516
BOTANY DIVISION DSIR
REPORT KAWARAU GORGE : BOTANICAL REPORT P.N. JOHNSON FEBRUARY 1985 KAWARAU GORGE : BOTAN ICAL REPORT
P . N. Johnson Botany Div ision , DSIR, Dunedin
February 1985
Ke ywords: Kawarau Gorge , Centr al· Otago, v egetation t ypes, flora, scrub, grassland.
SUMMARY
Studies of flora and vegetation in the Kawarau Gorge, Otago, are described in relation to possible hydro-electric development. The vascular plant flora comprises 362 species ~ (187 native, 175 naturalised). Rare plants present are Lepidium sisymbrioides subsp. kawarau, Pleurosorus rutifolius, and Stipa petriei.
Autecological notes are given for major shrub and tree species, with data on plant size and longevity.
·vegetation patterns are illustrated, and 35 vegetation types describe d, mainly scrub and grassland types but also fernland, herbfield and wetland types.
Information on soil for 282 plot sites is appended.
Areas of high and low value for biological c o nservation are discussed.
Possible impacts of construction and spoil disposal associated with 6 hydro-e lectric development schemes are outlined. 2
INTRODUCTION Flora and vegetation in the Kawarau Gorge, Central Otago have been studied in the context of (a) investigations for proposed hydro-electric development, and (b) ongoing research on shrubby species and vegetation. This report describes the flora, locations of rare plants, autecology of the main woody plants, and compositon and distribution of the plant communities. Nutrient analyses of soil samples are also reported. A detailed study of vegetation types, involving quantitative sampling of 282 sites is still being worked up to relate vegetation to site and soil factors.
Field work, between September 1983 and May 1984 was carried out by A. Pillai, N. Chin, W.G. Lee, R.B. Allen, P.E. Johnson and P.N. Johnson. We are grateful for the assistance in many ways, of Ministry of Works and Development staff, both in Power Planning Division in Wellington and in the project office in Cromwell. Soil analyses were carried out by the Invermay Agricultural Research Station, and assessment of soil
coloti~s and textures by S.M. Smith of Soil Bureau, DSIR.
THE STUDY AREA Within the 33 km of Kawarau Gorge between the Arrow River mouth and Ripponvale, studies were concentrated on the lower slopes, but extended up to about 1000 m on the adjacent hillsides, the approximate upper altitude limit of shrub growth. The climate is characterised by hot summers and cold winters. Rainfall at the bottom (east) end of the gorge is around 500 mm per annum, rising to around 700-800 mm upon the hills and in the Arrow Basin. Both geology and landform have a marked influence on vegetation pattern in this dry climate. Interpretation of these has been aided by a 1-mile geological map by I.M. Turnbull (in press) and by the paper by D.R. Bell, 1982, 'Geomorphic evolution of a valley system: the Kawarau Valley, Central Otago', in "Landforms of New Zealand". Ed J.M. Soons and M.J. Selby.
In brief, the Kawarau bends its way through country of block-faulted schist. Glacial outwash and till form terraces 3 and benches, mainly in the upper valley, and the steep valley sides are variously mantled with talus colluvium, alluvial fans and wind-deposited loess. Most significantly, about half of the valley sides are composed of massive landslides initiated during the last glacial periods.
The vegetation too has a history of change. Evidence from buried charcoals and surface logs of Hall's totara indicate a widespread deforestation in inland South Island some 700-800 years ago, an event which probably occurred also in the Kawararu Gorge. Over the last 140 years, gold mining, farming, and fire have all altered the vegetation, forcing the native plants to share their habitat with intr6duced newcomers. Many naturalsised plants are still increasing their range. The following animals continue to markedly affect the vegetation sheep, rabbits, goats and possums.
Most of the Kawarau is extensively farmed, freehold or Crown leasehold land. Hydro-electric development is at an
~u~estigation stage, with five options under consideration, involving various combinations of dams, canals and tunnels.
FLORA All plants seen in the study area are listed in an appendix. In summary, the following numbers of plant species were recorded:
Native Naturalised Total
Woody plants 39 24 63 Dicot herbs 81 123 20+
Monocots ~~ 28 77 Ferns 18 18
187 175 362
Taken overall, the total number of native species slightly exceeds the total of naturalised species. But when the floras are compared in categories, big differences emerge. Thus all of the 18 ferns are native ones. As it happens, few introduced ferns have established in New Zealand, and they are not invasive plants of dry places. There are more native woody species (trees, shrubs, and lianes) than naturalised ones, and the 4
same is true of monocots (mainly the grasses, sedges and rushes) It is among the herbaceous dicotyledons where the naturalised flora (124 species) now exceeds the natives (80 species).
This is a lowland phenomenon : more intensive study of the upper hill slopes above the Kawarau Gorge would add greatly to the number of native species, but very little, if at all, to the number of naturalised ones.
RARE PLANTS Lepidium kawarau, named in 1885 from plants collected near Gibbston, has been considered as endangered in recent
years, but is now known from five sites ~n the Kawarau, namely the lower Swift Burn, north of Twin Bridges, slopes of cowcliff Hill, Nevis Bluff, and Slapjack Creek. Although reasonably secure from grazing animals on the cliff, ledge and small scree habitats it is still a rare plant. It is currently regarded as distinct at subspecific level, being named Lepidium sisymbrioides subspecies kawarau.
Two further native plants found in the Kawarau, are classed as rare (though not as endangered or vulnerable). These are a fern Pleurosorus rutifolius, which was found on a hillock
~.)?\ti of .. Victoria .. Bridge . .a11d on .. a rock face east. of the Nevis. mouth, and the grass Stipa petriei, also occurring at these two sites, and in Walkers Creek. Both plant species grow on steep sunny rock faces.
NATIVE WOODY PLANTS The following are common or noteworthy: Aristotelia fruticosa (mountain wineberry) . Locally common in Roaring Meg valley.;. mainly among Coprosma s0:i;ub Gn;beuldery ground.
Carmichaelia compacta. A native broom endemic to Central Otago, with a dist:Dibution centred on the Kawarau and Cromwell Gorges. It has been collected also around Alexandra, near Arrowtown, and near Lindis Pass. - 5
In the Kawarau it is a locally dominant shrub, 0.5 to 2 m tall, on a very dry, steep sites of compacted rock rubble. Plants have several stems, arching upwards from ground level, and usually 2-3 cm diameter, reaching 4.9 cm maximum. The oldest plant aged was 33 years.
Carmichaelia petriei. A widespread spindly broomJtaller than the above (reaching 2.6 m tall at times, to 4.9 cm basal stern diameter, and oldest one aged 32 years), and widespread in the Kawarau, though seldom more than 10% of the total cover. Common as scattered shrubs in snow-tussock grassland up to 1050 m.
Coprosma cf. parviflora. Found infrequently on rock outcrops or among stable boulders, mainly at higher altitude.
Coprosma propinqua. A very common native shrub on many sorts of sites on low or mid-slopes, preferring stable, reasonably moist soils, and notably dominant where stable boulders
have accumulated 9n a ~pur or below a schist block. Maximum measurements on this species were 2.6 m tall, 7.4 cm diameter, and 53 years old.
Coprosma ri.gid,a~ .,An .9.c:c:asto:r:ia],, hillside shrub, which appears to be more susceptible to grazing than the other Coprosma species.
Copr:os111a rugo~.a .. Se.ep o:q.Jy P.t a few .sites around 100 0 m .e.. g. in a gully crossing the road above Crown Terrace, on Mt Gilray and at Antimony Saddle.
Coprpsma viresce;ns. Usua.lly. assoGiated with kow:fiai ·on·rocky ridges and spurs; not seen at other types of site.
Corokia cotoneaster. Seen only beside boulders on a hillside and in the valley floor, . both at -the Ripponvale end ·of the gorge. 6
Discaria toumatou (matagouri) . The commonest native shrub. especially on terraces, fans and planar hillsides, but avoiding thin soils or unstable ground. In stature it is very variable, growing knee-high among tussocks, forming dense,... l. 5 to 2.5 m ,shr:ub in gullies, or reaching 3. 0 m as isolated, round-headed small trees with a trunk. One large specimen measured was 10.7 cm diameter, and 78 years old, but many probably exceed this.
Hebe pimeleoides is restricted to stable rock faces both in the river gorge itself and on the hillsides. The brittle stems reach 0.5 to 0.7 m long. A large stem 1.5 cm diameter was 45 years old.
Hebe salicifolia occupies shady gullies among other shrubs. The largest plant aged was 3.7 m tall, 8 cm diameter, and 16 years old.
Helichrysum selago grows on dry but shady cliffs of tributary gorges e.g. at the Swift Burn and in the Nevis.
Hymenanthera alpina is widespread, on stable open ground, almost always growing beside outcropping stones. Despite a maximum height of just 0.8 m, and stem diameter of 7.5 cm a plant with-106 growth rings was recorded.
Leptospermum scoparium (manuka) was found only in the Roaring Meg, above the upper powerhouse, in two small stands. It is of interest to note that kanuka (Leptospermum ericoides) is not known from the Kawarau, although it is plentiful through the Clutha Valley.
Muehlenbeckia australis. An occasional creeper found among dense scrub in shady gullies.
Muehlenbeckia complexa. Widespread but seldom very common; found among low open scrub mainly among bouldery or moist ground. 7
Nothofagus menziesii (silver beech) grows only in the bed of the Roaring Meg, near the upper powerhouse, forming a scrappy remnant of a few trees.
Qlearia avicenniaefolia is an occasional shrub of shady scrubby gully beds near streams, and of silty, shady rock faces in the river gorge.
~Olearia vi:cgata.~vaL._,,,lineata is moderately common in·broad gullies and mid-slope faces where the soils are deep and drought is unlikely. Shrubs.were measured to 3.6 m tall, 6.6 cm diameter, and 29 years old.
Olearia odorata is more widespread than~the above, on similar sites. Shrubs reach 2.8 m tall, 8.5 cm diameter, and 38 years old.
Olearia sp. (= 0. virgata var. rugosa). The least common of the small-leaved olearias, found on moist soils on mid slopes, e.g. towards Coal Pit Saddle.
Phyll6cladus alpinus. Only two shrubs were seen, both c. 1.5 m tall and partly dead, among rock outcrops at 945 m near the top of Mt Gilray. These looked like relics of formally hea·lthy plants. It is o·f interest to note that from pollen analysis of a site in the Cromwell Gorge, M.S. McGlone (pers. comm.) found P. alpinus to be the dominant pollen type in that area some 2000 years ago.
Pimelea aridula. Widespread, especially at mid-altitudes, and locally common on steep colluvium, rocky knolls, and spurs. Compact bushes 0.4 to 1.0 m tall, reach 4.5 cm diameter at base and 26 years old.
