West Gate Tunnel Project Western Distributor Authority
09-May-2017
West Gate Tunnel Project
Technical report Q Greenhouse gas
09-May-2017 Prepared for – Western Distributor Authority – ABN: 69981208782 AECOM West Gate Tunnel Project West Gate Tunnel Project Greenhouse Gas Assessment
West Gate Tunnel Project Greenhouse Gas Assessment
Client: Western Distributor Authority
ABN: 69981208782
Prepared by
AECOM Australia Pty Ltd Level 10, Tower Two, 727 Collins Street, Melbourne VIC 3008, Australia T +61 3 9653 1234 F +61 3 9654 7117 www.aecom.com ABN 20 093 846 925
09-May-2017
Job No.: 60338862
AECOM in Australia and New Zealand is certified to ISO9001, ISO14001 AS/NZS4801 and OHSAS18001.
09-May-2017 Prepared for – Western Distributor Authority – ABN: 69981208782 AECOM West Gate Tunnel Project West Gate Tunnel Project Greenhouse Gas Assessment
Quality Information
Document West Gate Tunnel Project Greenhouse Gas Assessment
Ref 60338862
Date 09-May-2017
Prepared by Ajit Padbidri, Sandra Valeri and James O'Donnell
Reviewed by Allan Klindworth
Revision History
Authorised Rev Revision Date Details Name/Position Signature
Final 9-May-2017 Final Katrina O'Mara Associate Director Environment and Sustainability
09-May-2017 Prepared for – Western Distributor Authority – ABN: 69981208782
AECOM West Gate Tunnel Project West Gate Tunnel Project Greenhouse Gas Assessment
Executive summary This technical report is an attachment to the West Gate Tunnel Project Environmental Effects Statement (EES). It provides an assessment of greenhouse gas impacts associated with the project, and defines the Environmental Performance Requirements (EPRs) necessary to meet the EES objectives. Overview In December 2015, the Victorian Government announced its intention to build the West Gate Tunnel Project. The key components of the West Gate Tunnel Project include the widening of the West Gate Freeway, twin tunnels under Yarraville, and an elevated road that connects the West Gate Freeway with the Port of Melbourne, CityLink and the Melbourne central city. The project provides an alternative river crossing to the West Gate Bridge. Under section 3 of the Environment Effects Act 1978, an Environment Effects Statement (EES) for the project must be prepared. The EES allows stakeholders to understand the likely environmental impacts of the West Gate Tunnel Project and how they are proposed to be managed. The EES has been prepared in accordance with the scoping requirements provided by the Victorian Government in the Scoping Requirements for Western Distributor Project (April 2016, now the West Gate Tunnel Project). The EES has been developed in consultation with the community and stakeholders and in parallel with the tender process for the design and construction of the project. This enables the tendered design to be assessed in the EES. AECOM was commissioned to undertake a greenhouse gas emissions impact assessment to inform the EES. Greenhouse gas assessment This report provides an assessment of greenhouse gas emissions associated with the construction and operation (including maintenance) of the West Gate Tunnel Project. It defines the EPRs necessary to meet the project’s objectives relating to greenhouse gas impacts. Specific EES objectives for the West Gate Tunnel Project relevant to greenhouse gas emissions include: x Waste management: to manage excavated spoil and other waste streams generated by the project in accordance with the waste hierarchy and relevant best practice principles. x Environmental Management Framework (EMF): to provide a transparent framework with clear accountabilities for managing environmental effects and hazards associated with the construction and operation phases of the project, to achieve acceptable environmental outcomes. This report provides an assessment of greenhouse gas emissions associated with the West Gate Tunnel Project, based on the project design. Other aspects including air quality, traffic and waste management are covered in: x Technical report A Transport x Technical report B Contaminated land and spoil management x Technical report G Air quality. Background Due to the global nature of the impact of greenhouse gas emissions, the results of this impact assessment are presented at a whole-of-project level, rather than being separated into the project’s three components (West Gate Freeway; Tunnels; and Port, CityLink and city connections) as per other EES technical reports.
09-May-2017 Prepared for – Western Distributor Authority – ABN: 69981208782
AECOM West Gate Tunnel Project West Gate Tunnel Project Greenhouse Gas Assessment
The assessment estimated greenhouse gas emissions associated with the following construction activities: x Fuel consumption by construction plant and equipment and the operation of site offices x Fuel consumption by site vehicles, the delivery of plant and equipment to site and the transportation of tunnel spoil off site x Electricity consumption for plant and equipment, including tunnel boring machines x The manufacture and transportation of construction materials x Vegetation clearance. The assessment estimated greenhouse gas emissions associated with the following operational phase activities: x Electricity consumption for tunnel lighting and ventilation, signalling and toll gantries x Fuel consumption by site vehicles x Fuel consumption for maintenance plant and equipment x The manufacture and transportation of maintenance materials x Emissions from vehicle traffic using the road network. Methodology The methodology for the greenhouse gas impact assessment involved: x Establishing project context: detailed review of the design, initial EPRs and the legislation and policy environment x Establishing existing conditions and determining the study area x Undertaking an initial risk assessment x Undertaking the impact assessment and identifying additional EPRs x Reassessing project impacts to determining residual risks x Developing a list of recommended EPRs for the project. The greenhouse gas impact assessment process followed the International Standard for Risk Management (AS/NZS ISO 31000:2009). It involved identifying and evaluating potential interactions between the project components and activities and sensitive assets, values and uses (known as risk pathways). The impact assessment methodology included greenhouse gas emissions from construction and operation (including maintenance) activities of the project and impacts were estimated using emissions factors and calculation methodologies from the following references: x National Greenhouse Accounts published by the Commonwealth Department of Environment, August 2016 x Greenhouse Gas Assessment Workbook for Road Projects published by the Transport Authorities Greenhouse Group, February 2013 and its supporting calculator, Carbon Gauge version 01.8. Emissions from vehicle traffic using the road network were estimated by Veitch Lister Consulting (VLC) using the Zenith Economics Assessment Model. Key findings Greenhouse gas emissions would be released as a result of the construction and operation of the West Gate Tunnel Project, including from the traffic that uses the road network.
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AECOM West Gate Tunnel Project West Gate Tunnel Project Greenhouse Gas Assessment
Greenhouse gas emissions from construction of the project are estimated to be 457 kilotonnes CO2-e. * Over a 4-year construction period , this equates to approximately 114.3 kilotonnes CO2-e annually and is equivalent to 0.10 per cent of Victoria’s total 2014 greenhouse gas emissions. The construction phase of the project is likely to exceed the NGER Scheme threshold for a facility. The majority of greenhouse gas emissions from the project’s construction (71%) relate to the manufacture of the construction materials. Electricity consumption associated with the operation of plant and equipment, including tunnel boring machines (TBMs) is the next most significant source of greenhouse gas emissions (22%), followed by the consumption of fuel in the operation of construction plant and equipment (6%). Operational phase greenhouse gases emissions (including maintenance) are estimated to be 18.9 kilotonnes CO2-e/p.a. of which the majority (89%) relate to electricity consumption associated with the operation of tunnel pumps, lighting and ventilation. Based on this assessment, the operation of the project does not exceed the NGER Scheme threshold for a facility. It is estimated there would be a marginal increase in vehicle traffic emissions from the metropolitan Melbourne road network in 2021 and 2031 under the with-project scenario compared with the no-project scenario (0.23% and 0.04% respectively). However, the greenhouse gas intensity of the metropolitan Melbourne road network (kg CO2-e/vehicle kilometre travelled (VKT) is estimated to reduce marginally under the no project scenario in 2021 and 2031 (0.24% and 0.31%). The greenhouse gas-related elements of the EES evaluation objectives for waste management and the environmental management framework (EMF) would be met through the EPRs set out in this report. The EPRs aim to minimise greenhouse gas emissions from construction, operational and maintenance activities. These include meeting the requirements of the Protocol for Environmental Management (PEM) (Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Energy Efficiency in Industry) for selection of best practice energy usage for the tunnel ventilation and lighting systems. The project has also set minimum requirements under the Infrastructure Sustainability (IS) Tool of achieving the mandatory credits associated with minimising energy use and greenhouse gas emissions (credit Ene-1) and reducing lifecycle impacts of materials (Mat-1). The Construction Environmental Management Plan (CEMP) developed for the project would include an objective to protect the beneficial uses of the air environment in relation to greenhouse gas emissions.
* Greenhouse gas emissions associated with the commissioning are accounted for in the project’s operational emissions profile.
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Table of Contents Executive summary i 1.0 Introduction 1 1.1 Background to Environment Effects Statement 1 1.2 Why understanding greenhouse gas emissions is important 1 1.3 Purpose of this report 2 1.4 Study objectives 2 1.5 Scoping requirements 2 2.0 Project description 3 2.1 Overview 3 2.1.1 West Gate Freeway 5 2.1.2 Tunnels 8 2.1.3 Port, CityLink and city connections 9 2.2 Construction 10 2.2.1 West Gate Freeway 11 2.2.2 Tunnels 11 2.2.3 Port, CityLink and city connections 11 2.2.4 Construction timing, hours and workforce 12 2.3 Operation and maintenance 12 2.4 Greenhouse gas emissions considerations in the design 13 3.0 Methodology 13 3.1 Environmental Performance Requirements 16 3.2 Existing conditions assessment 16 3.2.1 Study area 16 3.2.2 Establish existing conditions 16 3.3 Risk assessment 16 3.3.1 Boundary and scopes for the greenhouse gas impact assessment 17 3.3.2 Identify risk pathways 19 3.3.3 Risk rating 19 3.3.4 Where to find risk results 21 3.4 Impact assessment 21 3.4.1 Estimating operational emissions from vehicle traffic 23 3.5 Stakeholder and community engagement 24 3.6 Linkages to other technical reports 24 3.7 Limitations and assumptions 25 3.7.1 Data provided by Project Co 25 3.7.2 Carbon Gauge 25 3.7.3 Induced demand 25 4.0 Legislation and policy 26 4.1 Commonwealth 26 4.1.1 Legislation 26 4.1.2 Policy 26 4.2 State 26 4.2.1 Legislation 26 4.2.2 Policy 27 4.3 Local 28 4.4 Other standards and guidelines 28 5.0 West Gate Tunnel Project 30 5.1 Existing conditions 30 5.1.1 National level 30 5.1.2 State level 30 5.1.3 Regional level 31 5.2 Risk assessment 31 5.3 Impact assessment 32 5.3.1 Construction impacts 32 5.3.2 Operational impacts 34
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5.3.3 Operational emissions from vehicle traffic 35 5.4 Environmental Performance Requirements 37 6.0 Cumulative impacts 40 7.0 Conclusions 41 7.1 Relevant EES evaluation objective/s 41 7.2 Impact assessment summary 41 7.3 Environmental performance requirements 41 8.0 References 43 APPENDICES Appendix A Carbon Gauge Input Assumptions A Appendix B Carbon Gauge Inputs and Outputs B Appendix C Tunnel Construction and Operation Inputs and Outputs C Appendix D VLC Zenith Economics Assessment Model E Appendix E Recommended Environmental Performance Requirements E Appendix F Risk Assessment Tables G
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Figures Figure 1 West Gate Tunnel Project overview 4 Figure 2 West Gate Freeway component 7 Figure 3 Tunnels component 9 Figure 4 Port, CityLink and city connections component 10 Figure 5 Overview of the risk and impact assessment process 15 Figure 6 Construction greenhouse gas emissions by emission source (kt CO2-e) 33 Figure 7 Operational phase (including maintenance) greenhouse gas emissions by emission source (kt CO2-e/p.a.) 35
Tables Table 1 Construction activities and timing 12 Table 2 Greenhouse gas emission sources and relevant emissions scope for construction activities 18 Table 3 Greenhouse gas emissions sources and relevant emission sources for operational activities 19 Table 4 Likelihood guide 20 Table 5 Consequence criteria 20 Table 6 Risk assessment matrix 20 Table 7 Greenhouse gas emissions calculation methodologies for construction and operational activities 21 Table 8 Emission factors (kg CO2- e/GJ) (Source: DoE, 2015, Table 4 (in VLC 2016)) 24 Table 9 Emission factors (grams of emissions/litre of fuel consumed (Source: VLC, 2016, Table 3-6) 24 Table 10 Induced traffic responses to road improvement and how they are addressed in the VLC West Gate Tunnel Project Zenith Model (VLC, 2016, pp 9-10) 25 Table 11 Australian 2014 road transportation emissions (AGEIS, 2016) 30 Table 12 Victorian 2014 road transportation emissions (AGEIS, 2016) 31 Table 13 Greenhouse gas emissions summary for construction phase by emission source and scope 33 Table 14 Annual greenhouse gas emissions summary for the project’s operational activities (including maintenance) by emission source and scope 34 Table 15 Estimated total annual greenhouse gas emissions from road traffic on the metropolitan Melbourne road network 35 Table 16 Estimated greenhouse gas emissions intensity ((kg) per VKT) from road traffic on the metropolitan Melbourne road network 37 Table 17 Environmental Performance Requirements to manage greenhouse gas related risks 37 Table 18 Carbon Gauge input assumptions A-1 Table 19 Tunnel construction data input assumptions D Table 20 Tunnel construction calculation outputs (Scopes 1, 2 and 3) F Table 21 Tunnel operation data input assumptions G Table 22 Tunnel operation calculation outputs G Table 23 Environmental Performance Requirements for managing greenhouse gas emissions F Table 24 Greenhouse gas risks during design, construction and operation – West Gate Tunnel Project F-1
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Glossary and abbreviations
CO2-e – Carbon dioxide equivalent gases. This unit normalises greenhouse gasses according to their global warming potential (GWP). For example, 1 kg of methane is equal to 25 kg CO2-e as it has a GWP of 25 (Department of the Environment, 2015). EES – Environment Effects Statement EMF – Environmental Management Framework EMP – Environmental Management Plans EMS – Environmental Management System EPR – Environmental Performance Requirements FCC – Freeway control centre FSC – Forest Stewardship Council GWP – Global warming potential HCV – Heavy commercial vehicle IS – Infrastructure Sustainability ISCA – Infrastructure Sustainability Council of Australia ITS – Intelligent Transport Systems LCV – Light commercial vehicle NGER Scheme – National Greenhouse and Energy Reporting Scheme PEM – Protocol for Environmental Management RCP – Reinforced concrete pipe SCM – Supplementary cementing materials SEPP – State Environment Protection Policy TAGG – Transport Authorities Greenhouse Group VLC – Veitch Lister Consulting WDA – Western Distributor Authority
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Volume guide To guide navigation of the West Gate Tunnel Project Environment Effects Statement (EES), the following guide has been provided.
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1.0 Introduction
1.1 Background to Environment Effects Statement In December 2015, the Victorian Government announced its intention to build the West Gate Tunnel Project. The key components of the project include the widening of the West Gate Freeway, twin tunnels under Yarraville, and an elevated road that connects the West Gate Freeway with the Port of Melbourne, CityLink and the Melbourne central city. The project provides an alternative river crossing to the West Gate Bridge. The Western Distributor Authority (WDA) is the Project Proponent. The Minister for Planning designated the West Gate Tunnel Project as ‘public works’ under section 3 of the Environment Effects Act 1978. This requires the WDA to prepare an Environment Effects Statement (EES). The EES allows stakeholders to understand the likely environmental impacts of the West Gate Tunnel Project and how they are proposed to be managed. The EES has been prepared in accordance with the scoping requirements provided by the Victorian Government in the Scoping Requirements for Western Distributor Project (April 2016, now known as the West Gate Tunnel Project). The EES has been developed in consultation with the community and stakeholders and in parallel with the tender process for the design and construction of the project. This enables the tendered design to be assessed in the EES. AECOM was commissioned to undertake a greenhouse gas emissions impact assessment to inform the EES.
1.2 Why understanding greenhouse gas emissions is important Greenhouse gas emissions are a key contributor to the changing climate. Continued increases in global greenhouse gas emissions are projected to cause more extreme weather events and their associated impacts to assets and the communities they support (Arblaster et al., 2015). Longer term climate changes include higher average temperatures and sea level rise (CSIRO and BoM, 2015). The transportation sector accounted for approximately 16 per cent of Victoria’s overall greenhouse gas emissions in 2014 (AGEIS, 2016). Greenhouse gas emissions associated with the project would be required to be managed in accordance with the EPA Victoria’s Protocol for Environmental Management (PEM): Greenhouses Gas Emissions and Energy Efficiency in Industry. The Australian National Greenhouse and Energy Reporting (NGER) Scheme requires reporting of six greenhouse gas emissions; carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), sulphur hexafluoride (SF6), hydrofluorocarbons and perfluorocarbons.
Greenhouse gases are measured as tonnes or kilo tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalence (CO2-e). This represents the amount of greenhouse gases emitted as an equivalent amount of CO2 which has a global warming potential of one. For example, in 2015-16, one tonne of CH4 released into the atmosphere will cause the same amount of global warming as 25 tonnes of CO2. Therefore, one tonne of CH4 is expressed as 25 t CO2-e (Department of the Environment, 2015). Activities relevant to the West Gate Tunnel Project that would cause the release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere include: x Burning fossil fuels in vehicles, plant and equipment x The production of electricity from burning fossil fuels (such as coal or natural gas) x Manufacturing processes (for cement, for example) x Vegetation clearance.
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Rather than having a direct impact on the local environment, once released from a project, greenhouse gases contribute to the global concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, influencing changes in the climate across the world. Due to the global nature of the impact of greenhouse gas emissions, the results the design impact assessment are presented at a whole of project level, rather than being separated into the project’s three components (West Gate Freeway; Tunnels; and Port, CityLink and city connections) as per other EES technical reports.
1.3 Purpose of this report This report assesses the potential greenhouse gas emissions associated with the West Gate Tunnel Project during its construction and operation. It sets out Environmental Performance Requirements (EPRs) relating to greenhouse gas emissions and defines actions to minimise the project’s emissions.
1.4 Study objectives The objectives of the greenhouse gas impact assessment are to: x Understand the greenhouse gas emissions from the project’s construction and operation x Assess greenhouse gas risks and potential impacts associated with the project x Demonstrate compliance with the Environment Protection Act 1970 (Vic) including the State Environment Protection Policy (SEPP) (Air Quality Management) x Develop performance requirements for greenhouse gas emissions management that specify the limits and processes that must be followed to achieve an acceptable outcome.
1.5 Scoping requirements There are no specific scoping requirements related to greenhouse gas. However, this report responds to the greenhouse gas emission impacts associated with the construction and operation of the West Gate Tunnel Project by estimating energy use. The consideration of climate risk has not been addressed in this report; however, the climate credits (Cli-1 and Cli-2) of the Infrastructure Sustainability (IS) rating framework form part of the mandated sustainability requirements for the project. Additional detail on the IS rating framework is provided in Section 4.4 of this report.
Aspect Scoping requirements Refer
Aspects of the operational phase of the project that could give rise to Section 5.3.2 Project environmental effects, including with regard to air emissions, noise, description and vibration, drainage and water management, energy use and greenhouse context gas emissions.
Provide a proposed EMF for managing actual and potential adverse Section 5.4 Design and environmental effects and for delivery environmental benefits, including: Section 5.3.1 mitigation x Proposed objectives, indicators and monitoring requirements, Section 5.3.2 measures including for managing effects on energy use and greenhouse gas emissions.
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2.0 Project description This section provides an overall summary of the West Gate Tunnel Project.
2.1 Overview The West Gate Tunnel Project includes tunnels and an elevated road connecting the West Gate Freeway with the Port of Melbourne, CityLink and the city providing an alternative river crossing to the West Gate Bridge. The project also involves the widening of the West Gate Freeway (from the M80 Ring Road and Princes Freeway to Williamstown Road) and the Princes Freeway between the M80 interchange and Kororoit Creek Road and upgrades to the road connections. The West Gate Tunnel Project has three components: x West Gate Freeway – from connection to the M80 and Princes Freeway to the southern portals of the tunnels, this includes connections to Grieve Parade, Millers Road, Williamstown Road, Hyde Street and the West Gate Bridge. ͒ x Tunnels – from the southern portals which connect to the West Gate Freeway and the northern portal which connect to the new elevated road, this includes the ventilation structures. ͒ x Port, CityLink and city connections – from the northern portals of the tunnels to the city connections, a new elevated road that includes the Maribyrnong River crossing, connections to the Port of Melbourne, elevated roads along Footscray Road, and connections to CityLink and the city including the Wurundjeri Way extension. These areas are illustrated in Figure 1 and described in more detail in the sections below. The West Gate Tunnel Project is proposed to be managed by a Freeway Management System, involving or together with ramp metering upgrades. This Freeway Management System would involve the installation of a Lane Use Management System and supporting Intelligent Transport System along the West Gate Tunnel Project. The project would also include improvements to pedestrian connections and the bicycle network, including the extension of the Federation Trail to Hyde Street, an elevated `veloway’ for cyclists above Footscray Road, connection to the Moonee Ponds Creek Trail and a new cycling bridges over Whitehall Street at Yarraville Gardens, over Footscray Road east of Moonee Ponds Creek and another adjacent to Dynon Road.
