Attachment L For inspection purposes only. Consent of copyright owner required for any other use. STATUTORY REQUIREMENTS Cadbury Ireland Limited Rathmore Installation IPPC Licence Application Project Ref: OES1061_01
EPA Export 25-07-2013:21:15:09 Cadbury Ireland Limited February 2007 Rathmore Installation IPPC Licence Application Attachment L
Attachment No. L details the plants status of compliance with the statutory requirements under the relevant environmental legislation covered by IPPC. L.1 Requirements of Section 83(5)(a)(i) to (v) and (vii) to (x) of the EPA Act’s, 1992 and 2003 Part IV of the Environmental Protection Agency Act (No. 7 of 1992) was replaced by a new Part IV under Section 15 of the Protection of the Environment Act 2003 (No. 27 of 2003). Under Section 83 (5) (a) (i) to (v) and (vii) to (x) of the Environmental Protection Agency Acts 1992 and 2003 (as defined in Section 1 of the Protection of the Environment Act 2003), the Agency shall not grant a licence or revised licence for an activity unless it is satisfied that the operation of the plant meets certain requirements. The Applicant, Cadbury (Ireland) Ltd., Rathmore, Co. Kerry states that it will comply with the legislation in the course of activities for which the licence is being sought and manage the activities at the installation to meet these requirements. L.2 Relevant Legislation - Air Section 83 (5) (a) (i) of the Environmental Protection Agency Acts 1992 and 2003 states that the Agency may not grant a licence for an activity unless it is satisfied that any emission from the activity will not result in the contravention of any air quality standard specified under the Air Pollution Act 1987 (No. 6 of 1987). Air quality standards as specified under Section 50 of the Air Pollution Act 1987 are contained in the Air Quality Standards Regulations S.I. No. 244 of 1987, and concern Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), Suspended Particulates, Lead and Nitrogen Dioxide. These standards are being replaced on a phased basis, to be completed in 2010, by the Air Quality Standards Regulations 2002 (S.I. 271 of 2002), which also bring in standards for NOx, CO and Benzene. As part of the Cadbury (Ireland) Ltd. Environmental Management Plan (EMP), objectives relating to improvement in emissions and indirectly air quality are outlined. Continuous For inspection purposes only. improvement of emissions to aConsenttmosp ofh copyrightere is iownernten requiredded. for any other use. The National Air Quality Standards (NAQS) individual parameters relate to ground level concentrations, rather than emissions limit values. Parameter Compliance SO2 SO2 emissions arise from the combustion of Heavy Fuel Oil. The sulphur content of the HFO used on site in the Cadbury Rathmore facility is < 1 % Oxides of NO2 emissions arise from high temperature combustion processes Nitrogen (as NO2) CO CO emissions arise from the combustion processes. Benzene Some benzene emissions may be expected to occur with the combustion of liquid fuels at the boilers. Lead There are no sources and therefore no emissions of lead arising at the installation.
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L.3 Relevant Legislation - Water Section 83 (5) (a) (ii) of the Environmental Protection Agency Acts 1992 and 2003 states that the Agency may not grant a licence for an activity unless it is satisfied that any emission from the activity will not result in the contravention of any standard specified under the Local Government (Water Pollution Act) 1977 – 1999. With the exception of phosphorus (Local Government (Water Pollution) Act 1977 (Water Quality Standards for Phosphorus) Regulations, 1998 (S.I. 258 of 1998), there are no standards specified under Section 26. Emissions of phosphorus from the installation are subject to tertiary treatment by chemical addition to remove phosphorus so that levels are in accordance with relevant ELV. Other quality standards and/or limit values are relevant. To avoid duplication, it is more convenient to include the subject of this paragraph in the following section, as many of the standards/limit values were made on foot of EU directives. Legislation Compliance Local Government (Water Cadburys Rathmore possesses a licence to discharge to Pollution) Acts 1997 and 1990 waters granted by Kerry County Council. Quality of Bathing Waters Cadbury Rathmore does not discharge any emissions Regulations 1992-2001 (S.I. directly to bathing water. 155 of 1992, S.I. 145 of 1994, S.I. 177 of 1998 and S.I. 22 of 2001) The European Communities The River Blackwater is listed as Salmonoid within these (Quality of Salmonid Waters) regulations Cadbury Rathmore operations do not Regulations (S.I. 293 of 1988) adversely effect the biological quality of the river so compliant with these regulations. Local Government (Water Cadmium is not used at the installation; therefore, there Pollution) Act 1977 (Control of is no potential for discharges containing cadmium from For inspection purposes only. Cadmium Discharges) Consent tofh ecopyright site. owner required for any other use. Regulations (S.I. 294 of 1985) Local Government (Water Hexachlorocyclohexane and mercury are not used at the Pollution) Act, 1977 (Control of Cadbury Rathmore installation. Hexachlorocyclohexane and Mercury Discharges) Regulations (S.I. 55 of 1986) Local Government (Water These substances are not used and accordingly, would Pollution) Acts 1977 and 1990 not form part of any discharge to the receiving (Control of Aldrin, Dieldrin, watercourse. Endrin, Isodrin, HCB, HCBD and CHCL3 Discharges) Regulations 1994 (S.I. 348 of 1993) Local Government (Water These substances are not used and accordingly, would Pollution) Acts 1977 and 1990 not form part of any discharge to the receiving (Control of Carbon watercourse. Tetrachloride, DDT and Pentachlorophenol Discharges) Regulations 1994 (S.I. 245 of 1994)
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EPA Export 25-07-2013:21:15:09 Cadbury Ireland Limited February 2007 Rathmore Installation IPPC Licence Application Attachment L
Legislation Compliance Quality of Shellfish Water Cadbury Rathmore do not discharge any material to Regulations (S.I. 200 of 1994, shellfish waters, as listed in the Schedule to these amended by Quality of Shellfish regulations. Waters (Amendment) Regulations (S.I. 459 of 2001) Water Quality (Dangerous These substances are not used and accordingly, would Substances) Regulations, 2001 not form part of any discharge to the receiving (S.I. 12 of 2001) watercourse. Local Government (Water Cadbury Rathmore complies with these regulations. Pollution) Regulations, 1992 (S.I. 271 of 1992) There are currently two points of discharge to the River Blackwater – SW-1 and 2. Inadvertent indirect emissions will be prevented by bulk tanks, segregation, bunding and correct material handling protocols. These measures will ensure compliance with S.I. No. 271 of 1992. Bunding of bulk storage tanks, of liquid material storage areas and procedures to ensure that bunding is adequate and of good integrity are in place at the site. Monthly checks on bunds take place. There is adequate designated space within the plant for storage of waste awaiting disposal off-site in areas that are suitably constructed to prevent a risk of surface and groundwater pollution. L.4 Relevant Legislation – Noise For inspection purposes only. Section 83 (5) (a) (iv) of the EnConsentviron mof copyrightental P ownerrote requiredction Aforg anyen othercy A use.cts 1992 and 2003 states that the Agency shall not grant a licence for any activity unless it is satisfied that any noise from the activity will comply with or not result in the contravention of any regulations under section 106 of the EPA act. This section enables the Minister to make regulations for the purpose of the prevention of limitation of noise, which may cause a nuisance. Although no noise control regulations have been made, the EPA Guidance Note for Noise in Relation to Scheduled Activities recommend that to avoid disturbance the noise level at sensitive locations should not exceed a LAeq T value of 55 dBA during the daytime and a LAeq T value of 45 dBA at night-time. It also recommends that audible tones and impulsive noise at sensitive locations at night should be avoided. Noise Surveys undertaken in the past either did not take into count a full variety of sampling areas or/and did not record levels for both night time and day time as is stipulated requirement if wanting to establish compliance with recommended limits set out by EPA. For these reasons Cadburys has commissioned another Noise Survey to be carried out to satisfy these reservations which was undertaken in August 2006. The purpose of this survey was to assess the noise impact associated with the operation of the facility at the boundary and at noise sensitive locations to ensure that it is operating in accordance with Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) requirements. For full details relating to the Noise Survey are contained within section I.7.
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Environmental noise monitoring results undertaken to date indicate that noise levels are within both day time (55 dBA), and night time limits of (45 dBA) set as guide Guideline limits. There have been no noise complaints which demonstrate the facility has not caused annoyance. As a result of the remote location of the facility there are few noise sensitive receptors. L.5 Significant Environmental Pollution: Section 85 (5) (a) (v) of the Environmental Protection Agency Acts 1992 and 2003 states that the Agency shall not grant a licence for an activity unless it is satisfied that any emissions for the activity will not cause significant environmental pollution. After a review of activities at the plant, it is concluded that there will be no uncontrolled significant emissions as derived from the following event/sources: o Spillage’s o Waste o Air emissions o Accidents/emergencies This conclusions have been made on the basis that Cadbury Ireland Ltd Rathmore are certified to ISO 14001 and deploy significant efforts into prevention of accidental releases. In addition there are measures in place to minimise impact and thus significant environmental pollution would not be expected. L.6 Production & Disposal of Waste Section 83 (5) (a) (vii) of the Environmental Protection Agency Acts 1992 and 2003 states that production of waste should be prevented or minimised, and where waste is produced, it will be recovered, and where it is not economically and technically possible to recover it, be disposed of in a manner which will prevent or minimise any impact on the environment. All waste collection and transportation for recovery, storage or disposal is carefully regulated under the plant environmental management system to ensure that all contractors are in For inspection purposes only. possession of valid Waste CoConsentllecti oofn copyright Perm ownerits, requiredWast efor Panye rothermit suse. and Waste Licences where appropriate. Detailed records of all waste movements are maintained. L.7 Energy Section 83 (5) (a) (viii) of the Environmental Protection Agency Acts 1992 and 2003 states that energy is to be used efficiently in the carrying on of the licensed activity. Energy use forms a significant component of the overall production cost at Cadbury (Ireland) Rathmore and as a result, the efficiency of the generation, supply, distribution, use and recovery it is an area which receives considerable attention. Energy audits have been undertaken at the plant (internal and external) and there is a programme currently in place which is focusing resources in particular areas. Cadbury Ireland Ltd. Rathmore has to take account of green house gas emissions, it was issued a GHG Permit from the EPA to carry out the following ‘Combustion Instillation with a rated thermal input exceeding 20 MW (except hazardous or municipal waste instillations’. L.8 Accident Prevention
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Section 83 (5) (a) (ix) of the Environmental Protection Agency Acts 1992 and 2003 requires that necessary measures be taken to prevent accidents in the carrying out of the activity. In addition, it is required that where an accident occurs, its consequences for the environment are limited, and where there are consequences, these consequences are remedied, as necessary. Attachment J details the Cadbury (Ireland) Rathmore Emergency Response Plan and describes the measures in place to deal with an environmental incident, including measures to reduce the potential for adverse effects off site. L.9 Cessation of the Activity Section 83 (5) (a) (x) of the Environmental Protection Agency Acts 1992 and 2003 requires that necessary measures be taken upon the permanent cessation of the activity (including such a cessation resulting from the abandonment of the activity) to avoid any risk of environmental pollution and return the site of the activity to a satisfactory state. Currently Cadburys Ireland Ltd. Rathmore has no Residuals Management Plan which sets out the detailed approach and methods to be adopted in decommissioning or closing of the site. An outline approach is presented in Attachment K. L.10 Designated Areas The activity gives due regard to if it is located in proximity to: o A site placed on a list in accordance with Chapter 1 of the European Communities (Natural Habitats) Regulations, 1994 (SI 94 of 1997); o A site where consultation has been initiated in accordance with Article 5 of the EU Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC); or o A European site as defined in Article 2 of the European Communities (Natural Habitats) Regulations (SI 94 of 1997).
For inspection purposes only. River Blackwater (Cork/WateConsentrford )of c copyrightSAC sownerite crequiredode (for2 1any70 other) use.
The Rathmore facility is located in close proximity to the River Blackwater (Cork/Waterford) cSAC site code (2170). The river Blackwater is a Candidate Special Area of Conservation.
The Blackwater River is one of the largest rivers in Ireland, draining a major part of Munster. The cSAC contains a number of E.U. Habitats Directive Annex I habitats including the Annex I priority habitat alluvial forest. Other annexed habitats include estuaries, mudflats, sand flats Atlantic and Mediterranean salt meadows, floating river vegetation and old oak woodlands. The cSAC supports internationally important numbers of non-breeding Whooper Swan and Black-tailed Godwit and nationally important numbers of Bewick’s Swan. It also supports the EU Habitats Directive Annex II species sea lamprey, brook lamprey, river lamprey, twaite shad, freshwater pearl-mussel, white-clawed crayfish, otter, Atlantic salmon and Killarney Fern. The site also holds nine Irish Red Data Book mammal fish and amphibian species, and four Red Data Book plant species.
Candidate Special Areas of Conservation (cSAC) are of International Importance which form part of the NATURA 2000 network are protected under the European Union (EU) Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC). These sites are designated to protect wildlife conservation areas that are considered important in both a European and Irish context. This legislation has been transposed into Irish law by the European Union (Natural Habitats) Regulations, 1997, and is implemented by the Minister of Arts, Heritage and Gaeltacht and the Islands.