Podocarpus hallii (Hall's totara). A few small trees grow on steep shady gorge sides just above the river at the Twin Bridges.
Rubus schmidelioides. A widespread liane, forming tangled dense masses over stable boulders and along the rocky sides of the main river channel. One bush was measured at 2.6 m tall, with a main stem 8.3 cm diameter and 15 years old. 8
Sophora microphylla (kowhai) is widespread through the Kawarau, though very scattered, as groups of shrubs and small trees to 4 and 5 m tall, occupying spurs or ridges, among shattered but firmly placed rocks and boulders on stable hillsides. Kowhais are easily overlooked except where they stand on high rocky skyline ridges.
NATURALISED WOODY PLANTS The following non-native trees and shrubs are naturalised (as opposed to simply planted) in the Kawarau.
Acer pseudoplatanus (sycamore). Abundant on hillsides, especially shady ones, around the Arrow Basin, but quite local ~ in the Kawarau: on lower hillsides north of the Twin Bridges, scattered on hillsides east of Muddy Creek, locally common beside Victoria Bridge, east side of Waitiri Spur (few) and on Mt Difficulty slide (few).
Buddleja davidii. Found on roadsides on east and south side of Waitiri Spur, and presumably from seed blown from here, across the river to the east, on gravelly sites as along stream courses.
Crataegus monogyna (hawthorn). Like sycamore, abundant and often dominant around the Arrow Basin, but localised down the Kawarau: scattered on west end of Gibbston Flat, locally common on southern end of Waitiri Spur and on south side of a hillock just west of there,
Cytisus scoparius (broom). Scattered along roadsides in the Gibbston area, and sporadically along the length of the Kawarau River banks. Some bushes were measured at 3.0 m tall, to 6.4 cm diameter, and 11 years old.
Ligustrum vulgare (privet). Confined to the vicinity of the Roaring Meg mouth and the natural bridge where it is common over a small area. 9
Lupinus arboreus (tree lupin) . Regularly found on the zone of flood silt perched along the Kawarau River banks, and extending upslope a short distance on sandy toe slopes. At one site lupin bushes 1.5 m tall, with stems reaching 7.7 cm diameter, had 44+ growth rings.
Pinus radiata and P. ? conloda (pines) . A group of P. ?contort.a is perpetuating itself near the Swift Burn, while a few scattered trees of P. radiata at Walkers Creek and on the Mt Difficulty slide, indicate an ability of this species to establish itself.
Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas fir) . Numerous seedlings and
saplings occur in the Roaring Meg,~near both power houses, arising from trees originally planted.
Ribes uva-crispa (gooseberry). Found among other scrub, especially in the lower half of the gorge in reasonably moist soils. An age of 8 years was counted on a shrub 1.2 m tall, with a stem diameter of 1.4 cm.
Rosa rubiginosa (sweet brier) . By far the commonest shrub species, and widespread up to a maximum altitude of about 940 m, but reaches greatest density and stature on mqist .deep.. so.ils Qf a.l.. luv:Lal fans.. Maximum height recorded for brier was 3.2 m, stem diameter 5.2 cm, age 27 years. It is probable that ring counts on the thick underground base of brier stems would indicate much older plants.
Rubus fruticosus agg. (blackberry), Restricted to a few sites, usually moist shady bits of waste ground, e.g. near the Gentle Annie mouth.
Salix fragilis (crack willow). Found along riverbanks, e.g. of the Kawarau, Nevis and Roaring Meg, but the rocky or bouldery ground prevents the dense riparian strips typical of more gentle landscapes elsewhere. A few willow trees are evident high on the big landslides, e.g. Mt Difficulty and Muddy Creek. 10
Sambucus nigra (elder). A small round-headed tree, with a trunk often 40 cm or more in diameter, widespread at low or mid-altitudes especially in gullies. Although very obvious as small groves, it is inconspicuous but widespread
as so~~t~ry ~u~hes in the narrow gullies of dry faces. Few young plants were noticed.
Sorbaria tomentosa. This Himalayan shrub, grown in some Central
_ Qtago gard~ns, .. has. become locally common in parts of the Kawarau, e.g. Swift Burn, Nevis Mouth, Mt Difficulty slide, lower Roaring Meg, and Gees Flat. It can grow on very dry rock ledges, and increases by suckers in gravelly gr:ound, --It. is cons.picuolils when flowering in December, and with red autumn leaves in April'".
Teline monspessulana (Montpellier broom) . Found at a few places on silty soil near-the floor of the valley, e.g. Gees Flat.
Thymus vulgaris (thyme) . Prefers dry sites, especially talus
slepes .and mine tailings OB sunny aspects. Where present it is usually abundant and dominant, as patches one to
several km across. These are centred on c~wcliff Hill, Nevis Bluff, Nevis Mouth, Waitiri Spur, and Gees Flat. Thyme-l::Jushes-Feach 0.6 m tall at most; with a stem dia:ll1eter of 1.6 cm and ring counts up to 26. Because each bush seems to develop a bunch of several stems at ground level, this plant age may be an underestimate.
Ulex europaeus (gorse) . Scattered shrubs grow more or less along the banks of the Kawarau, and there are clumps of gorse, a few tens of metres across on a terrace below Glenroy,
hillside below Nevis Bluff, knoll and terr~ce edge west of Victoria Bridge, and near Gees Flat. 11
NATIVE HERBACEOUS PLANTS
Distribution of the following herbaceous species is here described because of their interest to entomologists (J.S. Dugdale pers. comm.).
Acaena anserinifolia. Frequent, often among open scrub, and avoiding the driest soils.
Acaena buchananii. Frequent, usually among pasture plants, especially on silty soils of alluvial fans.
Acaena caesiiglauca. The most abundant bidibid, regularly found in short tussock grassland, open., scrub, and extending up into snow tussock grasslands.
Acaena inermis. Also abundant, mainly in open sites among short tussock grassland.
Acaena novae-zelandiae. Frequent, especially on bared, somewhat disturbed ground.
Acaena saccaticupula. Occasional, mainly among snow tussocks on upper slopes.
Acaena sp. "916". Occasional, always under tall dense scrub on shady sites.
Aciphylla aurea. Abundant and widespread among silver tussock and narrow leaved snow tussock on mid- and upper hillslopes.
Anisotome cauticola. Frequent, but confined to rock ledges and crevices out of reach of browsing animals, mainly on faces of shady aspect.
Carex species. The only abundant species is C. breviculmis, regularly found through short tussock grasslands and pastures. C. flagellifera is frequent in moist ground of flushes or beside stream courses. C. buchananii,
C. gaudichaudiana and C. berggrenii are occasiona~while C. coriacea and C. raoulii are rare inhabitants of these 12
sites. C. colensoi was recorded from a few sites in damp pasture, and C. wakatipu, an occasional component of snow tussock grassland, probably becomes more common at higher altitudes.
Schoenus pauciflorus is locally dominant where water seeps down faces of some of the big landslides.
VEGETATION PATTERN The generalised pattern of how vegetation types are distributed according to different sorts of habitats is shown in Figs 1 & 2. These represent the range of habitats found hypothetically on a relatively staple hillside and terrace system, and on a major landslide. Not all vegetation types are clearly distinct. Some can be easily recognised as constant associations of particular plant species, clearly related to particular kinds of site, and with well defined vegetation boundaries. But other vegetation types are more amorphous mixtures of plant species. Boundaries of scrub and grassland communities are often ill-defined, because the two can intergrade very gradually. Some shrub species, notably matagouri and brier, are extremely variable as to what size and form they achieve in different environments. Thus they can play different roles in a great range of plant communities. It is as if certain shrub species have been superimposed across the landforms in blanket fashion, partially obscuring what might otherwise be more distinct vegetation types. The widespread occurrence of rock outcrops of many sizes also introduces heterogeneity to the vegetation, because the rocks have characteristic plants which favour growing upon or alongside them.
VEGETATION TYPES
A. CRUB : WIDESPREAD TYPES l. Matagouri. As the dominant shrub, matagouri grows most densely on colluvial or alluvial fans near the base of hillsides. Shrubs 1.5 to 2 m tall reach 40 to 75% cover values, typically growing above sweet vernal and other pasture grasses, Acaena spp. Anthriscus caucalis and clovers.
On broad gully sides matagouri occurs widely among ~ilver ~i'j \ KA'WA'KAU GORGE
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and hard tussock, and extends up into the snow tussock grasslands as stunted shrubs. On landslide terraces matagouri large matagouri bushes a trunk grow among scattered Olearia odorata, and a dense sward of grasses and Maori onion.
2. Briar scrub. Rosa rubiginosa, usually 1.5 to 2.5 m tall reaches cover values of 60 to 70% on hillside, gully, colluvial fan, and terrace sites where soils maintain a reasonable moisture all year. Pasture grasses form the main ground cover, notably sweet vernal, Yorkshire fog, bromes and ryegrass.
3. Mixed Matagouri-Briar scrub. Brier~and matagouri regularly grow together, usually in combination with lesser amounts some Coprosma propinqua, and sometimes with Olearia odorata and Rubus schmidelioides. Such mixtures favour stable ground, often shady sites with stones or boulders, but can be found on hill faces, talus fans, and gully sides. Typical understorey plants are the grasses sweet vernal, ryegrass, and soft brome, and herbs such as foxglove.
4. Coprosma scrub. Coprosma propinqua, usually 1.5 m tall and with a typical cover value of 20-25%, dominates open scrub on stable bouldery ground, especially on coarse talus below rock faces. Briar and matagouri are often present in small amounts. The lianoid shrubs Rubus schmidelioides and Muehlenbeckia complexa frequently occur, along with low shrubs of Pimelea aridua and Hymenanthera alpina, and clumps of speargrass. Ground cover includes a wide variety of grasses and herbs.
5. Lawyer scrub. Rubus schmidelioides, growing as tangled lianoid shrubs is dominant on terraces and low hillsides where it drapes small rock outcrops, in the company of perching ledge plants such as Luzula spp, and among low grasslands on the ground between rock outcrops. 14
6. Olearia odorata scrub. Widespread on sites not too prone to drought, e.g. shady gully sides, terraces, and especially in broad gully heads at mid-altitudes. 0. odorata shrubs 2-4 m tall, are dominant (20-55% cover) over widespread shrub and grass species (e.g. brier, matagouri, sweet vernal, Yorkshire fog) plus associated species which favour moist soils (e.g. Maori onion), or shade (e.g. prickly shield fern) .
7. Olearia mixed scrub. On moist soils at mid-altitudes, Olearia lineata and 0. virgata var. rugosa grow among snow tussock, Schoenus pauciflorus, Juncus gregiflorus, Blechnum penna-marina and other plants of wet tussock-land. ~
8. Hebe salicifolia scrub. Shaded incised gully beds on hillsides often contain Hebe salicifolia shrubs, 20-30% c over among other shrubs (e.g. tutu), bracken, and lawyer. Understorey plants are mainly herbs and ferns rather than grasses.
