_college-degree- Must. be 61ert to the need fornew kinds of-texts and to-possible teachers\and-professors for writing the textbooks

Travels-a great deal iff-a4articular regionof the country.

6 2 The bookstores' dre not actually general readers on jpvenile offen- "buying"'Jahe's:book, The pub- derst But,he wanted one!with a lisher, and-eventually Jane, gets "hard line," partlY becaUse of his money only for those copies which oWn feelings, but mostly' because customers purchase. jiowever, with he sensed a conServativetrend in over 30,000 new titlespublished readers. This-editor thought that each year, the bookstore owner, can- Jane's book was too "soft" in its, not use shelf space for even one view about how the law should treat copy of each new:book inaddition delinquent teen7agers. to steady, sellers printed in pre- sioned another author' to write vious:years.'The store owner, Punish, not PAILT!EL This book was therefore, chooses carefully which ppblished by a tompeting publisher books will most likely appeal to the same week as JanOs_Juvenile . that store's customers. Libraries, Justice? By using.cheap paPer, a .4nother source-of book sales by low-priced printer, and a medium EublisherS, also:buy carefully, 4uality binding, the publisher according,to the requirements Of -kept prodPetion-costs dem-the book therefore cost lesi money to, 1,ibrary-users. -buy-thairJane's did. The-publisher By 'choositg which books-to,stosk spent a greatdeal ofytime and .and which ones to encourage ,doubt- money advertising PunishnotPam- ,ful customers to bpy, the book--; The-,author appearedTimmedi- store owner or manager'becomes an ately akter publication on two imPortant person in the publiSh national television shpW's. The ing businesS.- Sales in weir-known- book,was widely reViewed. Book' bookstores have a edmulative ef- distributors and travelers alse the more copies-bought.in . fect: picked up the.eonservative trend,:- stores, the morepeoplereacithe in readers..TheY pushed Punish,- 'book and talk about=it; enough' not Pamper! Bookstore managers ,5ales will put the bOok ona best and owners', aware of the natienal seller list, which increasespub: publicitychose to.give-shelf- lie interest and public demand .room to Punish, notpamper!instead and thus leads to even more sales. of Jane's book.

, While thepublisher'stsales- After ajew months, Jane's pub- people' and free-lancesalespeo- lisher-realized thatJuvenile _ ple are traveling'to bookstores, _justice?_would notse'll enough- =Jane anxiously waiti -fer- reVieWse- -copies to::Cover printing costs, to appear in _newspapers,fer in- _much less royalties.-The'book was vitations to radio- and, television' therefore "remaindered" -7 sold ,shows, for her neighborhood-book-, in)lookstores at $1. a copy storeto- disOlay juvenileJustice? with no'one making,any profit ex- prominently in the front.window. cept the stores selling the re- She.also waits for her first maindered copies. Jane did not royalty cheek. have to return her advance on, Sadly, this s ory about the. royalties, but she'had to repay writ- author Jane ha s. an unhappy the money she borrowed while, ing the book out of her newspaper. . ending. salary instead of rom royalties The,editor who spend Al d A).fred Drake, the jiterary-agsnt: Drake's money on, expensivePrench lost the Money he spent on lunthes, food liked the idea of a book for

6 ;Bookstore Salespeople

Skills and Personal Ciaractéris

Curiosity abou d knowledge of. ing, publishing _ 'Love-of reading in wide variety of fields Sales ability' Concern with Andividual cus ome reading

interests , Business skills if owner or manager Ability toud e reading interest oLdiex customers

Preparation and Experience

College not essential for salespeople, ,thoUgb in college towns and large.cities-people with college.degrees may be competing for jobs Business courses, prior selling experience essential for owner, manager

Job Possibilities

.Paperback-iales.are increasing; paperbackstores are:good possibilityjor entry-level jobs Suburban shopping malls, resort Areas withnew stpres-as part of a bookstore chain offer possibilities for advancemeni to managet Small capital'outlay combined with.excellent t business_skills-and-judiment-About-whatCustomers will bUy Makes it'posSible to'begina bookstore (warning:- the failure.rate is%highp-the working hours are long).

phone calls, .ecretatiallIelp, and will,not survive if thisTroblem. other ekpenses 'a.nd he lost- the continues. The editot'had bought good will f&fhe editor who bought four other money-ldising books tat Jane'S Manuscript. His, busines's year, so he lost his job.