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Killarney National Park/ Magillicuddy Reeks/Caragh River cSAC, & pNHA (Site code: 0365) Killarney National Park Magillicuddy Reeks/Caragh River is located approximately 7Km from Cadbury Ireland Rathmore. This very large site contains a complex mosaic of habitats which encompass the mountains and lakes of the Iveragh Peninsula Mountains supporting habitats such as blanket bog, heath and upland grassland, woodland, and lakes. The site is of significant ecological interest due to the diversity, quality and extensiveness of many of the habitats, and there associated rare species of flora and fauna. The site contains ten habitats which are listed on Annex I of the EU Habitats Directive. Two of these are priority habitats (Yew woodland and active blanket bog), with other annexed habitats present being old Oak woodlands, oligotrophic lakes (upland and lowland), heath (wet, dry and alpine), rivers with floating and submerged vegetation, Calaminarian grassland, Molinia meadows and siliceous rock with chasmophytic vegetation. These sites support a wide range of EU Habitats Directive Annex II species including (Kerry Slug, the Freshwater Pearl-mussel and the Marsh Fritillary), five rare fish species (Brook Lamprey, River Lamprey, Sea Lamprey, Salmon and Killarney Shad) listed on EU Habitats Directive Annex II, two EU Habitats Directive Annex II species (Lesser Horseshoe Bat, otter), six bird species which are listed on Annex I of the EU Birds Directive (Greenland White-fronted Geese, Peregrines, Merlin, kingfisher, Common Tern, Chough), and two plant species listed on Annex II of the EU Habitats Directive (Slender Naiad, Killarney Fern). In recognition of its importance the Killarney National Park has been designated a World Biosphere Reserve. In addition to being recognised for its International importance (cSAC), the site is also overlapped with a Natural Heritage area (NHA) which is of National Importance and protected under the Wildlife (Amendment) Act, 2000. The full National Parks and Wildlife Services site synopsis for the designated sites is provided in Appendix L.1.1 The location of Cadbury Ireland Rathmore relative to the designated site listed above can be seen in Appendix L.1.2 L.11 Requirements For A Fit And Proper Person For inspection purposes only. Section 83 (5) (a) (xi) of the EConsentnviron ofm copyrightental ownerProt erequiredction for A anyge nothercy use.Acts 1992 and 2003 specifies that the Agency shall not grant a licence unless it is satisfied that the licensee is a fit and proper person. Information to enable a determination to be made by the Agency, as required by Section 84 (4) of the Environmental Protection Agency Acts 1992 and 2003, is given below. Prosecutions Cadbury Ireland have not been the subject of prosecution under either the Environmental Protection Agency Acts, 1992 and 2003, the Waste Management Act, 1996, the Local Government (Water Pollution) Acts 1997 and 1990 or the Air Pollution Act 1987. Technical Knowledge and Qualifications The Cadbury Ireland Rathmore Environmental function is under the direct control of the Quality and Environmental Manager. The Quality and Environmental Manager who is qualified to Masters (M.Eng.Sc) level has over 15 years experience of quality and environmental issues within the Cadbury Group. She is recently undertaken a quality and environment auditor course. She is supported in her role by the Production Engineer and the Engineering Manager, each of whom have over 25 years experience at the site.
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During this period of time the have been involved in a number of environmental projects at the site (services, energy systems, plant drainage, civil works and repairs, maintenance and calibration of environmental monitoring equipment). In addition they are cognisant with the requirements of ISO 14001. Laboratory Technicians, Milk Intake Operatives and WWTP Operatives, who have all received specific training for the tasks required, report to the Environmental Manager. All personnel employed onsite have received environmental awareness training and appropriate environmental training is provided where the task requires. In addition specific training in environmental auditing has been completed by the Production Engineer and the Engineering Manager, in addition to Section Managers and Laboratory technicians. Resources Cadbury Ireland Rathmore is part of the Cadbury Group a global market leader in the Chocolate market. It is policy of all subsidiaries within the Cadbury Group to uphold Corporate Social Responsibility which would include that if a closedown was to take place that any liabilities are honored and the site is restored to a satisfactory state.
For inspection purposes only. Consent of copyright owner required for any other use.
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Appendix L.1.1 Designated Sites
For inspection purposes only. Consent of copyright owner required for any other use.
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Appendix L.1.2 National Parks and Wildlife Service Site Synopsis For inspection purposes only. Consent of copyright owner required for any other use.
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River Blackwater (Cork/Waterford) cSAC
Site code (002170)
The River Blackwater is one of the largest rivers in Ireland, draining a major part of Co. Cork and five ranges of mountains. In times of heavy rainfall the levels can fluctuate widely by more than 12 feet on the gauge at Careysville. The peaty nature of the terrain in the upper reaches and of some of the tributaries gives the water a pronounced dark colour. The site consists of the freshwater stretches of the River Blackwater as far upstream as Ballydesmond, the tidal stretches as far as Youghal Harbour and many tributaries, the larger of which includes the Licky, Bride, Flesk, Chimneyfield, Finisk, Araglin, Awbeg (Buttevant), Clyda, Glen, Allow, Dalua, Brogeen, Rathcool, Finnow, Owentaraglin and Awnaskirtaun. The extent of the Blackwater and its tributaries in this site, flows through the counties of Kerry, Cork, Limerick, Tipperary and Waterford. Towns along, but not in the site, include Rathmore, Millstreet, Kanturk, Banteer, Mallow, Buttevant, Doneraile, Castletownroche, Fermoy, Ballyduff, Rathcormac, Tallow, Lismore, Cappoquin and Youghal.
The Blackwater rises in boggy land of east Kerry , where Namurian grits and shales build the low heather-covered plateaux. Near Kanturk the plateaux enclose a basin of productive Coal Measures. On leaving the Namurian rocks the Blackwater turns eastwards along the northern slopes of the Boggeraghs before entering the narrow limestone strike vale at Mallow. The valley deepens as first the Nagles Mountains and then the Knockmealdowns impinge upon it. Interesting geological features along this stretch of the Blackwater Valley include limestone cliffs and caves near the villages and small towns of Killavullen and Ballyhooly; the Killavullen caves contain fossil material from the end of the glacial period. The associated basic soils in this area support the growth of plant communities which are rare in Cork because in general the county?s rocks are acidic. At Cappoquin the river suddenly turns south and cuts through high ridges of Old Red Sandstone. The Araglin valley is predominantly underlain by sandstone, with limestone occurring in the lower reaches near Fermoy.
The site is a candidate SAC selected for alluvial wet woodlands and Yew Wood, both priority habitats listed on Annex I of the E.U. Habitats Directive. The site is also selected as a candidate SAC for floating river vegetation, estuaries, tidal mudflats, Salicornia mudflats, Atlantic salt meadows, Mediterranean salt meadows, perennial vegetation of stony banks and For inspection purposes only. old oak woodlands, all habitatConsents liste ofd copyright on An ownernex required I of tforhe any E other.U. use.Habitats Directive. The site is also selected for the following species listed on Annex II of the same directive - Sea Lamprey, River Lamprey, Brook Lamprey, Freshwater Pearl Mussel, Crayfish, Twaite Shad, Atlantic Salmon, Otter and the plant, Killarney Fern.
Wet woodlands are found where river embankments, particularly on the River Bride, have broken down and where the channel edges in the steep-sided valley between Cappoquin and Youghal are subject to daily inundation. The river side of the embankments was often used for willow growing in the past (most recently at Cappoquin) so that the channel is lined by narrow woods of White and Almond-leaved Willow (Salix alba and S. triandra) with isolated Crack Willow (S. fragilis) and Osier (S. viminalis). Grey Willow (S. cinerea) spreads naturally into the sites and occasionally, as at Villierstown on the Blackwater and Sapperton on the Bride, forms woods with a distinctive mix of woodland and marsh plants, including Gypsywort (Lycopus europaeus), Guelder Rose (Viburnum opulus), Bittersweet (Solanum dulcamara) and various mosses and algae. These wet woodlands form one of the most extensive tracts of the wet woodland habitat in the country.
Marshes and reedbeds cover most of the flat areas beside the rivers and often occur in mosaic with the wet woodland. Common Reed (Phragmites australis) is ubiquitous and is harvested for thatching. There is also much Marsh Marigold (Caltha palustris) and, at the edges of the reeds, the Greater and Lesser Pond-sedge (Carex riparia and C. acutiformis). Hemlock Water-dropwort (Oenanthe crocata), Wild Angelica (Angelica sylvestris), Reed Canary-grass (Phalaris arundinacea), Meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria), Nettle (Urtica
EPA Export 25-07-2013:21:15:09 dioica), Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria), Marsh Valerian (Valeriana officinalis), Water Mint (Mentha aquatica) and Water Forget-me-not (Myosotis scorpioides).
At Banteer there are a number of hollows in the sediments of the floodplain where subsidence and subterranean drainage have created isolated wetlands, sunk below the level of the surrounding fields. The water rises and falls in these holes depending on the watertable and several different communities have developed on the acidic or neutral sediments. Many of the ponds are ringed about with Grey Willows, rooted in the mineral soils but sometimes collapsed into the water. Beneath the densest stands are woodland herbs like Yellow Pimpernel (Lysimachia nemorum) with locally abundant Starwort (Callitriche stagnalis) and Marsh Ragwort (Senecio palustris). One of the depressions has Silver Birch (Betula pendula), Ash (Fraxinus excelsior), Crab Apple (Malus sylvestris) and a little Oak (Quercus robur) in addition to the willows.
Floating river vegetation is found along much of the freshwater stretches within the site. The species list is quite extensive and includes Pond Water-crowfoot (Ranunculus peltatus), Water-crowfoot (Ranunculus spp.), Canadian Pondweed (Elodea canadensis), Broad-leaved Pondweed (Potamogeton natans), Pondweed (Potamogeton spp.), Water Milfoil (Myriophyllum spp.), Common Club-rush (Scirpus lacustris), Water-starwort (Callitriche spp.), Lesser Water-parsnip (Berula erecta) particularly on the Awbeg, Water-cress (Nasturtium officinale), Hemlock Water-dropwort, Fine-leaved Water-dropwort (O. aquatica), Common Duckweed (Lemna minor), Yellow Water-lily (Nuphar lutea), Unbranched Bur-reed (Sparganium emersum) and the moss Fontinalis antipyretica.
The grassland adjacent to the rivers of the site is generally heavily improved, although liable to flooding in many places. However, fields of more species-rich wet grassland with species such as Yellow-flag (Iris pseudacorus), Meadow-sweet, Meadow Buttercup (Ranunculus acris) and rushes (Juncus spp.) occur occasionally. Extensive fields of wet grassland also occur at Annagh Bog on the Awbeg. These fields are dominated by Tufted Hair-grass (Deschampsia cespitosa) and rushes.
The Blackwater Valley has a number of dry woodlands; these have mostly been managed by the estates in which they occur, frequently with the introduction of Beech (Fagus sylvatica) and a few conifers, and sometimes of Rhododendron (Rhododendron ponticum) and Laurel. Oak woodland is well developed on sandstone about Ballinatray, with the acid Oak woodland community of Holly (Ilex a q u i f o l i u mFor) ,inspection Bilbe rpurposesry (V only.accinium myrtillus), Greater Woodrush (Luzula sylvatica) and BucklerConsent Fern ofs copyright(Dryo pownerteri srequired affin foris ,any D other. ae use.mula) occurring in one place. Irish Spurge (Euphorbia hyberna) continues eastwards on acid rocks from its headquarters to the west but there are many plants of richer soils, for example Wood Violet (Viola reichenbachiana), Goldilocks (Ranunculus auricomus), Broad-leaved Helleborine (Epipactis helleborine) and Red Campion (Silene dioica). Oak woodland is also found in Rincrew, Carrigane, Glendine, Newport and Dromana. The spread of Rhododendron is locally a problem, as is over-grazing. A few limestone rocks stand over the river in places showing traces of a less acidic woodland type with Ash, False Brome (Brachypodium sylvaticum) and Early-purple Orchid (Orchis mascula).
In the vicinity of Lismore, two deep valleys cut in Old Red Sandstone join to form the Owenashad River before flowing into the Blackwater at Lismore. These valleys retain something close to their original cover of Oak with Downy Birch (Betula pubescens), Holly and Hazel (Corylus avellana) also occurring. There has been much planting of Beech (as well as some of coniferous species) among the Oak on the shallower slopes and here both Rhododendron and Cherry Laurel (Prunus laurocerasus) have invaded the woodland.
The Oak wood community in the Lismore and Glenmore valleys is of the classical upland type, in which some Rowan (Sorbus aucuparia) and Downy Birch occur. Honeysuckle (Lonicera periclymenum) and Ivy (Hedera helix) cover many of the trees while Greater Woodrush, Bluebell (Hyacinthoides non-scripta), Wood Sorrel (Oxalis acetosella) and, locally, Bilberry dominate the ground flora. Ferns present on the site include Hard Fern (Blechnum spicant), Male Fern (Dryopteris filix-mas), Buckler Ferns (D. dilatata, D. aemula) and Lady
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Fern (Athyrium felix-femina). There are many mosses present and large species such as Rhytidiadelphus spp., Polytrichum formosum, Mnium hornum and Dicranum spp. are noticeable. The lichen flora is important and includes 'old forest' species which imply a continuity of woodland here since ancient times. Tree Lungwort (Lobaria spp.) is the most conspicuous and is widespread.
The Araglin valley consists predominantly of broadleaved woodland. Oak and Beech are joined by Hazel, Wild Cherry (Prunus avium) and Goat Willow (Salix caprea). The ground flora is relatively rich with Pignut (Conopodium majus), Wild Garlic (Allium ursinum), Garlic Mustard (Alliaria petiolata) and Wild Strawberry (Fragaria vesca). The presence of Ivy Broomrape (Orobanche hederae), a local species within Ireland, suggests that the woodland, along with its attendant Ivy is long established.