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AECOM West Gate Tunnel Project 4 West Gate Tunnel Project Greenhouse Gas Assessment
Figure 1 West Gate Tunnel Project overview
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2.1.1 West Gate Freeway
The upgrade of the West Gate Freeway comprises the following aspects: x Widening, associated pavement rehabilitation and carriageway separation of the West Gate Freeway in both directions to generally provide six through lanes each way and auxiliary lanes as required between Williamstown Road and the M80 interchange. x Widening of the Princes Freeway between the M80 interchange and Kororoit Creek Road to provide an extra outbound lane. x The six eastbound and six westbound lanes would be channelised using a safety barrier to create two separate carriageways of three lanes. x The eastbound lanes would have the following features: o The outer channel (outer three lanes) would be fed by the M80 Ring Road and Princes Freeway, and provide entry points to the West Gate Freeway from Grieve Parade, and Millers Road and exit points to Millers Road, Williamstown Road, the tunnel, Hyde Street and the West Gate Bridge. Traffic entering would have the option of entering the outer channel lanes (for access to Millers Road, Williamstown Road, Hyde Street or the tunnel) and would only be able to enter onto West Gate Bridge at one point, via a dedicated entry ramp near Williamstown Road. o The inner channel (three centre lanes) would provide direct access inbound to the West Gate Bridge from the M80 Ring Road and Princes Freeway. This would be a closed freeway, meaning that once a decision has been made to enter this channel it continues unbroken providing direct access to the West Gate Bridge. x The westbound lanes would have the following features: o The outer channel (outer three lanes) would be fed by the tunnel, the westbound Hyde Street ramp and the Williamstown Road entry ramp, and provide entry and exit to the West Gate Freeway at Millers Road, and exit only at Grieve Parade. o The inner channel (three centre lanes) would provide direct access outbound to the M80 Ring Road and Princes Freeway. This channel would include four lanes west of Williamstown Road until the left lane exits to the outer channel near the Newport Freight Railway Line to provide access from the West Gate Bridge to Millers Road and Grieve Parade. After this exit, as with the eastbound inner channel, this would be a closed freeway and would provide a direct route from the West Gate Bridge to the M80 Ring Road and Princes Freeway. The outbound carriageway of the Princes Freeway would be widened to five lanes between the M80 and Kororoit Creek Road interchanges. x Strengthening of existing bridges along the West Gate Freeway to accommodate High Productivity Freight Vehicles at higher mass limits. x Provision of emergency lanes in the central carriageways and stopping bays along the outer carriageways for emergency breakdown and maintenance vehicles. x Posted speed limit of 100 kilometres per hour from the M80 interchange to west of Williamstown Road. x Replacement of two existing pedestrian bridges spanning over the West Gate Freeway in the vicinity of Wembley Avenue and Rosala Avenue with Disability Discrimination Act compliant structures. These would be located within the vicinity of the existing structures, with alterations of the ramps and access to the bridges. ͒ x Development of new connections to Hyde Street from the freeway to provide direct access for placarded loads, with the westbound freeway on ramp located to the south of the West Gate
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Bridge via a section of Simcock Avenue, and the eastbound freeway off ramp to Hyde Street location immediately north of the West Gate Bridge. x Improvements to the bicycle network along the West Gate Freeway corridor, including an upgrade to the Kororoit Creek trail between Geelong Road and Grieve Parade, connecting existing segments of pathways along the freeway and extending the Federation Trail off road to Hyde Street including grade separation of Williamstown Road and the Williamstown railway line to allow connectivity to the Bay Trail at Hyde Street and access in to the city. x Upgraded acoustic barriers along the West Gate Freeway. The location and height of these barriers would be determined by the impacts of noise generated from the freeway at nearby residences and other sensitive locations. Noise walls would be constructed from a combination of concrete and acrylic panels with the architectural design of the walls being a key component of the urban design of the project. x Relocation of a number of high voltage transmission towers alongside the West Gate Freeway and replacement of some towers with monopoles. The West Gate Freeway component is illustrated in Figure 2.
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Figure 2 West Gate Freeway component
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2.1.2 Tunnels
The tunnel alignments under Yarraville comprises the following key aspects: ͒ x Twin tunnels catering for three lanes of traffic in each direction, constructed using tunnel boring machines. The tunnel boring machines would be 15.6 metres in diameter, allowing for the three lanes and a vertical clearance of 4.9 metres within the tunnel. x The tunnels would also include cross passages between the two tunnels for access and in case of emergency. Cross passages would be provided at intervals of approximately 120 metres. West of Williamstown Road, the westbound tunnel would feature egress out and under passages beneath the road deck, leading to a muster point near the southern portal. x The westbound southern tunnel portal is located approximately 250 metres to the west of the Newport Freight Railway Line on the south side of the existing West Gate Freeway outbound carriageway, and the eastbound southern tunnel portal is located approximately 300 metres to the west of Williamstown Road on the north side of existing West Gate Freeway inbound carriageway. x The northern portal for both tunnels is located 100 metres east of Whitehall Street and 330 metres north of Somerville Road, west of the Maribyrnong River. x The eastbound tunnel is approximately 2.8 kilometres long, and the westbound tunnel is approximately 4 kilometres long. x Each tunnel would include ventilation structures located in close proximity to the exits of the tunnels, with the structure for the outbound tunnel located 150 metres west of the Newport Freight Railway Line, and the structure for the inbound tunnel located 60 metres east of Whitehall Street, 250 metres north of Somerville Road. These ventilation structures would be approximately 45 metres high, enclosed with an architecturally clad exterior that varies from approximately 40 metres to 55 metres high. x The Melbourne Water North Yarra Main Sewer that extends down Whitehall Street would be realigned between Youell Street and Somerville Road to the east side of the West Gate Tunnel alignment. The tunnels component is shown in Figure 3.
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Figure 3 Tunnels component
2.1.3 Port, CityLink and city connections
The port, CityLink and city connections component would be a new elevated road with the following key aspects: ͒ x Bridges across the Maribyrnong River, including: o A central carriageway to connect the tunnels with twin viaducts above Footscray Road, requiring pier structures in the Maribyrnong River. o Separate on- and off-ramps to provide direct access to the Port of Melbourne (West Swanson Dock) via Mackenzie Road, requiring two separate bridge structures, each with two piers in the Maribyrnong River. x Twin viaducts for the east and westbound carriageways aligned along the centre of Footscray Road. The eastbound and westbound carriageways of Footscray Road would be modified to accommodate the piers of the viaducts. x A one- lane exit ramp from the eastbound viaduct connecting to Appleton Dock Road at the existing intersection with Footscray Road (to access East Swanson Dock, Victoria Dock and Appleton Dock). An entry ramp to the westbound viaduct starting on the west side of the Footscray Road overpass of the port rail lines completes the access connections to East Swanson Dock, Victoria Dock and Appleton Dock. x A two- lane entry ramp to CityLink northbound from the elevated road via a new ramp connection to the north-facing CityLink entry ramp from Footscray Road. x A two-lane exit ramp from CityLink southbound traffic to the elevated road.
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x Connection via ramps under CityLink onto Footscray Road and widening of the Footscray Road bridge over Moonee Ponds Creek. x A two-lane connection under CityLink to Dynon Road, with a new bridge over Moonee Ponds Creek with piers outside the waterway and a new intersection at Dynon Road. x Extension of Wurundjeri Way along the northern boundary of E-Gate to connect with Dynon Road, involving a new bridge over Moonee Ponds Creek with piers in the waterway, ramp connections to the elevated road ramps connecting to Dynon Road, a bridge over Dudley Street and widening of Wurundjeri Way between Dudley Street and Flinders Street. x A shared use path bridge over Whitehall Street from Harris Street to provide connectivity to the new shared use path bridge over the Maribyrnong River currently under construction to the south of Shepherd Bridge. x Grade-separated shared use paths for pedestrians and cyclists along Footscray Road, suspended between the elevated road above Footscray Road (a ‘veloway’), connecting with the Moonee Ponds Creek trail after crossing the creek on a new shared path bridge that replaces an existing rail bridge and a new shared path bridge adjacent to the Dynon Road bridge. The port, CityLink and city connections component is shown in Figure 4. Figure 4 Port, CityLink and city connections component
2.2 Construction
The key components of the West Gate Tunnel Project that need to be constructed include tunnels, elevated structures and surface roads requiring typical civil and structural works normally associated
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with major freeway projects. The main construction activities anticipated to be required within each component of the project are detailed in the sections below. 2.2.1 West Gate Freeway Construction of the upgraded West Gate Freeway would involve: x Site clearance, demarcation of working areas and establishment of construction site compounds adjacent to the freeway between the M80 interchange and Hyde Street. x General earthworks, storage and removal of spoil (including the treatment of contaminated soil, where required), generally via the freeway network with site access also required via Blackshaws Road and New Street for the southern portal and via Williamstown Road, Francis Street, Hyde Street and Hudsons Road. x Relocation of utility services including the relocation of a number of high voltage transmission towers alongside the West Gate Freeway. x Development of infrastructure including surface roads, bridgeworks, shared use paths and other structural works. x Development of ancillary infrastructure including noise barriers, gantries, lighting structures, barriers and the installation of drainage and water quality treatments. x Landscaping and site reinstatement. 2.2.2 Tunnels Construction of the tunnels under Yarraville would involve: x Site clearance, demarcation of working areas and establishment of a major construction site compound adjacent to the northern portal. x The realignment of the Melbourne Water North Yarra Main Sewer. x Tunnel construction including excavation, boring and cut and cover methods. x Construction and delivery to site of large sections of pre-fabricated concrete for the tunnel lining, generally via the freeway network, and Footscray Road, Moreland Street and Whitehall Street to access the northern portal construction site. x Removal of tunnel spoil to a temporary spoil handling facility at 221 Whitehall Street (former Pivot site) via a fully enclosed elevated conveyor over Somerville Road, before being transported for disposal. x Construction and installation of above-ground infrastructure including a substation, staging areas, ventilation structures, drainage and water quality treatments and noise barriers. x Landscaping and site reinstatement. 2.2.3 Port, CityLink and city connections Construction of the port, CityLink and city connections would involve: x Site clearance, establishment of construction site compounds and demarcation of working areas. This would require works to be undertaken within and around areas of existing operational rail. x General earthworks, storage and removal of spoil (including the treatment of contaminated soil, where required) and the relocation of utility services. x Development of infrastructure including surface roads, viaducts, bridgeworks and other structural works including the development and delivery to site of large pre-fabricated concrete and steel structures for the Maribyrnong River crossing, viaducts and the city connections, transported via CityLink and Footscray Road. x Rail infrastructure modifications and relocation works to accommodate the new infrastructure. x Development of ancillary infrastructure including noise barriers and the installation of drainage and water quality treatments.
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x Landscaping and site reinstatement. 2.2.4 Construction timing, hours and workforce Construction activities would occur simultaneously across the three project components to reduce overall construction duration. Construction activities would be planned and constructed to minimise impacts on the local community. In many instances the nature and volume of works would require construction activities to occur outside of daylight hours. Anticipated night-time and extended shift work includes: x Works on the West Gate Freeway, CityLink and arterial road reserves x Works in rail yards and over rail lines x TBM operation for the construction of the tunnels x TBM operation for the realignment of the North Yarra Main Sewer x Asphalt placement on the West Gate Freeway x Spoil disposal. The dates and hours of these works would be detailed in the CEMP and would require approval from the Victorian Government and VicRoads Tunnelling activities would be a continuous process with shift work being undertaken over 24 hours, seven days a week. It is anticipated approximately 2,800 personnel (peak) would be engaged during the construction period for the project. The project would overall generate 6,000 jobs. It is anticipated that the construction program would last approximately 5 years. Table 1 provides a broad overview of construction activities and timing. Table 1 Construction activities and timing
Component Timing
West Gate Freeway 2018 - 2022
Tunnels 2018 - 2021
Port, CityLink and city connections 2018 - 2021
Site wide activities 2018 - 2022
2.3 Operation and maintenance Operation and maintenance of the West Gate Tunnel Project would involve: x Operation of the West Gate Tunnel Project from a new operations centre via a Freeway Management System, with ramp metering upgrades. This would include a Lane Use Management System and supporting Intelligent Transport System along the West Gate Tunnel Project. x Emergency response plans and incident management procedures. These would be implemented from the new operations centre utilising the Freeway Management System infrastructure such as the Lane Use Management System. This would ensure ease of access for emergency services and continued safe operation to other users of the freeway in such circumstances. x Routine and lifecycle maintenance activities throughout operation. x Monitoring and management of any areas of environmental sensitivity such as heritage sites and water bodies in accordance with the relevant approvals. x Operation of tunnel ventilation systems and air quality monitoring from the tunnel ventilation structures.
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2.4 Greenhouse gas emissions considerations in the design Development of the design of the West Gate Tunnel Project has been an iterative process, with consideration of environmental risks being central to design evolution. To guide the optimisation of the design, the West Gate Tunnel Project commits to achieve Excellent ‘Design’ and ‘As Built’ ratings under the Infrastructure Sustainability Council of Australia’s (ISCA’s) Infrastructure Sustainability (IS) rating framework. This would include achievement of mandatory credits and levels associated with minimising energy use and greenhouse gas emissions (credit Ene-1 (Level 2)) and reducing lifecycle impacts of materials (Mat-1 (Level 2)). Project Co is targeting the achievement of Ene-1 (Level 2.7) which is above the minimum project requirement of Level 2 and relates to an approximately a 25 per cent reduction in energy use from the base case, (anticipated to be the Reference Design). Project Co is also targeting Ene-2 (Level 1), which relates to investigating the use of renewable energy, but does not require the implementation of actions that may be identified. Additional detail is provided in Section 4.4. The West Gate Tunnel Project is subject to minimum local content requirements under the Victorian Industry Participation Policy (VIPP) and this may provide a further incentive to source materials locally, reducing greenhouse gas emissions associated with the transportation of construction materials. In its submission, Project Co has identified the following that would be undertaken to improve sustainability outcomes in construction: x A reduction in the total number of bridge piers and roadway length to be laid x Use of hybrid-diesel generators and solar powered lighting during construction x Re-use of all reusable road base for the West Gate Freeway (estimated to be 250,000 tonnes) x Utilisation of steel fibre reinforcement within the precast tunnel lining resulting in a reduction of over 12,000 tonnes of steel from that required using a traditional approach x Use of ‘eco mixes’ where appropriate to achieve 30 per cent reduction in overall Portland cement use x Use of low static fans in the tunnel ventilation systems, which draw less power x Use of variable speed drives for main ventilation fan control, tailoring ventilation levels to traffic flows x Use of light emitting diode (LED) throughout the vehicle and access tunnels and all buildings x Use of proximity LED lighting within the service tunnels to enable illumination only when occupied. This report assumes that the energy use and greenhouse gas emissions information provided by Project Co has accounted for the identified initiatives listed above. In addition, Project Co has identified the following potential initiatives in its submission that may be implemented to improve sustainability outcomes for the project: x Use of hybrid cars x Use of energy efficient crib (site) huts x Optimising construction timeframes to reduce energy use for dust suppression activities. x Use of lower embodied energy materials such as warm mix asphalt, best practice PVC pipes, and Forestry Standard Certified or reused timber. This report assumes greenhouse gas benefits of implementing potential sustainability initiatives have not been accounted for in the information provided by Project Co.
3.0 Methodology This section describes the methodology used to assess the potential impacts of the West Gate Tunnel Project during construction and operation. The methodology describes the specific data, methods and
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tools used to undertake the impact assessment. It also explains the application of the EES risk assessment method as part of the impact assessment process. An environmental risk assessment has been central to the development and planning process for the West Gate Tunnel Project. The risk-based approach is integral to the preparation of the EES as required by Section 4.1 of the scoping requirements. It enabled the key environmental risks associated with the project to be identified and prioritised in the subsequent impact assessments. The risk and impact assessment process has been iterative and informed the development of the Project Design and the EPRs, which define the environmental outcomes the project must achieve. The assessment process is set out in Figure 5. To explain how the risk process informs the impact assessment, the following definitions of risk and impact are provided: x A risk is a function of the likelihood of an adverse event occurring and the consequence of the event should it occur x An impact relates to the outcome of an event in relation to sensitive assets, values and uses. The risk assessment provides a filter to identify the key project risks, to ensure the impact assessment is focused on the most significant risks. The impact assessment is used to develop a detailed understanding of the nature, scale and duration of potential impacts and the mitigation measures required to reduce risks. Benefits are considered in impact assessments but not in risks assessments. The assessment considered planned events as well as risk events, defined as: x Planned events cause an impact to a particular asset, value or use of the environment that can be predicted but is necessary to facilitate the construction of the project x Risk events are uncertain events or conditions which, if they occur, would have a negative impact on an asset, value or use of the environment during the construction or operation of the project. A detailed review of the legislation and policy environment was also undertaken to identify legislative requirements, standards, limits and processes relevant to the West Gate Tunnel Project.
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Figure 5 Overview of the risk and impact assessment process
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3.1 Environmental Performance Requirements The EPRs define the environmental outcomes the project must achieve during its construction and operation, regardless of the specific design solutions adopted. A performance-based approach to developing the EPRs has been adopted by defining the legislative and policy requirements and project commitments the project must meet, while allowing flexibility to accommodate innovation during detailed design. An initial set of EPRs were developed based on standard requirements for road and tunnel projects. The initial EPRs were applied during the initial risk assessment. The EPRs have been refined as the project has developed. EPRs were evolved during the impact assessment, to further mitigate risks where appropriate, taking into account the study findings. A set of recommended EPRs was developed upon completion of the impact assessment process. The recommended EPRs would be assessed and refined during the EES assessment and a complete list of EPRs would be incorporated into the Environmental Management Framework that would govern construction and operation of the West Gate Tunnel Project.
3.2 Existing conditions assessment The existing conditions assessment was used to establish the study area and provide a base line assessment of the current greenhouse gas emissions. 3.2.1 Study area The study area for the greenhouse gas impact assessment includes construction and operational activities along the alignment of the West Gate Tunnel Project between the M80 Ring Road and Wurundjeri Way (refer Figure 1). The change in greenhouse gas emissions from traffic across the whole of metropolitan Melbourne road network as a result of the West Gate Tunnel Project was also assessed. The scope of activities included in the assessment boundary is further defined in Section 3.3.1. 3.2.2 Establish existing conditions To establish the existing conditions and provide context for the greenhouse gas impact assessment, the following studies that estimated transportation greenhouse gas emissions for Australia, Victoria and Melbourne’s western suburbs were used: x Australian Greenhouse Emissions Information System (AGEIS), National Inventory by Economic Sector 2014. This provides national and state level greenhouse gas emissions by economic sector, as defined by the Australia-New Zealand Standard Industry Classifications. The total Australian and Victorian greenhouse gas emissions, as well as the transportation sector greenhouse gas emissions, broken down by vehicle category, were taken from this source. x Western Alliance for Greenhouse Action (WAGA), 2014, Low Carbon West – A Strategy for the Transition to a Low Carbon Economy in the WAGA Region. This presents a regional greenhouse gas profile for eight municipalities and was developed to inform the Low Carbon West strategy. The municipalities included in the report are the Shire of Moorabool and the cities of Brimbank, Greater Geelong, Hobsons Bay, Maribyrnong, Melton, Moonee Valley and Wyndham. The residential and freight transportation emissions for the region were sourced from this report.
3.3 Risk assessment The risk assessment process followed the approach set out in International Standard (AS/NZS ISO 31000:2009). It involved identifying and evaluating potential interactions between the project components and activities and sensitive assets, values and uses, to identify what are known as risk pathways.