6 4 60

Publishers, digtributors, and Ile general reader-7'(exctptfor the people, who bought Juvenile- bookstore owners are in-business to bring JUstice? on remainder) lost the make money, and many books chance.to read a book that was, =profits tO everyone'invoived. . deal of informative and well written,'no Some books make a great matter what its pointof.view. money. The:business jebsrelated to, 'Not 11 stories end unhappily, writing areexciting to people: of course. Indeed,,even for Jane', the ending is not unhappy. Who enjOy the risks of a -As the author of a publiShedbook: business venture- which received respectable reviews, she was,given more important- as- Who like the proceSs of signMents by the managing editor producing or selling the printed word, or of her:newspaper..She.worked as part of a team,exposing corrup- _ Who enjoy working in'a set- tion in the cOunty jail sygtem ting where bOoks., magazineS-, and 'eventually wrote.another non-. and.newspapers are produced fiction boek,which was modestly and sold. but satisfyingly successful; t She'll write more booksbefore she's through!

63 ,EPUCATORS ABOUT WRITING

, What_occu ations 1 eoide- hat-bo -ma d---- newspapers_to read?

Librarians; critics/reviewers,:'and teacher-are the main people who educate readers _about wri'tipg. \ Where does a critic work?

Mostknewspapers and-magazines printreviews of new books; some.television stations broadcast reviews. Some critics write about th6 good points and badpoints d-f-magazines and newspapers. But- most critics review books whether fiction or non-fiction. Most critics do Dot get.a.salary. Critics are usually free-lance,- getting paidfor each review that is published. Librarians often choos; which books t'o puy because of critics' good reviews. Bookstore 'owners and other people who buybooks choose what to buy becaus2 of critircs' reviews. The critic is important in teaching people about good and bad writing.

What e aration do critics need?

Most-cri:tics have at least-a-college ,MoSt critits are either teachers or writers, and write reviewsas a way' of earning extra money. Very few people-earn a t4)1 !Vy- ing as a critic/ eviewe

Where do librarians work?

Most-towns and cjties have free librerie's,'andall coil es hire librarians._ 'any high schools and some elementary schools (letf iib 14Owls. Librarians get a iweekly or monthly Salary. Among-their tasks is tO choose new bdoks' for the litirary to buy, and to recommend booksfor the 'library's users to read.'

1 "If What is the librarian'- e aration? MAny librarians have a college degreein library science.- In a slow,economy, there are yeryfew job openings tor ,new librarians.

How do teachers hel. educateeo le'about,writ Teachers help stOdents learnwhat ts good Writing andwhat - ideas about is bad writing..Teachers also give-,students hew bOoks, magazines,and-newspapers to read.

What is the e aration for-eachers? Teachers mus-Lhave a college degree. Many teachers have, There debrees beyond- College, They get a monthly salary, teachers now than there are , ere far,more people trained as . _ jobs -for most kindsof-teachers.

._ . There is only one thing in the worldworse than being talked about,.and thalJs not beingtalked about. (Oscar Wilde

Oscar Wilde was thinking,About Jon,. the high school. junior who- himself as a person, but Als6 is a's*cience fiction 'fan,may no- a writer. After thAt process of tice'an advertisement-abouta new .the words being written, edited, collection-of science fiction published, and distributed, there's short stories. He may see the still the question:. who is going author of the collection on a tele- to read the books,'magazines, and vision .talk.show. -But he ismore newspapeA? likely to read that collectionbe- Part pf that question wasan- cause someone:has recommended it. swered through business decisions A'Side from the advertising_and for--example-T if the-publisher"of promotion',.the three major kinds.of. a new magazine doesn't send out oCoupatiOns whiCh help John-deciae direct advertising to the right what...to read are: -librarians, - list Of potential subScribers,-no. reviewers/critics and teachers, one will know Of its existenc0 to'. read it.) But a big part of the -These people are.all involved ans ex for many publications is in educitink.the-public about whet people talk AbOut them. writing.