Along the lower reaches of the Awbeg River, the valley sides are generally cloaked with mixed deciduous woodland of estate origin. The dominant species is Beech, although a range of other species are also present, e.g. Sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus), Ash and Horse- chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum). In places the alien invasive species, Cherry Laurel, dominates the understorey. Parts of the woodlands are more semi-natural in composition, being dominated by Ash with Hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna) and Spindle (Euonymus europaea) also present. However, the most natural areas of woodland appear to be the wet areas dominated by Alder and willows (Salix spp.). The ground flora of the dry woodland areas features species such as Pignut, Wood Avens (Geum urbanum), Ivy and Soft Shield- fern (Polystichum setiferum), while the ground flora of the wet woodland areas contains characteristic species such as Remote Sedge (Carex remota) and Opposite-leaved Golden- saxifrage (Chrysosplenium oppositifolium).
In places along the upper Bride, scrubby, semi-natural deciduous woodland of Willow, Oak and Rowan occurs with abundant Great Woodrush in the ground flora.
The Bunaglanna River passes down a very steep valley, flowing in a north-south direction to meet the Bride River. It flows through blanket bog to heath and then scattered woodland. The higher levels of moisture here enable a vigorous moss and fern community to flourish, along with a well-developed epiphyte community on the tree trunks and branches.
At Banteer a type of wetland occurs near the railway line which offers a complete contrast to the others. Old turf banks are c o l o n i sFore dinspection by Ro purposesyal F eonly.rn (Osmunda regalis) and Eared Willow Consent of copyright owner required for any other use. (Salix aurita) and between them there is a sheet of Bottle Sedge (Carex rostrata), Marsh Cinquefoil (Potentilla palustris), Bogbean (Menyanthes trifoliata), Marsh St. John's-wort (Hypericum elodes) and the mosses Sphagnum auriculatum and Aulacomnium palustre. The cover is a scraw with characteristic species like Marsh Willowherb (Epilobium palustre) and Marsh Orchid (Dactylorhiza incarnata).
The soil high up the Lismore valleys and in rocky places is poor in nutrients but it becomes richer where streams enter and also along the valley bottoms. In such sites Wood Speedwell (Veronica montana), Wood Anemone (Anemone nemorosa), Enchanter's Nightshade (Circaea lutetiana), Barren Strawberry (Potentilla sterilis) and Shield Fern occur. There is some Wild Garlic, Three-nerved Sandwort (Moehringia trinervia) and Early-purple Orchid (Orchis mascula) locally, with Opposite-leaved Golden-saxifrage, Meadowsweet and Bugle in wet places. A Hazel stand at the base of the Glenakeeffe valley shows this community well.
The area has been subject to much tree felling in the recent past and re-sprouting stumps have given rise to areas of bushy Hazel, Holly, Rusty Willow (Salix cinerea subsp. oleifoila) and Downy Birch. The ground in the clearings is heathy with Heather (Calluna vulgaris), Slender St John's-wort (Hypericum pulchrum) and the occasional Broom (Cytisus scoparius) occurring.
The estuary and the other Habitats Directive Annex I habitats within it form a large component of the site. Very extensive areas of intertidal flats, comprised of substrates ranging from fine,
EPA Export 25-07-2013:21:15:09 silty mud to coarse sand with pebbles/stones are present. The main expanses occur at the southern end of the site with the best examples at Kinsalebeg in Co. Waterford and between Youghal and the main bridge north of it across the river in Co. Cork. Other areas occur along the tributaries of the Licky in east Co. Waterford and Glendine, Newport, Bride and Killahaly Rivers in Waterford west of the Blackwater and large tracts along the Tourig River in Co. Cork. There are narrow bands of intertidal flats along the main river as far north as Camphire Island. Patches of green algae (filamentous, Ulva species and Enteromorpha sp.) occur in places, while fucoid algae are common on the more stony flats even as high upstream as Glenassy or Coneen.
The area of saltmarsh within the site is small. The best examples occur at the mouths of the tributaries and in the townlands of Foxhole and Blackbog. Those found are generally characteristic of Atlantic salt meadows. The species list at Foxhole consists of Common Saltmarsh-grass (Puccinellia maritima), small amounts of Greater Sea-spurrey (Spergularia media), Glasswort (Salicornia sp.), Sea Arrowgrass (Triglochin maritima), Annual Sea-blite (Suaeda maritima) and Sea Purslane (Halimione portulacoides) - the latter a very recent coloniser - at the edges. Some Sea Aster (Aster tripolium) occurs, generally with Creeping Bent (Agrostis stolonifera). Sea Couch-grass (Elymus pycnanthus) and small isolated clumps of Sea Club-rush (Scirpus maritimus) are also seen. On the Tourig River additional saltmarsh species found include Lavender (Limoniun spp.), Sea Thrift (Armeria maritima), Red Fescue (Festuca rubra), Common Scurvy-grass (Cochlearia officinalis) and Sea Plantain (Plantago maritima). Oraches (Atriplex spp.) are found on channel edges.
The shingle spit at Ferrypoint supports a good example of perennial vegetation of stony banks. The spit is composed of small stones and cobbles and has a well developed and diverse flora. At the lowest part, Sea Beet (Beta vulgaris), Curled Dock (Rumex crispus) and Yellow-horned Poppy (Glaucium flavum) occur with at a slightly higher level Sea Mayweed (Tripleurospermum maritimum), Cleavers (Galium aparine), Rock Samphire (Crithmum maritimum), Sandwort (Honkenya peploides), Spear-leaved Orache (Atriplex prostrata) and Babington?s Orache (A. glabriuscula). Other species present include Sea Rocket (Cakile maritima), Herb Robert (Geranium robertianum), Red Fescue (Festuca rubra) and Kidney Vetch (Anthyllis vulneraria). The top of the spit is more vegetated and includes lichens and bryophytes (including Tortula ruraliformis and Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus).
The site supports several Red Data Book plant species, i.e. Starved Wood Sedge (Carex depauperata), Killarney Fern (Trichomanes speciosum), Pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium), For inspection purposes only. Bird?s-nest Orchid (Neottia nConsentidus-a ofv copyrightis, Go ownerlden requiredDock for ( anyRu otherme xuse. maritimus) and Bird Cherry (Prunus padus). The first three of these are also protected under the Flora (Protection) Order 1999. The following plants, relatively rare nationally, are also found within the site: Toothwort (Lathraea squamaria) associated with woodlands on the Awbeg and Blackwater; Summer Snowflake (Leucojum aestivum) and Flowering Rush (Butomus umbellatus) on the Blackwater; Common Calamint (Calamintha ascendens), Red Campion (Silene dioica), Sand Leek (Allium scorodoprasum) and Wood Club-rush (Scirpus sylvaticus) on the Awbeg.
The site is also important for the presence of several Habitats Directive Annex II animal species, including Sea Lamprey (Petromyzon marinus), Brook Lamprey (Lampetra planeri), River Lamprey (L. fluviatilis), Twaite Shad (Alosa fallax fallax), Freshwater Pearl-mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera), Otter (Lutra lutra) and Salmon (Salmo salar). The Awbeg supports a population of White-clawed Crayfish (Austropotamobius pallipes). This threatened species has been recorded from a number of locations and its remains are also frequently found in Otter spraints, particularly in the lower reaches of the river. The freshwater stretches of the Blackwater and Bride Rivers are designated salmonid rivers.
The Blackwater is noted for its enormous run of salmon over the years. The river is characterised by mighty pools, lovely streams, glides and generally, a good push of water coming through except in very low water. Spring salmon fishing can be carried out as far upstream as Fermoy and is very highly regarded especially at Careysville. The Bride, main Blackwater upstream of Fermoy and some of the tributaries are more associated with grilse fishing.
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The site supports many of the mammal species occurring in Ireland. Those which are listed in the Irish Red Data Book include Pine Marten, Badger and Irish Hare. The bat species Natterer?s Bat, Daubenton?s Bat, Whiskered Bat, Brown Long-eared Bat and Pipistrelle, are to be seen feeding along the river, roosting under the old bridges and in old buildings.
Common Frog, a Red Data Book species that is also legally protected (Wildlife Act, 1976), occurs throughout the site. The rare bush cricket, Metrioptera roselii (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae), has been recorded in the reed/willow vegetation of the river embankment on the Lower Blackwater River. The Swan Mussel (Anodonta cygnea), a scarce species nationally, occurs at a few sites along the freshwater stretches of the Blackwater.
Several bird species listed on Annex I of the E.U. Birds Directive are found on the site. Some use it as a staging area, others are vagrants, while others use it more regularly. Internationally important numbers of Whooper Swan (average peak 174, 1994/95-95/96) and nationally important numbers Bewick's Swan (average peak 35, 1994/95-95/96) use the Blackwater Callows. Golden Plover occur in regionally important numbers on the Blackwater Estuary (average peak 885, 1984/85-86/87) and on the River Bride (absolute max. 2141, 1994/95). Staging Terns visit the site annually (Sandwich Tern (>300) and Arctic/Common Tern (>200), average peak 1974-1994). The site also supports populations of the following: Red Throated Diver, Great Northern Diver, Barnacle Goose, Ruff, Wood Sandpiper and Greenland White- fronted Goose. Three breeding territories for Peregrine Falcon are known along the Blackwater Valley. This, the Awbeg and the Bride River are also thought to support at least 30 pairs of Kingfisher. Little Egret now breed at the site (12 pairs in 1997, 19 pairs in 1998) and this represents about 90% of the breeding population in Ireland.
The site holds important numbers of wintering waterfowl. Both the Blackwater Callows and the Blackwater Estuary Special Protection Areas (SPAs) hold internationally important numbers of Black-tailed Godwit (average peak 847, 1994/95-95/96 on the callows, average peak 845, 1974/75-93/94 in the estuary). The Blackwater Callows also hold Wigeon (average peak 2752), Teal (average peak 1316), Mallard (average peak 427), Shoveler (average peak 28), Lapwing (average peak 880), Curlew (average peak 416) and Black-headed Gull (average peak 396) (counts from 1994/95-95/96). Numbers of birds using the Blackwater Estuary, given as the mean of the highest monthly maxima over 20 years (1974-94), are Shelduck (137 +10 breeding pairs), Wigeon (780), Teal (280), Mallard (320 + 10 breeding pairs), Goldeneye (11-97), Oystercatcher (340), Ringed Plover (50 + 4 breeding pairs), Grey Plover (36), Lapwing (1680), Knot (150), Dunlin (2293), Snipe (272), Black-tailed Godwit For inspection purposes only. (845), Bar-tailed Godwit (130), ConsentCurle ofw copyright (920) ,owner Red requiredshan kfor ( any34 0other), T use.urnstone (130), Black-headed Gull (4000) and Lesser Black-backed Gull (172). The greatest numbers (75%) of the wintering waterfowl of the estuary are located in the Kinsalebeg area on the east of the estuary in Co. Waterford. The remainder are concentrated along the Tourig Estuary on the Co. Cork side.
The river and river margins also support many Heron, non-breeding Cormorant and Mute Swan (average peak 53, 1994/95-95/96 in the Blackwater Callows). Heron occurs all along the Bride and Blackwater Rivers - 2 or 3 pairs at Dromana Rock; c. 25 pairs in the woodland opposite; 8 pairs at Ardsallagh Wood and c. 20 pairs at Rincrew Wood have been recorded. Some of these are quite large and significant heronries. Significant numbers of Cormorant are found north of the bridge at Youghal and there are some important roosts present at Ardsallagh Wood, downstream of Strancally Castle and at the mouth of the Newport River. Of note are the high numbers of wintering Pochard (e.g. 275 individuals in 1997) found at Ballyhay quarry on the Awbeg, the best site for Pochard in County Cork.
Other important species found within the site include Long-eared Owl, which occurs all along the Blackwater River, and Barn Owl, a Red Data Book species, which is found in some old buildings and in Castlehyde west of Fermoy. Reed Warbler, a scarce breeding species in Ireland, was found for the first time in the site in 1998 at two locations. It is not known whether or not this species breeds on the site, although it is known to nearby to the south of Youghal. Dipper occurs on the rivers.
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Landuse at the site is mainly centred on agricultural activities. The banks of much of the site and the callows, which extend almost from Fermoy to Cappoquin, are dominated by improved grasslands which are drained and heavily fertilised. These areas are grazed and used for silage production. Slurry is spread over much of this area. Arable crops are grown. The spreading of slurry and fertiliser poses a threat to the water quality of this salmonid river and to the populations of Habitats Directive Annex II animal species within it. Many of the woodlands along the rivers belong to old estates and support many non-native species. Little active woodland management occurs. Fishing is a main tourist attraction along stretches of the Blackwater and its tributaries and there are a number of Angler Associations, some with a number of beats. Fishing stands and styles have been erected in places. Both commercial and leisure fishing takes place on the rivers. Other recreational activities such as boating, golfing and walking are also popular. Water skiing is carried out at Villierstown. Parts of Doneraile Park and Anne?s Grove are included in the site: both areas are primarily managed for amenity purposes. There is some hunting of game birds and Mink within the site. Ballyhay quarry is still actively quarried for sand and gravel. Several industrial developments, which discharge into the river, border the site.
The main threats to the site and current damaging activities include high inputs of nutrients into the river system from agricultural run-off and several sewage plants, dredging of the upper reaches of the Awbeg, overgrazing within the woodland areas, and invasion by non- native species, for example Cherry Laurel.