9. Elder scrub. On the toes of colluvial fans and on shady hillsides or gully sides, small trees of elder usually 5-6 m tall, account for 20 to 70% cover. Typical shade tolerant understorey plants are foxglove, cocksfoot, Anthriscus caucalis, Acaena caesiiglauca and Poa imbecilla.
10. Carmichaelia petriei scrub. Although seldom growing very densely (5-20 % cover), shrubs of C. petri ei 1.5 to 2 m tall sometimes form a recognisable community, with tussock grasses, and Pimelea spp on steep sites such as rock slabs, bluff crests, and tussocky spurs, especially on upper slope s.
11. Carmichaelia compacta scrub. As shrubs 0.5 to 1.5 m tall C. compacta reaches 10 to 60 % cover on steep very well drained sites, especially the stony upper parts of talus fans, the base of talus fans where they spill over rock faces, and the dry bulges of l ower parts of landslides. In some parts of the gorge, thyme has invaded this community and now co-exists with the Carmichaelia. Cover of other plants is usually very low, comprising scattered Bromus tectorum, Poa colensoi, and annual herbs. 15
12. Thyme low scrub. Thyme bushes 0.2 to 0.3 m tall, generally reach 30-80% cover when present, generally on sto ny talus, scree, or scattered bluffs with gritty or silty ledges. Frequent associated species are black medick, haresfoot
trefq.iJ:, ,,, ~y_Rochoeris spp, Rytidosperma spp, Vulpia spp, and Bromus tectorum.
13. Pimelea scrub. Pimelea aridula bushes 0.4 to 0.6 m tall, cons.picuous . f>y their rounded shape especially when in flower, are most common at low to mid-altitude, on steep well-drained hill faces, often below crests of spurs or ridges. Pimela usually forms only 10-20% of the cover, among short :o gr:as ses e.g .. -blue t ·ussock, silver tussock, Rytidosperma spp., and sweet vernal; Low shrubs of Hymenanthera alpina often occur in this community.
14. Hymenanthera scrub. -On stFeam or hillside terraces ·with well-drained gravelly soil, Hymenanthera alpina is the mo st obvious plant, as cushion-shrubs to 0.4 m tall, among short
grasses, and herbs such as Acaena spp, Oxalis exi~is, and J'.: rodi um cicutari um
B. SCRUB AND FOREST : LOCAL TYPES
15. Lupin scrub. On talus fans of very fine material, either windblown loess or silt deposited along the Kawarau banks, tree lupin, 1.5 m tall grows densely, sometimes with flax.
16. Hawthorn scrub. Within the Kawarau Gorge, hawthorn does not form very dense scrub, forming only 10-15% cover as bushes 3-4 m tall at a few sites, among brier scrub and pasture on low hillslopes of shady aspect. These give the impression of being young stands, still colonising, in contrast with taller denser hawthorn scrub found up-valley o f the Arrow confluence.
1 7. Sycamore l .ow forest. . Like hawthorn, sycamore is more abundant in the Arrow Basin, but extends i nto the Kawarau in a minor way, forming thickets on shady faces, typically among brier and matagouri shrubs and shade tolerant 16
understorey plants such as cocksfoot and An thriscus caucalis.
18. Broom scrub. Broom (Cytisus scoparius) growing as local infestations on riv er banks or road verges forms dense stands 2-2.5 m tall, with few associated plants.
19. Gorse scrub. In the few places where gorse is present, on low hillslopes , v a lley terrace or gorge side, it forms dense clumps, associated with the grassland plants it has invaded.
20. Kowhai woodland. Kowhai trees, frequently growing in
~ association with shrubs of Coprosma virescens, C. propinqua and lawyer , occupy rocky dry spurs on hillsides .
21. Silver beech forest. Remnants of silver beech forest in the bed of the Roari ng Meg are so small (10-20 m across) that they scarce l y form a forest community, b ut instead contain a mixture of shrubs, grasses and herbs from the adjacent vegetation .
22. Manuka scrub. This was found only in the upper Roaring Meg, in two stands c. 50 m across, where manuka reaches 2 .5 m tall and 50% cover among brier, lawyer, Olearia odorata and silver tussock at the base of a landslide face.
C. GRASSLANDS
23 . Silver tussock grassland. Silver tussock grassland is best developed at low to mid- altitude s on hillsides which are not much broken by rocks or bluffs , silver tussock forms 20 - 60% cover , and is associated with many different plant species. On dry sites swee t vernal, bromes, and scattered low matagouri are common. On moist sites, notably in broad gullies, Mao ri onion is abundant with the silver tussock forming 15-35% of the cover. 17
24. Hard tussock grassland. Hard tussock, although often found growing among silver tussock, tends to become dominant at mid-altitudes, forming 20 to 40% of the total cover, in conjunction with sweet vernal, occasional snow tussock, and various scattered shrubs.
25. Snow tussock grassland. Narrow-leaved snow tussock grassland is the characteristic cover across hillslopes above about 800 m. Scattered clumps of speargrass and shrubs of Carmichaelia petriei occur in. this community.
26. Pastures. Composition of pastures is varied, but the
following grass species are importa~t, sweet vernal, Yorkshire fog, perennial ryegrass, bromes, Rytidosperma spp., cocksfoot, browntop, Poa pratensis, and Chewings fescue. Improved pastures on terraces have the greatest proportion of ryegrass . Sweet vernal predominates on dry hill faces, and cocksfoot on slopes of shady aspects.
27. Short annual grassland
Drought-prone silty soils often support a grassland 10-20 cm tall of annual grasses which appear in spring, flower rapidly, and die down in summer. Such grassland is widespread at low altitude, typically on non-rocky planar slopes as on talus fans, scarps, or the faces of small spurs. Such sites often attract a lot of rabbits (rabbit sign averaged 6 on 1-10 scale). The following grasses in various combinations, can account for between 10 and 70% cover at different sites: silvery hair grass, Vulpia bromoides, V. myuros, Bromus tectorum, B. mollis, and Rytidosperma spp. Additional frequent herbs are sheep's sorrel, suckling clover, haresfoot trefoil, St Johns wort, and sandwort. Unvegetated ground averages 17% cover. 18
D. FERNLAND
28. Bracken fernland Bracken grows in discrete, localised patches, 30-300 m across, usually on stable bouldery ground in gully beds, below rock faces, or at the toe of talus fans, from river level to at least 900 m altitude. Canopy height reaches 1.5 to 2 m, with canopy cover then between 60 and 99%. On less favourable sites both height and cover are less (0.3 to 0.6 m, and 30-50% bracken cover) . Associated plants include scattered shrubs of brier, matagouri and Coprosma propinqua, the liane Rubus schmidelioides, and the grasses sweet vernal and silver tussock. In bouldery ground, where pockets of soil lie well below the ground surface bracken has ~n advantage over other plants in being able to establish via rhizomatous spread, and t o reach the ground surface with its long fronds. In the Kawarau climate bracken seems unable to compete with shrubs or grasses on other substrates.
29. Other fern associations No other fern species match bracken in its ability to " be dominant in fully open sites, but prickly shield fern (Polystichum vestitum), normally found under shady scrub, can be locally abundant in the open, provided the site is moderately shady and moist.
Several ferns are common together at the base of boulders, or on shady rock ledges and crevices, notably Polystichum richardii, Asplenium richardii and A. trichomanes. Often the fern Blechnum penna-marina is present also, along with the fern-like Anisotome cauticola. Under shady overhangs,
the delicate ferns Asplenilli~ flabellifolium and Cystopteris tasmanica are typ ically found.
Two widespread drought-tolerant ferns, often found together on rock faces or beside rocks on talus slopes are Pellaea falcata and Cheilanthes sieberi. 19
E. HERBACEOUS COMMUNITIES
30. Scabweed Low, compact, yellow-green mats of scabweed (Raoulia australis) are the most conspicuous plants in a community typically found on the dry, north to west aspect faces of spurs. These sites are both sunny and exposed to wind erosion, so soils are thin and gravelly, and bare ground accounts for 22 to 80% (mean 44%) of the soil surface. Scabweed accounts for usually 10-15% cover (sometimes to 30%). Common associated plants are silvery hair grass, sweet vernal, Vulpia hair grass, sheep's sorrel, Rytidosperma sp., and silver tussock in scattered tufts. Other.. Raoulia species are sometimes present, and species characteristic of the community are Poa lindsayi, P. man,iototo, Carex breviculmis, Oxalis exilis, haresfoot trefoil, storksbill, and Myosotis discolor. Rabbit sign is generally abundant (average 6 on 1-10 scale) .
31. Vittadinia herbfield
Purple fuzzweed (Vittadinia gracilis) can be the dominant plant (10-50% cover) in a short herbfield (to 30 cm tall) found on sunny slopes with deep well-drained soils with a lot of silt or loess content. Associated plants include most of those found commonly in short annual grassland, plus horehound, storksbill, barley grass, and slender winged thistle. The native white fuzzweed may also often be present. On average, 28 % of the ground is unvegetated.
32. Mullein herbfield
Woolly mullein is often found on disturbed silty or gravelly ground as along vehicle tracks but can be more extensively common on some deep gravelly soils, e.g. at the base of small talus slopes at the bottom of hillsides, and along scarps at terrace edges. Mullein plants account for 5 to 20% of the cover, and other common plants are often also tall weedy species, e.g. foxglove, winged thistle, Scotch thistle, horehound, or annual grasses e.g. Bromus and Vulpia spp. Unvegetated ground averages 18% cover, and rabbit sign averages 3 on a 1-10 scale. 20
F. ROCK FACE VEGETATION
33. Shady cliff scrub Steep often shady rock faces and loose rock debris, especially on the gorge walls, often support a partial cover of scrub in which Olearia avicenniaefolia and tutu are common.
34. Dry cliffs Dry sunny rock faces have only a partial cover of plants, rooted in ledges and crevices. · Among them are low shrubs e.g. Hebe pimeleoides or the more local Helichrysum selago, grasses such as blue tussock and Koeleria cheesemanii, woodrushes especially Luzula banksiaria var rhadina, and various herbs restricted to rock faces (e.g. Myosotis goyenii). Close study of the many different sorts of dry rock faces would reveal several distinct plant communities.
G. WETLANDS
35. Flus hes Gully heads on the hillsides have permanently wet base s while on the big landslides, ground water is often forced to the surface, providing habitats for local vegetation types contaLning very different plant species to those of the usual dry habitats. Flax and toetoe are conspicuous in some flushes, while various other types contain Schoenus pauciflorus, Juncus spp. and Carex spp.