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The following tasks were undertaken to identify, analyse and evaluate project risks: x Review project components and activities in parallel with existing assets values and uses in the project boundary, to identify risk pathways for both the construction and operation of the project x Apply initial EPRs and assign likelihood and consequence levels to determine an initial risk rating x Test assumptions and preliminary risk ratings through a workshop with the Technical Reference Group (TRG) x Use initial risk ratings to identify the key risks requiring detailed examination in the impact assessment x Undertake impact assessment and modify or include additional EPRs required to further mitigate risks x Reassess project impacts and determine residual risk taking into account any additional EPRs. Greenhouse gas emissions are categorised into direct and indirect emission sources as defined by the NGER Act and the Greenhouse Gas Protocol (WRI and WBCSD, 2012). NGER Scheme and the Greenhouse Gas Protocol classify direct emissions into Scope 1 and indirect emissions into Scopes 2 and 3 as follows: x Scope 1: Direct greenhouse gas emissions. Direct greenhouse gas emissions occur from emissions sources that are owned or controlled by the WDA x Scope 2: Indirect greenhouse gas emissions from purchased electricity. Accounts for greenhouse gas emissions from the generation of purchased electricity consumed by the WDA x Scope 3: Other indirect greenhouse gas emissions. An optional reporting category that allows for the treatment of all other indirect emissions. Some greenhouse gas emissions sources are defined under more than one scope. For example, the consumption of diesel fuel causes direct, Scope 1 emissions. In addition, a Scope 3 component can be reported which relates to the release of greenhouse gas emissions from the extraction, production and transportation of the fuel. Similarly, the consumption of electricity is reported under Scope 2. However, the greenhouse gas emissions associated with the extraction, production and transportation of the fuel used to generate the electricity, as well as electricity lost in the transmission and distribution can be included as Scope 3 emissions. 3.3.1 Boundary and scopes for the greenhouse gas impact assessment To estimate the greenhouse gas emissions for the impact assessment, greenhouse gas emission factors and calculation methodologies were obtained from the following references: x National Greenhouse Accounts published by the Australian Department of Environment, August 2016 x Greenhouse Gas Assessment Workbook for Road Projects published by the Transport Authorities Greenhouse Group (TAGG), February 2013 and its supporting calculator, Carbon Gauge version 01.8. Using the scope definitions above, the Materiality Checklist in the Carbon Gauge calculator (TAGG, 2013 – refer to Appendix B) was completed and the greenhouse gas impact assessment boundaries were determined to include all Scope 1 and Scope 2 greenhouse gas emission sources and select Scope 3 greenhouse gas emission sources. A summary of construction and operational greenhouse gas emissions sources that were assessed is provided in Table 2 and Table 3 respectively.
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Table 2 Greenhouse gas emission sources and relevant emissions scope for construction activities
Emission Emission scope Emission source source category Scope 1 Scope 2 Scope 3
Construction
Fuel use Construction plant and equipment 9 9
Site vehicles 9 9
Delivery of plant, equipment and 9 construction materials
Transportation of tunnel spoil 9 9
Electricity Operation of plant and equipment, 9 9 consumption including tunnel boring machine (TBM)
Operation of site office/s 9 9
Materials Construction materials 9
Land use Vegetation removal 9 changes
The following Scope 3 construction greenhouse gas emission sources were excluded from the assessment as they were deemed to be immaterial in accordance with the framework set out in the NGER Act: x Fugitive emissions (such as from intentional or unintentional leaks or evaporative sources) x Employee travel to and from site x International delivery of plant, equipment and materials x Emissions from disposal of site waste other than spoil1 x Emissions sinks associated with planted vegetation x Construction of the freeway control centre (FCC) x Detonation of explosives to construct portal tunnels.
1 While waste management is a scoping requirement for this project and underpins the basis for this greenhouse gas impact assessment, direct waste and landfill greenhouse gas emissions during construction and operation are excluded as a materiality assessment identified that these were immaterial to the total greenhouse gas footprint. The greenhouse gas emissions from the transportation of construction spoil are included in this assessment.
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Table 3 Greenhouse gas emissions sources and relevant emission sources for operational activities
Emission Emission scope source Emission source category Scope 1 Scope 2 Scope 3
Operations
Electricity Tunnel lighting and ventilation 9 9 consumption Operation of substation 9 9
Electrical systems (for example street 9 9 lighting, FCC, signalling and toll gantries)
Traffic (road Operation of vehicles 9 users)
Maintenance
Fuel use Plant and equipment 9 9
Site vehicles 9 9
Delivery of maintenance materials 9
Materials Maintenance materials 9
The following Scope 3 operational greenhouse gas emission sources were excluded from the assessment as they were deemed to be immaterial in accordance with the framework set out in the NGER Act: x Emissions from disposal of site waste1 x Employee travel to site. 3.3.2 Identify risk pathways Risk pathways were developed for each of the specialist areas considered in the EES. Potential receptors were established from the existing conditions assessment by identifying environmental assets, values or uses that are protected by legislation and policy, important to the local community (or wider geographic area) or are likely to be impacted by the project. Potential causes or sources of risk were identified by considering the broad types of impacts that may occur as a result of the construction and operation of a major transport project. This included the type of construction, proposed infrastructure and operations and the location of the project. The receptors and the causes and outcomes of potential risks were combined to identify the risk pathways, which were then assessed in terms of likelihood and consequence to determine the risk rating for each pathway. 3.3.3 Risk rating The initial risk rating was determined by: x Applying the initial EPRs that would be implemented to mitigate individual risks x Assigning a likelihood and consequence to each risk pathway using the guides in Table 4 and Table 5 below x Using the risk matrix in Table 6 to determine the risk rating for each risk pathway. The likelihood of the potential impact occurring takes into account the probability of the maximum credible consequence as described in the consequence guide.
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The consequence guide was developed based on a review of past projects, professional judgement and experience, input from the Technical Review Group and taking into account key project issues. Table 4 Likelihood guide
Descriptor Explanation
Almost Certain The event is expected to occur in most circumstances
Likely The event will probably occur in most circumstances
Possible The event could occur
Unlikely The event could occur but not expected
Rare The event may occur only in exceptional circumstances
Table 5 Consequence criteria
Aspect Insignificant Minor Moderate Major Severe
Greenhouse Construction Construction Construction or Construction Construction gas (GHG) or operation or operation operation or operation or operation energy use energy use energy use and energy use energy use and GHG and GHG GHG emissions and GHG and GHG emissions p.a. emissions p.a. p.a. is emissions p.a. emissions p.a. is insignificant is marginal measurable is substantial is significant that is, the that is, the that is, the that is, the that is, the project is near project is project triggers, project project to or on par below the or is over, the increases increases with the ‘no NGER NGER Scheme Victoria’s Victoria’s project’ Scheme reporting annual annual scenario. reporting requirements. transportation transportation requirements. sector’s GHG sector’s GHG emissions by emissions by more than 1%. more than 10%.
Table 6 Risk assessment matrix
Consequence Likelihood Insignificant Minor Moderate Major Severe
Almost Certain Medium Medium High Extreme Extreme Likely Low Medium High High Extreme Possible Low Medium Medium High High Unlikely Low Low Medium Medium Medium Rare Low Low Low Low Medium
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3.3.4 Where to find risk results The full risk register is provided in Appendix F. The risk assessment results for the West Gate Tunnel Project are provided in Section 5.2. The risk assessment results have been tabulated for the relevant aspects and assigned the following number convention: x Environmental Risk ID – GHGR01, with all environmental risks numbered sequentially (for example GHGR02, GHGR03) x Environmental Performance Requirement ID – GGP1, with all environmental performance requirements numbered sequentially (for example GGP2).
3.4 Impact assessment Greenhouse gas emissions from the construction and operation (including maintenance) of the project were estimated using three calculation methodologies. The primary methodology was the use of the Carbon Gauge calculator, which was developed to support the Transport Agencies Greenhouse Gas (TAGG) Workbook. This Workbook was established by road transport authorities around Australia to enable consistent modelling of greenhouse emissions for road projects. Greenhouse gas emissions from electricity consumption associated with the construction and operation of the tunnels and the manufacture of construction materials for the tunnels were calculated manually in Microsoft Excel as Carbon Gauge does not include these calculations. Scope 3 emissions from road users were estimated by VLC using the Zenith Economics Assessment Model (EAM). The calculation approach used for each emission source is outlined in Table 7. Table 7 Greenhouse gas emissions calculation methodologies for construction and operational activities
Emission source Emission source Source of data Calculation approach category Construction
Fuel use Construction plant and Project Design - Carbon Gauge version 01.8 equipment 3A2 Attachment 10 Greenhouse Site vehicles Gas and Tender Carbon Gauge version 01.8 Clarifications Delivery of plant, equipment Table 6 GHG Carbon Gauge version 01.8 and construction materials 161205 Manual calculation based on materials, plant and equipment delivery estimations provided by Project Co
Transportation of tunnel spoil EES Submission - Manual calculation based on Attachment 9 - cut to spoil estimations Contamination provided by Project Co and spoil management plan
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Emission source Emission source Source of data Calculation approach category
Electricity Operation of plant and Project Design Manual calculation based on consumption equipment, including tunnel Tunnel Power power estimate provided by boring machine (TBM) Supply Plan Project Co for the tunnel Project Design - boring machine (TBM) and 3A2 Attachment other site plant and 10 Greenhouse equipment Gas and Tender Clarifications Table 6 GHG 161205
Operation of site office(s) Project Design - Manual calculation based on 3A2 Attachment site office power estimations 10 Greenhouse provided by Project Co Gas and Tender Clarifications Table 6 GHG 161205
Materials Construction materials Project Design - Carbon Gauge version 01.8 (excluding non-pavement 3A2 Attachment materials for tunnel 10 Greenhouse construction) Gas and Tender Clarifications Construction materials for Table 6 GHG Manual calculation based on tunnel 161205 estimation of tunnel material quantities by Project Co
Land use Vegetation removal Project Design - Carbon Gauge version 01.8 changes 3A2 Attachment 10 Greenhouse Gas and Tender Clarifications Table 6 GHG 161205
Operations
Electricity Tunnel pumps, lighting and Project Design - Manual calculation based on consumption ventilation 3A2 Attachment tunnel power estimate 10 Greenhouse provided by Project Co Gas and Tender Clarifications Table 6 GHG 161205 Project Co Tunnel Power Supply Plan
Electrical systems (e.g. FCC, Project Design – Carbon Gauge version 01.8 signalling and toll gantries) road alignment drawings in 3b.2 Design Approach
Traffic Operation of vehicles Provided as part of the VLC traffic model
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Emission source Emission source Source of data Calculation approach category Maintenance
Fuel use Plant and equipment Project Design - Carbon Gauge version 01.8 3A2 Attachment Site vehicles 10 Greenhouse Carbon Gauge version 01.8 Gas and Tender Delivery of maintenance Clarifications Carbon Gauge version 01.8 materials Table 6 GHG 161205
Materials Maintenance materials Project Design - Carbon Gauge version 01.8 3A2 Attachment 10 Greenhouse Gas and Tender Clarifications Table 6 GHG 161205
To estimate emissions for the project’s construction and operation (including maintenance), data relating to the project was provided by Project Co and entered into Carbon Gauge. Assumptions were made to address data gaps to estimate the potential energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions of the tendered design because some detailed quantities were not provided or available.
Construction assumptions are explained further in Section 3.7 and listed in Appendix A. Screen shots of the Carbon Gauge data inputs used in the assessment are provided in Appendix B.
The calculations and data assumptions relating to the estimation of electricity consumption and use of materials associated with the construction and operation of the tunnels is provided in Appendix C. 3.4.1 Estimating operational emissions from vehicle traffic This section summarises the methodology applied by VLC to estimate the impact of the proposed West Gate Tunnel Project on greenhouse gas emissions from vehicle traffic across the metropolitan Melbourne road network. This assessment is based on the Reference Design of the West Gate Tunnel Project. It should be noted that the changes to the traffic modelling for the current design are not considered material as the assessment estimates greenhouse gas emissions for the Metropolitan Melbourne Road Network. Additional detail on the methodology is provided in Transport Modelling for West Gate Tunnel Project Greenhouse Gas Assessment – Zenith Economics Assessment Model (VLC 2016). To estimate the greenhouse gas emissions from vehicle traffic, VLC used the Zenith Transport Model Economic Assessment Model (EAM) which is designed to interface with the outputs produced by the Zenith Model used for the West Gate Tunnel Project impact assessment. Greenhouse gas emissions from cars, light commercial vehicles (LCV) and heavy commercial vehicles (HCV) were estimated at the metropolitan Melbourne scale for no-project and with-project scenarios, for 2021 and 2031. It is acknowledged while the West Gate Tunnel Project will be commissioned in 2023, the year 2021 was applied to the transport modelling due to availability of information from the Victorian Government. Potential traffic delays during the construction period may increase greenhouse gas emissions from traffic at the local level compared with a no project scenario, however this has not been modelled. To calculate greenhouse gas emissions, the Zenith EAM was used to estimate the fuel consumption on each road link and then converted fuel consumption to tonnes of greenhouse gas emissions consistent with the guidance set out by Austroads (2005, in VLC, 2016)). Greenhouse gas emission factors were sourced from the Australian National Greenhouse Accounts (Department of the Environment, 2016). Emission rates were then adjusted by vehicle class, based on the proportion of
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diesel vehicles by vehicle category, based on 2012 ABS Motor Vehicles On Register data (refer to Section 3.2 of VLC, 2016 in Appendix D). Table 8 provides the Department of the Environment (2015) emissions factors by fuel type and Table 9 provides the adjusted emission rates by vehicle type used by VLC. In its methodology report (VLC 2016), VLC note that the methodology applied does not make allowance for future changes in fuel efficiency or the petrol/diesel fleet mix. It is anticipated that improvements in fuel efficiency of vehicles would reduce emissions rates and ultimately the relative future emissions under both the no-project and with-project scenarios.
Table 8 Emission factors (kg CO2- e/GJ) (Source: DoE, 2015, Table 4 (in VLC 2016))
Energy content CO2 CH4 N2O Fuel type (GJ/kL) kg CO2-e/GJ kg CO2-e/GJ kg CO2-e/GJ
Petrol 34.2 67.4 0.5 1.8
Diesel 38.6 69.9 0.1 0.5
Table 9 Emission factors (grams of emissions/litre of fuel consumed (Source: VLC, 2016, Table 3-6)
Vehicle type CO2-e emitted, g/L
Car 2,406.66
LCV 2,539.22
HCV 2,691.86
3.5 Stakeholder and community engagement A program of engagement with stakeholders and the community has been undertaken to support the preparation of the West Gate Tunnel Project EES and, more broadly, to assist in the development of the project (refer to EES Attachment III Stakeholder and community consultation report. Over 4,000 people have been consulted with through 75+ community engagement sessions, door knocks and information displays. This includes with Traditional Owners and regulators. They provided extensive review and advice which has informed preparation of the EES. While greenhouse gas impacts are of interest to key stakeholders and regulators, this topic has not generated significant community interest. The project team includes information about all aspects of the project’s construction and operation in publications and other information about the project.
3.6 Linkages to other technical reports The greenhouse gas impact assessment is linked to the traffic and air quality specialist assessments. This information was used as an input to the estimation of greenhouse gas emissions from the project’s construction. Outputs produced by the Zenith Model used by the traffic assessment were used as an input for the assessment of greenhouse gas emissions (refer to EES Technical report A Transport). This approach was taken to provide consistency in the traffic modelling assumptions across the specialist assessments. The traffic assessment provides detail on assumptions used for the traffic modelling and local traffic impacts from the project. Impacts associated with non-greenhouse gas waste, including waste spoil, are addressed in the EES Technical report B Contaminated soil and spoil management. Information related to non-greenhouse gas air quality impacts of the project, including health-related impacts, is addressed in the EES Technical report G Air quality.
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3.7 Limitations and assumptions 3.7.1 Data provided by Project Co This greenhouse gas emissions impact assessment was prepared from information supplied by Project Co in the design submission. Additional estimates or assumptions were made on the supplied tender information and compared with the Reference Design Impact Assessment. 3.7.2 Carbon Gauge The TAGG Carbon Gauge calculator (version 01.8) was used to estimate greenhouse gas emissions for the majority of the emissions sources for this impact assessment. Detail on the assumptions and limitations of the calculator are provided in Greenhouse Gas Assessment Workbook for Road Projects, February 2013 (TAGG, 2013). Section 3.4 Impact assessment details which sources of emissions were assessed using Carbon Gauge. 3.7.3 Induced demand Induced demand relates to the concept that as a road is built, or enhanced, it would attract additional traffic as a result of the improvements. Traffic-related greenhouse gas emissions were estimated using outputs of the VLC Zenith Model. The Zenith Model is capable of incorporating six factors of the effect of induced demand on a transportation project. VLC has indicated the following three factors of induced traffic demand responses have been incorporated into their modelling (refer to VLC, 2016): x Changing route – drivers make the same journeys but use the improved route x Changing destination – drivers decide to travel to more distant destinations because the improvement makes the journey time acceptable x Changing mode – public transport passengers switch to car because the improvement makes road travel more attractive than rail. The other three factors, presented in Table 10, have not been modelled. These are summarised below along with VLC’s statement on how each element is considered in their traffic Zenith Model. Table 10 Induced traffic responses to road improvement and how they are addressed in the VLC West Gate Tunnel Project Zenith Model (VLC, 2016, pp 9-10)
Induced traffic response to a road VLC’s statement on how induced demand is improvement addressed by the West Gate Tunnel Project model Changing time of travel – drivers decide Difficult to model but probably has minimal effect on to travel in the commuting peak period greenhouse gas assessment. because the improvement reduces journey times to an acceptable level. Making additional journeys – people are Further research is required to determine whether this more willing to make additional car actually occurs to a scale that has any material impact journeys because of the improvement. on the capacity consumption of roads and/or economic benefit assessments. VLC believes it would not have a significant impact. Relocated trips – people and businesses Current models do not currently predict this relocate to take advantage of the phenomenon. Investment in research would be required improvement and so make journeys that to account for this. are new to the area.
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4.0 Legislation and policy This section provides an overview of the key legislation and policy that forms the regulatory framework relating to greenhouse gases.
4.1 Commonwealth 4.1.1 Legislation National Greenhouse and Energy Reporting Act 2007 The National Greenhouse and Energy Reporting Act 2007 (NGER Act) outlines the national reporting framework for corporations and facilities required to report their energy use and greenhouse gas emissions. Under the Act, a corporation is considered to be the entity that has operational control. Controlling corporations that exceed the following thresholds are required to under the Act: x For facilities, consumption of more than 100 terajoules (TJ) of energy annually or emits over 25,000 tonnes CO2-e annually x For corporations, consumption of more than 200TJ of energy annually or emits 50,000 tonnes CO2-e annually. Some contractors engaged to construct the West Gate Tunnel Project would likely exceed these thresholds and be required to report their Scope 1 and Scope 2 greenhouse gas emissions and energy use. The future operator would also be required to report in accordance with the NGER Act. 4.1.2 Policy Direct Action Plan The Clean Energy Act 2011 and the Carbon Pricing Mechanism were repealed with effect from 1 July 2014. The Australian Government replaced it with the Direct Action Plan, a policy consisting of programs including the Emissions Reduction Fund (the Fund) directed at reducing carbon emissions. The Fund came in to effect on 13 December 2014. To date, the Australian Government has provided $2,550,000,000 to establish the Fund and support businesses pursuing emissions reduction activities. The Fund involves a ‘reverse auction’ mechanism, where businesses can sell their carbon abatement, with the government purchasing the lowest cost per tonne of abatement. This aims to encourage businesses to invest in the most cost-efficient emissions reduction methods. As part of this fund, construction or operating companies could potentially be eligible to generate Emission Reduction Fund credits. The Fund is monitored by the Clean Energy Regulator. 2017 Review of Climate Change policies In 2017, the Australian Government will undertake a review of its climate policies to ensure its policies remain effective in achieving Australia’s 2030 emissions reduction target of 26-28 per cent below 2005 levels, and commitments under the Paris Agreement. The review will consider sectoral challenges, the energy-climate nexus, and the role of the Emissions Reduction Fund and safeguard mechanism. The potential of post-2030 emissions reduction goals will form part of the review. The review will conclude by the end of 2017.
4.2 State 4.2.1 Legislation Climate Change Act 2017 The Climate Change Act 2017 (Vic) sets the legislative foundation to manage climate change risks, and drive Victoria’s transition to net zero emissions by 2050. The Act embeds the 2050 net zero emissions target and provides for the setting of 5-yearly interim greenhouse gas emissions reduction targets, climate change strategies, and adaptation action plans to ensure the 2050 target is achieved and vulnerabilities to climate change impacts are reduced while potential opportunities are realised. Adaptation action plans will cover systems including the built environment and transport.