Overall, the River Blackwater is of considerable conservation significance for the occurrence of good examples of habitats and of populations of plant and animal species that are listed on Annexes I and II of the E.U. Habitats Directive respectively; furthermore it is of high conservation value for the populations of bird species that use it. Two Special Protection Areas, designated under the E.U. Birds Directive, are also located within the site - Blackwater Callows and Blackwater Estuary. Additionally, the importance of the site is enhanced by the presence of a suite of uncommon plant species.
16.05.2005
For inspection purposes only. Consent of copyright owner required for any other use.
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Killarney National Park, MacGuillycuddy's Reeks & Caragh River Catchment
Site Code (000365)
This very large site encompasses the mountains and lakes of the Iveragh peninsula, and the Paps Mountains which stretch eastward from Killarney towards Millstreet. It is the most mountainous region in Ireland and includes Carrauntoohil (1039m), the highest peak in the country. The underlying geology is almost entirely Old Red Sandstone, although Carboniferous Limestone occurs on the eastern shores of Lough Leane and rhyolitic lavas occur above Lough Guitane. The dramatic sandstone ridges and valleys have been shaped by glacial processes and many of the lakes are impounded by glacial moraines. Located close to the Atlantic in the south-west of Ireland, the site is subject to strong oceanic influences. Generally, the Lusitanian flora and fauna is well represented, while the high peaks and cliffs support arctic-alpine relicts.
The site is of great ecological interest, with at least ten habitats which are listed on Annex I of the EU Habitats Directive. Two of these are priority habitats (Yew woodland and active blanket bog), with other annexed habitats present being old Oak woodlands, oligotrophic lakes (upland and lowland), heath (wet, dry and alpine), rivers with floating and submerged vegetation, Calaminarian grassland, Molinia meadows and siliceous rock with chasmophytic vegetation. The Oak woodlands, occurring mostly around the Killarney lakes, are the habitat for which the area is perhaps best known. They form the most extensive area of native woodland remaining in Ireland and include Derrycunihy Wood, described as perhaps the most natural Sessile Oak wood in the country. The woods are typically dominated by Sessile Oak (Quercus petraea) with an understorey of Holly (Ilex aquifolium). The Strawberry Tree (Arbutus unedo) is a notable component of the woods and there are scattered Yew (Taxus baccata). The herb layer is not particularly species-rich, but the woods support perhaps the best developed Atlantic bryophyte community in Europe. Several rare species are present including Lejeunea flava, Cyclodictyon laetivirens, Daltonia splachnoides, Sematophyllum demissum and Radula carringtonii. Yew, which favours the limestone of Muckross peninsula, forms the only sizeable Yew woodland in Ireland and some of the trees are up to 200 years old. The dense shade beneath the tree results in few herbs i n t h e g r Forou inspectionnd flor apurposes, but tonly.he bryophyte layer is almost continuous. Consent of copyright owner required for any other use. Wet woodland or carr, occurring on the low-lying limestone areas within the flood plain of Lough Leane, forms one of the most extensive areas of this woodland type in Ireland. The dominant canopy species are Alder (Alnus glutinosa), willows (Salix spp.), Ash (Fraxinus excelsior) and Downy Birch (Betula pubescens), while the field layer is dominated by Remote Sedge (Carex remota) and Creeping Bent (Agrostis stolonifera).
Adding to the diversity of the woodland component of the site are a number of mixed woodlands, including those of Ross Island which support one of the richest herb layers of the Killarney woods.
The dominant habitat types within the overall site are blanket bog, heath and upland grassland. The heath and grassland generally occur on areas with shallow peat and on the mineral soils of the steep mountain sides, while the blanket bog occurs on the more gentle slopes, plateaux and other level ground. Often the habitats occur in a mosaic, with exposed rock frequently occurring.
A variety of blanket bog types are represented from lowland valley to mountain blanket bog. Some of the best include: Cummeragh River Bog Nature Reserve, a domed bog which is perhaps the most southerly intact blanket bog in the country; Ballygisheen, which contains one of the most extensive areas of intact lowland blanket bog in Co. Kerry; Coomacheo/Caherbarnagh, which combine to form the largest mountain blanket bog in the south-west; Eirk Bog Nature Reserve, a classic example of a bog intermediate between a
EPA Export 25-07-2013:21:15:09 raised and blanket bog; Mangerton Bog, an upland bog which grades into an unusual lichen heath seen at no other site; and Oolagh East, a quaking basin mire. Generally, the bogs have a characteristic flora. The Lusitanian species, Large-flowered Butterwort (Pinguicula grandiflora) is common. The bogs also support a number of unusual species, including mosses (Sphagnum pulchrum, S. fuscum, S. platyphyllum, S. strictum, S. contortum and Calliergon stramineum), liverworts (Cladopodiella francisci and Calypogeia azurea) and lichens (Cladonia mediterranea, C. macilenta, C. rangiferina, C. arbuscula and Cetraria islandica). Wet heath often occurs in association with blanket bog and features Cross-leaved Heath (Erica tetralix). Dry heath is more frequent and is dominated by Heather (Calluna vulgaris), Bell Heather (Erica cinerea) and Western Gorse (Ulex gallii), with occasional Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus). This habitat is well developed on the Paps. Elsewhere it is often overgrazed, with upland grassland becoming more frequent. Some of the highest ridges support alpine heath (referable to the Lycopodium alpinum - Racomitrium lanuginosum association). The site contains many lakes, but these can be broadly divided into two types: small upland corrie lakes and larger lowland lakes. Examples of the first type are Lough Murtagh and Lough Gortavehy in the Paps. They are oligotrophic and typically species-poor, with Quillwort (Isoetes lacustris), Water Lobelia (Lobelia dortmanna) and Shoreweed (Littorella uniflora) occurring most commonly. The lowland lakes are mostly oligotrophic, although Lough Leane, the largest fresh water body in the region, has become somewhat mesotrophic as a result of pollution from Killarney town. These lowland lakes tend to be more species-rich than those at higher altitudes, with additional species such as Awlwort (Subularia aquatica), Six-stamened Waterwort (Elatine hexandra) and Alternate Water-milfoil (Myriophyllum alterniflorum). Good examples include Lough Caragh, Upper Lake and Muckross Lake.
The rivers associated with these lakes are also of importance. The Caragh is relatively unpolluted from headwater to estuary, a rare phenomenon in Europe. The Flesk runs over Old Red Sandstone in its upper reaches and limestone as it nears Lough Leane. Both rivers support floating and submerged vegetation and rare invertebrates. Rocks around the smaller mountain streams often support a lush vegetation of ferns and bryophytes, most notably at Torc Waterfall.
Other habitats of note include: Juniper (Juniperus communis) scrub found on islands in the For inspection purposes only. Upper Lake and on dry ridgesConsent in n ofe copyrightarby N ownerewf orequiredundla forn dany B otherog; use. damp meadows, with Purple Moor-grass (Molinia caerulea), supporting scarce species such as Whorled Caraway (Carum verticillatum) and Ivy-leaved Bellflower (Wahlenbergia hederacea); and Calaminarian grasslands, associated with the old copper mines on Ross Island, with species such as Sea Campion (Silene vulgaris subsp. maritima) and Thrift (Armeria maritima). A large number of plant and animal species of interest occur within the site: There are two plant species listed on Annex II of the EU Habitats Directive: Slender Naiad (Najas flexilis) which is found in some of the lakes; and, most famous of all, the Killarney Fern (Trichomanes speciosum). An additional twenty-two Red Data Book plant species have been recorded, but only twelve of these have been seen recently. These are Pillwort (Pilularia globulifera), Kerry Lily (Simethis planifolia), Irish Lady's Tresses (Spiranthes romanzoffiana), Slender Cottongrass (Eriophorum gracile), Slender Cudweed (Logfia minima), Betony (Stachys officinalis), Heath Cudweed (Omalotheca sylvatica), Alder Buckthorn (Frangula alnus), Alpine Saw-wort (Saussurea alpina), Hoary Whitlowgrass (Draba incana), Smooth Brome (Bromus racemosus) and Holly Fern (Polystichum lonchitis). The first seven of these species are legally protected (Flora Protection Order, 1999). The site is very important for oceanic bryophytes, particularly the woodland species. It also contains good representative examples of the Northern Atlantic Hepatic Mat community and other oceanic montane communities. Killarney Oak woods and mountains have been nominated as a site of international importance for bryophytes.
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Additional plant species of interest include a fern (Dryopteris affinis subsp. stilluppensis) and a Whitebeam (Sorbus anglica), both at their only Irish locations.
The Killarney Woods are notable for the number of rare species of Myxomycete fungus that have been recorded, namely Collaria arcyrionema, Craterium muscorum, Cribraria microcarpa (only known Irish site), C. rufa, C. violacea, Diderma chondrioderma, D. lucidum, D. ochraceum, Fuligo muscorum, Licea marginata.
The site has six bird species which are listed on Annex I of the EU Birds Directive. A small flock of Greenland White-fronted Geese, which winters on the boglands within the National Park, is now the only regular flock in the south-west. The site has one of the highest concentrations of breeding Peregrines in the country, as well as some breeding Merlin. Chough is found both in the coastal areas and inland areas of the site, with possibly up to 30 pairs breeding. Kingfisher is a species associated with the lakes and rivers, especially in the National Park and probably breeds. Finally, a few pairs of Common Tern breed within the site. The woodlands provide habitat for a variety of breeding birds, most notably Garden Warbler, Blackcap, and probably a few pairs each of the rare Redstart and Wood Warbler. Lough Leane is a site for wintering wildfowl with the following the average counts for the two winters 1995/96 and 1996/97: Teal (208), Mallard (350), Pochard (81), Tufted Duck (323) and Coot (169).
The site supports most of the Irish mammal species. Of particular note is the occurrence of two EU Habitats Directive Annex II species: Lesser Horseshoe Bat, with a total population of about 300 individuals distributed at several locations, including both nursery and hibernation sites, and Otter. Perhaps the best known mammals of the Killarney National Park are the Red Deer, which form the only remaining native herd in Ireland, comprised of around 600 animals. Sika Deer also occur. Pine Marten is another notable species.
The site is valuable for its rare fish species, five of which are listed on Annex II of the EU Habitats Directive: Brook Lamprey (Lampetra planeri), River Lamprey (Sea Lamprey (Petromyzon marinus), Salmon (Salmo salar) and Killarney Shad (Alosa fallax killarnensis). The Killarney Shad is a unique land-locked subspecies confined to the Killarney lakes. Also of note is the glacial relict, Arctic Charr (Salvelinus alpinus), a Red Data Book species, a unique form of which is found in Loug h C o o m Fora sinspectionaharn. purposes only. Consent of copyright owner required for any other use.
There are numerous rare invertebrates within the site. These include three EU Habitats Directive Annex II species: Kerry Slug (Geomalacus maculosus), the Freshwater Pearl- mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera) and the Marsh Fritillary (Euphydryas aurinia). The Kerry Slug and Pearl-mussel populations are of particular importance in a national context. Other species of note include: three chironomids of international importance found in the River Flesk; a wood ant (Formica lugubris) at one of only four Irish sites; a snail (Limnaea involuta), in Lough Cricaun, at its only known location; two dragonflies (Cordulea aenea and Somatochlora arctica), the former at one of only two known sites in Ireland and the latter at its only known Irish location; and several other aquatic and woodland species at their only known Irish locations.
The main landuse within the site is grazing by sheep. In and around the National Park deer grazing is also common. The extensive grazing has caused damage to many of the terrestrial habitats, resulting in degradation of heath and blanket bogs and prevention of woodland regeneration. In the upland habitats the erosion caused by grazing is exacerbated by the exposed nature of the terrain.
Apart from grazing, the woodlands are particularly threatened by Rhododendron (Rhododendron ponticum) invasion: approximately two thirds of the Oak woodlands are affected, although a Rhododendron removal programme is underway in the National Park. The Yew wood has been adversely affected by heavy grazing for many years, but it is intended to control this in the near future by erection of a deer fence. The bogs are sensitive
EPA Export 25-07-2013:21:15:09 to grazing and are also threatened by turbary, burning and afforestation. Most of the lakes are very acid sensitive and therefore vulnerable to afforestation within the catchment areas. Lough Leane has been subject to some eutrophication, although water quality appears to have improved since phosphates were removed from the sewage in 1985. A management plan was drawn up for the Killarney National Park in 1991. The park is managed primarily for conservation purposes although recreation is also provided for. Overall, the site is of high ecological value because of the diversity, quality and extensiveness of many of the habitats and impressive list of rare species of flora and fauna. In recognition of its importance the Killarney National Park has been designated a World Biosphere Reserve.
For inspection purposes only. Consent of copyright owner required for any other use.