Librarians choose which books,. The education'function of-1 brar- newspapers, and magazines their i4ds alsb ipàiudcs display ofnew libraries will buy. The selec- books fo catch the-eader's'eye, .tion= is based on the readink in- or displaysiof bider books relAted terests of most of the people to-A speaal theme,or Widay. using the library. HoWever, li-* Many kibraries'yromide' reading brarians will also choose reading lists of bookg_and articles abou material which is unfamiliar to g particular issue, such as hand mostrlibrary users but is very gun control br sex education. ilaportant to a ,few. If asked, , librarians will recommend par- ThusJohninay learn abolit that ticular books, magazines, or new co ection of Science fi-ction newspape g'to the library user stories bin a.1ibrariap, zr from- 4 a friend who uses the library: -- espec' ally in smaller publiè 4. , libraries-And. in elementary and secondary school libraries. 64

LIBRARlAA

Most librarianS have abachelor's degree; high level positions usuallyrequire a. master's degree in-library_scienceseveraryearsof library experience, and administrnrixeskills.

In shall libraries, thelibrarian is responsible 0 - for bbying_all readingmaterials and audio-visuals. The librarian alsocatalogues and shelves all materials, and is in chargeof circulation, displays, arid-specialz-functions -- includingpayinglAlls._ .In large librariesthe Various tasks are assigned- to particularlibrarians who.may haveassistants . _ 'Or libraryaidesY

Public libraries areusually-funded by t:he city, county, or. State government. Tight government budgets keep the numberof available jobs from growing and keep salarieslow._ ,

Librarian's can work on,afull-or.a pa ime basis:.

'Universities, hospi als,large.'business farms, -cultural organfzati ns, andresearch firmS have special libraries.

-Anyone who has ever beenserved by -a gruff librarian prefers that alllibrariallt dealing with the there are publrc like 'people, In large libraries but do not' ,mmay jobs _whichrequire library skills call for serving thepublic Thete PeoPleCan 'be :gruff_ as long as theirco-Workers,can .stand it.

_v_ 65

A -:REVIEWBR5/tRIT CS.;

The'NeWAoi-k.Times-..Bok Review See-flanoften -askS'me

it,kee0_ my oWn.naMe PS._e-novellst. befOr'e Wne6A.wtite._aboilt-a=pOvel.-,4':m .- .thinking-eboUt thejfmes-readers, What-.06.-they.need

to,.-knoW'aa1391:ait:tbIs_book?:- I in next out.to.demegelt0- nove,1;ist!s"-574Otation and l'OHnot,o0f=tO,bUild7Upf ..,the:nOvelis+ o i thor. Even;.when4 know,the eutnOtj,.. I'm conderned.about the bOok. ThenoVel 'etande on:its'oWn: . _ .

John might also learn about the PublishersTSend out galley proofs, book from reading a yeview or or boUnd copies-of peq books fai in hearing one on_television or the ddvance ofAhe Publication date. 'radio (most revi,ewS arp printed, The'books go to: althoUgh some tV and,radi6sta- 0 tions are now rêviewing books_as The editors of book review well as plays, movies, and other sections in large newspapers forms of entertainment). The- throughout the country people' who write these reviews Special book review journals can influence John tp-read.the ' suth-as NeW York Review of new science fiction short story 'Books, -Book Review Digest, - collection or to-ignore it. and.The Book List (some:of. Reviewers (in;the other Arts, the information sources used by librarians-in selecting . these people are Called "critics") .-also influenCe librarianS,- book- books) store owners, editors of book Magazines_,which have book :clubs such-as Book-of-the-Month review sectfbns, Club,-and editors Of,magazines Which-publish'exCerPts of books. s.fiadio-and=felevision- tations Good reviews -- even-those that which revIew books.: have a mixture of good and bad comments' -7 will cause- these peo- The book review-editors choose -pie to notice the book. A book which books to review. :They may receiVing cOnsistently bad xeviews redd and review the book them- may still,attract attention: selves, In many.cases, the editor, trashy novels written by well-. . sends the book tolSomeone else to known authorg-very often-get bad 'review.- A new collection Of sti- reviews but they still make best- ,ence.fiction stories is likely to seller lists. be sent'to an established scieficeT. _ fiction writer for review. 'Of course; no reviews at all Other_thaw=editorsi thepeople 'can be very damaging.- The book ' aimed at-the general reader which reviewing:books work on a-free- cioesn't get talked abOUt, doesn't lance.basis .For most'yeviewers, 'get read. this odcupation is a way-to add income instead offbeing the main Revie ers try to be fair,of source of income. Teachersr(dsu- Their task is to help read- ally on the college level)and course. the book,' vpubliffihed-writers are the .people ers learn enough about -most frequently commissioned to, including its strengths and weak- that they can deCide write book reviews. nesses, so whether 9r not to read'it. The book-reviewing world is While most reviews are about small. The book-review-editors uSoally know personally the edi-' books, saleneWspapers -now 'carry' magazines and tors)af book publishing houses, columns which review The-Boston Globe, for the authors, mid the reviewers. journals-. weekly-aian This 'Arson-al, friendship canin-_ example, tuns ,a staff' fluence the,-thoice of bookswhich called "The Lit!rTlife.". A reviewer comments on 'interesting get reviewed --and thus talked, articles-which have,appeared in a about. , . wide varietyof,05igazines and jour- Sometimes the friendship gets nals. The reviewer also t..3lks strained: if the book review about issues or articleswhich he editor of the "Monthly BookWorld" or she considersbad reporting or with (a fictitious name) is'angry bad writing.. the senior editor of PantzPress Reviews or newspapers and maga- (also a fictitious name), thepub- jou l= lisher's new book, Punish, not zines appear in Columbia 'Occa- PaTper! might get sent'toProfes- ism.Review, for exampre. sionally-a-major newspaper will sor Justice (another-fjctitious peA9n) who is likely to give the assign a reporter to write an ar- of .book a bad review becausehedis- ticle about newspaper coVerage The oppor- agrees3with its point of view. a particular eVent. ,Or even worse for the publishing tunities for free-lance.reviewers house and theauthor"Monthly of magazines ana newspapers.are The press seems Book World". might:ignorethe' extremely lim.ited reluctant to examineitself, 'and book'altogether. to educate readers'. about its-Own strengths and weaknesses.