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The Act requires decision-makers to take climate change into account when making specified decisions under the Catchment and Land Protection Act 1994 (Vic), Coastal Management Act 1995 (Vic), Environment Protection Act 1970 (Vic), Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 (Vic), Public Health and Wellbeing Act 2008 (Vic) and Water Act 1989 (Vic). More specifically, the Environment Protection Agency (EPA) must regulate the potential impacts of climate change and greenhouse gas emissions in relation to the Victoria’s long-term and interim emissions reduction targets as part of the works or other development approvals process. The Act requires the Minister to undertake additional periodic reporting and publishing of 5-yearly climate science reports, ‘end of interim target period’ reports, as well as annual greenhouse gas emissions reports, to provide transparency, accountability, and meet community engagement principles. Environment Protection Act 1970 Under the Environment Protection Act 1970 (Vic) (EPA Act), greenhouse gases are defined as a waste. The Act authorises the EPA Victoria to issue works or other development approvals and licenses to regulate the State Environment Protection Policies (SEPP). The tunnels would be scheduled premises as defined in the EPA Act under category L03 of the Environment Protection (Scheduled Premises and Exemptions) Regulations due to the proposed tunnel ventilation systems. Further details of requirements related to greenhouse gases are outlined in the SEPP Air Quality Management (AQM) 2001 and the Protocol for Environmental Management (PEM): Greenhouses Gas Emissions and Energy Efficiency in Industry. 4.2.2 Policy Victoria’s Climate Change Framework Victoria’s Climate Change Framework is Victoria’s long term plan to 2050, with the overarching goal of limiting warming to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels while safeguarding Victoria’s economic competitiveness. The Framework contains a 2020 emissions reduction target of 15-20 per cent below 2005 levels and achieving net zero emissions by 2050. The Framework sets out actions in four areas: energy efficiency and productivity, grid decarbonisation, economy electrification and switch to clean fuels, and carbon capture and storage and non-energy emissions reduction. Investment in the public transport system is identified as a priority including the following initiatives: purchasing renewable energy to power Melbourne’s trams and supporting projects including the Metro Tunnel, High Capacity Metro Trains and Regional Network Development Plan. Other priorities for the transport sector include supporting walking and cycling, and encouraging the manufacturing and development of electric and autonomous vehicles. State Environment Protection Policy The State Environmental Protection Policy (SEPP) Air Quality Management (AQM) 2001 is a framework for managing emissions to the air environment. Objectives of this SEPP are supported through protocols for environmental management (PEM) relating to greenhouse gas emissions and energy. Protocol for Environmental Management: Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Energy Efficiency in Industry This PEM aims to ensure that entities subject to an EPA Victoria works approval or licence manage greenhouse gas emissions and energy associated with their activities. The PEM stipulates a range of thresholds based on the annual predicted, or actual amount of gigajoules of energy used or tonnes of energy-related CO2-e. Where a works approval is required or a licence is in place under the EPA Act and Environmental Protection (Scheduled Premises and Exemption) Regulations and the thresholds are exceeded, the proponent would be required to implement greenhouse gas emissions and energy use reduction best practice and/or complete a Level 2 energy audit as outlined in the PEM. Requirements of the PEM would likely apply during the project’s construction and for any installed facilities during operation, such as the tunnel ventilation systems. Energy consumption and
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greenhouse gases would need to be addressed as part of environmental management procedures and programs for construction and operation (including maintenance).
4.3 Local A number of local projects or frameworks demonstrate the importance of reducing greenhouse gas emissions from construction and operation of the West Gate Tunnel Project. These include: x Western Alliance Greenhouse Action’s (WAGA) Low Carbon West Project, which aims to grow a vibrant economy in Victoria’s western region while reducing greenhouse gas emissions x City of Melbourne Zero Net Emissions Strategy 2020, which aims to increase the number of trips using low emissions modes of transport x Hobsons Bay Climate Change Policy, which includes the objective of undertaking actions to reduce the community’s greenhouse gas emissions and lead the community towards achieving zero net greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 x Hobsons Bay Community Greenhouse Strategy 2013-2030, which includes a range of actions aimed to meet the objective of becoming a net zero emissions community by 2030 x Brimbank Greenhouse Reduction Strategy 2013-2023, which includes actions aimed at reducing community-related transport emissions x Maribyrnong Integrated Transport Strategy 2012, which includes the vision of reducing greenhouse gas emissions and improving air quality through efficiency improvements x Zero Carbon Maribyrnong Action Plan 2014, which includes actions plans to reduce corporate and community greenhouse gases x Wyndham City Council Environment and Sustainability Strategy 2011-2015, which includes a focus on reducing greenhouse gas emissions from Council’s vehicle fleet x VicRoads Sustainability and Climate Change Strategy 2015-2020, which guides the delivery of activities contributing to the environmental sustainability objectives under the Victorian Transport Integration Act 2010. The West Gate Tunnel Project’s objectives of understanding and managing greenhouse gas emissions during construction and operation acknowledge the importance to local stakeholders of reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
4.4 Other standards and guidelines Greenhouse Gas Assessment Workbook for Road Projects published by the Transport Authorities Greenhouse Group (TAGG), February 2013 and its supporting calculator, Carbon Gauge version 01.8. The TAGG workbook provides a process for estimating greenhouse gas emissions for major activities of a road project. It was developed by a group of Australian state road authorities (including VicRoads) and the New Zealand Transport Agency to provide a common methodology and calculation factors for estimating greenhouse gas emissions using a whole-of-life approach. Infrastructure Sustainability Council of Australia (ISCA) Infrastructure Sustainability (IS) Tool and its supporting resources The ISCA IS rating scheme is the only comprehensive Australian rating system for evaluating sustainability performance across design, construction, and operation of infrastructure. Version 1.2 of the IS rating scheme is a voluntary assessment, which comprises 15 categories and 44 sub-categories (credits) of sustainability. The Western Distributor (now known as the West Gate Tunnel Project) Project Scope and Requirements (PSR) mandates the achievement of Excellent ‘Design’ and ‘As Built’ ratings. In addition, the PSR mandates the achievement of two credits that would assist in minimising the project’s energy use and greenhouse gas emissions: x Ene-1 Energy and carbon monitoring and reduction (Level 2)
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This credit aims to reward monitoring and minimising of energy use and greenhouse gas emissions across the infrastructure lifecycle. To achieve Level 2, the WDA would need to model and monitor greenhouse gas emissions across the infrastructure lifecycle and achieve a minimum 15 per cent reduction compared with a base case footprint. x Mat-1 Materials lifecycle impact measurement and reduction (Level 2) This credit aims to reward design practices that reduce lifecycle environmental impacts of materials. The achieve Level 2, the WDA will need to monitor and model the environmental impacts of materials across the infrastructure lifecycle and achieve a minimum 15 per cent reduction compared with a base case footprint. Other V1.2 IS credits mandated for the West Gate Tunnel Project include: x Man-2 Risk and opportunity management (Level 2) x Cli-1 Climate change risk assessment (Level 2) x Cli-2 Adaptation options (Level 2) x Was-1 Waste management (Level 1) x Was-2 Diversion from landfill (Level 2) x Dis-1 Receiving water quality (Level 2) x Dis-2 Noise (Level 2) x Lan-4 Flooding design (Level 2).
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5.0 West Gate Tunnel Project This section describes the existing conditions, benefits and opportunities and findings of the impact assessment for the West Gate Tunnel Project.
5.1 Existing conditions Appendix E provides a consolidated list of recommended EPRs to address the key greenhouse gas emission impacts for the project. Due to the global nature of the impact of greenhouse gas emissions, the results of the greenhouse gas impact assessment are presented at the whole-of-project level rather than being separated into the project’s three components (West Gate Freeway; Tunnels; and Port, CityLink and city connections) as per other EES technical reports. Greenhouse gas emissions of the current road transport network were considered at three levels: x National – road transport emissions in Australia x State – road transport emissions in Victoria x Regional – road transport emissions for the western region of Melbourne. Findings for each of these levels are presented below. 5.1.1 National level
In 2014, Australia’s total greenhouse gas emissions were 523,310 kilotonnes of CO2-e. The transportation sector, which includes cars, light and heavy commercial vehicles and motorcycles, accounted for 15 per cent of Australia’s overall greenhouse gas emissions. Table 11 presents a breakdown of the Australian transportation greenhouse gas emissions. Within the transportation sector, cars represent the largest source of greenhouse gas emissions (55%). Table 11 Australian 2014 road transportation emissions (AGEIS, 2016)
Category Total kilotonnes (kt) of CO2-e Cars 42,905 Light commercial vehicles 13,799 Heavy-duty trucks and buses 21,626 Motorcycles 265 Total 78,595
5.1.2 State level
In 2014, Victoria’s total greenhouse gas emissions were 118,973 kilotonnes of CO2-e. The transportation sector accounted for 16 per cent of Victoria’s overall greenhouse gas emissions. Table 12 presents a breakdown of the Victorian transportation greenhouse gas emissions. Cars represent the largest source of greenhouse gas emissions in the transportation sector (58%).
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Table 12 Victorian 2014 road transportation emissions (AGEIS, 2016)
Category Total kilotonnes (kt) of CO2-e
Cars 11,214
Light commercial vehicles 3,362
Heavy-duty trucks and buses 4,759
Motorcycles 69
Total 19,404
5.1.3 Regional level A large number of trucks travel on the local, arterial and freeway road network in the inner west due to its proximity to the Port of Melbourne. WAGA estimates that residential and freight transportation emissions were 4,490 kilotonnes CO2-e in 2012 (67% and 33% respectively) for the WAGA region (refer to Section 3.2.2). These two emission sources emitted 26 per cent of total emissions (WAGA, 2014). Cars accounted for approximately 63 per cent of the region’s transportation emissions. The WAGA transportation emissions profile includes electricity consumption to operate trains and trams, which account for approximately 3 per cent of the region’s transportation emissions.
5.2 Risk assessment Greenhouse gases are emitted from the combustion of fossil fuels in plant, equipment and vehicles as well as from the production of electricity which is purchased from the grid. Other activities that release greenhouse gas emissions include clearing vegetation as well as the transportation and manufacture of construction materials. The risk assessment process described in Section 3.3 identified 23 risks associated with greenhouse gas emissions for the West Gate Tunnel Project. These risks are summarised below under the construction and operation phases. Due to the high likelihood (rated Almost Certain) of greenhouse gas emissions being emitted from any activity, the risk ratings may be artificially high compared with other EES assessments for the project. Greenhouse gas emission impacts during construction include the release of: x Greenhouse gas emissions from the consumption of fossil fuels for electricity generation and the operation of plant and equipment for all project construction works including: - Earthworks (risk ID GHGR02) - Relocation or protection of utilities (GHGR03 and GHGR08) - Roads and civil infrastructure activities (GHGR04 and GHGR17) - Ancillary works (such as noise barriers) (GHGR07) - Tunnelling activities associated with dive structure/portal works (GHGR10) and the use of the TBMs (GHGR14). x Greenhouse gas emissions from the manufacture and transportation of construction materials and the transportation of spoil (GHGR03, GHGR04, GHGR07, GHGR08, GHGR10, GHGR12 and GHGR17). x Greenhouse gas emissions from land clearing (GHGR01). x Additional greenhouse gas emissions from the inefficient use of fossil fuels and electricity for plant and equipment caused by construction delays or receiving poor quality materials resulting in rework (GHGR05, GHGR06, GHGR11, GHGR12, GHGR13, GHGR16, GHGR18 and GHGR19). x Accidental greenhouse gas emissions release from sewer and gas realignment works (GHGR09 and GHGR15).
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Greenhouse gas emission risks during operation include: x The release of greenhouse gas emissions from freeway and tunnel operations (such as ventilation, lighting, and the FCC) and maintenance activities (GHGR20, GHGR22, and GHGR23) x Variance between the estimated greenhouse gas emissions for operations and traffic use and actual emissions (GHGR21). A full list of risks is provided in Appendix F.
5.3 Impact assessment This section outlines the estimated greenhouse gas emission impacts associated with the West Gate Tunnel Project for its construction (Section 5.3.1) and operation (including maintenance) phases (Section 5.3.2). The impact of greenhouse gas emissions from vehicle traffic is discussed in Section 5.3.3. 5.3.1 Construction impacts Greenhouse gas emissions would result from the manufacture of the materials used to build the project (identified in risks GHGR03 to 08, GHGR10, GHGR12 and GHGR17). During construction, the embodied carbon in materials used during construction represents the largest emissions source (71%). However, the consequence of greenhouse gas emissions is considered minor and can be further managed by the EPR GGP2 relating to achieving IS credit Mat-1, which aims to reduce the lifecycle greenhouse gas emission impacts of materials. The release of greenhouse gas emissions from construction activities is considered to be almost certain. The use of fossil fuels such as diesel or grid-powered electricity is necessary to operate plant, equipment, and the TBMs to construct all infrastructure elements of the project (risk IDs GHGR02, GHGR04, GHGR05, GHGR07, GHGR08, GHGR10, GHGR14, GHGR17, and GHGR20). Greenhouse gas emissions from the use of diesel for plant equipment represents 6 per cent of construction emissions, while emissions associated with the construction of the twin tunnels under Yarraville (GHGR14) is the second-largest emission source for the project, representing 22 per cent of construction emissions. The impacts of greenhouse gas emissions from construction plant and equipment can be managed with initiatives identified by the WDA in EPRs relating to the IS credit Ene-1 (GGP2), which aims to minimise greenhouse gas emissions across the infrastructure lifecycle. In addition, Project Co has committed to investigate the use of renewable energy across the project (IS credit Ene-2). Greenhouse gas emission impacts from land clearing activities (GHGR01) and the transportation of tunnel spoil and construction materials collectively represent less than 1 per cent of the project’s construction emissions. Although immaterial, these impacts can be further mitigated through the achievement of IS credits Ene-1 and Ene-2 (GGP2). Additional measures include the implementation of a CEMP that includes requirements for the management of contaminated soil and spoil (CSP2), minimising the design footprint (LPP1) and minimising vegetation removal (EP1). The greenhouse gas emissions for risks relating to the accidental release of greenhouse gas emissions from utility works, or from the additional energy use from inefficient works were unable to be quantified in this assessment. However, these risks are rated low and their likely contribution to the project’s total greenhouse gas emissions is considered immaterial when evaluated as part of the materiality assessment. The greenhouse gas emission impacts can be addressed through ensuring risk assessments and safety studies detailing the impact on gas network infrastructure are completed in accordance with AS2885 and not undertaking works within three metres of any licenced transmission gas pipeline or underground regulating station are avoided unless agreed otherwise with the asset owner (BP7). A breakdown of the project’s construction greenhouse gas emissions by source and scope are shown in Table 13 and in Figure 6. The total greenhouse gas emissions (Scopes 1, 2 and 3) from construction are estimated to be 457 kilotonnes CO2-e. Over the 4-year construction period, this equates to approximately 114.3 kilotonnes CO2-e annually. This annual figure is equivalent to approximately 0.10 per cent of Victoria’s total greenhouse gas emissions (2014).
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Scope 1 and 2 emissions equate to an average of 30.5 kilotonnes CO2-e per annum, which would exceed NGER Scheme thresholds for a facility. Table 13 Greenhouse gas emissions summary for construction phase by emission source and scope
Emission Scope 1 Scope 2 Scope 3 Total source Emission source category (kt CO2-e) (kt CO2-e) (kt CO2-e) (kt CO2-e) Construction
Fuel use Construction plant and equipment, including site 25.8 - 2.0 27.8 office/s
Site vehicles 0.5 - <0.1 0.6
Transportation of tunnel spoil 2.0 - <0.1 2.0
Delivery of plant, equipment --0.8 0.8 and construction materials
Electricity Operation of plant and consumption equipment, including tunnel -92.78.5 101.2 boring machines (TBMs)
Materials Construction materials - - 323.6 323.6
Land use Vegetation removal 1.1 - - 1.1 changes
TOTAL (kt CO2-e) 29.4 92.7 334.9 457.0
Figure 6 Construction greenhouse gas emissions by emission source (kt CO2-e)
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5.3.2 Operational impacts During the West Gate Tunnel Project’s operations, greenhouse gas emissions would result from the use of electricity for the tunnel pumps, lighting, and ventilation (identified in risk GHGR22). The annual greenhouse gas emissions from tunnel operations represent 89 per cent of the project’s operational emissions. The consequence of greenhouse gas emissions is considered high and can be mitigated by EPR GGP1, which covers the mandatory action under the Protocol for Environmental Management (Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Energy Efficiency in Industry) to incorporate best practice energy usage for tunnel ventilation and lighting systems. In addition, achieving IS credits Ene-1 (GGP2) and Ene-2 would also mitigate these risks. Greenhouse gas emissions impacts from electricity use to operate other elements of the project such as the West Gate Freeway, twin viaducts, and port, CityLink and city connections are covered in risks GHGR20, GHGR21 and GHGR23. Operating the supporting electrical systems such as signalling and toll gantries for the West Gate Tunnel Project is estimated to represent 9 per cent of the project’s annual operational greenhouse gas emissions. It is anticipated these impacts can also be mitigated as part of the IS credits Ene-1 (CCP2) and Ene-2. There are a limited number of risks associated with the potential greenhouse gas emission impacts from maintenance of the West Gate Tunnel Project. Greenhouse gas emissions from the use of fossil fuels to operate plant and equipment, site vehicles, and from the delivery of materials are collectively estimated to represent less than 3 per cent of the total operational greenhouse gas emissions. These impacts can also be mitigated through the achievement of IS credits Ene-1 (GGP2) and Ene-2. A breakdown of the annual greenhouse gas emissions source and scope from the project’s operation (including maintenance) are summarised in Table 14 and Figure 7. Total annual greenhouse gas emissions from the project’s operation are estimated to be 18.9 kilotonnes CO2-e/p.a. This is 0.02 per cent of Victoria’s total greenhouse gas emissions in 2014 and 0.10 per cent of Victoria’s road transportation emissions in 2014. Victoria’s grid electricity is Australia’s most greenhouse gas-intensive. The Victorian Government has committed to sourcing at least 25 per cent of the state's electricity come from Victorian-built renewable generation by 2020, and 40 per cent by 2025. Achieving these targets will reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the project’s operation associated with electricity consumption. Table 14 Annual greenhouse gas emissions summary for the project’s operational activities (including maintenance) by emission source and scope
Scope Scope 2 Scope 3 Total Emission 1 source Emission source (kt CO -e/ (kt CO -e/ (kt CO - (kt CO - 2 2 2 category 2 p.a.) p.a.) e/ p.a.) e/ p.a.) Operations
Electricity Operation of tunnel (e.g. pumps, - 15.3 1.4 16.7 consumption lighting and ventilation)
Operation of other electrical systems (e.g. signalling, toll - 1.5 0.2 1.7 gantries, and operations centre) Maintenance
Fuel use Plant and equipment, and site vehicles (including fuel used in delivery of materials, maintenance 0.2 - <0.1 0.2 plant and equipment and site vehicles)
Materials Maintenance materials - - 0.3 0.3
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Scope Scope 2 Scope 3 Total Emission 1 source Emission source (kt CO -e/ (kt CO -e/ (kt CO - (kt CO - 2 2 2 category 2 p.a.) p.a.) e/ p.a.) e/ p.a.)
TOTAL (kt CO2-e/p.a.) 0.2 16.8 1.9 18.9
Figure 7 Operational phase (including maintenance) greenhouse gas emissions by emission source (kt CO2-e/p.a.)
Operationalgreenhousegasemissionsbyemission
source(ktCO2Ͳe/year) 1.1% 1.3% 9.0%
Operationoftunnel
Operationofotherelectrical systems Fueluse
Maintenancematerials
88.5%
5.3.3 Operational emissions from vehicle traffic For consistency with other EES technical reports, this report uses the outputs from the VLC model to estimate greenhouse gas emissions from vehicle traffic across the metropolitan Melbourne road network (as per the approach described in Section 3.4.1) for both the no-project and with-project scenarios. As shown in Table 15, model outputs estimate a marginal increase in greenhouse gas emissions in 2021 and 2031 under the with-project scenario compared with the no-project scenario (0.23% and 0.04% respectively). As described in Section 3.4.1, the estimation of future traffic greenhouse gas emissions does not include changes in the fuel efficiency of vehicles over time. Anticipated future improvements in fuel efficiency of vehicles would reduce greenhouse gas emissions rates and ultimately the relative future greenhouse gas emissions under both the no-project and with-project scenarios. Table 15 Estimated total annual greenhouse gas emissions from road traffic on the metropolitan Melbourne road network
Greenhouse gas emissions (kt of CO2-e p.a.) 2021 2031
No-project 17,205 20,757
West Gate Tunnel Project 17,245 20,765
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Greenhouse gas emissions (kt of CO2-e p.a.) 2021 2031
Difference from ‘no-project’ (kt of CO2-e) + 40 + 8
Difference (%) 0.23% 0.04%
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Comparing greenhouse gas emissions with vehicle kilometres travelled (VKT) can be used to estimate a change in the intensity of greenhouse gas emissions under the no-project and with-project scenarios. Table 16 sets out estimated greenhouse gas emissions intensity from traffic on Melbourne’s metropolitan road network and shows a very marginal decrease in the kg of CO2-e/VKT under the with-project scenario in 2021 and 2031 (approximately 0.24% and 0.31% less respectively). Table 16 Estimated greenhouse gas emissions intensity ((kg) per VKT) from road traffic on the metropolitan Melbourne road network
Greenhouse gas emissions intensity (kg of 2021 2031 CO2-e/VKT)
No-project 0.415 0.422
West Gate Tunnel Project 0.414 0.421
Difference from ‘no-project’ (kg of CO2-e/VKT) -0.001 -0.001
Difference from ‘no-project’ (%) -0.24% -0.31%
Based on the findings from the VLC vehicle traffic model, the potential for the project to significantly contribute to Victoria’s annual greenhouse gas emissions for the transportation sector is low. The risk attributed to potential variances between modelled and actual greenhouse gas emissions from vehicle traffic (GHGR21) is low. For this reason, no specific EPRs have been identified for this risk.