EPA Export 25-07-2013:21:15:09 Attachment L For inspection purposes only. Consent of copyright owner required for any other use. STATUTORY REQUIREMENTS Cadbury Ireland Limited Rathmore Installation IPPC Licence Application Project Ref: OES1061_01
EPA Export 25-07-2013:21:15:09 Cadbury Ireland Limited February 2007 Rathmore Installation IPPC Licence Application Attachment L
Attachment No. L details the plants status of compliance with the statutory requirements under the relevant environmental legislation covered by IPPC. L.1 Requirements of Section 83(5)(a)(i) to (v) and (vii) to (x) of the EPA Act’s, 1992 and 2003 Part IV of the Environmental Protection Agency Act (No. 7 of 1992) was replaced by a new Part IV under Section 15 of the Protection of the Environment Act 2003 (No. 27 of 2003). Under Section 83 (5) (a) (i) to (v) and (vii) to (x) of the Environmental Protection Agency Acts 1992 and 2003 (as defined in Section 1 of the Protection of the Environment Act 2003), the Agency shall not grant a licence or revised licence for an activity unless it is satisfied that the operation of the plant meets certain requirements. The Applicant, Cadbury (Ireland) Ltd., Rathmore, Co. Kerry states that it will comply with the legislation in the course of activities for which the licence is being sought and manage the activities at the installation to meet these requirements. L.2 Relevant Legislation - Air Section 83 (5) (a) (i) of the Environmental Protection Agency Acts 1992 and 2003 states that the Agency may not grant a licence for an activity unless it is satisfied that any emission from the activity will not result in the contravention of any air quality standard specified under the Air Pollution Act 1987 (No. 6 of 1987). Air quality standards as specified under Section 50 of the Air Pollution Act 1987 are contained in the Air Quality Standards Regulations S.I. No. 244 of 1987, and concern Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), Suspended Particulates, Lead and Nitrogen Dioxide. These standards are being replaced on a phased basis, to be completed in 2010, by the Air Quality Standards Regulations 2002 (S.I. 271 of 2002), which also bring in standards for NOx, CO and Benzene. As part of the Cadbury (Ireland) Ltd. Environmental Management Plan (EMP), objectives relating to improvement in emissions and indirectly air quality are outlined. Continuous For inspection purposes only. improvement of emissions to aConsenttmosp ofh copyrightere is iownernten requiredded. for any other use. The National Air Quality Standards (NAQS) individual parameters relate to ground level concentrations, rather than emissions limit values. Parameter Compliance SO2 SO2 emissions arise from the combustion of Heavy Fuel Oil. The sulphur content of the HFO used on site in the Cadbury Rathmore facility is < 1 % Oxides of NO2 emissions arise from high temperature combustion processes Nitrogen (as NO2) CO CO emissions arise from the combustion processes. Benzene Some benzene emissions may be expected to occur with the combustion of liquid fuels at the boilers. Lead There are no sources and therefore no emissions of lead arising at the installation.
OES Consulting Page 1 of 7
EPA Export 25-07-2013:21:15:09 Cadbury Ireland Limited February 2007 Rathmore Installation IPPC Licence Application Attachment L
L.3 Relevant Legislation - Water Section 83 (5) (a) (ii) of the Environmental Protection Agency Acts 1992 and 2003 states that the Agency may not grant a licence for an activity unless it is satisfied that any emission from the activity will not result in the contravention of any standard specified under the Local Government (Water Pollution Act) 1977 – 1999. With the exception of phosphorus (Local Government (Water Pollution) Act 1977 (Water Quality Standards for Phosphorus) Regulations, 1998 (S.I. 258 of 1998), there are no standards specified under Section 26. Emissions of phosphorus from the installation are subject to tertiary treatment by chemical addition to remove phosphorus so that levels are in accordance with relevant ELV. Other quality standards and/or limit values are relevant. To avoid duplication, it is more convenient to include the subject of this paragraph in the following section, as many of the standards/limit values were made on foot of EU directives. Legislation Compliance Local Government (Water Cadburys Rathmore possesses a licence to discharge to Pollution) Acts 1997 and 1990 waters granted by Kerry County Council. Quality of Bathing Waters Cadbury Rathmore does not discharge any emissions Regulations 1992-2001 (S.I. directly to bathing water. 155 of 1992, S.I. 145 of 1994, S.I. 177 of 1998 and S.I. 22 of 2001) The European Communities The River Blackwater is listed as Salmonoid within these (Quality of Salmonid Waters) regulations Cadbury Rathmore operations do not Regulations (S.I. 293 of 1988) adversely effect the biological quality of the river so compliant with these regulations. Local Government (Water Cadmium is not used at the installation; therefore, there Pollution) Act 1977 (Control of is no potential for discharges containing cadmium from For inspection purposes only. Cadmium Discharges) Consent tofh ecopyright site. owner required for any other use. Regulations (S.I. 294 of 1985) Local Government (Water Hexachlorocyclohexane and mercury are not used at the Pollution) Act, 1977 (Control of Cadbury Rathmore installation. Hexachlorocyclohexane and Mercury Discharges) Regulations (S.I. 55 of 1986) Local Government (Water These substances are not used and accordingly, would Pollution) Acts 1977 and 1990 not form part of any discharge to the receiving (Control of Aldrin, Dieldrin, watercourse. Endrin, Isodrin, HCB, HCBD and CHCL3 Discharges) Regulations 1994 (S.I. 348 of 1993) Local Government (Water These substances are not used and accordingly, would Pollution) Acts 1977 and 1990 not form part of any discharge to the receiving (Control of Carbon watercourse. Tetrachloride, DDT and Pentachlorophenol Discharges) Regulations 1994 (S.I. 245 of 1994)
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EPA Export 25-07-2013:21:15:09 Cadbury Ireland Limited February 2007 Rathmore Installation IPPC Licence Application Attachment L
Legislation Compliance Quality of Shellfish Water Cadbury Rathmore do not discharge any material to Regulations (S.I. 200 of 1994, shellfish waters, as listed in the Schedule to these amended by Quality of Shellfish regulations. Waters (Amendment) Regulations (S.I. 459 of 2001) Water Quality (Dangerous These substances are not used and accordingly, would Substances) Regulations, 2001 not form part of any discharge to the receiving (S.I. 12 of 2001) watercourse. Local Government (Water Cadbury Rathmore complies with these regulations. Pollution) Regulations, 1992 (S.I. 271 of 1992) There are currently two points of discharge to the River Blackwater – SW-1 and 2. Inadvertent indirect emissions will be prevented by bulk tanks, segregation, bunding and correct material handling protocols. These measures will ensure compliance with S.I. No. 271 of 1992. Bunding of bulk storage tanks, of liquid material storage areas and procedures to ensure that bunding is adequate and of good integrity are in place at the site. Monthly checks on bunds take place. There is adequate designated space within the plant for storage of waste awaiting disposal off-site in areas that are suitably constructed to prevent a risk of surface and groundwater pollution. L.4 Relevant Legislation – Noise For inspection purposes only. Section 83 (5) (a) (iv) of the EnConsentviron mof copyrightental P ownerrote requiredction Aforg anyen othercy A use.cts 1992 and 2003 states that the Agency shall not grant a licence for any activity unless it is satisfied that any noise from the activity will comply with or not result in the contravention of any regulations under section 106 of the EPA act. This section enables the Minister to make regulations for the purpose of the prevention of limitation of noise, which may cause a nuisance. Although no noise control regulations have been made, the EPA Guidance Note for Noise in Relation to Scheduled Activities recommend that to avoid disturbance the noise level at sensitive locations should not exceed a LAeq T value of 55 dBA during the daytime and a LAeq T value of 45 dBA at night-time. It also recommends that audible tones and impulsive noise at sensitive locations at night should be avoided. Noise Surveys undertaken in the past either did not take into count a full variety of sampling areas or/and did not record levels for both night time and day time as is stipulated requirement if wanting to establish compliance with recommended limits set out by EPA. For these reasons Cadburys has commissioned another Noise Survey to be carried out to satisfy these reservations which was undertaken in August 2006. The purpose of this survey was to assess the noise impact associated with the operation of the facility at the boundary and at noise sensitive locations to ensure that it is operating in accordance with Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) requirements. For full details relating to the Noise Survey are contained within section I.7.
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EPA Export 25-07-2013:21:15:09 Cadbury Ireland Limited February 2007 Rathmore Installation IPPC Licence Application Attachment L
Environmental noise monitoring results undertaken to date indicate that noise levels are within both day time (55 dBA), and night time limits of (45 dBA) set as guide Guideline limits. There have been no noise complaints which demonstrate the facility has not caused annoyance. As a result of the remote location of the facility there are few noise sensitive receptors. L.5 Significant Environmental Pollution: Section 85 (5) (a) (v) of the Environmental Protection Agency Acts 1992 and 2003 states that the Agency shall not grant a licence for an activity unless it is satisfied that any emissions for the activity will not cause significant environmental pollution. After a review of activities at the plant, it is concluded that there will be no uncontrolled significant emissions as derived from the following event/sources: o Spillage’s o Waste o Air emissions o Accidents/emergencies This conclusions have been made on the basis that Cadbury Ireland Ltd Rathmore are certified to ISO 14001 and deploy significant efforts into prevention of accidental releases. In addition there are measures in place to minimise impact and thus significant environmental pollution would not be expected. L.6 Production & Disposal of Waste Section 83 (5) (a) (vii) of the Environmental Protection Agency Acts 1992 and 2003 states that production of waste should be prevented or minimised, and where waste is produced, it will be recovered, and where it is not economically and technically possible to recover it, be disposed of in a manner which will prevent or minimise any impact on the environment. All waste collection and transportation for recovery, storage or disposal is carefully regulated under the plant environmental management system to ensure that all contractors are in For inspection purposes only. possession of valid Waste CoConsentllecti oofn copyright Perm ownerits, requiredWast efor Panye rothermit suse. and Waste Licences where appropriate. Detailed records of all waste movements are maintained. L.7 Energy Section 83 (5) (a) (viii) of the Environmental Protection Agency Acts 1992 and 2003 states that energy is to be used efficiently in the carrying on of the licensed activity. Energy use forms a significant component of the overall production cost at Cadbury (Ireland) Rathmore and as a result, the efficiency of the generation, supply, distribution, use and recovery it is an area which receives considerable attention. Energy audits have been undertaken at the plant (internal and external) and there is a programme currently in place which is focusing resources in particular areas. Cadbury Ireland Ltd. Rathmore has to take account of green house gas emissions, it was issued a GHG Permit from the EPA to carry out the following ‘Combustion Instillation with a rated thermal input exceeding 20 MW (except hazardous or municipal waste instillations’. L.8 Accident Prevention
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Section 83 (5) (a) (ix) of the Environmental Protection Agency Acts 1992 and 2003 requires that necessary measures be taken to prevent accidents in the carrying out of the activity. In addition, it is required that where an accident occurs, its consequences for the environment are limited, and where there are consequences, these consequences are remedied, as necessary. Attachment J details the Cadbury (Ireland) Rathmore Emergency Response Plan and describes the measures in place to deal with an environmental incident, including measures to reduce the potential for adverse effects off site. L.9 Cessation of the Activity Section 83 (5) (a) (x) of the Environmental Protection Agency Acts 1992 and 2003 requires that necessary measures be taken upon the permanent cessation of the activity (including such a cessation resulting from the abandonment of the activity) to avoid any risk of environmental pollution and return the site of the activity to a satisfactory state. Currently Cadburys Ireland Ltd. Rathmore has no Residuals Management Plan which sets out the detailed approach and methods to be adopted in decommissioning or closing of the site. An outline approach is presented in Attachment K. L.10 Designated Areas The activity gives due regard to if it is located in proximity to: o A site placed on a list in accordance with Chapter 1 of the European Communities (Natural Habitats) Regulations, 1994 (SI 94 of 1997); o A site where consultation has been initiated in accordance with Article 5 of the EU Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC); or o A European site as defined in Article 2 of the European Communities (Natural Habitats) Regulations (SI 94 of 1997).
For inspection purposes only. River Blackwater (Cork/WateConsentrford )of c copyrightSAC sownerite crequiredode (for2 1any70 other) use.
The Rathmore facility is located in close proximity to the River Blackwater (Cork/Waterford) cSAC site code (2170). The river Blackwater is a Candidate Special Area of Conservation.
The Blackwater River is one of the largest rivers in Ireland, draining a major part of Munster. The cSAC contains a number of E.U. Habitats Directive Annex I habitats including the Annex I priority habitat alluvial forest. Other annexed habitats include estuaries, mudflats, sand flats Atlantic and Mediterranean salt meadows, floating river vegetation and old oak woodlands. The cSAC supports internationally important numbers of non-breeding Whooper Swan and Black-tailed Godwit and nationally important numbers of Bewick’s Swan. It also supports the EU Habitats Directive Annex II species sea lamprey, brook lamprey, river lamprey, twaite shad, freshwater pearl-mussel, white-clawed crayfish, otter, Atlantic salmon and Killarney Fern. The site also holds nine Irish Red Data Book mammal fish and amphibian species, and four Red Data Book plant species.
Candidate Special Areas of Conservation (cSAC) are of International Importance which form part of the NATURA 2000 network are protected under the European Union (EU) Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC). These sites are designated to protect wildlife conservation areas that are considered important in both a European and Irish context. This legislation has been transposed into Irish law by the European Union (Natural Habitats) Regulations, 1997, and is implemented by the Minister of Arts, Heritage and Gaeltacht and the Islands.