DISCUSSION Features of botanical interest in the Kawarau Gorge are many and varied. There is the mixture of scrub, grassland and rock face vegetation types which are distributed according to differences in altitude and in dryness of the site. On a grand scale the vegetation types reflect the landforms of the gorge and their various origins and histories, and the plant cover contributes markedly to the scenic features of the Kawarau. At the level of individual plant species, there are several rare ones known from (though not restricted to) the Kawarau. Then at the level of plant communities, there are some
such as that dominated by th~ native broom Carmichaelia compacta, 21 whic h are better developed in the Kawarau then elsewhere. The Kawarau also contains good examples of several other nati ve plant communities, representative assemblages of which should ideally be protected as examples of the region's natural features. Surveys to establish needs and possibilities for protected natural areas have recently been initiated on an Ecological District basis. Four Ecological Districts meet along the length of the Kawarau. These are the Old Man Ecological District {encompassing the south bank up to the Nevis mouth) ; Remarkables. Ecological District {south bank upstream of Nevis Mouth); Pisa Ecological District {north bank downstream of Gibbston) ; and Shotover Ecological District {north bank upstream of Gibbston) Of these, only the Old Man District is currently the subject of a Protected Natural Area Survey. Unti) the results of that broad survey are available, any attempt at delimiting areas of botanical interest within the Kawarau remains a local exercise. In considering which portions of the Kawarau have the greatest potential as future r epresentative reserves one would look for compact areas containing a wide range of vegetation types and landforms in the best possible condition. When considering con~ itio n, three important factors are the degree of modificatidn by i ntroduced plants, by grazing, and by fire. It must be accepted in the Kawarau that all the vegetation types have been modified to a greater or lesser extent by grazing and by fire, and that the low to mid-altitude vegetation now comprises mixtures of native and naturalised p l ant species. This does not negate their value for biological conservation, although it may slightly alter the perspective needed for assessing conservation requirements .
At this stage of hydro-electric investigations and of botanical study and reporting, the most feasible conclusion to make about features of botanical importance, is to note broad areas where the v alues are high, and where they are of no great significance .
In general , the valley floor is of least importance from a botanical conservation viewpoint . This is because pasture development or intensive cropping on the terraces have already greatly modi fied these surfaces. Also of relatively low botanica l value are the lower hillsides where mixtures of dense brier and pasture occur, because these too have largely replaced the former 22 na tive plant cover. The walls of the Kawarau River channel are of moderate botanical interest, but in general terms, parts of these could be expected to survive if hydro-electric development involved a mixture of tunnels and canals rather than impoundments along all the river.
Turning to features of high botanical importance, I would pick out the following:
1. Hill faces right along the west side of Mt Difficulty. There is a great range of landforms, substrates and vegetation types here.
2. Hill faces along the north-east side bf Mt Difficulty. This section has a good range of vegetation types, plus a lot of scenic importance.
3. All bluffs and steep rock outcrops, e.g. the faces of Cowcliff Hill, Nevis Bluff, and those steep faces near the Nevis mouth.
Many of the more interesting v egetation t ypes, and the rare plants, surv ive on steep sites where grazing, fire and weeds have had the least impact. But judging by the devastati on that has happened to bluffs in the Cromwell Gorge, any similar engine ering effects in the Kawarau would have to be seen as a threat to many interesting plant communities.
4. Hill faces and terraces in the vicinity of Gees Flat. Development of the mining centre here as a historical place and tourist feature could be taken much further by interpretation of the vegetation and landscape features, provided these remain intact.
5. Sites of rare plants, or of l o calised plant communities.
All other parts of the Kawarau Gorge, not mentioned above, should be considered as having moderate botanical value . Many of thesefeatures would require more detailed botanical investigation and assessment in the light of any future firm proposals for hydro-electric development. 23
POSSIBLE IMPACTS OF HYDRO-ELECTRIC SCHEMES
Six possible development schemes are under consideration (Fig. 3), involving different combinations and placements of darns, canals, tunnels and powerhouses. Impacts of these different schemes upon features of botanical interest would be concentrated on the following areas or sites:
1. Areas that would be inundated. New lakes would in the main be confined to the existing gorged river channel. Scrub vegetation e.g. that containing Olearia avicenniaefolia, Coriaria sarrnentosa, and Hebe pirneleoides would be lost r along flooded gorge walls but would survive on fairly extensive stretches of river, even under scheme C which creates the most lake area. Other potentially affected riverbank vegetation, e.g. crack willows on banks or lupin scrub on silty walls are of low botanical' interest.
2. Areas subject to low river flows. Development schemes involving canals and tunnels, and leaving long stretches of river with much reduced normal flows, would have little effect on plant communities. There is no aquatic vegetation to be affected. Partial siltation on the bed or banks of these stretches following darn construction could lead to colonisation by new or existing vegetation types.
3. Site KW 35. Schemes A, B, & C all require construction and s poi l disposal areas extending around 300 rn back from both riverbanks. On the south bank, below Gibbston, affected land is the hummocky terrace edge, with lines of smoothly rounded low schist outcrops. Thin drought-prone soils over rock are clothed with short annual grassland or sweet vernal pasture, and the depressions contain sweet brier scrub. On the north bank, are the toes of big fans, clothed with rnatagouri scrub, some of it reverting to scrubland after clearance for pasture. Gulleys across the fans contain dense rnatagouri, Olearia and elder scrub. Botanical v alue of this vegetation here is not high. 24
Hjdro-e\e.dy;c_ sc'nemes
,~ I I
I' 'i.... - .... 1.. .. '- .... "" ' Mt.1liHicu\t~ I .... ____ .... ____ _ ' 'I I I b. I
\ rrn. . rno..so" \ A 0
C.a.na.\ -;:;---"""'=:z1 z:zaza1Zz2122zzz222z,a~ ------~• ~ B • •" I 11??/?l?f//!/!//////;/$/~ .. - --
c
t?Z?ZW(////fff,@~ Tv,.,,., 01 ------....
E 111mzv//,~w
.... -.. - - -·------~
+o 35 30 25 20 15 10 km vfstrurn
twint t t t t t t i Gibb-:;ton Ne"is Vicfori.a N~vis c;;e.n\k Roo..rin~ GcteS er1cl~~,, f'lno",e. Bluff Brid~"- River M~ n~t 25
4. The canal zone. Between KW 35 and a powerhouse or tunnel intake at KW 29, the canal across the Gibbston Flats, under Nevis Bluff and across Victoria Flats would require extensive spoil disposal areas, covering most of the south bank terrace 3S . between river ~nd existing road. As at KW~canal plus spoil would cover hummocky rocky ground with dry grassland and sweet brier scrub, but additionally mine tailings, and terraces with deeper soils and developed pastures. Again, the vegetation types here are of low significance botanically. However, the steep faces of Nevis Bluff hold some interesting plants, including the rare Lepidium. A tunnel under Nevis Bluff might therefore have an impact on these, though perhaps no more . than already occurs from slope stabilisation works on the bluf"f above the highway.
5. Site KW 29. A powerhouse or tunnel dropshaft here would be constructed on a pasture and brier covered terrace edge of no great botanical interest.
6. Site KW 26. Scheme F, with a dam sited below the Nevis confluence, would flood hill bases, mostly thyme-covered on the south bank. On the north bank, terraces around the end of Waitiri spur, clothed in rough pasture, scattered brier, some hawthorn and gorse clumps, could be altered by construction works without loss of botanical values, However rocky spurs and cliffs on the hillsides between the Nevis River and Mt Difficulty slide, hold rare plants and plant communities of interest. These would need careful consideration in the light of firm dam proposals.
7. Site KW 23. Development options for a dam just above · Gentle Annie Creek would require construction and spoil disposal areas on a large terrace on the east bank. This has mine tailings along its outer edge, and otherwise is covered with brier scrub and rough pasture, some of it on damp soils. Botanical values here are low. 26
8. Site KW 12 & KW 13 All schemes involve a powerhouse, and some a dam at the top of Gees Flat. Where the tunnel exit and surge chamber would be sited, grassland and dry cliff vegetation on the steep hillside would be affected locally, though plenty more of the same occurs on sunny faces upstream for several kilometers. Construction areas near dam and powerhouse sites occupy hill bases and terraces where the vegetation is mostly highly modified types such as thyme, dry annual grasslandjVittadinia-~~ herbfield. A north bank construction area would disturb mostly brier scrub. Tunnel spoil would be disposed of over extensive gold dredge tailings on riverbanks downstream of the Goldfields Park mining centre, a habitat from which native plant communities have already ~ gone. Above the highway on the north bank opposite the mining centre are dense stands of Carmichaelia compacta, more readily seen here than anywhere else in the Kawarau Gorge, and growing on the foot of a landslide. Although no construction works would seem to directly threaten these stands, their botanical and scenic interest should be recognised. As noted on p 22,