5.4 Environmental Performance Requirements Table 17 presents the EPRs to manage greenhouse gas-related risks. These have been informed by the requirements to develop a Construction Environmental Management Plan (CEMP), the need to consider best practice design for tunnel ventilation and lighting systems as per the PEM (Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Energy Efficiency in Industry), as well as the mandatory Ene-1 and Mat-1 credits in the IS rating framework. These would drive reductions in greenhouse gas emissions arising from construction and operation activities of the project.
Table 17 Environmental Performance Requirements to manage greenhouse gas related risks
EPR No./ID EPR description
GGP1 Greenhouse gas emissions Integrate sustainable design practices into the design process to minimise, to the extent practicable, greenhouse gas emissions arising from construction, operations and maintenance of the West Gate Tunnel Project. Include mandatory actions under the Protocol for Environmental Management (Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Energy Efficiency in Industry) for selection of best practice energy usage for the Tunnel ventilation and lighting systems.
GGP2 Emissions reduction In detailed design consider the selection of materials and monitor energy and carbon during construction, to target reductions for GHG emission impacts of materials and energy consumption in accordance with Mat-1 (Level 2) and Ene-1 (Level 2) credits of the Infrastructure Sustainability (IS) rating tool (v1.2).
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EPR No./ID EPR description
CSP2 Contaminated soil and spoil management The CEMP must include requirements and methods for contaminated soil and spoil management developed in consultation with EPA Victoria. The CEMP must include requirements and methods for contaminated soil and spoil management developed in consultation with EPA Victoria. This must include undertaking a detailed assessment prior to any excavation of potentially contaminated areas to identify location, types and extent of any contaminated land and properties within or adjacent to the project boundary, and sensitive land uses affected by construction activity outside the project boundary, and assessing the potential impact for human health, environmental risk and odour. This assessment must include but not be limited to consideration of the following: x Potential contamination risks at the former quarry locations and landfills x Potential contamination risks associated with any alteration of the 220kV power lines and any other utilities x Potential contamination risks associated with any Works to the North Yarra Main Sewer x Potential contamination risks and waste classification of the sediments in the Maribyrnong River and Moonee Ponds Creek x Potential impacts posed by contamination sources adjacent to the northern portal area x Presence of soil contamination where excavations are proposed in the South Dynon rail yards. x Potential contamination risks in locations where public open spaces are proposed.
CEMP must also include requirements and methods for: x Characterising soil prior to disposal or reuse including PFAS chemicals x Identifying soil containing asbestos and if present, developing management strategies in accordance with the WorkSafe Regulations x Assessing geological formations with naturally enriched metals and applicable spoil management options and or off-site disposal to the satisfaction of EPA Victoria, in particular, tunnel spoil and the West Gate Freeway embankment material x Identifying suitably licensed facilities for the disposal or treatment of contaminated soil x Management of wastewater x Management of dust, potential stormwater run-off and seepage from stockpiled materials x Assessing potential for accumulation of potentially harmful gases and vapours during tunnelling from soil and groundwater contamination zones x Undertaking a baseline site assessment of areas proposed for construction laydown prior to use x Management of any air pollutants released as a result of disturbance of contaminated land, in accordance with requirements of SEPP (AQM) x Minimising cut and cover construction techniques in areas containing asbestos contamination x Protection of the beneficial uses of land associated with current and planned future use.
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EPR No./ID EPR description
EP1 Minimise vegetation removal and disturbance Develop and implement measures to avoid, where practicable, and otherwise minimise to the extent practicable impacts on native vegetation and fauna habitat through detailed design and construction, including: x Minimising footprint and surface disturbance of temporary and permanent Works and constrain Works on or near the north side of the West Gate Freeway and Kororoit Creek intersection, Hyde Street Reserve, Yarraville Gardens, Stony Creek and Stony Creek Reserve, Maribyrnong River, Moonee Ponds Creek, Kororoit Creek, Dynon Road and areas of amenity planting including Footscray Road x Minimising Works in or near wetlands and EVC habitats (such as the Kororoit Creek Riparian Woodland, Stony Creek Coastal Saltmarsh, Moonee Ponds Creek Brackish Wetlands and Plains Grassy Woodland and Swamp Scrub patches along Dynon Road) x Minimising footprint and disturbance of potential foraging habitat for Swift Parrot, Powerful Owl and Grey-headed Flying Fox x Minimising the removal of mature trees, planted and remnant native trees and remnant vegetation, particularly large amenity trees (>30 cm DBH) and those within or connected to public reserves and parks x Arboricultural assessments to inform detailed design and maximise tree retention and long-term viability of amenity plantings. A pre-construction site assessment must be carried out to confirm the area and number of trees proposed to be impacted. Area and number of trees actually removed is to be confirmed through a post-construction assessment.
LPP1 Minimise design footprint Through detailed design, minimise the permanent footprint of the Project to the extent practicable to reduce adverse impacts on potentially affected land uses, particularly: x Parks x Reserves/ gardens x Recreational and community facilities x Residential properties in proximity to the construction area x Commercial and industrial sites.
BP7 Gas utilities Unless agreed otherwise with the asset owner, ensure that: x No Works are undertaken within 3 metres of any licensed transmission gas pipeline or underground regulating station x Subject to the requirement below, clearances to all gas assets are as per the Conditions of Works as detailed in SP AusNet Technical Standards TS2607.1, TS2607.2 and TS2607.3, as amended or replaced from time to time x Risk assessments and safety studies detailing the impact on gas network infrastructure are completed in accordance with AS2885, which is the Standards Australia standard for the design, construction, testing, operations and maintenance of gas and petroleum pipelines that operate at pressure in excess of 1050 kPa, as amended or replaced from time to time.
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EPR No./ID EPR description
TP3 Traffic Management Plans Develop and implement Traffic Management Plans with measures to minimise disruption, to the extent practicable, to motor vehicle traffic, parking, bicycle and pedestrian movements during construction in consultation with relevant road management authorities, including: x Management of any temporary or partial closure of traffic lanes, including along: Local roads, including provision for suitable routes for vehicles, cyclist and pedestrians to maintain connectivity for road and shared path users CityLink traffic lanes and ramps M1 and Footscray Road Hyde Street, Francis Street, Whitehall Street. x A strategy for maintaining the current capacity (number of lanes) during peak periods for Works on the following key State roads - West Gate Freeway, Princes Freeway, M80, Footscray Road, Wurundjeri Way, Dudley Street, Williamstown Road, Millers Road, Grieve Parade x Restrict the number of local roads to be used for construction-related transportation to minimise impacts on amenity, in consultation with the relevant road authorities x Reinstate access to open space, community facilities, commercial premises and dwellings if disrupted, as soon as practicable x Provide suitable parking arrangements to accommodate the construction workforce whilst minimising traffic impacts on local roads, preventing construction-related parking on local roads or use of public car parks x Provide safe access points to laydown areas and site compounds x Implement a communications strategy (as set out in the CCEP) to advise affected users, potentially affected users, relevant stakeholders and the relevant road authorities of any changes to transport conditions x Maintain, where practicable, current local area traffic management measures during construction or reinstate upon completion in consultation with the relevant local councils x Haulage of bulk material to and from the construction areas to within a 2 km range of the Works must be via roads operated by VicRoads, CityLink or the Port Manager or, subject to obtaining prior agreement by the relevant road authority, other parts of the road network.
The Traffic Management Plan may include Worksite Traffic Management Plans (WTMP) for discrete components or stages of the Works having the potential to impact on roads, shared used paths, pedestrian paths or public transport infrastructure.
6.0 Cumulative impacts Cumulative greenhouse gas emissions from multiple sources are a key contributor to the climate change impacts such as greater frequency and intensity of extreme weather. Additional transport infrastructure projects such as the Metro Tunnel rail project, would release additional greenhouse gas emissions over a similar construction timeframe as the West Gate Tunnel Project. The development of the Metro Tunnel may assist in reducing transportation emissions by increasing public transport use for some trips.
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AECOM West Gate Tunnel Project 41 West Gate Tunnel Project Greenhouse Gas Assessment
7.0 Conclusions
7.1 Relevant EES evaluation objective/s The relevant evaluation objectives for the greenhouse gas emissions impact assessment include: x Waste management: to manage excavated spoil and other waste streams generated by the project in accordance with the waste hierarchy and relevant best practice principles x Environmental Management Framework (EMF): to provide a transparent framework with clear accountabilities for managing environmental effects and hazards associated with construction and operation phases of the project, in order to achieve acceptable environmental outcomes.
7.2 Impact assessment summary Greenhouse gas emissions from Scope 1, 2 and 3 construction activities of the proposed West Gate Tunnel Project are estimated to be 457 kilotonnes CO2-e. The majority of emissions relate to the manufacture of construction materials (Scope 3 – 323.6 kilotonnes CO2-e). Direct emissions (Scope 1 * and 2) account for 122 kilotonnes CO2-e. Over a 4-year construction period , this equates to approximately 30.5 kilotonnes CO2-e p.a. (for Scope 1 and 2), this would, likely exceed NGER Scheme threshold for a facility and reporting may be required. Annual Scope 1, 2 and 3 greenhouse gas emissions from construction are estimated to be 114.3 kilotonnes CO2-e, approximately 0.10 per cent of Victoria’s total 2014 greenhouse gas emissions.
The majority of greenhouse gas emissions from construction activities (71%, 323.6 kilotonnes CO2-e) relate to the manufacture of the materials used on the project. Electricity consumption to operate the construction plant and equipment, including Tunnel Boring Machines (TBMs) is the next most significant source of greenhouse gas emissions (22%), followed by the fuel consumption for the construction plant and equipment (6%). Greenhouse gas emissions once the West Gate Tunnel Project is operating, including maintenance activities but excluding road user emissions, are estimated to be 18.9 kilotonnes CO2-e per annum, of which 17 kilotonnes CO2-e are Scope 1 and Scope 2 emissions. The vast majority (89%) of greenhouse gas emissions once the project is operating relate to electricity consumption for tunnel operations (lighting, ventilation, and pumps). To assess the impact of the West Gate Tunnel Project on greenhouse gas emissions from vehicle traffic across the metropolitan Melbourne road network, the fuel consumption of cars, light commercial vehicles (LCV) and heavy commercial vehicles (HCV) for 2021 and 2031 was estimated under no-project and with-project scenarios. It is estimated a marginal increase in vehicle traffic emissions from the metropolitan Melbourne road network in 2021 and 2031 would occur under the with-project scenario compared with the no-project scenario (0.23% and 0.04% respectively). However, the greenhouse gas intensity of the metropolitan Melbourne road network (kg CO2-e per vehicle kilometre travelled (VKT)) is estimated to reduce marginally under the with-project scenario in 2021 and 2031 (0.24% and 0.31%).
7.3 Environmental performance requirements Implementing the requirements of the PEM (Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Energy Efficiency in Industry) would aid selection of best practice design and energy usage for the tunnel ventilation and lighting systems. In addition, the commitment to achieve the energy (Ene-1) and materials (Mat-1) credits of the ISCA IS rating framework would drive further reductions in greenhouse gas emissions arising from construction and operation activities of the project. These IS objectives encourage the contractor to minimise energy and greenhouse gas emissions across the infrastructure lifecycle and whole of life
* Greenhouse gas emissions associated with the commissioning are accounted for in the project’s operational emissions profile.
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AECOM West Gate Tunnel Project 42 West Gate Tunnel Project Greenhouse Gas Assessment
environmental impacts of materials, which is a high emissions source for the project. A summary of the EPRs related to the greenhouse gas impact assessment is included in Appendix E. Implementation of the EPRs would meet the EES objectives relating to waste management and the environmental management framework (EMF) to reduce the project’s greenhouse gas emissions. It is assumed the EPRs would be applied and appropriate measures implemented by the successful contractors procured for the project.
09-May-2017 Prepared for – Western Distributor Authority – ABN: 69981208782
AECOM West Gate Tunnel Project 43 West Gate Tunnel Project Greenhouse Gas Assessment
8.0 References Arblaster, J, Jubb, I, Braganza, K, Alexander, L, Karoly, D and Colman, R, Weather extremes and climate change: the science behind the attribution of climactic events, Australian Climate Change Science Program, Commonwealth Scientific Industry Research Organisation, 2015.
09-May-2017 Prepared for – Western Distributor Authority – ABN: 69981208782
AECOM West Gate Tunnel Project A West Gate Tunnel Project Greenhouse Gas Assessment
APPENDICES
09-May-2017 Prepared for – Western Distributor Authority – ABN: 69981208782
AECOM West Gate Tunnel Project A West Gate Tunnel Project Greenhouse Gas Assessment
09-May-2017 Prepared for – Western Distributor Authority – ABN: 69981208782
A AECOM West Gate Tunnel Project West Gate Tunnel Project Greenhouse Gas Assessment
Appendix A
Carbon Gauge Input Assumptions
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AECOM West Gate Tunnel Project A-1 West Gate Tunnel Project Greenhouse Gas Assessment
Table 18 lists the assumptions that were made to determine inputs for Carbon Gauge. Detail on the assumptions made within Carbon Gauge is included in Greenhouse Gas Assessment Workbook for Road Projects published by the Transport Authorities Greenhouse Group (TAGG), February 2013. Table 18 Carbon Gauge input assumptions Carbon Carbon Gauge Project Design – data provided and Gauge AECOM Assumption/s for Project Design input reference category Fuel type Construction Site offices Project Co noted that site office fuel use - activity is included in plant and equipment estimate and will be grid connected electricity (Tender Clarifications - Table 6 GHG 161205).
Construction Diesel (Attachment 10 page 2) Fuel combustion is assumed to include all construction plant and equipment, including barges and marine plant. Demolition and Diesel (Attachment 10 page 2) - earthworks Vegetation removal Diesel (Attachment 10 page 2) - Percentage of site 33% (Attachment 10 page 2) 33 per cent estimated based on Project Co identifying 140 vehicles using kL diesel fuel use and 70 kL for site vehicles. petrol Pavements Pavement Pavement 1 x 459,500m2 Assume pavement type is full depth asphalt in Carbon types Gauge.
Figure estimated from CAD drawings provided by Project Co for new pavements only.
Structures Structures Bridges (including x 44,735m2 for match cast bridge Assume bridge constructed using steel beams as a quantity type interchanges and segments for steel beams was provided by Project Co. overpasses) x 58,833m2 for super T bridges Entered into Carbon Gauge as 10.357 km by 10 m to equal x (Tender Clarifications - Table 6 the total surface area of both types of bridges as provided GHG 161205) by Project Co.
09-May-2017 Prepared for – Western Distributor Authority – ABN: 69981208782
AECOM West Gate Tunnel Project A-2 West Gate Tunnel Project Greenhouse Gas Assessment
Carbon Carbon Gauge Project Design – data provided and Gauge AECOM Assumption/s for Project Design input reference category Reinforced soil No information provided by Project Co. N/A walls Retaining Walls 7.9 km (length) x 4.435 m (height) Length estimated from CAD drawings provided by Project Co. Retaining wall height was unable to be determined from design drawings, therefore the average height used in the Reference Design was used (4.435 m). Drainage Drainage type Kerbing Estimated from CAD drawings to be - 18.617km.
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AECOM West Gate Tunnel Project A-3 West Gate Tunnel Project Greenhouse Gas Assessment
Carbon Carbon Gauge Project Design – data provided and Gauge AECOM Assumption/s for Project Design input reference category Culverts - pipes or No drainage lengths were provided by This report estimated drainage infrastructure in the same box culverts for Project Co. manner as the Reference Design Impact Assessment. It is water drainage assumed that for tunnels and city connections (i.e. new roads) a drain would be required for the full length of each carriageway. This estimate was rounded up to cater for some cross-drainage that may be required. The minimum size of a VicRoads drain is 375 mm in diameter. This report therefore assumed that all longitudinal drains are this size and the cross drainage slightly larger. CAD drawings estimated that there are 14.5 km of new roads (i.e. tunnels and city connections), therefore this report assumed 14.5 km of 375mm RCP. Another 10% (1.4 km) is added on top of this length to account for cross drainage for 450 – 750 RCP (medium size). The actual length and break up of existing drainage for the West Gate Freeway component (12 km in total) was calculated as follows: x Small <450 RCP - 7.6 km x Medium 450-750 RCP - 2.3 km x Large 750 - 1200 RCP - 2.6 km Note that the 750 RCP is considered a large culvert. All of the West Gate Freeway drainage is required to be replaced in this design. The increased area (pervious and impervious) for the West Gate Freeway component is assumed to be 39%, as is in the Reference Design Impact Assessment. Making the very broad assumption that the additional drainage required would be similar to the increase in impervious area proportion, the following length of drainage for the West Gate Freeway component was estimated as:
09-May-2017 Prepared for – Western Distributor Authority – ABN: 69981208782
AECOM West Gate Tunnel Project A-4 West Gate Tunnel Project Greenhouse Gas Assessment
Carbon Carbon Gauge Project Design – data provided and Gauge AECOM Assumption/s for Project Design input reference category
Tunnels WGF – and city Total WGF – (The connecti new Pipe type existing Design ons (The draina (km) estimate) Design ge (km) estimate) (km) (km)
Small <450 7.6 10.56 14.57 25.1 RCP
Medium 450-750 2.3 3.20 1.46 4.7 RCP
Large 750 - 1200 2.6 3.61 0 3.6 RCP Road furniture Road Road safety Indicated that barrier type will be F-type Assumed all road safety barriers are F-type (New Jersey). furniture type barriers (New Jersey) (Tender Clarifications - Length estimated from CAD drawings provided by Project Table 6 GHG 161205) Co.
88.767 km
Noise walls 5.959 km Assumed reinforced concrete wall. Length estimated from CAD drawings provided by Project Co.