The.edvertising-and for Cen sometimes make mefurtoug: -Lrelliewed_a'book aboutWatergatewhich Wasfu*of,downrl,ght-Iles:-7;' hacLan- ekcellentche'rt-_showinOlameand:datee., coMmented on ,the-chart Inthe:revj-ew,':WhiCh _ended I '=With-the 'entence: _"1-he dIsfortions-of;faCt_ -firstchapiter are,typicaLofthe-whole-book_So,1 operythe Sunday_papeT, andthere js-airadvertiseinent the_htiokwUth'-a:le'rge print,quotatictiri from me:- 'The_excellent'ohart-,.-.1s-typical of:the, whole:book. _ adv(irti-Ongmaneger-ana I called'up the-I)Obtisher's

_screamed,but,the-deMaglaCis_efrea0-666._ _ '-A-B6o* Raviv 67

T ACHERS

John, that. high school junior,,.' or a full Academit year teaching first betameinterested in sei- in public schools. These visiting

qnce_fiction'iroR a ninth grade . writers are not reqUired to:have EngDis class. Whenever he runs 'college degrees_or_becertified:_ _ into ? e teacher, John still-asks as teachers. for re ommendations-of new authors and newr- books'. On the college level, the English -department may offer composition, Teachers on all levels play a technical.writing, and-creative major role in educating readers. writing courses. Most" of the peo- ,teachers -- sometimes by ple teaching these cotirses also force!---- get :Etudents= acquainted- teach,literature courses'; they have with various kinds of reading in ' aCquired at least a master's degree .all fie,lds Second, 4tglish teach and probably a Ph.D.: degree. As in ers'Th particular helpstudents high schools, some colleges pay an learn how to appreciate-good writ- established- writer to spend a sem- And third, teachers help ester or year on campus to teach people learn how to write, creative writing and tb write;-, People who teach writing courses there are no formal edutation re- Work mainly in public and.private quirements lor these writers. senior high schools, colleges, Teatherg of creative writing on and universities.* the graduate level usually have Ph. D.1S in addition to being- On the secondary level, the published writers. _writing teacher--whether for creative writing or journalism Journalism and cOmmunications --.usually teaches. regc_lar En Iwith syecialties in publid rela tions Writing and advertising) lish courses in addition. Public school Engli,sh teachers must-have courses are offered at many uni- at.least a bachelor's degree-and .versities, Although,it has been possible-for.practicing journal- Must be certified by the Depart- . Ment Of Education_in.the state ists:,to become full-time teachers in which they. teach.- There are withouti,a master's, a Ph.D.., or _an -more people-qualified to teach degree,-in the futUre most.- _English than there are- jobs avail-; teachers in journalism and tom- munications will have-advanced- able for teachers; this situation 4 will probabl5, continue inte the sdegrees.'_ AA increasedinterest in 1'980'sSoMe secondary schocils these fields among students is pro participate in the.Artists-in7 ducing more people with-advanced _ Schools programor otherwise `..clegrees;- with Many such candidates hire avisiting artist% Poets .available, the universities hiring new teachers will choose them over., have been the, writers most fre:- quently-chosen to spend a semester,.people without advanced degrees. Competition for all teaching jo6s is keen. 2 :!ScoMe community or adult education schools offer Writingcourses, A few corresp-ondence schopls-have writing courses. TheSe courses do not lead-to a degree.