the contribution of vegetation and landscape features to 1 the appeai and setting of the mining centre should be recognised in addition to its historical features, in attempting to obviate any damage to this site. 27
KAWARAU GORGE, LIST OF WILD PLANT SPECIES P N Johnson, May 1984 Abbreviations: * naturalised a = abundant f = frequent 0 = occasional r rare
WOODY PLANTS: TREES, SHRUBS & LIANES
* Acer pseudoplatanus sycamore 0 Aristotelia fruticosa mountain wineberry 0 * Buddleja davidii buddleia r Carmichaelia compacta native broom a C. petriei If II a Clematis q.u-adribracte.olata 0 Coprosma cf. parviflora r C. petriei r C. propinqua a c . pumila 0 C. rigida r C. rugosa r C. v irescens 0 Coriaria sarmentosa tutu f Corokia cotoneaster korokio r * Crataegus monogyna hawthorn r Cyathodes colensoi r
* Cyt isu.s scoparius broom 0 Discaria toumatou matagouri a * Eucalyptus sp. eucalypt r Gaultheria antipoda snowberry r G. depressa II II 0 Hebe ~imeleoides f H. salicifolia koromiko f Heli6hrysum selago r Hymenanthera alpina f * Larix decidua larch 0 Leptospermum scoparium manuka r * Ligustrum vulgare privet r * Lupinus arboreus tree lupin 0 * Lycium chinense Chinese boxthorn r * Malus domestica apple r Muehlenbeckia australis 0 M. complexa pohuehue f Myrsine nummularia 0 Nothofagus menziesii silver beech r Olearia avicenniaefolia 0 0. lineata f O. nummularifolia r 0. odorata a 0. sp (= virgata var. rugosa) 0 Parsonsia capsularis r Phyllocladus alpinus celery pine r Pimelea aridula a P. oreophila 0 \ 28
P. prostrata 0 * Pinus ? c.00torta \o,~po\e pine r * P. radiata ra iata pine r Podocarpus hallii Hall's totara r * Populus nigra var. italica lombardy popular r * Prunus aviurn cherry r * Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas fir r * Ribes uva-crispa gooseberry 0 * Rosa rubiginosa sweet brier a * Rubus fruticosus blackberry r R. schrnidelioides lawyer a * Salix fragilis crack willow f * Sambucus nigra elder f Sophora microphylla ·kowhai 0 * Sorbaria tomentosa sorbaria f * Teline monspessulana Montpellier broom r * Thymus vulgaris thyme a * Ulex europaeus gorse ., 0
DICOTYLEDON HERBS * Acaena agnipila Aust. sheeps bur f A. anserinifolia bidibid f A. buchananii II f A. caesiiglauca 11 a A. inermis II a A. novae-zelandiae II f 11 ·1. . ·'=~:.: ·,:~c at i c u pul a 0 A ...11 91 6 11 II 0 Aciphylla aurea speargrass a * Amsinckia calycina yellow gromwell r * Anagallis arvensis scarlet pimperne ll f Anisotome aromatica f · A. cauticola f * Anthriscus caucalis b e aked parsley f * Aphanes arvensis parsley piert f * Achillea millefoliurn yarrow 0 * Arctiurn lappa burdock r * Arenaria serpyllifolia sandwort 0 * Asparagus of ficinalis asparagus r * Calystegia silvatica bindweed r * Capsella bursa-pastoris shepherds purse 0 Cardamine debilis N.Z. bitter cress f * C. hirsuta bitter cress 0 * Carduus tenuiflorus winged thistle f Celmisia gracilenta f * Centauriurn erythraea centaury 0 * Centranthus ruber red valerian 0 * Cerastiurn fontanurn mouse-ear chickweed a * C. glomeraturn II II II 0 Chenopodiurn allanii 0 C. album fa then r C. bonus-henricus .good King Henry r * Cirsium arvense cally thistle a * C. vulgare Scotch thistle a Claytonia australisica 0 Colobanthus brevisepalus 0 29
C. strictus r * Conium maculatum hemlock 0 Convolvulus fracto-saxosa 0 C. verecundus tussock bindweed o Cotula pectinata subsp. villosa o c. perpusilla o * Crepis capillaris hawksbeard a
Dichondra repens 0 * Digitalis purpurea foxglove f * Echium vulgare vipers bugloss f Epilobiurn alsinoides subsp. atriplicifoliurn a E. billardieranurn subsp. cinereurn 0 E. brunnescens f * E. ciliaturn willow-herb 0 E. hectorii 0 E. kcmarovianurn 0 E. pedunculare f E. pernitens f E. pictum 0 E . . _pubens f ' E ; TuEundifoliuo 0 E. tenuipes f * Erigeron sp. fleabane r * Erodium cicutarium storksbill a * Erophila verna whitlow grass f * Eschscholzia californica Californian poppy 0 * Euphorbia lathyrus caper spurge r * E. peplus milkweed f * Yumaria muralis fumitory r * : ~. off icinali s II r ·-~ '.t ;alium aparine cleavers 0 ,.*/G. murale small bedstraw 0 ·, G. perpusillum 0 · G. triloburn r Geranium microphyllum f 1 .r :.;. *:'-G. molle dove s foot f ' ;: ,., ·· G. sessili f lo rum a Gingidia decipiens 0 G. montana native aniseed r Gnaphaliurn audax subsp. ruahinicum f G. luteo-album cudweed f G. paludosum 0 G. traversii 0 Gonocarpus aggregatus 0 * Gypsophila australis clammy gypsophila 0 Helichrysum bellidioides a H. filicaule f * Hieraceurn lachenalii tussock hawkweed 0 * H. pilosella mouse-ear hawkweed f Hydrocotyle microphylla 0 H. novae-zelandiae var. montana a * Hyoscyarnus niger henbane r Hypericum grarnineurn 0 * H. perforatum St John's wort a * Hypochaeris glabra smooth catsear a * H. radicata catsear a * Iberis amar-a candytuf f r 30
* Lactuca serriol a prickly lettuce r Lagenifer a petiolat a r Lepidium sisymbri oides subsp. kawarau r * Leucanthemum vulgare o xeye daisy o * Linaria purpurea p urple linari a r * Linum catharticum purging flax f * Lotus pedunculatus lotus r * Lupinus polyphyllus Russel lupin r * Malva neglecta dwarf mallow o * Marrubium vulgare horehound f * Matricaria matricarioides ray less chamomile r Mazus radicans r * Medicago arabica spotted bur medick o * M. lupulina black medick a * M. sativa ·lucerne r * Melilotus alba white melilot f * M. officinalis yellow sweet clov er r Mentha cunningharnii N~z. mint 0 * M. spicata spearmint r * Mimulus moschatus musk " r * Minuartia hybrida fine-leaved sandwor t o * Myosotis arvensis forget-me-no t o -1'- ~ ~ . ...~· d iscolor " " a M. goyenii r * Nasturtium microphyllurn water cress o * Navarettia squarrosa Californianstinkweed f * Nepeta cataria catmint r Nertera balfouriana r * Nicotiana rustica tobacco r _.,,. O en~. .:..·l:tera ery throsepala evening primrose r * Onopor(j.~n\ acanthiurn cotton thistle 0 * OrigafiUin vulgare wild marjoram r * Orobanche minor broom rape 0 Oxalis e x ilis creeping oxalis f * Papaver dubiurn long-head poppy 0 Parahebe linifolia r * Parentucellia viscosa tarweed r * Pastinaca sativa parsnip r Pernettya nana r * Plantago lanceolata narrow-leaved plantain a P. triandra 0 * Polycarpon tetraphyllum all seed 0 * Prunella vulgaris selfheal f * Ranunculus acris giant buttercup r R. foliosus f R. hirtus f * R. parviflorus small-flowered buttercup r Raoulia australis scabweed a R. glabra a R. hookeri a R. parkii r R. subsericea f R. tenuicaulis 0 * Reseda luteola . wild mignonette f * Rurnex acetosella sheeps sorrel a 31
* R. crispus curled dock 0 R. flexuosus Maori dock 0 * R. obtusifolius broad leaved dock 0 * Sagina apetala annual pearlwort f * s. procumbens pearlwort f Scleranthus uniflorus f * Sedum acre stone crop f * S. reflexum r Selliera radicans r Senecio bellidioides 0 s. glaucophyllus subsp. discoideus r * S. j acobaea ragwort r s. lyallii r S. quadridentatus 0 * S. sylvaticus . wood groundsel r * Silene conica r * S. gallica catchfly r * S. vulgaris bladder campion r * Sisymbrium altissimum tumbling mustard r * S. officinale hedge "'mustard r * Solanum dulcamara bittersweet 0 * s. nigrum black nf ghtshade 0 . ·· f> . ~$onchus asper prickl¥sow thistle 0 * S. oleraceus sow thistle 0 * Spergula arvensis spurrey r * Spergularia rubra - sand spurrey r Stellaria gracilenta f ·· S. media chickweed 0 _ik. Taraxacum officinale dandelion 0 Tillaea sieberiana f T. sinclairii r * Trifolium arvense haresfoot trefoil a .. . * T. campestre hop trefoil f * T. dubium suckling clover a * T. pratense red clover f * T. repens white clover f * T. 9\orne.r-a.tu."' c.\u.~-tue.Q. clover r ... * Urtica urens nettle 0 * Verbascum thapsus wooly mullein a * V. virgatum moth mullein a ' Verbena officinalis vervain f * Veronica arvensis field speedwell 0 * V. verna spring speedwell a * vicia sativa vetch f ~ V. tetrasperma four-seeded vetch r * Vinca major periwinkle 0 * Viola arvensis field pansy r V . cunninghamii 0 Vittadinia australis white fuzzweed a * V . gracilis (= triloba) purple fuzzweed a Wahlenbergia albomarginata native harebell f W. gracilis f
ADDITIONAL DICOTYLEDONS
Leucopogon (Cyathodes) fraseri . Patotara f * Lychnis coronaria rose campion 0 * Tanacetum parthenium fever few f j "'lrifo\iu.m s\( ia-t uO"' .5trial~<'.\. do\1€.( r 32
MONOCOT YLEDONS
* Agrostis ca p~llaris brown top a * A. stolonifera creep ing bent 0 * Aira car' yophyllea silvery hair grass a * A. praecox early hair .grass 0 * _Ammophila arenaria marram grass r * Anthoxanthum odoratum sweet vernal a Arthropodium candidum 0 * Bromus diandrus ripgut brome a * B. hoideaceu~ (= moilii) so:t:t brome. a * B. sterilis barren .brome a * B. tectorurn downy brome a * B . .wildenowif . .prai:i;j.e 9rass 0 , Bulbinella angustif6lia Maori on1,on a Carex berggrenii 0 C. breviculmis grassland sedge a C. buchananii 0 C. co-lensoi. r C. coriacea rautahi r . c. flagellifera f C. gaudichaudiana 0 C. raoulii r C. wakatipu 0 Chionochloa rigida narrow ~ lvd snow tusso ck a Cortaderia richardii toe toe r Corybas macranthus spider orchid r * Cynosurus cristatus crested dogstail 0 * C. echinatus rough dogstail r .;.. ··na:··:cy".l is glomerata cocks foot a
Diche lachne crinita 0 * Echinopogon ovatus hedgehog grass r Eleocharis acuta spike-rush r Elymus rectisetus blue wheat grass f Elymus sp. r Erythranthe ra p umila 0 * Festuca ·arundinacea ·. tall fescue 0 F. matthewsii I Matthew's fescue f F. ~ovae-zelandiae hard tus·sock a * F. rubra Chewings fescue f * Holcus lanatus Yo:rkshire fog a * Hordeum murinum barley grass f * Juncus articulatris jointed rush f * J. bufonius toad rush r J. distegus 0 * J. a.ffusus soft 'rush 0 J . . gregiflorus 0 J. novae-zelandiae r J. pusillus r J._ sarophorus 0 Koeleria cheesemanii 0 Lachnagrostis sp. 0 * Lolium perenne rye grass f Luzula banksiana var. rhadina woodrush· . f L. crinita var. petriana woodrush f L. picta woodrush f L. rufa woodrush f Microtis unif olia onion orchid f 33
* Poa annua 0 P. colensoi blue tussock a
P. imbecilla f P. intermedia 0 P. s p . ( "caespi tosa") silver tussock a P. lindsayi f P. maniototo desert poa f * P. pratensis Kentucky bluegrass f Rytidosperma clavatu~ f R. setifoliu.m a R. rac.emosum f Schoenus paucif lorus 0 Scirpus aucklandicus 0 S. habrus 0 Stipa petriei 0 Uncinia sp. hook sedge r * Vulpia bromoides vulpia hair grass a * V. megalura f * V. myuros 0
FERNS
Asplenium flabellifolium 0 A. richardii a A. trichomanes f Blechnum discolor crown fern r B. penna-marina f B _ \.