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Killarney National Park/ Magillicuddy Reeks/Caragh River cSAC, & pNHA (Site code: 0365) Killarney National Park Magillicuddy Reeks/Caragh River is located approximately 7Km from Cadbury Ireland Rathmore. This very large site contains a complex mosaic of habitats which encompass the mountains and lakes of the Iveragh Peninsula Mountains supporting habitats such as blanket bog, heath and upland grassland, woodland, and lakes. The site is of significant ecological interest due to the diversity, quality and extensiveness of many of the habitats, and there associated rare species of flora and fauna. The site contains ten habitats which are listed on Annex I of the EU Habitats Directive. Two of these are priority habitats (Yew woodland and active blanket bog), with other annexed habitats present being old Oak woodlands, oligotrophic lakes (upland and lowland), heath (wet, dry and alpine), rivers with floating and submerged vegetation, Calaminarian grassland, Molinia meadows and siliceous rock with chasmophytic vegetation. These sites support a wide range of EU Habitats Directive Annex II species including (Kerry Slug, the Freshwater Pearl-mussel and the Marsh Fritillary), five rare fish species (Brook Lamprey, River Lamprey, Sea Lamprey, Salmon and Killarney Shad) listed on EU Habitats Directive Annex II, two EU Habitats Directive Annex II species (Lesser Horseshoe Bat, otter), six bird species which are listed on Annex I of the EU Birds Directive (Greenland White-fronted Geese, Peregrines, Merlin, kingfisher, Common Tern, Chough), and two plant species listed on Annex II of the EU Habitats Directive (Slender Naiad, Killarney Fern). In recognition of its importance the Killarney National Park has been designated a World Biosphere Reserve. In addition to being recognised for its International importance (cSAC), the site is also overlapped with a Natural Heritage area (NHA) which is of National Importance and protected under the Wildlife (Amendment) Act, 2000. The full National Parks and Wildlife Services site synopsis for the designated sites is provided in Appendix L.1.1 The location of Cadbury Ireland Rathmore relative to the designated site listed above can be seen in Appendix L.1.2 L.11 Requirements For A Fit And Proper Person For inspection purposes only. Section 83 (5) (a) (xi) of the EConsentnviron ofm copyrightental ownerProt erequiredction for A anyge nothercy use.Acts 1992 and 2003 specifies that the Agency shall not grant a licence unless it is satisfied that the licensee is a fit and proper person. Information to enable a determination to be made by the Agency, as required by Section 84 (4) of the Environmental Protection Agency Acts 1992 and 2003, is given below. Prosecutions Cadbury Ireland have not been the subject of prosecution under either the Environmental Protection Agency Acts, 1992 and 2003, the Waste Management Act, 1996, the Local Government (Water Pollution) Acts 1997 and 1990 or the Air Pollution Act 1987. Technical Knowledge and Qualifications The Cadbury Ireland Rathmore Environmental function is under the direct control of the Quality and Environmental Manager. The Quality and Environmental Manager who is qualified to Masters (M.Eng.Sc) level has over 15 years experience of quality and environmental issues within the Cadbury Group. She is recently undertaken a quality and environment auditor course. She is supported in her role by the Production Engineer and the Engineering Manager, each of whom have over 25 years experience at the site.
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EPA Export 25-07-2013:21:15:09 Cadbury Ireland Limited February 2007 Rathmore Installation IPPC Licence Application Attachment L
During this period of time the have been involved in a number of environmental projects at the site (services, energy systems, plant drainage, civil works and repairs, maintenance and calibration of environmental monitoring equipment). In addition they are cognisant with the requirements of ISO 14001. Laboratory Technicians, Milk Intake Operatives and WWTP Operatives, who have all received specific training for the tasks required, report to the Environmental Manager. All personnel employed onsite have received environmental awareness training and appropriate environmental training is provided where the task requires. In addition specific training in environmental auditing has been completed by the Production Engineer and the Engineering Manager, in addition to Section Managers and Laboratory technicians. Resources Cadbury Ireland Rathmore is part of the Cadbury Group a global market leader in the Chocolate market. It is policy of all subsidiaries within the Cadbury Group to uphold Corporate Social Responsibility which would include that if a closedown was to take place that any liabilities are honored and the site is restored to a satisfactory state.
For inspection purposes only. Consent of copyright owner required for any other use.
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Appendix L.1.1 Designated Sites
For inspection purposes only. Consent of copyright owner required for any other use.
EPA Export 25-07-2013:21:15:09 Legend
Site Location
candidate Special Area of Conservation (cSAC)
Natural Heritage Area (NHA)
Cadbury Ireland Cadbury Ireland Rathmore Installation Rathmore Installation (E118126 N092895) (E118126 N092895)
River Blackwater (Cork/Waterford) cSAC (Site code:2170)
For inspection purposes only. Consent of copyright owner required for any other use.
Date Issue no. Date By Checked Approved Note Ref Scanned
environmental health and safety engineering project management © Copyright of OES Consulting, 4 Day Place, Tralee Co. Kerry. Tel: 353 (0)667128321 Fax: 353 (0)66 7180061 Email: [email protected]
Client Cadburys (Ireland) Rathmore Title Designated Sites
Scale. Project No. Killarney National Park/ Magillicuddy Reeks/Caragh River cSAC, & pNHA (Site code:0365) NTS 1061 Drawing No. Rev. Figure No. Drawing No.12 01
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Appendix L.1.2 National Parks and Wildlife Service Site Synopsis For inspection purposes only. Consent of copyright owner required for any other use.
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River Blackwater (Cork/Waterford) cSAC
Site code (002170)
The River Blackwater is one of the largest rivers in Ireland, draining a major part of Co. Cork and five ranges of mountains. In times of heavy rainfall the levels can fluctuate widely by more than 12 feet on the gauge at Careysville. The peaty nature of the terrain in the upper reaches and of some of the tributaries gives the water a pronounced dark colour. The site consists of the freshwater stretches of the River Blackwater as far upstream as Ballydesmond, the tidal stretches as far as Youghal Harbour and many tributaries, the larger of which includes the Licky, Bride, Flesk, Chimneyfield, Finisk, Araglin, Awbeg (Buttevant), Clyda, Glen, Allow, Dalua, Brogeen, Rathcool, Finnow, Owentaraglin and Awnaskirtaun. The extent of the Blackwater and its tributaries in this site, flows through the counties of Kerry, Cork, Limerick, Tipperary and Waterford. Towns along, but not in the site, include Rathmore, Millstreet, Kanturk, Banteer, Mallow, Buttevant, Doneraile, Castletownroche, Fermoy, Ballyduff, Rathcormac, Tallow, Lismore, Cappoquin and Youghal.
The Blackwater rises in boggy land of east Kerry , where Namurian grits and shales build the low heather-covered plateaux. Near Kanturk the plateaux enclose a basin of productive Coal Measures. On leaving the Namurian rocks the Blackwater turns eastwards along the northern slopes of the Boggeraghs before entering the narrow limestone strike vale at Mallow. The valley deepens as first the Nagles Mountains and then the Knockmealdowns impinge upon it. Interesting geological features along this stretch of the Blackwater Valley include limestone cliffs and caves near the villages and small towns of Killavullen and Ballyhooly; the Killavullen caves contain fossil material from the end of the glacial period. The associated basic soils in this area support the growth of plant communities which are rare in Cork because in general the county?s rocks are acidic. At Cappoquin the river suddenly turns south and cuts through high ridges of Old Red Sandstone. The Araglin valley is predominantly underlain by sandstone, with limestone occurring in the lower reaches near Fermoy.
The site is a candidate SAC selected for alluvial wet woodlands and Yew Wood, both priority habitats listed on Annex I of the E.U. Habitats Directive. The site is also selected as a candidate SAC for floating river vegetation, estuaries, tidal mudflats, Salicornia mudflats, Atlantic salt meadows, Mediterranean salt meadows, perennial vegetation of stony banks and For inspection purposes only. old oak woodlands, all habitatConsents liste ofd copyright on An ownernex required I of tforhe any E other.U. use.Habitats Directive. The site is also selected for the following species listed on Annex II of the same directive - Sea Lamprey, River Lamprey, Brook Lamprey, Freshwater Pearl Mussel, Crayfish, Twaite Shad, Atlantic Salmon, Otter and the plant, Killarney Fern.
Wet woodlands are found where river embankments, particularly on the River Bride, have broken down and where the channel edges in the steep-sided valley between Cappoquin and Youghal are subject to daily inundation. The river side of the embankments was often used for willow growing in the past (most recently at Cappoquin) so that the channel is lined by narrow woods of White and Almond-leaved Willow (Salix alba and S. triandra) with isolated Crack Willow (S. fragilis) and Osier (S. viminalis). Grey Willow (S. cinerea) spreads naturally into the sites and occasionally, as at Villierstown on the Blackwater and Sapperton on the Bride, forms woods with a distinctive mix of woodland and marsh plants, including Gypsywort (Lycopus europaeus), Guelder Rose (Viburnum opulus), Bittersweet (Solanum dulcamara) and various mosses and algae. These wet woodlands form one of the most extensive tracts of the wet woodland habitat in the country.
Marshes and reedbeds cover most of the flat areas beside the rivers and often occur in mosaic with the wet woodland. Common Reed (Phragmites australis) is ubiquitous and is harvested for thatching. There is also much Marsh Marigold (Caltha palustris) and, at the edges of the reeds, the Greater and Lesser Pond-sedge (Carex riparia and C. acutiformis). Hemlock Water-dropwort (Oenanthe crocata), Wild Angelica (Angelica sylvestris), Reed Canary-grass (Phalaris arundinacea), Meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria), Nettle (Urtica
EPA Export 25-07-2013:21:15:09 dioica), Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria), Marsh Valerian (Valeriana officinalis), Water Mint (Mentha aquatica) and Water Forget-me-not (Myosotis scorpioides).
At Banteer there are a number of hollows in the sediments of the floodplain where subsidence and subterranean drainage have created isolated wetlands, sunk below the level of the surrounding fields. The water rises and falls in these holes depending on the watertable and several different communities have developed on the acidic or neutral sediments. Many of the ponds are ringed about with Grey Willows, rooted in the mineral soils but sometimes collapsed into the water. Beneath the densest stands are woodland herbs like Yellow Pimpernel (Lysimachia nemorum) with locally abundant Starwort (Callitriche stagnalis) and Marsh Ragwort (Senecio palustris). One of the depressions has Silver Birch (Betula pendula), Ash (Fraxinus excelsior), Crab Apple (Malus sylvestris) and a little Oak (Quercus robur) in addition to the willows.
Floating river vegetation is found along much of the freshwater stretches within the site. The species list is quite extensive and includes Pond Water-crowfoot (Ranunculus peltatus), Water-crowfoot (Ranunculus spp.), Canadian Pondweed (Elodea canadensis), Broad-leaved Pondweed (Potamogeton natans), Pondweed (Potamogeton spp.), Water Milfoil (Myriophyllum spp.), Common Club-rush (Scirpus lacustris), Water-starwort (Callitriche spp.), Lesser Water-parsnip (Berula erecta) particularly on the Awbeg, Water-cress (Nasturtium officinale), Hemlock Water-dropwort, Fine-leaved Water-dropwort (O. aquatica), Common Duckweed (Lemna minor), Yellow Water-lily (Nuphar lutea), Unbranched Bur-reed (Sparganium emersum) and the moss Fontinalis antipyretica.
The grassland adjacent to the rivers of the site is generally heavily improved, although liable to flooding in many places. However, fields of more species-rich wet grassland with species such as Yellow-flag (Iris pseudacorus), Meadow-sweet, Meadow Buttercup (Ranunculus acris) and rushes (Juncus spp.) occur occasionally. Extensive fields of wet grassland also occur at Annagh Bog on the Awbeg. These fields are dominated by Tufted Hair-grass (Deschampsia cespitosa) and rushes.
The Blackwater Valley has a number of dry woodlands; these have mostly been managed by the estates in which they occur, frequently with the introduction of Beech (Fagus sylvatica) and a few conifers, and sometimes of Rhododendron (Rhododendron ponticum) and Laurel. Oak woodland is well developed on sandstone about Ballinatray, with the acid Oak woodland community of Holly (Ilex a q u i f o l i u mFor) ,inspection Bilbe rpurposesry (V only.accinium myrtillus), Greater Woodrush (Luzula sylvatica) and BucklerConsent Fern ofs copyright(Dryo pownerteri srequired affin foris ,any D other. ae use.mula) occurring in one place. Irish Spurge (Euphorbia hyberna) continues eastwards on acid rocks from its headquarters to the west but there are many plants of richer soils, for example Wood Violet (Viola reichenbachiana), Goldilocks (Ranunculus auricomus), Broad-leaved Helleborine (Epipactis helleborine) and Red Campion (Silene dioica). Oak woodland is also found in Rincrew, Carrigane, Glendine, Newport and Dromana. The spread of Rhododendron is locally a problem, as is over-grazing. A few limestone rocks stand over the river in places showing traces of a less acidic woodland type with Ash, False Brome (Brachypodium sylvaticum) and Early-purple Orchid (Orchis mascula).
In the vicinity of Lismore, two deep valleys cut in Old Red Sandstone join to form the Owenashad River before flowing into the Blackwater at Lismore. These valleys retain something close to their original cover of Oak with Downy Birch (Betula pubescens), Holly and Hazel (Corylus avellana) also occurring. There has been much planting of Beech (as well as some of coniferous species) among the Oak on the shallower slopes and here both Rhododendron and Cherry Laurel (Prunus laurocerasus) have invaded the woodland.
The Oak wood community in the Lismore and Glenmore valleys is of the classical upland type, in which some Rowan (Sorbus aucuparia) and Downy Birch occur. Honeysuckle (Lonicera periclymenum) and Ivy (Hedera helix) cover many of the trees while Greater Woodrush, Bluebell (Hyacinthoides non-scripta), Wood Sorrel (Oxalis acetosella) and, locally, Bilberry dominate the ground flora. Ferns present on the site include Hard Fern (Blechnum spicant), Male Fern (Dryopteris filix-mas), Buckler Ferns (D. dilatata, D. aemula) and Lady
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Fern (Athyrium felix-femina). There are many mosses present and large species such as Rhytidiadelphus spp., Polytrichum formosum, Mnium hornum and Dicranum spp. are noticeable. The lichen flora is important and includes 'old forest' species which imply a continuity of woodland here since ancient times. Tree Lungwort (Lobaria spp.) is the most conspicuous and is widespread.