Material transport Material Aggregate Aggregate assumed for pavements, x No information about truck size provided by Project
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AECOM West Gate Tunnel Project A-5 West Gate Tunnel Project Greenhouse Gas Assessment
Carbon Carbon Gauge Project Design – data provided and Gauge AECOM Assumption/s for Project Design input reference category transport Asphalt and structures, drainage, and road furniture. Co. Assumed heavy goods vehicles (12t Earthworks Earthworks Strip and respread No information provided by Project Co. Assume zero. type topsoil Cut to spoil 256,419 BCM (for asbestos, Cat A, B, Converted to m3 by using 1.2 conversion factor; equates to and C, and Acid Sulphate Soil). 307,703 m3. This figure has been entered into Carbon (EES Submission - Attachment 9 - Gauge. Contamination and Spoil Management Plan) Cut to fill 1,578,608 BCM The Spoil Management Plan notes that it is preferred fill (EES Submission - Attachment 9 - material is reused offsite, therefore the return trip emissions Contamination and Spoil Management associated with haulage off site has been estimated for the Plan) full fill amount. 1,894,329 m3: 1.2 conversion factor as per Conversion estimate from BCM to m3. Vegetation removal Vegetation Biomass class No information provided by Project Co. Assume biomass Class 2: 50-100 (t dry matter/ha), same removal type as Reference Design. 09-May-2017 Prepared for – Western Distributor Authority – ABN: 69981208782 AECOM West Gate Tunnel Project A-6 West Gate Tunnel Project Greenhouse Gas Assessment Carbon Carbon Gauge Project Design – data provided and Gauge AECOM Assumption/s for Project Design input reference category Vegetation 100,000 m2 of vegetation to be removed. m2 of vegetation removal equivalent to 10 ha. removed (Tender Clarifications - Table 6 GHG Type of vegetation removed not specified by Project Co. 161205) This report assumed all Class I. Street lighting Street Lighting 52,036 m for LED street lights. Assumed to relate to the Carbon Gauge category ‘freeway lighting type through carriage ways’. Distance for street lighting excludes tunnels. 09-May-2017 Prepared for – Western Distributor Authority – ABN: 69981208782 AECOM West Gate Tunnel Project A-7 West Gate Tunnel Project Greenhouse Gas Assessment Carbon Carbon Gauge Project Design – data provided and Gauge AECOM Assumption/s for Project Design input reference category Traffic signals Traffic signal LED traffic signals 18 x divided Two intersections in West Gate Fwy/Grieve Parade type (Road alignment drawings in 3b.2 Intersection Plan and one intersection in each of the Design Approach) following references: x West Gate Fwy/ Hyde St Intersection Plan LED traffic signals (Table 6 GHG 161205) x Hyde St/Simcock Ave x McKenzie Road Entry Ramp x McKenzie Road Exit Ramp x Footscray Rd/Appleton Dock x Footscray Rd/City Link x Footscray Rd/Pearl River Road x WD/Footscray Road Ramps x WD/WWE Ramps x Dynon Road Ramps x Dudley St/WW intersection x WW/Digital Drive x WW/ES Gate C x WW/Bourke St x WW/Flinders Street x Dryburgh St/Spencer St. 2 x undivided One intersection in each of the following: (Road alignment drawings in 3b.2 x Hyde St/Francis St Design Approach) x Dynon Road Entry and Exit Ramps. LED traffic signals (Table 6 GHG 161205) 09-May-2017 Prepared for – Western Distributor Authority – ABN: 69981208782 AECOM West Gate Tunnel Project A-8 West Gate Tunnel Project Greenhouse Gas Assessment Carbon Carbon Gauge Project Design – data provided and Gauge AECOM Assumption/s for Project Design input reference category 3 x freeway divided One intersection in each of the following: (Road alignment drawings in 3b.2 x West Gate Fwy/Millers Road Intersection Plan Sheet 1 Design Approach) and 2 LED traffic signals (Table 6 GHG x West Gate Fwy/Williamstown Road Intersection Plan 161205) Sheet 1 and 2 x Footscray Rd/Ramps F1 and F2. Maintenance Pavements – n/a Calculate using construction pavement quantities function activities type flexible and rigid in Carbon Gauge (for example using the same assumptions as that used to estimate emissions from the construction of pavements (459,000 m2). 09-May-2017 Prepared for – Western Distributor Authority – ABN: 69981208782 AECOM West Gate Tunnel Project B West Gate Tunnel Project Greenhouse Gas Assessment BAppendix B Carbon Gauge Inputs and Outputs 19-Apr-2017 Prepared for – Transurban Limited – ABN: 96098143410 Carbon Gauge Materiality Checklist Tick if Activity/Emission Source Emission source to be included in GHG Assessment included Construction Will a diesel generator be used to provide power to the project site office for YES If yes, fuel combusted in powering site offices will be included. more than 12 months? FALSE 2 Will more than 120 buildings be required to be demolished per 1km of YES If yes, fuel combusted in demolishing buildings will be included. road? FALSE 2 Will more than 0.5 ha (5,000m2) of vegetation be removed? YES If yes, vegetation removal and/or revegetation will be included. TRUE 1 If yes, electricity consumption and explosives used will be included. Will the project involve tunnelling? YES Tunnelling is not yet included. * If yes, the emissions associated with the transport of materials to site will be Is the project located more than 50 km from the nearest material included. suppliers/quarry/city? YES TRUE 1 If yes, fuel combusted in stationary engines will be included. Batching plants Will the project utilise on-site batching plants or other continuously are not yet included. operating stationary plant and equipment for more than 6 months? YES Will the project include road safety barriers along more than 50% of the If yes, the emissions from the construction and installation of road safety road length if barriers are used on both sides of a dual carriageway (i.e. 4 YES barriers will be included. sets) or 100% of the road length if used on both side of a single TRUE 1 carriageway (i.e. two sets)? Will the project include noise walls along more than 50% of the road length If yes, the emissions from the construction and installation of noise walls will on both sides or 100% of the road length on one side? YES be included. TRUE 1 Operation Will the project include street lighting continuously along more than: 15% of the road length (VIC) 20% of the road length (ACT, NSW, QLD) YES If yes, the emissions from the operation of street lighting will be included. 25% of the road length (SA, WA, NT) 70% of the road length (TAS)? 100% of the road length (NZ)? TRUE 1 Will the project include traffic signals and/or interchanges using incandescent lights that are less than: 14.9 km apart (VIC) If yes, the emissions from the operation of traffic signals using incandescent 11.5 km apart (ACT, NSW, QLD, NT) YES lights wil be included. 8.0 km apart (SA, WA) 3.1 km apart (TAS)? 1.7 km apart (NZ)? TRUE 1 Will the project include traffic signals and/or interchanges using quartz halogen lights that are less than: 5.6 km apart (VIC) YES If yes, the emissions from the operation of traffic signals using quartz halogen 4.5 km apart (ACT, NSW, QLD, NT) lights wil be included. 3.5 km apart (SA, WA) 1.3 km apart (TAS)? 0.6 km apart (NZ)? TRUE 1 Will the project include traffic signals and/or interchanges using LED lights that are less than: 2.7 km apart (VIC) YES If yes, the emissions from the operation of traffic signals using LED lights wil 2.0 km apart (ACT, NSW, QLD) be included. 1.8 km apart (SA, WA, NT) 0.6 km apart (TAS)? 0.3 km apart (NZ)? TRUE 1 If yes, enter the emissions from vehicles using the road over the 50 year life Will the project include emissions from vehicles using the road during its 50 YES of the road project. Note that these emissions must be calculated separately year life? and then entered into the calculator. TRUE 1 *While tunnelling activities are not integrated into the Carbon Gauge calculator, emissions from tunnelling activities have been estimated using the method out- lined in Appendix C. Carbon Gauge Inputs Key: Project Details Project title West Gate Tunnel Project Project location Melbourne Country Region Australia NZ Rural Urban State VIC Brief description of the works e.g. (eg. new road, road duplication, road upgrade, intersection upgrade, etc) Construction Estimated Value ($m) 5500000000 Large Project Project Duration (Months) 50 Biodiesel (B10) Percentage of site vehicles Fuel Type Construction Activity Fuel Type using Petrol Plant Equipment Fuel Site Offices Diesel 33% Construction Diesel Demolition and Earthworks Diesel Vegetation Removal Diesel Use Pavement Press Button Pavements Pavement types Pavement area (m2) Option to configure Pavement 1 01. Full Depth Asphalt 459,500 YES Pavement 2 01. Full Depth Asphalt YES Pavement Options are only Pavement 3 01. Full Depth Asphalt YES available for road pavement Pavement 4 types 1 to 5 01. Full Depth Asphalt YES Pavement 5 01. Full Depth Asphalt YES Pavement 6 01. Full Depth Asphalt YES Structures Type Total Length (km) Width (m) Height (m) Bridges (including interchanges and Bridge constructed using precast overpasses) reinforced concrete beams Bridge constructed using steel beams 10.357 10 Reinforced Soil Walls Reinforced Soil Walls Retaining Walls Concrete retaining walls 7.9 4.435 Timber retaining walls Rock retaining walls Drainage Total Length (km) Kerbing Mountable Kerb Semi-mountable Kerb 18.62 Upright kerb and Gutter (Channel) Invert drain Culverts – pipes or box culverts for Small <450 RCP 25.1 water drainage Medium 450 – 750 RCP 4.7 Large 750 – 1200 RCP 3.6 375x 600 RCBC 600 x 1200 RCBC Open, Unlined Drains Form open, unlined drains Road Furniture Total Length (km) Road Safety Barriers Wire rope barrier 1 W-beam barrier F-type (New Jersey) barrier 88.767 1 Noise Walls Reinforced concrete wall 5.959 Hebel noise wall Timber wall Steel plate wall ure s t t rni n res e u ag ct n Truck Size per Load of Distance from source to veme i ad Fu a ra o Material (GVM) Material Transport P Stru D R site (km) Aggregate Heavy goods vehicles 9 1 YES YES YES YES (12tGVM25t) Only include materials being Asphalt & Bitumen Heavy goods vehicles 9 transported more than 50km YES YES YES YES (12tGVM25t) Cement and Concrete Heavy goods vehicles 9 YES YES YES YES (12tGVM25t) Steel Heavy goods vehicles 9 YES YES YES YES (12tGVM25t) Timber Heavy goods vehicles YES YES YES YES (12tGVM25t) Earthworks Total Volume (m3) Earthwork Types Strip and respread topsoil Cut to spoil 307,703 Cut to fill 1,894,329 Import and place filling Quantity demolished Demolition (Number of buildings) 2 Buildings Houses 0 Small commercial 0 Medium commercial 0 Large commercial 0 Vegetation Removal Select biomass class Potential maximum biomass class Biomass Class Class 2: 50 - 100 (t dry matter/ha) 2 Area cleared (ha) Vegetation Removed Class A (Rainforest and vine thicket) Rare Class Class B (Eucalypt tall open forest) Not Possible Class C (Open forest) Class D (Open woodlands) Class E (Callitris forest & woodland) Class F (Mallee & Acacia woodland) Class G (Open shrubland) Class H (Heathlands) Class I (Grasslands) 10 Operations Street Lighting Street Length (m) 1 Lighting Freeway through carriageways 52,035 Freeway ramps and arterial roads Street lighting is only for one side of the road, if lighting is on both sides double the length entered Underpasses Traffic Signals Number of Intersections Incadescent Traffic Signals Major urban intersection - Divided Road 1 Major intersection - Undivided Road Freeway with divided road (full diamond interchange) Quartz Halogen Traffic Signals Major urban intersection - Divided Road 1 Major intersection - Undivided Road Freeway with divided road (full diamond interchange) LED Traffic Signals Major urban intersection - Divided Road 18 1 Major intersection - Undivided Road 2 Freeway with divided road (full diamond 3 interchange) Emissions GHGe Vehicle Use (t CO2-e) 1 Vehicles Emissions from vehicles using road Maintenance Maintenance Activities Pavement area (m2) Construction area (m2) Pavements - Flexible 01. Full Depth Asphalt 459,500 459,500 1 02. Deep Strength Asphalt 0 0 03. Granular with Spray Seal 0 0 Pavements - Rigid 04. Plain Concrete (PC) 0 0 05. Reinforced Concrete (RC) 0 0 GHG Assessment Workbook for Road Projects Summary Report Note: This Workbook is designed to enable a consistent methodology for the assessment of significant emission sources and estimation of greenhouse gas emissions. As such it deliberately does not cover activities and emission sources assessed as insignificant, and it is not designed for compliance reporting. Project Description Project title West Gate Tunnel Project Project location Melbourne State VIC Description - Project Value ($m) 5500000000 Project Duration (Months) 50 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Emissions released into the atmosphere as a direct result of an activity, or series of activities (including ancillary Scope 1 emissions activities) that constitutes the facility. Emissions released as a result of one or more activities that generate electricity, heating, cooling or steam that is Scope 2 emissions consumed by the facility but that do not form part of the facility. Emissions that occur outside the site boundary of a facility as a result of activities at a facility that are not Scope 2 Scope 3 emissions emissions. Project Summary Major Activity Scope 1 Scope 2 Scope 3 Total Design 0000 Construction 27,420 0 196,921 224,341 Operation 0 69,961 8,819 78,780 Operation - Vehicles 0000 Maintenance 9,862 0 12,660 22,521 Total 37,281 69,961 218,399 325,642 GHGe Summary by Activity 250,000 200,000 150,000 t CO2-e 100,000 Scope 3 Scope 2 Scope 1 50,000 0 20/12/2016 Carbon Gauge Calculator_WGT_rev4.xls Page 1 of 3 GHG Assessment Workbook for Road Projects Construction Summary GHGe Summary by activity Scope 1 Scope 2 Scope 3 Total Site Offices/General Areas 515 0 39 554 Demolition and Earthworks 9,511 0 641 10,152 Construction - Pavements 2,081 0 15,594 17,676 Construction - Structures 10,586 0 156,532 167,118 Construction - Drainage 3,857 0 2,532 6,388 Construction - Road Furniture 870 0 21,582 22,453 Total 27,420 0 196,921 224,341 GHGe Summary by Activity 180,000 160,000 140,000 120,000 100,000 t CO2-e 80,000 60,000 Scope 3 Scope 2 40,000 Scope 1 20,000 - GHGe Summary by Activity 0% 3% 10% 5% 8% Site Offices/General Areas Demolition and Earthworks Construction - Pavements Construction - Structures Construction - Drainage Construction - Road Furniture 74% 20/12/2016 Carbon Gauge Calculator_WGT_rev4.xls Page 2 of 3 GHG Assessment Workbook for Road Projects Operations Summary (Emissions are calculated for a 50 year period) Summary Scope 1 Scope 2 Scope 3 Total Lighting - 61,302 7,727 69,029 Incadescent Traffic Signals ---- Quartz Halogen Traffic Signals ---- LED Traffic Signals - 8,659 1,091 9,751 Other ---- Total - 69,961 8,819 78,780 Summary - Vehicles Scope 1 Scope 2 Scope 3 Total Vehicle Use ---- Total - - - - Operations GHGe Summary 80,000 70,000 60,000 50,000 t CO2-e 40,000 30,000 Scope 3 20,000 Scope 2 Scope 1 10,000 - Maintenance Summary (Emissions are calculated for a 50 year period) Summary by Pavement Scope 1 Scope 2 Scope 3 Total 01. Full Depth Asphalt 9,861.61 - 12,659.52 22,521 02. Deep Strength Asphalt --- 0 03. Granular with Spray Seal --- 0 04. Stablised Pavement --- 0 04. Plain Concrete (PC) --- 0 05. Reinforced Concrete (RC) --- 0 Other --- 0 Total 9,862 0 12,660 22,521 GHGe by Scope (tCO2-e) 9,862 Scope 1 Scope 2 Scope 3 12,660 - 20/12/2016 Carbon Gauge Calculator_WGT_rev4.xls Page 3 of 3 C AECOM West Gate Tunnel Project West Gate Tunnel Project Greenhouse Gas Assessment Appendix C Tunnel Construction and Operation Inputs and Outputs 09-May-2017 Prepared for – Western Distributor Authority – ABN: 69981208782 AECOM West Gate Tunnel Project West Gate Tunnel Project Greenhouse Gas Assessment Tunnel construction Table 19 Tunnel construction data input assumptions Data inputs Amount Units Comments TBM electricity EES Submission - Table 6 GHG consumption during 84,667 MWh 161205. construction stage Site P&E electricity consumption, including EES Submission - Table 6 GHG 393 MWh site office, during 161205. construction stage Indirect (Scope 2) Emission Factor for National Greenhouse Accounts (NGA), consumption of 1.09 t CO -e/MWh 2 August 2016 edition. purchased electricity from the grid in Victoria Indirect (Scope 3) Emission Factor for transmission and National Greenhouse Accounts (NGA), 0.1 t CO -e/MWh distribution losses of 2 August 2016 edition. purchased electricity from the grid in Victoria Tunnel construction – materials Sum of 32MPA, 40MPA and 50MPA Volume of concrete 230,000 Tonnes material type for tunnels (EES Submission - Table 6 GHG 161205). Volume of Portland Sum of material type for tunnels (EES 45,868 Tonnes cement Submission - Table 6 GHG 161205). Sum of material type for tunnels (EES Volume of steel 23,575 Tonnes Submission - Table 6 GHG 161205). Sum of material type for tunnels (EES Volume of aggregate 103,212 Tonnes Submission - Table 6 GHG 161205). Sum of material type for tunnels (EES Volume of fly ash 20,642 Tonnes Submission - Table 6 GHG 161205). Sum of material type for tunnels (EES Volume of sand 36,701 Tonnes Submission - Table 6 GHG 161205). Adopted from the TAGG Greenhouse Gas Assessment Workbook for Road Construction material Projects 2013. Material type assumed to emission factor for 0.155 t CO -e/t 2 be ‘Concrete 40MPa (1:1.5:3)’. TAGG Concrete workbook does not provide values for 32MPA or 50MPA. Adopted from the TAGG Greenhouse Construction material Gas Assessment Workbook for Road emission factor for 0.82 t CO -e/t 2 Projects 2013. Material type assumed to cement be ‘Portland cement’. Adopted from the TAGG Greenhouse Construction material Gas Assessment Workbook for Road 2.19 t CO -e/t emission factor for steel 2 Projects 2013. Material type assumed to be ‘virgin steel’. Adopted from the TAGG Greenhouse Construction material Gas Assessment Workbook for Road emission factor for 0.005 t CO -e/t 2 Projects 2013. Material type assumed to aggregate be ‘crushed rock’. 09-May-2017 Prepared for – Western Distributor Authority – ABN: 69981208782 AECOM West Gate Tunnel Project West Gate Tunnel Project Greenhouse Gas Assessment Data inputs Amount Units Comments Construction material Adopted from the TAGG Greenhouse emission factor for fly 0.161 t CO2-e/t Gas Assessment Workbook for Road ash Projects 2013. Adopted from the TAGG Greenhouse Construction material 0.003 t CO -e/t Gas Assessment Workbook for Road emission factor for sand 2 Projects 2013. Total number of 25 t truckload capacity has been 18,400 truckloads truckloads assumed. Total km for tunnel Average return distance for tunnel materials delivery 413,998 km material delivery, EES Submission - (assuming 22.5km one Table 6 GHG 161205. way trip) Total tunnel materials 232 kL - transportation (diesel) Spoil transportation – project wide EES Submission - Attachment 9 - Spoil - cut to spoil 256,419 BCM Contamination and spoil management plan. 3 3 Conversion estimate from BCM to m , 1.2 BCM conversion to m 307,703 m3 AECOM geologists email 7/12/16. 1.5 spoil conversion m3 461,554 t - to tonnes Total number of 25 t truckload capacity has been 18,462 truckloads assumed. Average distance of potential clean fill Total km for disposal of locations, EES Submission - Attachment spoil (assuming 35km 1,292,352 km 9 - Contamination and spoil one way trip) management plan. Diesel fuel use for heavy TAGG Greenhouse Gas Assessment 0.00056 kL/km of diesel vehicle truck Workbook. Total spoil transportation 724 kL - (diesel) Diesel fuel - energy National Greenhouse Accounts (NGA), 38.6 GJ/kL content factor - Scope 1 August 2016 edition. Diesel fuel - emission National Greenhouse Accounts (NGA), 69.9 kg CO2-e/GJ factor CO2 - Scope 1 August 2016 edition. Diesel fuel - emission National Greenhouse Accounts (NGA), 0.1 kg CO2-e/GJ factor CH4 - Scope 1 August 2016 edition. Diesel fuel - emission National Greenhouse Accounts (NGA), 0.5 kg CO2-e/GJ factor N20 - Scope 1 August 2016 edition. Diesel fuel - emissions National Greenhouse Accounts (NGA), 3.6 kg CO -e/GJ factor - Scope 3 2 August 2016 edition. 09-May-2017 Prepared for – Western Distributor Authority – ABN: 69981208782 AECOM West Gate Tunnel Project West Gate Tunnel Project Greenhouse Gas Assessment Table 20 Tunnel construction calculation outputs (Scopes 1, 2 and 3) Calculation outputs Amount Units Tunnel construction – electricity – TBM Scope 2 Greenhouse gas emissions construction - TBM 92,287 t CO2-e Scope 3 Greenhouse gas emissions construction - TBM 8,467 t CO2-e Tunnel construction – electricity – P&E and site offices Scope 2 Greenhouse gas emissions construction - P&E 429 t CO2-e Scope 3 Greenhouse gas emissions construction - P&E 39 t CO2-e Scope 3 Greenhouse gas emissions from tunnel 663 t CO -e construction materials delivery to site (full fuel cycle) 2 Tunnel construction – materials Concrete 50MPa 35,650.00 t CO2-e Portland cement 37,611.76 t CO2-e Steel 51,629.25 t CO2-e Aggregate 516.06 t CO2-e Fly ash 3,323.36 t CO2-e Sand 110.10 t CO2-e Scope 3 Greenhouse gas emissions from total tunnel 128,841 t CO -e material required construction 2 Spoil transportation Scope 1 Greenhouse gas emissions from spoil 1,969 t CO -e transportation 2 Scope 3 Greenhouse gas emissions from spoil 2.61 t CO -e transportation 2 09-May-2017 Prepared for – Western Distributor Authority – ABN: 69981208782 AECOM West Gate Tunnel Project West Gate Tunnel Project Greenhouse Gas Assessment Tunnel operations Table 21 Tunnel operation data input assumptions Data inputs Amount Units Comments Total tunnel operations 14,054 MWh Tunnel Power Supply Plan page 8 Indirect (Scope 2) Emission Factor for consumption of t CO -e / National Greenhouse Accounts (NGA), 1.09 2 purchased electricity from the MWh August 2016 edition. grid in Victoria Indirect (Scope 3) Emission Factor for transmission and t CO -e / National Greenhouse Accounts (NGA), distribution losses of purchased 0.1 2 MWh August 2016 edition. electricity from the grid in Victoria Operation centre/FCC Floor space 360 m2 Assumes 12m x 15m over two floors Calculated using NABERS Energy for offices reverse calculator v. 11.0 - base building. Total electricity consumption 107,541 kWh p.a. Based on 3-star (average) electricity allowance for an office building in the city, operating 24/7. Excludes gas, coal, and diesel energy sources. Table 22 Tunnel operation calculation outputs Calculation outputs Amount Units Tunnel operations Total tunnel power demand 14,054 MWh/yr Scope 2 Greenhouse gas emissions from tunnel 15,319 t CO2-e/yr operations Scope 3 Greenhouse gas emissions from tunnel 1,405 t CO2-e/yr operations Operation centre Total Scope 2 greenhouse gas emissions from operations 117 t CO2-e centre Total Scope 3 greenhouse gas emissions from operations 11 t CO2-e centre 09-May-2017 Prepared for – Western Distributor Authority – ABN: 69981208782 AECOM West Gate Tunnel Project D West Gate Tunnel Project Greenhouse Gas Assessment DAppendix D VLC Zenith Economics Assessment Model 19-Apr-2017 Prepared for – Transurban Limited – ABN: 96098143410 Transport Modelling for West Gate Tunnel Project Greenhouse Gas Assessment - Zenith Economics Assessment Model April 2017 Western Distributor Authority Page Intentionally Left Blank Transport Modelling for West Gate Tunnel Project Greenhouse Gas Assessment - Zenith Economics Assessment Model Project 15-010 COPYRIGHT: The concepts and information contained in this document are the property of Veitch Lister Consulting Pty Ltd. Use or copying of this document in whole or in part without the written permission of Veitch Lister Consulting constitutes an infringement of copyright. LIMITATION: This report has been prepared on behalf of and for the exclusive use of Veitch Lister Consulting Pty Ltd’s Client, and is subject to and issued in connection with the provisions of the agreement between Veitch Lister Consulting and its Client. Veitch Lister Consulting accepts no liability or responsibility whatsoever for or in respect of any use of or reliance upon this report by any third party. WDA has engaged VLC to use the Zenith model of Melbourne to provide non-reliance travel demand forecasts for the West Gate Tunnel project. Prepared Checked Approved Date Revision Description By By By GHG technical note, based on Zenith EAM report and 28/07/2016 A LS AA AA comments from GHG specialists 30/11/2016 B LS AA AA Minor updates 19/04/2017 C LS AA AA Minor updates Page Intentionally Left Blank Transport Modelling for West Gate Tunnel Project Greenhouse Gas Assessment - Zenith Economics Assessment Model Contents 1 Introduction ...... 