Additional monocotyledons
Luzula ulophylla 0 Poa ·, 11 c.r a.;s at:a. r 34
APPENDIX SOIL DATA FOR KAWARAU VEGETATION PLOTS
Map references refer to NZMS 1 sheets S.132 and Sl33. Landforrn abbreviations are H = hillside, L = landslide, F = flat or gentle surfaces. Profile and contour abbreviations are P = planar, A = concave, X = convex. ~oil,Parent_M~t~rtal=(S~M~.~bbreviations are T = talus, t' - = · ·· gravei (including outwash, till), R = rock or boulders, L = loess, D = landslide debris, U = alluvium. Soil texture abbreviations are gr = gravel, p = peat, s = sand, fs = fine sand, Z = silt, L = loam, st = stones
Nutrient analyses are quick-test results c;.arried out by Inverrnay Agricultural Research Station.
s H ClJ H 0 r-1 ::l 4-1 ·.-! 0 p ~lot Map ro 4-1 +i Soil Soil pH Ca K Mg Na %C s:: 0 s:: ~ colour b ref rUHO~ texture ...:I~ U Ul
1 760734 H p p T gr.SL lOYR 5/2 7.2 4 2 3 6 2 0.5 2 794681 L A A D PfSL SYR 2.5/2 5.4 5 6 8 31 5 11. 7 871674 F p p G SL 2.SY 4/2 6.3 8 9 5 30 2 1. 8 3 8 /' 6 ·' 4···. 89377 3 H p p T . SL+ gr 2.SY 4/2 6.6 10· 29 2 1. 7 5 901768 L x x D f SL+gr 2.SY 4/2 5.9 5 11 26 28 2 1. 7 6 902769 L p A D grPL 5YR 2.5/l 6.4 10 1 5 31 2 1. 8 7 906763 H x A L SL+ gr lOYR 3/3 6.6 14 22 24 62 2 4.5 8 906763 H x p R SL+ gr lOYR 4/3 6.3 9 10 6 24 2 1. 7 7.8 23 11 2 0.6 9 954696 L x x D gr SL .. lOYR 5/3 + 4 10 955696 L x p T gr SL lOYR 3/2 7.1 12 5 6 18 2 1. 3 11 957697 L x x R gr SL lOYR 4/2 6.4 9 5 5 44 2 2.3 12 963703 L p p L gr SL lOYR 4/3 6.6 7 13 10 28 2 1. 0 13 963703 L p A L ZL+gr lOYR 4/2 6.6 13 16 9 39 2 1. 7 14 945705 H p p L ZL+gr lOYR 3/3 6.6 9 6 6 25 1 1. 0 15 946705 H p x G gr4S+st lOYR .. 3/3 7.4 .9 .4 -? 11. 2 0.8 16 . 927144 L A p D ZL 2.SY 4/2 6.3 6 8 14 24 3 1. 5 17 929745 L x x D ZL+gr lOYR 4/2 6.1 6 12 10 26 2 1. 3 18 929748 L p x L ZL lOYR 4/2 ' 6. 1 6 11 16 30 2 1. 8 19 932743 L x x R SL+ gr lOYR 3/3 6.4 6 13 11 43 3 1. 6 20 923735 L p A D gr LS 2.SY 5/2 7.2 13 4 5 24 1 1. 4 21 923733 L A x u Z4. ,SY 3/.1 .. 7. 8 2.l ' c 6 A 62 2 3.9 1 22 . '9247'33 L ){ x D gr SL 2.SY 4/2 6.8 7 4 4 22 1 2.7 .23 928732 L p A D grZL 2 .SY 4/2 6.1 8 5 7 32 3 1. 8 24 896.771 L x x D grfSL 2;5Y 5/2 6.3 7 2 10 22 4 2.2 25 8957:Jl, L p x D ZL+gr 2·.5Y6/3 6.1 6 '2 10 23 4 .70 26 897775 L p p D ZL 1.0.YR 4/3 5.4 4 10 49 25 3 3.1 35
jlot Map Soil Soil pH Ca K p Mg Na %C p ref texture colour
27 896772 L p p D ZL [, 4.,SY 4/2 - ~ 5.5 2 12 44 14 5 2.4 28 896775 L p !) ' x ZL 2.5Y 5/4 5.7 3 9 22 18 6 1. 3 29 899775 L A AD PSL+gr lOYR 3/2 5.6 5 5 12 32 5 3.5 30 897771 L p AD SL 2.SY 5/2 5.1 7 11 8 41 4 9.4 31 897772 L p AD grfSL 2.5Y 4/2 6.6 8 3 7 35 3 1. 9 32 908763 H p x R f SL+gr lOYR 4/2 6.2 7 3 5 15 3 1. 4 33 906764 p p H T ,gr~~ lQYR.,4/3 7.3 13 17 11 - 32 3 2.1 34 908765 p H A T ZL lOYR 4/2 6.7 10 18 5 31 4 1. 9 35 907762 p p H T ZL lOYR 3/2 6.3 9 11 7 31 3 3.1 36 907761 p p H T ZL 2.SY 4/2 6.3 9 12 6 30 3 1. 8 37 907762 p p H T gr LS SY 4/1 4/2 7.2 11 3 6 23 4 1. 4 38 906762 p H x T ZL lOYR 5/3 5/4 6.6 11 12 4 31 4 1. 9 39 908762 H A AT 1ZL+g;r c-y_•: --' n l Q,YR ,4 / 2 ,.__4 / 3 6.7 6 10-- = 2-- 22 4 . 80 ,- 4 0 - 93414.t p " L AD ZL lOYR 4/2 5. 9 .. 7 10 15 33 4 2.9 41 933742 L x X D ZL+gr lOYR 4/3 6.2 7 13 8 25 3 1. 5 42 p p 929741 L D ZL -. lOYR 4/3 6.4 12 12 22 35 3 2.8 43 930747, L x x D, ZL, 2.5Y 5 /2/ 6.4 6 10 13 33 3 2.4 44 933744 p LA D ZL lOYR 4/2 6.0 7 10 15 33 2 3.0 ,45 930744 LAAP grZL, lOYR-,'JJ/2 146_/.J93'2138 5;. 9 lQ 4 15 50 4 3-; 4 - L A p D ZL+gr lOYR 3/2 6.6 16 20 7 64 3 5.1 47 923745 LA AD ZL+gr lOYR 4/2 6.4 7 17 5 31 2 48 2~3 926744 L x X D ZL lOYR 4/3 6.3 10 11 I 9 33 3 2.1 ~49 923744 L x X D grfSL lOYR 4/3 5.6 4 5 21 13 4 2.4 p 60 922744 L AD f SL lOYR 3/2 6.7 14 10 5 24 2 2.5 51 924744 -2 __ _, __ ;..;, ,-- J,, }'~- A I)_ ,,-, ZL 5¥> 4/-'2· 1 6.3 8 9 8 3-2 .. 1~-'4 p 52 918745 L A D f SL lOYR 5/3 6.6 8 19 9 34 3 1. 2 p p 53 9lt$/4!:> L D f SL lOYR 3/2 6.3 7 12 5 38 2 2.5 p p 54 918745 L D f SL lOYR 4/2 6.2 6 7 4 29 2 1. 6 55 925743 L x X D grfSL lOYR 5/3 6.4 5 13 11 28 2 1. 8 56 919747 L x x D ZL lOYR 3/2 6.5 10 8 5 30 3 2.8 57 .~n8I4 7, .L x x 0 ZL+g-r 1-0:YR -3/2 6.7 14 12 33 3"4 '3"'""'- ·3·~3 p 58 918748 L x D grZL lOYR 3/2 7.1 18 10 5 32 4 3.9 59 927732 L x x D f SL+gr 2.SY 3/2 7.3 13 8 5 22 4 2.1 p p 60 927732 L D grfSL lOYR 3/2 7.7 19 8 7 30 6 2.1 p p 61 937738 L D ZL lOYR 5/3-4/3 6.4 8 13 11 32 4 1. 8 p 62 937735 L AD ZL+gr lOYR 4/3 - 6. 3 7 11 19 31 3 1. 9 63 L, .. ,~ :J.51.A 2, AP D- -ZL ' ; l·OYR -413 '6. 3 8 r2· lT' 36 ,, -3 I.'7 64 p 938745 L X D fSL+gr lOYR 3/3 6.2 8 9 13 34 3 2.4 65 934735 LA AD ZL lOYR 3/3 6.4 9 12 18 34 3 2.3 9387?1:) 66 LA AD ZL lOYR 4/2 6.3 11 14 4 31 3 2.6 67 935723 L A p D ZL 2.5Y 4/2 6.3 11 32 6 37 2 3.4 68 94/7/0 p p L D grfSL 2.5Y 4/2 7.0 13 12 3 27 3 2.7 ,69' 94.112,0: LA AD- ZL - lOYR 4/2 6.1 Y2' ro - -~r 3'4 2 8 p i. 70 941718 L x D ZL+gr lOYR 4/3 6.5 9 18 21 25 2 1. 3 71 p 953703 L x D fSL+gr lOYR 4/2 6.7 9 17 17 35 3 1. 6 72 954705 L x x D gr SL SY 4/2 7.6 8 2 4 7 2 .60 73 p p 954707 L D ZL lOYR 4/3 6.6 9 7 5 32 3 1. 4 74 953706 L x x R ZL+gr 2.5Y 4/2 7.5 16 4 5 21 2 1.1 175-. 952708 LA X A ZL lOYR 3/2 7.1 Yi f9' 16 44 2 2 76 883742 H x x R f SL lOYR 5/4 5.8 A 14 27 21 2 1.9 p i77 878715 H x T _ grSL lOYR 4/2 6.3 9 13 7 38 3 2 179_ p 881717 H p T_ fSL lOYR 5/2 6 .6 ; 9 12 4 32 2 1. 5 h9 87 8719 L x p D grfSL 1ao lOYR 4/2 6.2 7 6 6 28 2 2.2 897728 L x X D ZL lOYR 3/2 6.7 19 5 5 47 5 4.3 36 E ~ Q) ~ 0 .-i ~ 4-1 ·r-1 0 "O 4-1 ..µ Ilot Map s:: 0 s:: :t: Soil Soil pH Ca K p lt1~01l! Mg Na %C lo ref ..:IAitJUl texture colour