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fi Writers who also teach or statement is'that mbst Creative teachers who also writj -7 ex- writers-have to teach or _work at them- press a concern: the energy used me other job to support for one activity takes away energy -elves. from the other. However, many writers feel that teaching keeps 'That brings us back.toythe writ- themalert and skillful as writer. There are;people working in ers. Many :teachers' find 'that by- many-b-dcupations;-between-the-blank--- writing themselves they are bet- page and the one eventUally held ter at teaching studentshow to by a reader. .Without these workers. write, whether creatively ar jour- there would be ho readers-- and nalistically. The only Unarguable ofcourse, no writersl ,.Appepzlix A GLOSSARY

Advance -.payment supplied before Continuity writing - to write manUscript is,published,and scripts, titles, and other in- _ deducted from the author's troductory or.transitional_ma- -- -sales .earnings terial for television shows or

movies - pprentice - a person learning by practical experience a trade or Cr±p_y the manusc ipt which will -art under skilled workers be printed

, Avocation work done in addition Copy read --,td.edit'a manuscript

to a person's regular work', es7 for printing : pecially for enjoyment Copyright -:The exclusive, legally Best-sellev- a book or:other. pub- secured right to reproduce and, lication whose sales are among 11, written and other.artistic the highest of its group (such works in the U.S. over a period as fiction-best sellers-or non- of time- fiction best sellers);the author of a best-selling book or CorrOppndent - a person employed other-publipation. by a newspaper OT broadcasting' compaty to'cOntribute:regular gY-lini- the writer's name at reports from a-location distant the beginning of.a newSpaper or -from the home office. Magazine article-. =Direct mail - printed mdtter pre- Cirdblation -.the nuMber of copies pared to obtain subscriptions, of a publication sold; the de- sales partmett=responsible for dis- :tributing copies to newsstands Free-lance writer - a person who bookstores, subsCribers, etc. is paid onirfor each .pieCe-of writing.published Commission.- .63 ordera piece of writing, such:as anarticle, to friEge benefit- a benefit such as be dOne for d'fixedamount of time for vacations or medical- Jmonev: 'insurance provided by the employer in addition to salary , - Galley -roof - the first. prAnting Proposal (in educational and ,.bflrianuscript, usually,in long other writing jobs)a. repert de- .sheets,, used'for correCting scribing what work an organiza- : typeSetting mistakesbefore tion will perform, including final printing- cost estimates, to solve a spe-_,; cific problem (example: a,pro- House organ - a,letter or'magazine .posal to conduct studies on Assued regularly to employees by bilingual reading programs) -an- employer_to provideinforma- tion about the company Re ection sli or letter - a.printed sidp enclosed with a rejec-- Layout also called 'Imakeup"-. ted manuscript returned by an _ the arrangement of:words, illus- editor to-an authoror the tration-and Space of,something author's literai-y agent to be printed or reproduced Remainder -.:(verb) to sell the un- _ - _ Manuscript - the handwritten or sold., copies ofa. publication at :typed copy of an aUthor's work 'a lowered price prior to being printed .Royalties - a percentage of profit

Masthead the standing- heading . from the sales:.of a publication, in a- newspaper (on the editor-, paid to the author ial page) or a magazine, (Usu- ally on the contents' page) that'. Stringer'-':a7-r4Orter Who serves Containathe name of the pub,: a newspaper part-time to report lisher and:Other:=Infermation On special or, loeal events about the publication' authorizatioff, Point7of-sale dis lays oxhibits by a publisher:to another coin- . advertising A product placed in panY or companies fortranslating the 's:tore where customer makes a publication, producing.itlin purchases ' paperbaCk, or as a movie, tv show, etc. P.R. - abbreviation for public relations, the promotion of Technical writing preSenta tech, good will' between a person, nicl information to readers firM,or organizatiOn'and mem- a special interest orknow- ledge in atechnical field ' bers of the public '