1 1.1 Background ...... 1 1.2 Report Structure ...... 2 2 Summary of Economic Assessment Framework ...... 3 2.1 Scenarios ...... 3 2.2 Vehicle Classification ...... 3 3 Environmental Costs ...... 4 3.1 Calculating Fuel Consumption ...... 4 3.2 Calculating Tonnes of Emissions ...... 5 3.2.1 Calculating CO2-e Emission Rates ...... 5 3.2.2 Calculating Other Emission Rates ...... 8 3.3 Valuing the Cost of Emissions ...... 8 3.4 Induced Demand ...... 9 3.4.1 Summary of VLC’s Views ...... 9 3.4.2 DoT’s (now DEDJTR) and VicRoads Views on the above Issues ...... 10 4 References ...... 11 Zenith Technical Note - GHG Assessment Model_RevC.docx i Transport Modelling for West Gate Tunnel Project Greenhouse Gas Assessment - Zenith Economics Assessment Model List of Tables Table 2-1 - Zenith transport model vehicle classifications ...... 3 Table 3-1 - Fuel consumption parameter values on freeways. Source: Austroads (2005), Table 4.3 ...... 4 Table 3-2 - Fuel consumption parameter values on non-freeways . Source: Austroads (2005), Table 4.4 ...... 5 Table 3-3 – Emission factors (kg CO2- e/GJ). Source: Dept. of the Environment, National Greenhouse Accounts Factors (August 2015), Table 4 ...... 6 Table 3-4 – Registered vehicles by fuel type across Australia. Source: ABS Motor Vehicles Census (January 2012), Table 4: Motor Vehicles On Register (a) , Type of Fuel , by Type of Vehicle—Census years ...... 6 Table 3-5 -Proportion of diesel vehicles by VLC vehicle category, based on ABS Motor Vehicles On Register data ...... 7 Table 3-6 - Emission Rates (grams of emissions / litre of fuel consumed) ...... 7 Table 3-7 - Emission Rates (grams of emissions / litre of fuel consumed). Source: DOI (2002), Table 3-15 & Table 3-16 ...... 8 Table 3-8 - Emission Costs ($AUD2010 dollars / tonne of emission). Source: Austroads (2012), Table 5.4 ...... 8 Table 3-9 - Replication of VAGO Figure 2A “Induced Traffic Response to a Road Improvement”. Source: VAGO (2011), Figure 2A ...... 9 Zenith Technical Note - GHG Assessment Model_RevC.docx ii Transport Modelling for West Gate Tunnel Project Greenhouse Gas Assessment - Zenith Economics Assessment Model 1 Introduction This Technical Note describes the Greenhouse Gas Assessment process, which forms part of the Zenith Transport Model Economic Assessment Model (EAM). The EAM is used to calculate the economic and social benefits associated with transportation projects. 1.1 Background The Zenith EAM is a procedure implemented by Veitch Lister Consulting (VLC) within the OmniTRANS software package, which calculates the economic and social benefits associated with transportation projects. The Zenith EAM is designed to interface with outputs produced by the Zenith Model. The output of the Zenith EAM is stored within a specially designed Microsoft Excel spreadsheet, which can house the results of multiple modelled transport scenarios. This spreadsheet will be referred to as the “Zenith EAM Spreadsheet”. The scope of the Zenith EAM includes the calculation of: User benefits (consumer surplus) Resource costs (i.e. vehicle operating costs) Externalities (i.e. vehicle emissions (including greenhouse gases), and road accidents) Agglomeration benefits The Zenith EAM can be applied to estimate the economic and social benefits of a wide variety of transportation projects, including: New road infrastructure and road upgrades Toll roads New public transport infrastructure / services and service upgrades Changes in public transport fares, parking prices, etc. The Zenith EAM can be applied to both “variable demand” scenarios, where the modelled trip matrices are predicted to change in response to the particular infrastructure / service improvement (so as to reflect “induced travel”) and to “fixed demand” scenarios (where “trip matrices” are assumed to remain constant). In the case of the West Gate Tunnel project, the Zenith EAM was applied to “variable demand” scenarios that reflect “induced travel”. This is discussed in more detail in Section 3.4. The scope of the Zenith EAM does not extend to estimating the cost of constructing, operating and maintaining new infrastructure / services. The methodologies used by the Zenith EAM are consistent with the guidelines provided by the Australian Transport Council and Austroads, though in some cases it has been necessary to expand upon these guidelines. Zenith Technical Note - GHG Assessment Model_RevC.docx 1 Transport Modelling for West Gate Tunnel Project Greenhouse Gas Assessment - Zenith Economics Assessment Model 1.2 Report Structure This Greenhouse Gas Assessment Model report is based on the EAM technical report, noting that other benefit streams have been removed. Therefore, the balance of this document is structured as follows: Section 2 describes the overall economic assessment framework Section 3 describes the calculation of environmental benefits Zenith Technical Note - GHG Assessment Model_RevC.docx 2 Transport Modelling for West Gate Tunnel Project Greenhouse Gas Assessment - Zenith Economics Assessment Model 2 Summary of Economic Assessment Framework 2.1 Scenarios The economic and social benefits of a transportation project are generally calculated by comparing the outputs generated by two modelled scenarios: The “Base Scenario” (sometimes referred to as the “Reference Case Scenario”). This scenario does not include the particular transportation project which is of interest; and The “Project Scenario”. This scenario does include the transportation project of interest. Generally, a series of Base and Project Scenarios are generated for a range of forecast years (2021, 2031 etc), allowing the benefits of the Project Scenario to be forecast and appropriately discounted. 2.2 Vehicle Classification The Zenith transport model uses three vehicle classifications, including cars, light commercial vehicles and heavy commercial vehicles. These are defined using the AustRoads vehicle classification system as shown in Table 2-1. Vehicle Type AustRoads Description Category Cars 1 & 2 Sedan, wagon, 4WD, utility, light van, bicycle, motorcycle, and cars towing a trailer, caravan, boat etc. LCV* 3 Two axel medium rigid truck HCV* 4 to 12 Three axel or more truck (including rigid, articulated, and combinations) * excludes buses and trams. For reference, the modelled (present day and forecast) metropolitan Melbourne bus and tram networks make up approximately 0.5% of the total modelled vehicle kilometres travelled over the Melbourne Statistical Division, on an average weekday. Table 2-1 - Zenith transport model vehicle classifications Zenith Technical Note - GHG Assessment Model_RevC.docx 3 Transport Modelling for West Gate Tunnel Project Greenhouse Gas Assessment - Zenith Economics Assessment Model 3 Environmental Costs The emission of greenhouse and other gases cause impacts that are detrimental to both health and the environment. Emissions related to vehicular traffic (cars, light commercial vehicles and heavy commercial vehicles) are captured within the Zenith EAM, both in terms of tonnages and costs ($). These outputs are stored within the “report_Emissions” and “report_TonnesEmissions” tabs of the Zenith EAM Spreadsheet. The calculation of emissions takes a three step process: 1. Calculate fuel consumption on each road link 2. Convert fuel consumption to tonnes of emissions 3. Value the cost of the emissions, by converting tonnes to dollars Each step is now described. 3.1 Calculating Fuel Consumption Austroads (2005) provides the following model of fuel consumption as a function of average link speed: ܤ ܨൌܣ ܥൈܸܦൈܸଶ ܸ Where: F is the rate of fuel consumption (L / 100km) A, B, C, D are model parameters V is the average link speed (in km / hr) Different parameter sets (A, B, C, D) are defined for each combination of road type (freeway / non-freeway), and vehicle type (car, light commercial vehicle, heavy commercial vehicle). The parameters, drawn from Tables 4.3 and 4.4 of Austroads (2005) are: Freeways Vehicle Type A B C D Cars 7.149 268.1 0.0 0.0003 LCV 11.365 423.0 0.0 0.0005 HCV 26.932 1276.4 0.0 0.0008 Table 3-1 - Fuel consumption parameter values on freeways. Source: Austroads (2005), Table 4.3 Zenith Technical Note - GHG Assessment Model_RevC.docx 4 Transport Modelling for West Gate Tunnel Project Greenhouse Gas Assessment - Zenith Economics Assessment Model Non-Freeways Vehicle Type A B C D Cars 0.361 528.0 0.0 0.000785 LCV -3.129 1017.0 0.0 0.001481 HCV -10.495 2915.7 0.0 0.00315 Table 3-2 - Fuel consumption parameter values on non-freeways . Source: Austroads (2005), Table 4.4 3.2 Calculating Tonnes of Emissions 3.2.1 Calculating CO2-e Emission Rates Emission rates for equivalent carbon dioxide (CO2-e) were calculated using emission factors sourced from the Australian National Greenhouse Accounts (Department of the Environment, 2015) as set out in Table 3-3 below for petrol and diesel vehicles. VLC used ABS Motor Vehicle Census data from January 2012 to estimate the proportion of diesel fuel vehicles of each vehicle type, to calculate a weighted average CO2-e emission rate accordingly. Table 3-4 shows the ABS Motor Vehicle Census data, by type of fuel and vehicle from January 2012. Zenith Technical Note - GHG Assessment Model_RevC.docx 5 Transport Modelling for West Gate Tunnel Project Greenhouse Gas Assessment - Zenith Economics Assessment Model Engine Type Energy CO2 CH4 N2O Content kg CO2-e/GJ kg CO2-e/GJ kg CO2-e/GJ (GJ/kL) Petrol 34.2 67.4 0.5 1.8 Diesel 38.6 69.9 0.1 0.5 Table 3-3 – Emission factors (kg CO2- e/GJ). Source: Dept. of the Environment, National Greenhouse Accounts Factors (August 2015), Table 4 ABS category VLC Leaded Unleaded Diesel LBG/Dual Total Category fuel/Other Passenger vehicles Car 355,103 11,116,308 882,823 360,001 12,714,235 Camper vans Car 7,662 9,883 32,657 2,398 52,600 Light commercial LCV 113,382 1,214,746 1,149,899 139,772 2,617,799 vehicles Light rigid trucks LCV 4,392 4,819 113,193 1,887 124,291 Heavy rigid trucks HCV 14,540 4,151 301,877 1,547 322,115 Articulated trucks HCV 371 1,047 86,413 164 87,995 Non-freight carrying Other 1,579 1,754 18,878 511 22,722 trucks Buses HCV 745 16,919 68,763 4,172 90,599 Motorcycles Car 49,353 659,741 2 192 709,288 Total 547,127 13,029,368 2,654,505 510,644 16,741,644 Table 3-4 – Registered vehicles by fuel type across Australia. Source: ABS Motor Vehicles Census (January 2012), Table 4: Motor Vehicles On Register (a) , Type of Fuel , by Type of Vehicle— Census years Zenith Technical Note - GHG Assessment Model_RevC.docx 6 Transport Modelling for West Gate Tunnel Project Greenhouse Gas Assessment - Zenith Economics Assessment Model The proportion of diesel vehicles by VLC vehicle type, as defined in Table 3-4, can be seen in Table 3-5. Vehicle Diesel TOTAL* Proportion Type of Diesel Vehicles Car 412,118 13,476,123 6.79% LCV 117,774 2,742,090 46.06% HCV 15,656 500,709 91.28% *Excluding non-freight carrying trucks Table 3-5 -Proportion of diesel vehicles by VLC vehicle category, based on ABS Motor Vehicles On Register data As a result, for the calculation of CO2-e emission rates, it was assumed that 6.79% of cars, 46.06% of light commercial vehicles and 91.28% of heavy commercial vehicles use diesel fuel. The energy content per engine type was then multiplied by the emission factors for each CO2-e gas and weighted by the proportion of diesel vehicles by VLC vehicle type. This resulted in the final CO2-e emission rates as set out in Table 3-6 below, which lists the rates assumed by VLC in grams per litre of fuel used, disaggregated by vehicle class. Vehicle Type CO2-e emitted, g/L Car 2,406.66 LCV 2,539.22 HCV 2,691.86 Table 3-6 - Emission Rates (grams of emissions / litre of fuel consumed) Note that this methodology does not make allowance for changes in fuel efficiency or the petrol/diesel fleet mix. Zenith Technical Note - GHG Assessment Model_RevC.docx 7 Transport Modelling for West Gate Tunnel Project Greenhouse Gas Assessment - Zenith Economics Assessment Model 3.2.2 Calculating Other Emission Rates For other emissions, the Victorian Department of Infrastructure (2002) defined a set of emission rates as set out in Table 3-7 below. Emission rates were defined by vehicle type (cars, LCVs and HCVs), for 2001 and a forecast year of 2021. Vehicle Type NOx NMVOC CO Particulates Year 2001 Car 11.10 6.75 92.68 0.05 LCV 12.02 11.71 132.38 0.09 HCV 20.43 6.55 34.38 0.81 Year 2021 Car 10.71 5.01 72.87 0.05 LCV 12.0 11.6 132.22 0.06 HCV 20.02 6.17 27.2 0.32 Table 3-7 - Emission Rates (grams of emissions / litre of fuel consumed). Source: DOI (2002), Table 3-15 & Table 3-16 3.3 Valuing the Cost of Emissions Emission costs by tonne are specified by Austroads (2012) and are shown in Table 3-8 in units of dollars ($AUD2010) per tonne of emission. Emission type Emission cost ($AUD2010) Equivalent Carbon $52.40 dioxide (CO2-e) Table 3-8 - Emission Costs ($AUD2010 dollars / tonne of emission). Source: Austroads (2012), Table 5.4 Zenith Technical Note - GHG Assessment Model_RevC.docx 8 Transport Modelling for West Gate Tunnel Project Greenhouse Gas Assessment - Zenith Economics Assessment Model 3.4 Induced Demand This summary provides VLC’s views as to whether the issues raised in VAGO’s report titled Management of Major Road Projects, published in June 2011, in relation to “induced” traffic, has been addressed in the context of the West Gate Tunnel project. In other words, are the currently available travel demand forecasting models capable of predicting the various components of induced traffic and the effects they might have on economic benefit assessment. In Figure 2A on page 8 of their audit report, VAGO defined what they considered to be “induced” traffic. This is reproduced here as Table 3-9. Table 3-9 - Replication of VAGO Figure 2A “Induced Traffic Response to a Road Improvement”. Source: VAGO (2011), Figure 2A ______ The ways people and business could respond to a road improvement: ______ 1. Changing route - drivers make the same journeys but use the improved route 2. Changing destination - drivers decide to travel to more distant destinations because the improvement makes the journey time acceptable 3. Changing mode - public transport passengers switch to car because the improvement makes road travel more attractive than rail 4. Changing time of travel - drivers decide to travel in the commuting peak period because the improvement reduces journey times to an acceptable level 5. Making additional journeys - people are more willing to make additional car journeys because of the improvement 6. Relocated trips - people and businesses relocate to take advantage of the improvement and so make journeys that are new to the area ______ 3.4.1 Summary of VLC’s Views On behalf of the Victorian State Government, VLC prepared a detailed response to VAGO’s report on induced demand on 30 April 2012. Updated for the GHG assessment in the West Gate Tunnel project, the key findings are summarised below. 1. Changing route - handled adequately by the West Gate Tunnel model 2. Changing destination - handled adequately by the West Gate Tunnel model 3. Changing mode - handled adequately by the West Gate Tunnel model 4. Changing time of travel - difficult to model but probably has fairly minimal effect on GHG assessment 5. Making additional journeys - jury is out on whether this actual occurs to a scale that has any material impact on the capacity consumption of roads and/or economic Zenith Technical Note - GHG Assessment Model_RevC.docx 9 Transport Modelling for West Gate Tunnel Project Greenhouse Gas Assessment - Zenith Economics Assessment Model benefit assessments. Needs further research to resolve. VLC believes it will not have a significant impact 6. Relocated Trips - VAGO has a point. Current models do not currently predict this phenomenon. We would benefit if they did, but this will require some investment in research. VLC does not necessarily agree with VAGO’s statement (on page 8 of their report) that the redirection of development resulting from a major road investment will “....significantly underestimate traffic and overestimate the economic benefit”. We think it more likely that traffic in the vicinity of the new road will increase, and that traffic remote from the road will reduce relative to the base case - and if the decision for development to relocate is rationally made, then the economic benefits will increase, not decrease. 3.4.2 DoT’s (now DEDJTR) and VicRoads Views on the above Issues We have examined two government documents that have discussed the above issues: 1. Induced Travel Demand - Draft Position Paper, Department of Transport Victoria, November 2009 2. Transport Modelling Guidelines - Volume 2: Strategic Modelling, VicRoads, December 2011 It would appear that VLC’s views on the subject, and those expressed by DEDJTR (formally DoT) and VicRoads in their reports, are fairly closely aligned. Zenith Technical Note - GHG Assessment Model_RevC.docx 10 Transport Modelling for West Gate Tunnel Project Greenhouse Gas Assessment - Zenith Economics Assessment Model 4 References Austroads, (2005) “Update of RUC Unit Values to June 2005”, AP-T70/06, Austroads, Sydney, Australia Department of the Environment, (2015). “Australian National Greenhouse Accounts – National Greenhouse Accounts Factors”, Canberra, Australia. Australian Bureau of Statistics, (2012). “Motor Vehicle Census – Australia”, Canberra, Australia. Department of Infrastructure, (2002). “Draft Economic Evaluation Framework”, Melbourne, Australia. Austroads, (2012). “Guide to Project Evaluation Part 4: Project Evaluation Data”, AGPE04/12, Austroads, Sydney, Australia. Victorian Auditor-General’s Office, (2011). “Management of Major Road Projects”, Melbourne, Australia. Zenith Technical Note - GHG Assessment Model_RevC.docx 11 Transport Modelling for West Gate Tunnel Project Greenhouse Gas Assessment - Zenith Economics Assessment Model Z:\Projects\15-010_WesternDistributor\Deliverables\Documents\56_GHG_Aecom_notes\Zenith Technical Note - 1 GHG Assessment Model E AECOM West Gate Tunnel Project West Gate Tunnel Project Greenhouse Gas Assessment Appendix E Recommended Environmental Performance Requirements 09-May-2017 Prepared for – Western Distributor Authority – ABN: 69981208782 AECOM West Gate Tunnel Project West Gate Tunnel Project Greenhouse Gas Assessment Appendix E Recommended Environmental Performance Requirements Table 23 Environmental Performance Requirements for managing greenhouse gas emissions EES evaluation Final Environmental Performance Potential impact pathway objective Requirements DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION – WEST GATE TUNNEL PROJECT Waste GHGR01 Land clearing and GGP1 Greenhouse gas emissions management, consumption of materials and fossil Integrate sustainable design practices into the and fuels for electricity generation, design process to minimise, to the extent Environmental operation of plant and equipment, and practicable, greenhouse gas emissions arising management transportation of materials and from construction, operations and maintenance framework equipment during construction of the West Gate Tunnel Project. Include resulting in the release of significant mandatory actions under the Protocol for greenhouse gas emissions. Environmental Management (Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Energy Efficiency in Industry) for selection of best practice energy usage for the Tunnel ventilation and lighting systems. GGP2 Emissions reduction In detailed design consider the selection of materials and during construction monitor energy and carbon, to target reductions for GHG emission impacts of materials and energy consumption in accordance with Mat-1 (Level 2) and Ene-1 (Level 2) credits of the Infrastructure Sustainability (IS) rating tool (v1.2). LPP1 Minimise design footprint Through detailed design, minimise the permanent footprint of the Project to the extent practicable to reduce adverse impacts on potentially affected land uses, particularly: - Parks - Reserves/ gardens - Recreational and community facilities - Residential properties in proximity to the construction area - Commercial and industrial sites. EP1 Minimise vegetation removal and disturbance Develop and implement measures to avoid, where practicable, and otherwise minimise to the extent practicable impacts on native vegetation and fauna habitat through detailed design and construction, including: - Minimising footprint and surface disturbance of temporary and permanent Works and constrain Works on or near the north side of the West Gate Freeway and Kororoit Creek intersection, Hyde Street Reserve, Yarraville Gardens, Stony Creek and Stony Creek Reserve, Maribyrnong River, Moonee Ponds 09-May-2017 Prepared for – Western Distributor Authority – ABN: 69981208782 AECOM West Gate Tunnel Project West Gate Tunnel Project Greenhouse Gas Assessment EES evaluation Final Environmental Performance Potential impact pathway objective Requirements Creek, Kororoit Creek, Dynon Road and areas of amenity planting including Footscray Road - Minimising Works in or near wetlands and EVC habitats (such as the Kororoit Creek Riparian Woodland, Stony Creek Coastal Saltmarsh, Moonee Ponds Creek Brackish Wetlands and Plains Grassy Woodland and Swamp Scrub patches along Dynon Road) -Minimising footprint and disturbance of potential foraging habitat for Swift Parrot, Powerful Owl and