p p 81 897728 L T f SL+gr lOYR 3/2 7.4 21 lS 21 67 2 3.1 p 82 89S737 H A ,P r.SL+gr , .· 10YR.,3/2 6.8 17 22 29 . 90 3 4.6 H p 83 sa113o AD fSL SY 4/2 6.S 10 8 9 S4 s 2.4 p 84 89S737 H x D f SL+gr 2.SY 4/2 6.6 8 12 9 4S 2 2.9 8S 89S737 HAP R vgrfSL SY 4/2 6.8 s 3 s 14 2 .70 86 891744 HA AD ZL lOYR 4/2 6.1 7 8 10 30 2 2.1 87 891740 H p p D ZL lOYR 4/2 6.2 9 lS 14 37 4 2.3 88 89S73S . HA p D :. ~ j 1 ) ·' ...'1_ : ·.ZL .... 10.".:(R -4/3 7.2 22 7 13 59 7 .f. 9 89 89S73S H x p D SL lOYR 4/2 6.7 11 14 11 S3 3 3.4 90 93S69S H p p T grf SL 2.SY 4/2 7.0 9 11 7 24 2 1. 4 91 938692 H X R x grfSL 2.SY 4/2 6.7 7 9 4 27 3 1 92 94S692 H p AT grZL 2.SY 4/2 6.8 12 10 4 31 3 1. 9 93 946692 HA X T grfZL 2.SY 3/2 . 6. 6 11 12 10 43 4 H p p 2.S 94 _,87.77],4 J a .grSir 2~-SY 3/2 7.9 12 33 2'6 32 71 · '.a·o ''9s 948694 H X T x grfSL 2.SY 4/2 7. 6 .. 2S 9 s 21 3 2.1 96 949696 H x p T grfSL lOYR 4/3 7.8 16 3 s 22 39 1. 3 97 HAP T 948696 grfSL lOYR 4/2 6.8 9 17 16 33 3 2.4 98 HAAR 897728 f SL lOYR 4/2 7.2 13 13 21 44 3 3.2 HAP 99 897728 u ZL 2.SY S/2 6.6 s s s 1_7 ; ._70 H p x ...... !.: - .f 100 '' S.94 7 52., T .fSL l·OYR 5/3 6.2 4 11 ·~ 11 29 3 l.S 01 8947Sl H p p T grZL lOYR 4/2 6.2 9 9 6 3S 3 2.3 102 8947S3 HA AT ZL lOYR S/2 6.3 8 13 4 33 4 1. 8 8947S4 HA p T 103 ZL+gr lOYR 4/2 S.9 s 11 6 23 2 1 t04 8967S4 H p p T grfSL lOYR 4/2 6.1 7 s 3 32 4 1.3 9027SS H PAT lOS f SL lOYR 4/2 6.9 .,4.,. 2.,3 . 6 ,..,9,.,,3.7, 6.9 5 ., H .. P .... -A·· T .• l!" .~. ~- ' ; -~-,1.. 36. 10 grZL lOYR 3/2 6.4 11 16 13 27 3.2 R.P.. A. T 3 l07 ~3S69S ZL lOYR 3/2 7.3 20 13 12 44 2 3.6 jOB 933694 H p A T f SL+gr lOYR 4/2 6.6 10 7 4 24 4 1. 3 937698 H p p T b9 ZL lOYR 3/3 6.S 11 10 s 24 2 1.1 939698 H p p T u.o grZL lOYR 3/2 6.7 12 13 8 34 1 1. 8 n.1 93969S H p p T ZL ·lOYR 3/2 6.3 f 3,4'" ...3. 2.S u. 2 . ~ 9-3.8.6 .. 9.8, , ff.p p ·T ZL ·· L ~·.?.. "" -··j9,,, ·IOYR '412 5.9 7 5 3 26 2 1. 5 b.3 946701 H p A T f SL lOYR 3/2 7.5 18 9 lS 22 1 1. 7 ll 946704 H p 4 x T ZL lOYR 3/3 6.6 9 5 7 19 1 1.1 lS F p p G 94970S ZL 2.SY S/2 7.6 13 3 9 12 2 .70 HA A J. 6 948696 T f SL+gr lOYR 3/2 7.9 13 7 8 S2 2 1.40 il 7 948696 H p p T f SL+gr lOYR 4/2 7.S ... 2,, .. ~ ..... ~ r _.. -- !L. _,,6, .; ,, . .,6,, .. l,4 '" ... 60 , JS .. 95.16·95·- H p p. T·. f SL+'gr 'IOYR '4/2 p 7.0 7 24 10 160 335 .60 19 953676 HA T f SL+gr lOYR 3/2 7.7 p 11 6 18 14 2 1 20 949699 H AT grf SL 2.5Y 3/2 6.6 p p 10 7 10 23 3 1. 5 21- 952695 F G f SL lOYR 4/3 6.9 7 s 21 8 3 . 30 22 F p G 9S2695 r ZL lOYR 4/3 7.1 18 10 19· 28 3 2.S 23 H p p G 948703 ZL lOYR 3/2 f;i, .• /1 3.Q •.. .2 .... 1. 6 . ·~~ l'J. H-P P G•·. . J;L, .· '·"7 ., ~4 '' 948706 'grfS:L l"CfYR c'J'/3 6.5 s 6 s 18 2 .60 HAP 2S 944 704 T f SL lOYR 4/2 7.4 12 8 10 20 3 1 26 HA p T 94S703 ZL lOYR 5/4 6.S 8 6 4 23 2 1 H p p 27 94S705 R SL · lOYR 3/3 7·. 8 22 2 2 14 s 1 28 H p p T 944704 ZL lOYR S/3 6.S 8 10 3 23 4 1 29 944708 HA p T f SL lOYR 4/3 7.,1 '8·i .... a .. ,,,4... ,,17 .. ' 2· •' ,... 40 *30 1 •HA X L' 94S707' 'fSL"' f OYR "312 6.8 7 6 16 19 2 2.3 ~1 942708 H p p R fSL.+: E H Q) H 0 r-l ::l 4-1 ·r-1 0 "d 4-1 .µ .Plot Map s:: 0 s:: :8 Soil Soil Ca K p n11--lOP. pH Mg .Na -%C No ref ~Pol u (/) texture colour 139 943686 H p p T ,fSL.. ~ ,lOYR 3/1 7.2 22 3 10 61 4 4.8 140 904743 H p p R grZL lOYR 3/2 6.7 9 4 4 22 3 1.1 141 904753 H p AD grf ZL lOYR 3/2 6.7 12 5 5 39 2 2.4 142 904755 H p p T grfZL lOYR 3/2 6.5 8 9 5 37 3 2.9 143 904755 H p p R ZL+gr lOYR 3/3 5.8 7 3 6 38 5 2. 1 144 905705 H p p T f SL lOYR 3/3 6.7 10 14 6 38 3 2.5 145. 8,98755 H p X T :.grfSL , ·10YR 3/2 5.6 2 3 15 9 3 .90 146 902756 H p p T grZL 2.SY 4/2 6.2 6 6 5 23 2 1. 3 14 7 901756 H p A T f SL lOYR 3/2 6.9 17 18 32 46 3 3 148 872705 H p p L gr SL 2.SY 5/2 7.0 6 2 2 20 3 .40 149 872705 H p p L ZL lOYR 3/2 6.5 11 9 5 30 2 1 150 872706 H p p L f SL lOYR 4/3 6.4 6 7 2 21 2 1.1.. 151 87,37.0.5. H x x L· .fSL · 2. SY ·4/2 , 6.6 7 12 ·2 23 3 . 1 152 875708 H x x R f SL 2.SY 4/2 6. 3 ., 5 11 7 15 2 .90 153 872708 H A X u ZL 2.5Y 3/2 6.0 9 7 6 26 2 2.4 154 876715 HA x T fSL 2.SY 3/2 6.7 9 8 20 30 3 1. 2 155 878714 .H p X R f SL+gr 2.5Y 4/2 6.5 8 6 4 24 3 1. 2 156 877714 H p X R 6.8 10 15 7 34 3 2.3 f SL 2.5Y 4/2 • < '- ) l157 . . 87.77,15, HX x T- gr SL ·lOYR 4/3 7. 3 8 4· ' '6 13 '2 1 1158 882472 H x x R f SL lOYR 3/2 6.3 12 11 40 45 3 3.9 159 882742 H p A T f SL 2.SY 4/2 6.2 6 12 12 29 2 1 160 881739 H A p R gr SL lOYR 3/2 6.2 8 9 21 44 3 2:1 i161 875743 H A P D ZL lOYR 3/3 5.6 3 14 46 18 3 2 '162 896704 H p p L ZL lOYR 4/2 6.2 7 11 2 30 2 1. 7 ll c10 . i163 . . 7.8.3 753- Ln4:·.,"X"'~°' ·fSL lOYR 4/3 5.8 5 32 2 3.i il64 753731 H ,~P· P. T SL 2.SY 4/2 7.5 13 2 4 9 2 .60 165 753731 H P X T SL 2.SY 3/2 7.4 9 2 5 13 2 1 166 778732 H X X R grfSL lOYR 3/1 7.5 25 12 22 56 7 4.5 167 826699 H p p T ZL lOYR 3/2 7.. 4 15 33 41 79 3 2.5 p p 2_5y 168 806715 F G SL 4/2 6.6 4 2 5 :LO !_• 1. -~O 169 803713 H p p G· gr LS lOYR 3/3 '6. 2 4 1 6 17 2 .90 170 803708 H p p u f SL lOYR 3/3 6.1 6 6 14 22 2 1. 5 171 795696 HA X R ZL lOYR 3/2 7.0 12 28 47 95 6 4.5 172 795697 H x x R ZL lOYR 4/2 6.3 6 14 9 36 3 1. 6 173 797669 H p A R SL SY 4/2 7.1 17 4 11 61 7 4.3 174 7 9.268 8 L p p D ZL 2.5Y 4/2 5.6 4 12 29 ~3 , ~3 ~· 1. 3 175 .. 785693 L x x R f SL lOYR 3/1 6.7 13 23 32 66 4 3.5 176 874747 H p X D ZL lOYR 4/3 6.0 5 14 20 27 3 1. 2 177 881742 H p X D ZL 2.5Y 4/2 5.8 7 15 19 36 3 2.5 178 871748 L P A D ZL 2.5Y 3/2 5.7 6 8 24 29 3 2.2 179 863743 L p X D ZL lOYR 3/2 5.8 11 4 5 41 3 3.7 180 863744 L x X D ZL 2.SY 3/2 6.4 .9 .8 ..... 8.. 44 .3 . 2.9 181 863743 L p X D ZL lOYR 4/2 6.3 9 16 7 34 3 1. 8 182 860734 L p AD fSL lOYR 4/3 6.5 11 12 9 39 3 1.9 183 858742 H 'X AT ZL lOYR 3/3 6.4 9 4 9 35 3 1. 5 184 857741 H X p T f SL lOYR 4/3 5.9 4 12 13 16 2 1. 8 185 857741 H p A T grZL lOYR 3/3 6.3 7 15 14 31 3 1. 6 186 857741 H x x R . ygr_SL lOYR 313 7.8 ,2,6 . J ... 