The Araglin valley consists predominantly of broadleaved woodland. Oak and Beech are joined by Hazel, Wild Cherry (Prunus avium) and Goat Willow (Salix caprea). The ground flora is relatively rich with Pignut (Conopodium majus), Wild Garlic (Allium ursinum), Garlic Mustard (Alliaria petiolata) and Wild Strawberry (Fragaria vesca). The presence of Ivy Broomrape (Orobanche hederae), a local species within Ireland, suggests that the woodland, along with its attendant Ivy is long established.
Along the lower reaches of the Awbeg River, the valley sides are generally cloaked with mixed deciduous woodland of estate origin. The dominant species is Beech, although a range of other species are also present, e.g. Sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus), Ash and Horse- chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum). In places the alien invasive species, Cherry Laurel, dominates the understorey. Parts of the woodlands are more semi-natural in composition, being dominated by Ash with Hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna) and Spindle (Euonymus europaea) also present. However, the most natural areas of woodland appear to be the wet areas dominated by Alder and willows (Salix spp.). The ground flora of the dry woodland areas features species such as Pignut, Wood Avens (Geum urbanum), Ivy and Soft Shield- fern (Polystichum setiferum), while the ground flora of the wet woodland areas contains characteristic species such as Remote Sedge (Carex remota) and Opposite-leaved Golden- saxifrage (Chrysosplenium oppositifolium).
In places along the upper Bride, scrubby, semi-natural deciduous woodland of Willow, Oak and Rowan occurs with abundant Great Woodrush in the ground flora.
The Bunaglanna River passes down a very steep valley, flowing in a north-south direction to meet the Bride River. It flows through blanket bog to heath and then scattered woodland. The higher levels of moisture here enable a vigorous moss and fern community to flourish, along with a well-developed epiphyte community on the tree trunks and branches.
At Banteer a type of wetland occurs near the railway line which offers a complete contrast to the others. Old turf banks are c o l o n i sFore dinspection by Ro purposesyal F eonly.rn (Osmunda regalis) and Eared Willow Consent of copyright owner required for any other use. (Salix aurita) and between them there is a sheet of Bottle Sedge (Carex rostrata), Marsh Cinquefoil (Potentilla palustris), Bogbean (Menyanthes trifoliata), Marsh St. John's-wort (Hypericum elodes) and the mosses Sphagnum auriculatum and Aulacomnium palustre. The cover is a scraw with characteristic species like Marsh Willowherb (Epilobium palustre) and Marsh Orchid (Dactylorhiza incarnata).
The soil high up the Lismore valleys and in rocky places is poor in nutrients but it becomes richer where streams enter and also along the valley bottoms. In such sites Wood Speedwell (Veronica montana), Wood Anemone (Anemone nemorosa), Enchanter's Nightshade (Circaea lutetiana), Barren Strawberry (Potentilla sterilis) and Shield Fern occur. There is some Wild Garlic, Three-nerved Sandwort (Moehringia trinervia) and Early-purple Orchid (Orchis mascula) locally, with Opposite-leaved Golden-saxifrage, Meadowsweet and Bugle in wet places. A Hazel stand at the base of the Glenakeeffe valley shows this community well.
The area has been subject to much tree felling in the recent past and re-sprouting stumps have given rise to areas of bushy Hazel, Holly, Rusty Willow (Salix cinerea subsp. oleifoila) and Downy Birch. The ground in the clearings is heathy with Heather (Calluna vulgaris), Slender St John's-wort (Hypericum pulchrum) and the occasional Broom (Cytisus scoparius) occurring.
The estuary and the other Habitats Directive Annex I habitats within it form a large component of the site. Very extensive areas of intertidal flats, comprised of substrates ranging from fine,
EPA Export 25-07-2013:21:15:09 silty mud to coarse sand with pebbles/stones are present. The main expanses occur at the southern end of the site with the best examples at Kinsalebeg in Co. Waterford and between Youghal and the main bridge north of it across the river in Co. Cork. Other areas occur along the tributaries of the Licky in east Co. Waterford and Glendine, Newport, Bride and Killahaly Rivers in Waterford west of the Blackwater and large tracts along the Tourig River in Co. Cork. There are narrow bands of intertidal flats along the main river as far north as Camphire Island. Patches of green algae (filamentous, Ulva species and Enteromorpha sp.) occur in places, while fucoid algae are common on the more stony flats even as high upstream as Glenassy or Coneen.
The area of saltmarsh within the site is small. The best examples occur at the mouths of the tributaries and in the townlands of Foxhole and Blackbog. Those found are generally characteristic of Atlantic salt meadows. The species list at Foxhole consists of Common Saltmarsh-grass (Puccinellia maritima), small amounts of Greater Sea-spurrey (Spergularia media), Glasswort (Salicornia sp.), Sea Arrowgrass (Triglochin maritima), Annual Sea-blite (Suaeda maritima) and Sea Purslane (Halimione portulacoides) - the latter a very recent coloniser - at the edges. Some Sea Aster (Aster tripolium) occurs, generally with Creeping Bent (Agrostis stolonifera). Sea Couch-grass (Elymus pycnanthus) and small isolated clumps of Sea Club-rush (Scirpus maritimus) are also seen. On the Tourig River additional saltmarsh species found include Lavender (Limoniun spp.), Sea Thrift (Armeria maritima), Red Fescue (Festuca rubra), Common Scurvy-grass (Cochlearia officinalis) and Sea Plantain (Plantago maritima). Oraches (Atriplex spp.) are found on channel edges.
The shingle spit at Ferrypoint supports a good example of perennial vegetation of stony banks. The spit is composed of small stones and cobbles and has a well developed and diverse flora. At the lowest part, Sea Beet (Beta vulgaris), Curled Dock (Rumex crispus) and Yellow-horned Poppy (Glaucium flavum) occur with at a slightly higher level Sea Mayweed (Tripleurospermum maritimum), Cleavers (Galium aparine), Rock Samphire (Crithmum maritimum), Sandwort (Honkenya peploides), Spear-leaved Orache (Atriplex prostrata) and Babington?s Orache (A. glabriuscula). Other species present include Sea Rocket (Cakile maritima), Herb Robert (Geranium robertianum), Red Fescue (Festuca rubra) and Kidney Vetch (Anthyllis vulneraria). The top of the spit is more vegetated and includes lichens and bryophytes (including Tortula ruraliformis and Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus).
The site supports several Red Data Book plant species, i.e. Starved Wood Sedge (Carex depauperata), Killarney Fern (Trichomanes speciosum), Pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium), For inspection purposes only. Bird?s-nest Orchid (Neottia nConsentidus-a ofv copyrightis, Go ownerlden requiredDock for ( anyRu otherme xuse. maritimus) and Bird Cherry (Prunus padus). The first three of these are also protected under the Flora (Protection) Order 1999. The following plants, relatively rare nationally, are also found within the site: Toothwort (Lathraea squamaria) associated with woodlands on the Awbeg and Blackwater; Summer Snowflake (Leucojum aestivum) and Flowering Rush (Butomus umbellatus) on the Blackwater; Common Calamint (Calamintha ascendens), Red Campion (Silene dioica), Sand Leek (Allium scorodoprasum) and Wood Club-rush (Scirpus sylvaticus) on the Awbeg.
The site is also important for the presence of several Habitats Directive Annex II animal species, including Sea Lamprey (Petromyzon marinus), Brook Lamprey (Lampetra planeri), River Lamprey (L. fluviatilis), Twaite Shad (Alosa fallax fallax), Freshwater Pearl-mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera), Otter (Lutra lutra) and Salmon (Salmo salar). The Awbeg supports a population of White-clawed Crayfish (Austropotamobius pallipes). This threatened species has been recorded from a number of locations and its remains are also frequently found in Otter spraints, particularly in the lower reaches of the river. The freshwater stretches of the Blackwater and Bride Rivers are designated salmonid rivers.
The Blackwater is noted for its enormous run of salmon over the years. The river is characterised by mighty pools, lovely streams, glides and generally, a good push of water coming through except in very low water. Spring salmon fishing can be carried out as far upstream as Fermoy and is very highly regarded especially at Careysville. The Bride, main Blackwater upstream of Fermoy and some of the tributaries are more associated with grilse fishing.
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The site supports many of the mammal species occurring in Ireland. Those which are listed in the Irish Red Data Book include Pine Marten, Badger and Irish Hare. The bat species Natterer?s Bat, Daubenton?s Bat, Whiskered Bat, Brown Long-eared Bat and Pipistrelle, are to be seen feeding along the river, roosting under the old bridges and in old buildings.
Common Frog, a Red Data Book species that is also legally protected (Wildlife Act, 1976), occurs throughout the site. The rare bush cricket, Metrioptera roselii (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae), has been recorded in the reed/willow vegetation of the river embankment on the Lower Blackwater River. The Swan Mussel (Anodonta cygnea), a scarce species nationally, occurs at a few sites along the freshwater stretches of the Blackwater.
Several bird species listed on Annex I of the E.U. Birds Directive are found on the site. Some use it as a staging area, others are vagrants, while others use it more regularly. Internationally important numbers of Whooper Swan (average peak 174, 1994/95-95/96) and nationally important numbers Bewick's Swan (average peak 35, 1994/95-95/96) use the Blackwater Callows. Golden Plover occur in regionally important numbers on the Blackwater Estuary (average peak 885, 1984/85-86/87) and on the River Bride (absolute max. 2141, 1994/95). Staging Terns visit the site annually (Sandwich Tern (>300) and Arctic/Common Tern (>200), average peak 1974-1994). The site also supports populations of the following: Red Throated Diver, Great Northern Diver, Barnacle Goose, Ruff, Wood Sandpiper and Greenland White- fronted Goose. Three breeding territories for Peregrine Falcon are known along the Blackwater Valley. This, the Awbeg and the Bride River are also thought to support at least 30 pairs of Kingfisher. Little Egret now breed at the site (12 pairs in 1997, 19 pairs in 1998) and this represents about 90% of the breeding population in Ireland.
The site holds important numbers of wintering waterfowl. Both the Blackwater Callows and the Blackwater Estuary Special Protection Areas (SPAs) hold internationally important numbers of Black-tailed Godwit (average peak 847, 1994/95-95/96 on the callows, average peak 845, 1974/75-93/94 in the estuary). The Blackwater Callows also hold Wigeon (average peak 2752), Teal (average peak 1316), Mallard (average peak 427), Shoveler (average peak 28), Lapwing (average peak 880), Curlew (average peak 416) and Black-headed Gull (average peak 396) (counts from 1994/95-95/96). Numbers of birds using the Blackwater Estuary, given as the mean of the highest monthly maxima over 20 years (1974-94), are Shelduck (137 +10 breeding pairs), Wigeon (780), Teal (280), Mallard (320 + 10 breeding pairs), Goldeneye (11-97), Oystercatcher (340), Ringed Plover (50 + 4 breeding pairs), Grey Plover (36), Lapwing (1680), Knot (150), Dunlin (2293), Snipe (272), Black-tailed Godwit For inspection purposes only. (845), Bar-tailed Godwit (130), ConsentCurle ofw copyright (920) ,owner Red requiredshan kfor ( any34 0other), T use.urnstone (130), Black-headed Gull (4000) and Lesser Black-backed Gull (172). The greatest numbers (75%) of the wintering waterfowl of the estuary are located in the Kinsalebeg area on the east of the estuary in Co. Waterford. The remainder are concentrated along the Tourig Estuary on the Co. Cork side.
The river and river margins also support many Heron, non-breeding Cormorant and Mute Swan (average peak 53, 1994/95-95/96 in the Blackwater Callows). Heron occurs all along the Bride and Blackwater Rivers - 2 or 3 pairs at Dromana Rock; c. 25 pairs in the woodland opposite; 8 pairs at Ardsallagh Wood and c. 20 pairs at Rincrew Wood have been recorded. Some of these are quite large and significant heronries. Significant numbers of Cormorant are found north of the bridge at Youghal and there are some important roosts present at Ardsallagh Wood, downstream of Strancally Castle and at the mouth of the Newport River. Of note are the high numbers of wintering Pochard (e.g. 275 individuals in 1997) found at Ballyhay quarry on the Awbeg, the best site for Pochard in County Cork.
Other important species found within the site include Long-eared Owl, which occurs all along the Blackwater River, and Barn Owl, a Red Data Book species, which is found in some old buildings and in Castlehyde west of Fermoy. Reed Warbler, a scarce breeding species in Ireland, was found for the first time in the site in 1998 at two locations. It is not known whether or not this species breeds on the site, although it is known to nearby to the south of Youghal. Dipper occurs on the rivers.