Grey-headed Flying Fox -Minimising the removal of mature trees, planted and remnant native trees and remnant vegetation, particularly large amenity trees (>30 cm DBH) and those within or connected to public reserves and parks - Arboricultural assessments to inform detailed design and maximise tree retention and long- term viability of amenity plantings. A pre-construction site assessment must be carried out to confirm the area and number of trees proposed to be impacted. Area and number of trees actually removed is to be confirmed through a post-construction assessment. CSP2 Contaminated soil and spoil management The CEMP must include requirements and methods for contaminated soil and spoil management developed in consultation with EPA Victoria. GHGR02 Greenhouse gas emissions GGP1 Greenhouse gas emissions from construction activities including Integrate sustainable design practices into the consumption of fossil fuels for design process to minimise, to the extent operation of plant and equipment. practicable, greenhouse gas emissions arising from construction, operations and maintenance of the West Gate Tunnel Project. Include mandatory actions under the Protocol for Environmental Management (Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Energy Efficiency in Industry) for selection of best practice energy usage for the Tunnel ventilation and lighting systems. CSP2 Contaminated soil and spoil management The CEMP must include requirements and methods for contaminated soil and spoil management developed in consultation with EPA Victoria. GHGR03, GHGR04 Greenhouse gas GGP1 Greenhouse gas emissions emissions from construction activities Integrate sustainable design practices into the including consumption of fossil fuels 09-May-2017 Prepared for – Western Distributor Authority – ABN: 69981208782 AECOM West Gate Tunnel Project West Gate Tunnel Project Greenhouse Gas Assessment EES evaluation Final Environmental Performance Potential impact pathway objective Requirements for electricity generation and design process to minimise, to the extent operation of plant and equipment. practicable, greenhouse gas emissions arising Greenhouse gas emissions related to from construction, operations and maintenance manufacturing and transportation of of the West Gate Tunnel Project. Include construction materials. mandatory actions under the Protocol for Environmental Management (Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Energy Efficiency in Industry) for selection of best practice energy usage for the Tunnel ventilation and lighting systems. GGP2 Emissions reduction In detailed design consider the selection of materials and during construction monitor energy and carbon, to target reductions for GHG emission impacts of materials and energy consumption in accordance with Mat-1 (Level 2) and Ene-1 (Level 2) credits of the Infrastructure Sustainability (IS) rating tool (v1.2). GHGR06 Construction delays causing GGP2 Emissions reduction additional consumption of materials In detailed design consider the selection of and fossil fuels during construction materials and during construction monitor resulting in additional greenhouse gas energy and carbon, to target reductions for emissions. GHG emission impacts of materials and energy consumption in accordance with Mat-1 (Level 2) and Ene-1 (Level 2) credits of the Infrastructure Sustainability (IS) rating tool (v1.2). GHGR15 Accidental release of BP7 Gas utilities uncombusted natural gas during Unless agreed otherwise with the asset owner, realignment of transmission gas ensure that: pipeline resulting in the unintentional x No Works are undertaken within 3.0 release of greenhouse gas emissions. metres of any licensed transmission gas pipeline or underground regulating station x Subject to the requirement below, clearances to all gas assets are as per the Conditions of Works as detailed in SP AusNet Technical Standards TS2607.1, TS2607.2 and TS2607.3, as amended or replaced from time to time x Risk assessments and safety studies detailing the impact on gas network infrastructure are completed in accordance with AS2885, which is the Standards Australia standard for the design, construction, testing, operations and maintenance of gas and petroleum pipelines that operate at pressure in excess of 1050 kPa, as amended or replaced from time to time. GHGR16 Change in the planned GGP2 Emissions reduction operation of the tunnel boring In detailed design consider the selection of machine (for example change in materials and during construction, monitor operation speed to reduce vibration or energy and carbon to target reductions for as a result of unplanned geological 09-May-2017 Prepared for – Western Distributor Authority – ABN: 69981208782 AECOM West Gate Tunnel Project West Gate Tunnel Project Greenhouse Gas Assessment EES evaluation Final Environmental Performance Potential impact pathway objective Requirements conditions) resulting in additional GHG emission impacts of materials and resource consumption and release of energy consumption in accordance with Mat-1 greenhouse gas emissions. (Level 2) and Ene-1 (Level 2) credits of the Infrastructure Sustainability (IS) rating tool (v1.2). OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE – WEST GATE TUNNEL PROJECT Waste GHGR20 Greenhouse gas emissions GGP1 Greenhouse gas emissions management, from operational and maintenance Integrate sustainable design practices into the and activities including consumption of design process to minimise, to the extent Environmental fossil fuels for electricity generation, practicable, greenhouse gas emissions arising management operation of plant and equipment and from construction, operations and maintenance framework transportation of materials and of the West Gate Tunnel Project. Include equipment. mandatory actions under the Protocol for Environmental Management (Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Energy Efficiency in Industry) for selection of best practice energy usage for the Tunnel ventilation and lighting systems. GGP2 Emissions reduction In detailed design consider the selection of materials and during construction monitor energy and carbon, to target reductions for GHG emission impacts of materials and energy consumption in accordance with Mat-1 (Level 2) and Ene-1 (Level 2) credits of the Infrastructure Sustainability (IS) rating tool (v1.2). TP3 Traffic Management Plans Develop and implement Traffic Management Plans with measures to minimise disruption, to the extent practicable, to motor vehicle traffic, parking, bicycle and pedestrian movements during construction in consultation with relevant road management authorities, including: x Management of any temporary or partial closure of traffic lanes, including along: local roads, including provision for suitable routes for vehicles, cyclist and pedestrians to maintain connectivity for road and shared path users CityLink traffic lanes and ramps M1 and Footscray Road Hyde Street, Francis Street, Whitehall Street x Implementing a strategy for maintaining the current capacity (number of lanes) during peak periods for Works on the following key State roads - West Gate Freeway, Princes Freeway, M80, Footscray Road, Wurundjeri Way, Dudley Street, Williamstown Road, Millers Road, Grieve Parade x Restrict the number of local roads to be 09-May-2017 Prepared for – Western Distributor Authority – ABN: 69981208782 AECOM West Gate Tunnel Project West Gate Tunnel Project Greenhouse Gas Assessment EES evaluation Final Environmental Performance Potential impact pathway objective Requirements used for construction-related transportation to minimise impacts on amenity, in consultation with the relevant road authorities x Reinstate access to open space, community facilities, commercial premises and dwellings if disrupted, as soon as practicable x Provide suitable parking arrangements to accommodate the construction workforce whilst minimising traffic impacts on local roads, preventing construction-related parking on local roads or use of public car parks x Provide safe access points to laydown areas and site compounds x Implement a communications strategy (as set out in the CCEP) to advise affected users, potentially affected users, relevant stakeholders and the relevant road authorities of any changes to transport conditions x Maintain, where practicable, current local area traffic management measures during construction or reinstate upon completion in consultation with the relevant local councils x Haulage of bulk material to and from the construction areas to within a 2 km range of the Works must be via roads operated by VicRoads, CityLink or the Port Manager or, subject to obtaining prior agreement by the relevant road authority, other parts of the road network. The Traffic Management Plan may include Worksite Traffic Management Plans (WTMP) for discrete components or stages of the Works having the potential to impact on roads, shared used paths, pedestrian paths or public transport infrastructure. GHGR21 Actual greenhouse gas - emissions are higher than estimated due to differences in modelled emissions and actual traffic use. 09-May-2017 Prepared for – Western Distributor Authority – ABN: 69981208782 G AECOM West Gate Tunnel Project West Gate Tunnel Project Greenhouse Gas Assessment Appendix F Risk Assessment Tables 09-May-2017 Prepared for – Western Distributor Authority – ABN: 69981208782 AECOM West Gate Tunnel Project F-1 West Gate Tunnel Project Greenhouse Gas Assessment Appendix F Risk assessment tables Table 24 Greenhouse gas risks during design, construction and operation – West Gate Tunnel Project Key for event: P (planned event); R (risk event) | key for risk rating: L (likelihood); C (consequence); R (risk) Risk Initial Environmental Final Environmental Potential impact pathway (P = Initial risk Residual risk No./I Activity Performance Performance planned, R = risk event) rating rating D Requirements Requirements P/R L C R L C R DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION – WEST GATE TUNNEL PROJECT GHG Site clearance and Land clearing and P GGP1 Greenhouse gas GGP2 Emissions reduction R01 construction site consumption of fossil fuels emissions In detailed design establishment for electricity generation, Integrate sustainable consider the selection operation of plant and design practices into the of materials and equipment, and design process to during construction transportation of materials minimise, to the extent monitor energy and and equipment during practicable, greenhouse carbon, to target construction resulting in the gas emissions arising from reductions for GHG release of greenhouse gas construction, operations emission impacts of emissions. and maintenance of the materials and energy West Gate Tunnel Project. Minor Minor consumption in Minor Include mandatory actions Medium Medium accordance with Mat- under the Protocol for Certain Almost Certain Almost 1 (Level 2) and Ene-1 Environmental (Level 2) credits of Management (Greenhouse the Infrastructure Gas Emissions and Energy Sustainability (IS) Efficiency in Industry) for rating tool (v1.2). selection of best practice energy usage for the Tunnel ventilation and lighting systems. 09-May-2017 Prepared for – Western Distributor Authority – ABN: 69981208782 AECOM West Gate Tunnel Project F-2 West Gate Tunnel Project Greenhouse Gas Assessment Risk Initial Environmental Final Environmental Potential impact pathway (P = Initial risk Residual risk No./I Activity Performance Performance planned, R = risk event) rating rating D Requirements Requirements P/R L C R L C R GHG LPP1 Minimise R01 design footprint (Cont) EP1 Minimise vegetation removal and disturbance CSP2 Contaminated soil and spoil management GHG Earthworks Greenhouse gas emissions P GGP1 GGP2 CSP2 Contaminated R02 from construction activities in soil and spoil a including consumption of rt Minor Minor Minor Minor Almost management Almost Certain Ce fossil fuels for operation of Medium Medium plant and equipment. GHG Relocation of power Greenhouse gas emissions P GGP1 GGP2 R03 lines and towers, from construction activities protection of other including consumption of utilities that may be fossil fuels for electricity impacted generation and operation of Minor plant and equipment. Minor Medium Medium Medium Greenhouse gas emissions Possible related to manufacturing and Almost Certain transportation of construction materials. 09-May-2017 Prepared for – Western Distributor Authority – ABN: 69981208782 AECOM West Gate Tunnel Project F-3 West Gate Tunnel Project Greenhouse Gas Assessment Risk Initial Environmental Final Environmental Potential impact pathway (P = Initial risk Residual risk No./I Activity Performance Performance planned, R = risk event) rating rating D Requirements Requirements P/R L C R L C R GHG Construction of Greenhouse gas emissions P GGP1 GGP2 R04 surface roads and from construction activities other civil including consumption of infrastructure works fossil fuels for electricity generation, operation of plant and equipment and Minor Minor Minor transportation of materials Medium Medium and equipment. Greenhouse Almost Certain Almost Certain gas emissions related to manufacturing construction materials. GHG Construction of Inefficient use of materials, R GGP1 GGP2 R05 surface roads and fossil fuels, and electricity, or . other civil accidental release of infrastructure works hydrocarbons, during Minor Minor construction resulting in Minor Likely Medium Medium Medium additional resource Possible consumption and release of greenhouse gas emissions. GHG Construction of Construction delays causing R - GGP2 R06 surface roads and additional consumption of other civil materials and fossil fuels Low Low Low infrastructure works during construction resulting Minor Minor in additional greenhouse gas Possible Possible emissions. 09-May-2017 Prepared for – Western Distributor Authority – ABN: 69981208782 AECOM West Gate Tunnel Project F-4 West Gate Tunnel Project Greenhouse Gas Assessment Risk Initial Environmental Final Environmental Potential impact pathway (P = Initial risk Residual risk No./I Activity Performance Performance planned, R = risk event) rating rating D Requirements Requirements P/R L C R L C R GHG Ancillary Greenhouse gas emissions P GGP1 GGP2 R07 development – from construction activities noise barriers, including consumption of Freeway fossil fuels for electricity Management generation, operation of System plant and equipment and Minor Minor Minor transportation of materials Medium Medium and equipment. Greenhouse Almost Certain Almost Certain gas emissions related to manufacturing construction materials. GHG North Yarra Main Greenhouse gas emissions P GGP1 GGP2 R08 Sewer realignment from construction activities and protection of including consumption of other utilities fossil fuels for electricity generation, operation of plant and equipment and Minor Minor transportation of materials Medium Medium and equipment. Greenhouse Almost Certain Almost Certain gas emissions related to manufacturing construction materials. GHG North Yarra Main Potential direct greenhouse R GGP1 - R09 Sewer realignment gas emissions released from and protection of sewer during realignment Low Low Low other utilities works. Minor Minor Possible Possible 09-May-2017 Prepared for – Western Distributor Authority – ABN: 69981208782 AECOM West Gate Tunnel Project F-5 West Gate Tunnel Project Greenhouse Gas Assessment Risk Initial Environmental Final Environmental Potential impact pathway (P = Initial risk Residual risk No./I Activity Performance Performance planned, R = risk event) rating rating D Requirements Requirements P/R L C R L C R GHG Dive structure/portal Greenhouse gas emissions P GGP1 GGP2 R10 construction from construction activities including consumption of fossil fuels for electricity generation, operation of plant and equipment and Minor Minor Minor transportation of materials Medium Medium and equipment. Greenhouse Almost Certain Almost Certain gas emissions related to manufacturing construction materials. GHG Dive structure/portal Inefficient use of materials, R GGP1 GGP2 R11 construction fossil fuels, and electricity during construction resulting Minor Minor in additional resource Minor Likely Likely Medium Medium Medium consumption and release of Possible greenhouse gas emissions. GHG Precast plant Greenhouse gas emissions P GGP1 GGP2 R12 construction and from construction activities manufacturing of including consumption of precast units fossil fuels for electricity generation, operation of Minor Minor plant and equipment and Medium Medium transportation of materials Certain Almost Certain Almost and equipment. 09-May-2017 Prepared for – Western Distributor Authority – ABN: 69981208782 AECOM West Gate Tunnel Project F-6 West Gate Tunnel Project Greenhouse Gas Assessment Risk Initial Environmental Final Environmental Potential impact pathway (P = Initial risk Residual risk No./I Activity Performance Performance planned, R = risk event) rating rating D Requirements Requirements P/R L C R L C R GHG Precast plant Unacceptable quality of R - GGP2 R13 construction and materials from the manufacturing of manufacture of precast (or precast units other materials) leading to Low Low Low additional resource Minor Minor consumption and the release Unlikely Unlikely of greenhouse gas emissions. GHG Tunnelling activities Greenhouse gas emissions P GGP1 GGP2 R14 from construction activities including consumption of fossil fuels for electricity High generation, operation of Minor Medium Medium plant and equipment and Moderate transportation of materials Almost Certain Almost Certain and equipment. GHG Tunnelling activities Accidental release of R - BP7 R15 uncombusted natural gas during realignment of transmission gas pipeline Low Low Low Minor Minor Minor resulting in the unintentional Unlikely Unlikely release of greenhouse gas emissions. 09-May-2017 Prepared for – Western Distributor Authority – ABN: 69981208782 AECOM West Gate Tunnel Project F-7 West Gate Tunnel Project Greenhouse Gas Assessment Risk Initial Environmental Final Environmental Potential impact pathway (P = Initial risk Residual risk No./I Activity Performance Performance planned, R = risk event) rating rating D Requirements Requirements P/R L C R L C R GHG Tunnelling activities Change in the planned R - GGP2 R16 operation of the tunnel boring machine (for example change in operation speed to reduce vibration or as a result of unplanned Low Low Minor Minor Unlikely Unlikely geological conditions) Medium Moderate resulting in additional resource consumption and release of greenhouse gas emissions. GHG Construction and Greenhouse gas emissions P GGP1 GGP2 R17 associated civil from construction activities infrastructure works including consumption of for the: bridge over fossil fuels for electricity the Maribyrnong generation, operation of River; twin viaducts plant and equipment and Minor Minor and the shared user transportation of materials Medium Medium path; and the new and equipment. Greenhouse Almost Certain Almost Certain city connections gas emissions related to manufacturing construction materials. GHG Construction of the Inefficient use of materials, R GGP1 GGP2 R18 new city fossil fuels, and electricity connections and during construction resulting associated civil in additional resource Minor Minor Minor Likely Likely Likely infrastructure works consumption and release of Medium Medium greenhouse gas emissions. 09-May-2017 Prepared for – Western Distributor Authority – ABN: 69981208782 AECOM West Gate Tunnel Project F-8 West Gate Tunnel Project Greenhouse Gas Assessment Risk Initial Environmental Final Environmental Potential impact pathway (P = Initial risk Residual risk No./I Activity Performance Performance planned, R = risk event) rating rating D Requirements Requirements P/R L C R L C R GHG Construction of the Construction delays causing R - GGP2 R19 new city additional consumption of connections and materials and fossil fuels associated civil during construction resulting Low Low Minor Minor Minor infrastructure works in additional greenhouse gas Possible Possible emissions. OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE – WEST GATE TUNNEL PROJECT GHG West Gate Freeway Greenhouse gas emissions P GGP1 GGP2 R20 operations from operational and TP3 maintenance activities including consumption of fossil fuels for electricity Minor Minor Minor generation, operation of Medium Medium plant and equipment and Almost Certain Certain Almost Certain Almost transportation of materials and equipment. GHG Operation of West Actual greenhouse gas R - - R21 Gate Freeway; emissions are higher than tunnels; and port, estimated due to differences CityLink and city in modelled emissions and Low Low Low Minor Minor Minor connections, actual traffic use. Possible Possible including twin viaducts 09-May-2017 Prepared for – Western Distributor Authority – ABN: 69981208782 AECOM West Gate Tunnel Project F-9 West Gate Tunnel Project Greenhouse Gas Assessment Risk Initial Environmental Final Environmental Potential impact pathway (P = Initial risk Residual risk No./I Activity Performance Performance planned, R = risk event) rating rating D Requirements Requirements P/R L C R L C R GHG Tunnel operations Greenhouse gas emissions P GGP1 GGP2 R22 from operational and maintenance activities including consumption of fossil fuels for electricity generation, operation of High High Moderate Moderate Moderate plant and equipment and Almost Certain Certain Almost Certain Almost transportation of materials and equipment. GHG Port, city and Greenhouse gas emissions P GGP1 GGP2 R23 CityLink traffic from operational and operations, maintenance activities including twin including consumption of viaducts fossil fuels for electricity Minor Minor Minor generation, operation of Medium Medium plant and equipment and Almost Certain Almost Certain transportation of materials and equipment. 09-May-2017 Prepared for – Western Distributor Authority – ABN: 69981208782 AECOM West Gate Tunnel Project F-10 West Gate Tunnel Project Greenhouse Gas Assessment Disclaimer This report has been prepared on behalf of the Western Distributor Authority in accordance with the arrangements established between the Western Distributor Authority, Transurban WD Co Pty Limited and Transurban Limited (Transurban). 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This document has been prepared based on the Client’s description of its requirements and AECOM’s experience, having regard to assumptions that AECOM can reasonably be expected to make in accordance with sound professional principles. AECOM may also have relied upon information provided by the Client and other third parties to prepare this document, some of which may not have been verified. Subject to the above conditions, this document may be transmitted, reproduced or disseminated only in its entirety. 09-May-2017 Prepared for – Western Distributor Authority – ABN: 69981208782