Promote-- to increaSe public Textbook--'a book used ih the study' acceptance of a person or'pro- ,cif,a subject, usually sold only duct through advertising and through'oollege bookstores or.by publicity' -the publisher's sales,represen-% tatives to a school ProOftead - to mark corrections en printer's galleys or other- lrq_qY_JLLALL_IE_- a' for ::proofs. press that publishes books which the.aUthor pays publishing CostS Aivendix OCCUPATIONS IN WifTING:

Creative Writers

A. Literary Writers Hobbies Poet Travel Novelist, ,Financial.topics Short story writer Governmental topic's Essayist concerns of special groups Nen-fiction writer Health topics Biographer Community and public affairs Tlaywrjght. -Puzzles, games Scriptwriter for radio, Headlines, captions tv-, film Obituaries Librettist. Arts ,' e 'Lyricist for music Education News analyst Journalistic Writers , Editorial writer-

Social Commentator. - Political commentator Specialized Writers News reporter Advertising copywriter Teature writer. (Newsi5aper, magazine', radio, :Humor writer tv, other,advertisements) Arts critic/revieWer Public relations writer Nheater (Newspaper,,other, media re- Tv. lpases, articles placed in Movies trade journals) MuSic Visual arts Technical writer Architecture and d*sign (Company news releases, adver- Books, and other publications 'tisements, sales materials, journal articleS, grant pro- Special reporter posals) Sports Educational writer

-Human relations . (Texts and oth6r instructional, Home-rblated.topics reference'materials) Seeial events. 7 6 72

'Greeting card and other Business and Management Occuations message writers.- A. Literary agent for manuscript Gime 'creators sale Book, magazine, and newspaper 'Editors sales _Salesmto tv; film, and radio A: Literature (books andjournals) Promotion agent for speeches Chief editor and other-public/media Editor ,appearances Editorial assistant Manuscript reader Legal counsel for copyright, Copy editor publication contracts,, lia- Index editor- _bility in content of written Froofreaaer material maga- , Journalismnewspape Technical/Production Occupations zines, tv, radio) Production supervisor, all Managing ditor,all media media Specialized editors, all media Art supervisor, all media Editorial pages or..tv/radio time Printers, film or videotape CityState,. ,U.S., or interna- reproducers -tional news editor Specialized department editor E.Finished Product Salis' Photography and film editor .Bookstore distributor and Editorial assisttant retail market sales aewrite person Film/tv distribution:_ Copy editor - Newspaper diStribution Proofreader 4- C. Specializedwriting .Educators about Writin 'Advertising editor A. Teachers of literature,jour- Publit relations. editor, nalism, specialized writing rewriter 'Technical editor Librarians. 'Editor for educational materials Critics, reviewe .Editor, copyreader for greeting cards'and other meSsages. Proofreader for all special Writing Game reviewer*, 7 7 , Appendix C- ASSOCIATIQNS WITH CAREER INBORMATIOt ABOUT WRITING OCCUPATIONS

American Advertising Federation Association of Industrial, 1225 Connecticut Avenue, N.W. Advertisers Washington, D.C:=20036 ,-- 41'East 42nd Street New York,,New, York 10017 . Anierican Association of Advertising Agencies Council for,Advancement of Pan Am Building Science Writers 200,Park Avenue Room 100, Abbotts Building New, York, New York 10017 ,Drexel University Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104 American Booksellez:s Association 175 Fifth Avenue Magazine Publishers Association New York, New York 10010 575ALexington Avenue New York, New York 10022 American Council on Education for Journalism National ASsociation of Science School of Journalism Writers. University of Missouri Box' H Columbia, Missouri 65201 Seacliff, New.YOrk 11579

American Newspaper Publishers' The Newspaper Fund Assodiation P.O. Box 300 1 P.O. Box 17407 Princeton, New Jersey 08540 Dulles International Airport Washington, D.C. 20041 The Newspaper Guild 1125 15th Street, N.W.

,Association of American Publishers- Suite 835 , A Park Avenue. Washington, D.C.. 20005 New York, New York010016. PublicIlelations Society of '.,Association for Education in= America

Joimnalism 845'Third Avenue , Reim 118, Reavis Hall New York, New York 10022 Northern Illinois University' DeKalb, Illinois/601151

7 8 74

Sigma.Delta Chi Women in Communications, Inc. The-SOoiety of P- ofessional' 005 A Shoal Cfeek BoUlevard Journalist's Austin, Texas 78758 35 East Wacker Drive .Chica llinois'60601

Society for Technical 'Communication 1010 Vermont Avenue, N.W. Suite 421 Washington, D.E. 20005

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