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Landuse at the site is mainly centred on agricultural activities. The banks of much of the site and the callows, which extend almost from Fermoy to Cappoquin, are dominated by improved grasslands which are drained and heavily fertilised. These areas are grazed and used for silage production. Slurry is spread over much of this area. Arable crops are grown. The spreading of slurry and fertiliser poses a threat to the water quality of this salmonid river and to the populations of Habitats Directive Annex II animal species within it. Many of the woodlands along the rivers belong to old estates and support many non-native species. Little active woodland management occurs. Fishing is a main tourist attraction along stretches of the Blackwater and its tributaries and there are a number of Angler Associations, some with a number of beats. Fishing stands and styles have been erected in places. Both commercial and leisure fishing takes place on the rivers. Other recreational activities such as boating, golfing and walking are also popular. Water skiing is carried out at Villierstown. Parts of Doneraile Park and Anne?s Grove are included in the site: both areas are primarily managed for amenity purposes. There is some hunting of game birds and Mink within the site. Ballyhay quarry is still actively quarried for sand and gravel. Several industrial developments, which discharge into the river, border the site.
The main threats to the site and current damaging activities include high inputs of nutrients into the river system from agricultural run-off and several sewage plants, dredging of the upper reaches of the Awbeg, overgrazing within the woodland areas, and invasion by non- native species, for example Cherry Laurel.
Overall, the River Blackwater is of considerable conservation significance for the occurrence of good examples of habitats and of populations of plant and animal species that are listed on Annexes I and II of the E.U. Habitats Directive respectively; furthermore it is of high conservation value for the populations of bird species that use it. Two Special Protection Areas, designated under the E.U. Birds Directive, are also located within the site - Blackwater Callows and Blackwater Estuary. Additionally, the importance of the site is enhanced by the presence of a suite of uncommon plant species.
16.05.2005
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Killarney National Park, MacGuillycuddy's Reeks & Caragh River Catchment
Site Code (000365)
This very large site encompasses the mountains and lakes of the Iveragh peninsula, and the Paps Mountains which stretch eastward from Killarney towards Millstreet. It is the most mountainous region in Ireland and includes Carrauntoohil (1039m), the highest peak in the country. The underlying geology is almost entirely Old Red Sandstone, although Carboniferous Limestone occurs on the eastern shores of Lough Leane and rhyolitic lavas occur above Lough Guitane. The dramatic sandstone ridges and valleys have been shaped by glacial processes and many of the lakes are impounded by glacial moraines. Located close to the Atlantic in the south-west of Ireland, the site is subject to strong oceanic influences. Generally, the Lusitanian flora and fauna is well represented, while the high peaks and cliffs support arctic-alpine relicts.
The site is of great ecological interest, with at least ten habitats which are listed on Annex I of the EU Habitats Directive. Two of these are priority habitats (Yew woodland and active blanket bog), with other annexed habitats present being old Oak woodlands, oligotrophic lakes (upland and lowland), heath (wet, dry and alpine), rivers with floating and submerged vegetation, Calaminarian grassland, Molinia meadows and siliceous rock with chasmophytic vegetation. The Oak woodlands, occurring mostly around the Killarney lakes, are the habitat for which the area is perhaps best known. They form the most extensive area of native woodland remaining in Ireland and include Derrycunihy Wood, described as perhaps the most natural Sessile Oak wood in the country. The woods are typically dominated by Sessile Oak (Quercus petraea) with an understorey of Holly (Ilex aquifolium). The Strawberry Tree (Arbutus unedo) is a notable component of the woods and there are scattered Yew (Taxus baccata). The herb layer is not particularly species-rich, but the woods support perhaps the best developed Atlantic bryophyte community in Europe. Several rare species are present including Lejeunea flava, Cyclodictyon laetivirens, Daltonia splachnoides, Sematophyllum demissum and Radula carringtonii. Yew, which favours the limestone of Muckross peninsula, forms the only sizeable Yew woodland in Ireland and some of the trees are up to 200 years old. The dense shade beneath the tree results in few herbs i n t h e g r Forou inspectionnd flor apurposes, but tonly.he bryophyte layer is almost continuous. Consent of copyright owner required for any other use. Wet woodland or carr, occurring on the low-lying limestone areas within the flood plain of Lough Leane, forms one of the most extensive areas of this woodland type in Ireland. The dominant canopy species are Alder (Alnus glutinosa), willows (Salix spp.), Ash (Fraxinus excelsior) and Downy Birch (Betula pubescens), while the field layer is dominated by Remote Sedge (Carex remota) and Creeping Bent (Agrostis stolonifera).
Adding to the diversity of the woodland component of the site are a number of mixed woodlands, including those of Ross Island which support one of the richest herb layers of the Killarney woods.
The dominant habitat types within the overall site are blanket bog, heath and upland grassland. The heath and grassland generally occur on areas with shallow peat and on the mineral soils of the steep mountain sides, while the blanket bog occurs on the more gentle slopes, plateaux and other level ground. Often the habitats occur in a mosaic, with exposed rock frequently occurring.
A variety of blanket bog types are represented from lowland valley to mountain blanket bog. Some of the best include: Cummeragh River Bog Nature Reserve, a domed bog which is perhaps the most southerly intact blanket bog in the country; Ballygisheen, which contains one of the most extensive areas of intact lowland blanket bog in Co. Kerry; Coomacheo/Caherbarnagh, which combine to form the largest mountain blanket bog in the south-west; Eirk Bog Nature Reserve, a classic example of a bog intermediate between a
EPA Export 25-07-2013:21:15:09 raised and blanket bog; Mangerton Bog, an upland bog which grades into an unusual lichen heath seen at no other site; and Oolagh East, a quaking basin mire. Generally, the bogs have a characteristic flora. The Lusitanian species, Large-flowered Butterwort (Pinguicula grandiflora) is common. The bogs also support a number of unusual species, including mosses (Sphagnum pulchrum, S. fuscum, S. platyphyllum, S. strictum, S. contortum and Calliergon stramineum), liverworts (Cladopodiella francisci and Calypogeia azurea) and lichens (Cladonia mediterranea, C. macilenta, C. rangiferina, C. arbuscula and Cetraria islandica). Wet heath often occurs in association with blanket bog and features Cross-leaved Heath (Erica tetralix). Dry heath is more frequent and is dominated by Heather (Calluna vulgaris), Bell Heather (Erica cinerea) and Western Gorse (Ulex gallii), with occasional Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus). This habitat is well developed on the Paps. Elsewhere it is often overgrazed, with upland grassland becoming more frequent. Some of the highest ridges support alpine heath (referable to the Lycopodium alpinum - Racomitrium lanuginosum association). The site contains many lakes, but these can be broadly divided into two types: small upland corrie lakes and larger lowland lakes. Examples of the first type are Lough Murtagh and Lough Gortavehy in the Paps. They are oligotrophic and typically species-poor, with Quillwort (Isoetes lacustris), Water Lobelia (Lobelia dortmanna) and Shoreweed (Littorella uniflora) occurring most commonly. The lowland lakes are mostly oligotrophic, although Lough Leane, the largest fresh water body in the region, has become somewhat mesotrophic as a result of pollution from Killarney town. These lowland lakes tend to be more species-rich than those at higher altitudes, with additional species such as Awlwort (Subularia aquatica), Six-stamened Waterwort (Elatine hexandra) and Alternate Water-milfoil (Myriophyllum alterniflorum). Good examples include Lough Caragh, Upper Lake and Muckross Lake.
The rivers associated with these lakes are also of importance. The Caragh is relatively unpolluted from headwater to estuary, a rare phenomenon in Europe. The Flesk runs over Old Red Sandstone in its upper reaches and limestone as it nears Lough Leane. Both rivers support floating and submerged vegetation and rare invertebrates. Rocks around the smaller mountain streams often support a lush vegetation of ferns and bryophytes, most notably at Torc Waterfall.
Other habitats of note include: Juniper (Juniperus communis) scrub found on islands in the For inspection purposes only. Upper Lake and on dry ridgesConsent in n ofe copyrightarby N ownerewf orequiredundla forn dany B otherog; use. damp meadows, with Purple Moor-grass (Molinia caerulea), supporting scarce species such as Whorled Caraway (Carum verticillatum) and Ivy-leaved Bellflower (Wahlenbergia hederacea); and Calaminarian grasslands, associated with the old copper mines on Ross Island, with species such as Sea Campion (Silene vulgaris subsp. maritima) and Thrift (Armeria maritima). A large number of plant and animal species of interest occur within the site: There are two plant species listed on Annex II of the EU Habitats Directive: Slender Naiad (Najas flexilis) which is found in some of the lakes; and, most famous of all, the Killarney Fern (Trichomanes speciosum). An additional twenty-two Red Data Book plant species have been recorded, but only twelve of these have been seen recently. These are Pillwort (Pilularia globulifera), Kerry Lily (Simethis planifolia), Irish Lady's Tresses (Spiranthes romanzoffiana), Slender Cottongrass (Eriophorum gracile), Slender Cudweed (Logfia minima), Betony (Stachys officinalis), Heath Cudweed (Omalotheca sylvatica), Alder Buckthorn (Frangula alnus), Alpine Saw-wort (Saussurea alpina), Hoary Whitlowgrass (Draba incana), Smooth Brome (Bromus racemosus) and Holly Fern (Polystichum lonchitis). The first seven of these species are legally protected (Flora Protection Order, 1999). The site is very important for oceanic bryophytes, particularly the woodland species. It also contains good representative examples of the Northern Atlantic Hepatic Mat community and other oceanic montane communities. Killarney Oak woods and mountains have been nominated as a site of international importance for bryophytes.
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Additional plant species of interest include a fern (Dryopteris affinis subsp. stilluppensis) and a Whitebeam (Sorbus anglica), both at their only Irish locations.
The Killarney Woods are notable for the number of rare species of Myxomycete fungus that have been recorded, namely Collaria arcyrionema, Craterium muscorum, Cribraria microcarpa (only known Irish site), C. rufa, C. violacea, Diderma chondrioderma, D. lucidum, D. ochraceum, Fuligo muscorum, Licea marginata.
The site has six bird species which are listed on Annex I of the EU Birds Directive. A small flock of Greenland White-fronted Geese, which winters on the boglands within the National Park, is now the only regular flock in the south-west. The site has one of the highest concentrations of breeding Peregrines in the country, as well as some breeding Merlin. Chough is found both in the coastal areas and inland areas of the site, with possibly up to 30 pairs breeding. Kingfisher is a species associated with the lakes and rivers, especially in the National Park and probably breeds. Finally, a few pairs of Common Tern breed within the site. The woodlands provide habitat for a variety of breeding birds, most notably Garden Warbler, Blackcap, and probably a few pairs each of the rare Redstart and Wood Warbler. Lough Leane is a site for wintering wildfowl with the following the average counts for the two winters 1995/96 and 1996/97: Teal (208), Mallard (350), Pochard (81), Tufted Duck (323) and Coot (169).
The site supports most of the Irish mammal species. Of particular note is the occurrence of two EU Habitats Directive Annex II species: Lesser Horseshoe Bat, with a total population of about 300 individuals distributed at several locations, including both nursery and hibernation sites, and Otter. Perhaps the best known mammals of the Killarney National Park are the Red Deer, which form the only remaining native herd in Ireland, comprised of around 600 animals. Sika Deer also occur. Pine Marten is another notable species.
The site is valuable for its rare fish species, five of which are listed on Annex II of the EU Habitats Directive: Brook Lamprey (Lampetra planeri), River Lamprey (Sea Lamprey (Petromyzon marinus), Salmon (Salmo salar) and Killarney Shad (Alosa fallax killarnensis). The Killarney Shad is a unique land-locked subspecies confined to the Killarney lakes. Also of note is the glacial relict, Arctic Charr (Salvelinus alpinus), a Red Data Book species, a unique form of which is found in Loug h C o o m Fora sinspectionaharn. purposes only. Consent of copyright owner required for any other use.
There are numerous rare invertebrates within the site. These include three EU Habitats Directive Annex II species: Kerry Slug (Geomalacus maculosus), the Freshwater Pearl- mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera) and the Marsh Fritillary (Euphydryas aurinia). The Kerry Slug and Pearl-mussel populations are of particular importance in a national context. Other species of note include: three chironomids of international importance found in the River Flesk; a wood ant (Formica lugubris) at one of only four Irish sites; a snail (Limnaea involuta), in Lough Cricaun, at its only known location; two dragonflies (Cordulea aenea and Somatochlora arctica), the former at one of only two known sites in Ireland and the latter at its only known Irish location; and several other aquatic and woodland species at their only known Irish locations.
The main landuse within the site is grazing by sheep. In and around the National Park deer grazing is also common. The extensive grazing has caused damage to many of the terrestrial habitats, resulting in degradation of heath and blanket bogs and prevention of woodland regeneration. In the upland habitats the erosion caused by grazing is exacerbated by the exposed nature of the terrain.
Apart from grazing, the woodlands are particularly threatened by Rhododendron (Rhododendron ponticum) invasion: approximately two thirds of the Oak woodlands are affected, although a Rhododendron removal programme is underway in the National Park. The Yew wood has been adversely affected by heavy grazing for many years, but it is intended to control this in the near future by erection of a deer fence. The bogs are sensitive
EPA Export 25-07-2013:21:15:09 to grazing and are also threatened by turbary, burning and afforestation. Most of the lakes are very acid sensitive and therefore vulnerable to afforestation within the catchment areas. Lough Leane has been subject to some eutrophication, although water quality appears to have improved since phosphates were removed from the sewage in 1985. A management plan was drawn up for the Killarney National Park in 1991. The park is managed primarily for conservation purposes although recreation is also provided for. Overall, the site is of high ecological value because of the diversity, quality and extensiveness of many of the habitats and impressive list of rare species of flora and fauna. In recognition of its importance the Killarney National Park has been designated a World Biosphere Reserve.
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