9 ,• 8 3. 1. 2· 187 861742 H p x T SL lOYR 3/3 7.7 14 6 14 15 3 1. 4 188 768723 H p p G f SL 2.SY 4/2 6.4 6 12 4 25 2 2.4 189 758718 H P p G f SL lOYR 3/1 6.2 11 7 9 42 2 4.8 190 868720 H p AT SL+gr lOYR 4/3 6.2 6 12 9 23 2 1.4 191 865721 H p p T f SL 2.SY 4/2 6.2 7 11 6 33 3 1. 4 38 i:; H CIJ H 0 r-1 ::s 4-1 ·.-1 0 '1:l 4-1 .µ i::: 0 i::: ~ p Plot .Map ml-lO~ Soil Soil pH Ca K Mg Na %C ~o ref H ~ U oo texture co 192 86S724 H P X T _SL+gr lOYR 4/3 6.3 4 8 7 19 3 .80 193 86S72S H p p T f SL lOYR 4/2 6.1 s 12 4 21 1 1. 8 194 864726 L p X D ZL SY 4/3 6.8 9 3 3 22 2 1. 3 !9S 76S731 F p p D ZL lOYR 3/2 S.8 8 8 s 28 2 3.2 196 765732 H x p R SL lOYR 4/3 6.S 7 4 6 14 2 1. 4 197 765732 H x X L f SL lOYR 3/2 S.9 8 6 s 43 3 3.5 2.2 1~8 .. .,_ 6,6 7,,2 ~.· H p p L ZL, l.OYR 3/ 3 · S.4 7 4 6 24 3 199 76872S H p p G f SL lOYR 3/2 6.7 18 17 20 33 4 3 100 76S722 H p p G ZL lOYR 3/1 7.5 26 10 14 48 s 5.3 101 768721 H p p G f SL lOYR 3/2 S.7 9 12 10 31 3 4.8 102 766721 H p p G ZL lOYR 4/2 S.8 7 9 11 27 2 2.9 103 768721 H p p G f SL lOYR 3/3 6.6 5 9 4 14 4 .70 p 14 c.6 _ 31 .. 2 1.-4, fSL_. ..i.~ 6.8 -8 104 i· 7,_ {i._7, 7,~ l I! p J ·.. l.OYR,.4/2 10 s 7SS740 H p p R grLS SY 4/1 7. 2._ 10 1 19 9 2 .80 106 7S8737 H p AT ZL lOYR 4/2 5.9 7 4 7 24 3 2.S 107 762742 H p X T f SL+gr lOYR 3/2 6.7 17 13 20 41 3 3.S 108 759739 H p X T ZL lOYR 3/2 7.0 10 lS s 37 2 3.4 109 759739 H p AR f SL+gr 7. S'YR 3/2 7.7 20 4 6 32 4 4.1 10. . '-)., "3 .;·2 ' ' 110" ,!l6i4 7110-6, L, PAD·· . grZL . ' !10YR "3 I 2 ' 7. 3 14 l!i SS· 2 .70 111 86S706 L P P·T grZL lOYR 5/3 7.8 18 3 3 7 112 866708 H A P T gr.fSL lOYR 3/2 6.3 6 6 8 22 1 2.9 113 862710 LA AD ZL lOYR 4/2 6.2 6 15 7 31 2 1. 7 114 862709 LA AD grf SL SY 4/1 6.6 9 4 4 24 2 1. 9 llS 83869S H X X R ZL lOYR 3/3 28 2 1. 6 6.3 8 10 5 .r. 11.6 . . a3.8&85. .. JJ,,.,p .>.;.P.c:R· grSL lOYR 3/2 : 1. 0 18 . 28 · t·J" 93 12 20 117 835684 H J> ..P,Jl' ZL lOYR 4/2 6.2 9 13 18 26 2 3 118 837685 H P A T ZL lOYR 4/2 6.6 12 17 6 33 3 2.1 !19 83S683 HP AR PL 5YR 2.S/l 6.9 32 17 46 73 4 20 120 828684 H P A R grfSL lOYR 3/2 6.9 18 6 2S 28 3 5.4 21 833681 HP AT ZL lOYR 3/2 6.S 14 10 16 3.. 3 .,4 .. -··~ ·.:..t·,.J ~} 122 ' .. 8296.85 HP AT ZL· lOYR '3/2 7.7 13' so 35 94 3 3.9 23 829687 H P X T ZL+gr 2.5Y 3/2 6.4 10 12 3 31 2 2.6 24 830688 H p p T f SL lOYR 4/3 6.4 7 8 3 23 3 1.1 p 2S 907742 HA R ZL 2.SY 3/2 6.4 12 10 9 24 2 2.S p 26 908740 H p R SL lOYR 3/3 6.0 4 10 10 13 2 1. 2 27 905733 L p x D f SL lOYR 3/3 6.3 .8 ll ' 2_, 27, < 3, 2_. 5 .-L p . - 2.8 .. 906732 x D stfSL 10YR 3/2 6.7 18 11 7 46 2 6.3 p 29 908738 H p R ZL lOYR 4/2 6.2 8 6 2 23 2 1. 2 30 909735 L P P D f SL+gr lOYR 4/2 6.7 9 12 2 24 1 1. 9 31 910738 H X X R f SL lOYR 4/3 6.4 7 10 4 16 2 1. 6 32 908740 L.X PD f SL+gr lOYR 3/3 6.5 11 11 4 27 2 2.3 90S741 33 LAX D ZL lOYR 3/1 J) •. 9 l:4 J ..7 .25 51. 2 3. 2 .. B4 · 892709 H·P P T ·· grf·sr,· iOYR -3)3 6.6 s 6 5 14 2 1. 4 3S 892710 H P X R ZL+gr lOYR 3/3 6.5 9 11 3 23 2 2.2 36 894711 HAAR gr SL lOYR 4/2 .6.6 9 10 4 23 2 1. 2 37 892714 H X X R f SL lOYR 4/2 6.S 6 10 4 21 1 1.4 38 887673 H X X R f SL lOYR 3/2 7.4 225 8 6 7S 8 3.6 39 88S674 H p p T SL lOYR 4/2 ... 6. 7 . ,, .7. .. , c:.4r. 18- 2. .90 : ~ s ~o 88S674 H P A T .· ·sr, , lOYR '4/3 6.8 7 2·1 32 23 3 1.2 ~1 88S674 H p P R fSL+gr . lOYR 4/3 7.7 12· .· .. 7 11 20 7 .70 ~2 88S676 H P X T .fSL+gr 2.SY 3/2 6.8 .. 7 . 4 3 19 2 .90 ~3 887680 L X AD fSL+gr 1-0YR 3/1 7.3 18 -13 7 32 2 3.3 4 908747 H p X T SL lOYR 3/3 6.6 7 ~6 5 31 2 1. 6 \s 908747 H X P T .. f$L 2 •.5Y ,4/2 .6 .7 7 .. 5 4 25 3 1 k6 '908747 H p p R gr SL lOYR 3/2 6. 9 . 9 9 14 31 3 1. 6 k1 911744 HP X :G ZL . lOYR 3/3 5.8 5 11 12 18 2 2.6 39 >lot Map Soil Soil pH Ca K p Mg Na %C lo ref texture co !48 911744 H p x G gr SL lOYR 3/3 6.1 4 4 6 12 2 .80 !49 911745 H p x T grfSL lOYR 3/3 6.5 8 10 9 27 3 1. 5 !50 914740 H p p R SL+ gr lOYR 3/3 5.6 7 5 12 26 3 3.1 !51 914740 HA p R f SL lOYR 4/2 6.5 10 5 5 21 2 1. 5 !52 914740 H p A T f SL 2.SY 4/2 6.4 7 5 3 23 2 1. 6 !53 915741 H p A p ·fSL+gr lOYR 3/2 6.7 10 8 9 30 3 2.2 !54 912746 F p p R ZL lOYR 3/2 6.4 7 13 14 29 1 2.2 !55 . 904747 F p p G ZL lOYR 5/3 6.5 10 9 14 30 2 2.4 !56 938714 H p x T grf SL lOYR 4/2 7.8 7 7 13 10 3 .70 !57 896771 L p p D grLS 2.SY 4/2 6.2 7 4 13 19 2 1. 3 !58 887675 H p p T f SL lOYR 3/2 7.8 18 12 8 50 2 3.4 !59 887675. H p x T, grfSL lOYR 3/2 7.7 20 '4 13 27 4 2.4 !60 888675 H p x R SL+gr lOYR 3/3 7. 'J 21 5 5 27 2 1. 5 !61 885674 H p p T SL+ gr SY 4/2 8.0 14 2 6 7 1 .50 !62 886675 H p p T. SL'+gr 2.SY 3/2 7.8 9 3 5 9 1 1. 3 !63 885676 H x_x T grfSL lOYR 3/2 6.9 14 4 13 21 1 3.8 !64 886676 L x x D gr SL lOYR 3/2 7.6 16 7 4 14 2 2.9 !65 .7-427 42 H p x R ·grLfS 5Y 4/1 7.2 5 1 . '2 6 2 :so !66 743743 H A P T gr SL lOYR 3/2 7.2 8 2 3 11 2 1. 8 167 745746 HA A T gr SL 2.SY 4/2 7.7 6 2 3 13 3 .70 168 744741 H X X T LS 2.SY 4/2 6.6 5 1 5 11 2 .70 169 757738 H p p T f SL+gr lOYR 3/2 6.4 10 6 6 26 2 2.8 170 757738 H p p R f SL+gr lOYR 3/2 7.6 17 5 12 16 ., ..; 4 11' ~ 171 R6 6 6 8 4 :7,;ff::·p. p R SL+gr ' .. lOYR 4/2 7.6 9 2 "s 14 4 .90 172 867684 ··i;;.~<&>A. x T gr SL lOYR 3/2 7.7 7 4 5 10 2 .60 173 867684 HA X T SL+gr lOYR 3/2 6.9 7 7 29 21 2 1 174 867683 H p p T f SL 2.SY 3/2 6.4 8 4 3 29 3 1. 7 175 865678 H A P T f SL lOYR 3/3 6.1 9 14 32 32 3 2.2 176 866677 H p p T gr SL lOYR 3/2 6.9 10 7 9 28. .. 3 z.s 177 887692 L K. A D ZL lOYR 3/2 7.4 . 15 3 7 35 5 1. 5 178 887692 L p p D ZL SY 4/2 7.6 14 1 2 31 4 .70 179 888692 L P X D gr SL lOYR 4/2 6.8 9 9 10 17 3 1. 8 180 888698 L P X T grS SY 4/1 7.8 4• 1 2 4 1 .30 181 890698 L X X R grZL lOYR 5/3-5/4 7.8 19 2 6 18 48 .30 182 889698 L X X T grLS lOYR )/2 6.3 7 3 10 11 3 1. 6