Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research (ASSEHR), volume 154 International Conference on Culture and Language in Southeast Asia (ICCLAS 2017) and Religion in : a Comparative Study of the Two Literary Works

Sukron Kamil Faculty of Literature and Humanities Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University Jakarta Indonesia [email protected]

Abstract- Terrorist often mentioned as Islamic terrorism is flaring up. It is not only done by a group of people who are in influenced more likely by the views and feelings of social the name of Islam, but also other religions. In fact, religious injustice, both nationally and globally. Islamic religious terrorism by some experts is now considered a new direction understanding, that does not show true Islam, is used by the of terrorism [4]. perpetrators and the ‘brains’ behind terrorism in the period of Jewish fundamentalist terrorism, for example, could be the Reform in Indonesia to legitimize its acts of terrorism. More precisely, it is the religious understanding of jihadist seen from the event of 25 February 1994 that killed 63 salafi/jihadist fundamentalism sourced from Islamic ideology Palestinian Muslims who were performing the shubuh prayers such as Sayyid Qutb and Abdullah Azzam. Both (social injustice at Hebron Mosque [5][6][4][7]. Terrorism also belongs to and salafi jihadist), in this research, are the two undivided and Protestant Christian fundamentalists such as "cult" like David not mutually exclusive currencies, because if they are not united Koresh in America [8][9][10] [11], and Hindu people such as it is difficult to bear terrorism. Therefore, countering terrorism supporters of Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). The supporters of or deradicalization should not only be a military and legal BJB demanded such as the demolition of the Babri Mosque approach, but also must involve many institutions, political, that stood since 1952, believing that Rama was born from that economic, psychological, and social institutions such as education place. They also committed terror by rioting between the end and religion. This conclusion was derived from the study of of 1990- 1991, where more than 1000 people died and 4000 comparative literature of American School on two Indonesian literary works, a novel and a memoir, reinforced by confessions were injured [8][9][10][4][11]. In Buddhism, there is also the of the terrorist perpetrators of the first bombing, especially same trend as seen in the Aum Shinrikyo group [12]. In Imam Samudra. The two literary works examined were a realist terrorism, it seems that there is no single political ideology as novel Demi Allah Aku Jadi Teroris (For the Sake of Allah, I well as any single extremist religion that dominates the use of Become a Terrorist) by Damien Dematra and a memoir terrorism. Terrorism belongs to many ideologies and religions Temanku Teroris? Saat Dua Santri Ngruki Memilih Jalan that are believed to be extreme/exaggerated. Berbeda (is my friend terrorist? When Two Students of Ngruki However, the most striking later is terrorism in the name of Chose a Different Way), by Noor Huda Ismail. While the Islam. Terrorism in the name of Islam continues to grow, confessions of terrorists were derived from the book of Imam Samudra Aku Melawan Teroris (I am Against Terrorists) and although the war against global terrorism has lasted more than other relevant sources. Both were certainly still reconfirmed by 10 years. The attacks of ‘Islamic’ terrorists also swept the the findings of academic works of the experts and the results of world, from North Africa to Southeast Asia. The target also in-depth interviews. reaches Casablanca, Madrid, London, Istanbul, Riyadh, Jakarta, and Bali. Keywords- terrorism, social injustice, jihadist salafi, comparative The act of terrorism in the name of Islam that was most literature, and academic work shocking and receiving the attention of mass media or world was an attack on the World Trade Center building as well as I. INTRODUCTION Pentagon Building in the United States on September 11, 2001

Terrorism is an act of violence to spread panic, widespread and the terrorism of Bali bombing I in Indonesia in 2002 [10]. intimidation and destruction of vital objects, or to obtain Up until now Islamic terrorism is still a threat to Indonesia. ransom, an act is considered a criminal act but no as a war that According to Al Chaidar, there are about 200 potential makes innocent civilians a target, and often the victims are terrorists in Indonesia today, although according to Ansyaad mass, undertaken by an individual or a subnational group or Mbai, Head of BNPT (National Agency for Combating clandestine agents opposing a state for political objectives or Terrorism), there are still 100 likely potential people to be for its own interests [1][2]. terrorists. Indonesia is a category prone to terrorism. Some The act of terrorism in this sense is now a frequent literatures, in fact, call Indonesia at emergency of terrorism. phenomenon, especially since the last 200 years. Terrorism is From the records of BNPT team, the acts of terrorism that not only done by groups in the movement carrying religion occurred during the Reformation era totaled more than 103 but also, both locally and internationally, is mostly done actions. Of that number, 41% occurred in houses of worship, especially churches and Christian institutions, and 43% in mainly by secular groups [3]. Nevertheless, terrorism, or at least violence in the name of religion, has recently been public places, such as hotels and offices [13][14]. From

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January to July 2001 alone, some books mention 81 actions. terrorism. More precisely, it is the religious understanding of Although strong acts of terrorism are relatively new in the salafi or jihadist fundamentalism sourced from Islamic history of Indonesia [15]. ideologists such as Sayyid Qutb [17] and Abdullah Azzam. The act of terrorism in the name of Islam by radical Both (social injustice and salafi jihadist), in this research, Islamists seems to be categorized by Oliver Roy, a French were the two undivided and not mutually exclusive currency, political scientist, as a "radical neo fundamentalism", or by because if they were not united it would be difficult to Roel Meijer as a "salafi global jihadist" [16][17]. In Indonesia, generate terrorism. the perpetrators - such as Jamaat Islamiyyah and Mujahidin of Terrorism is analyzed in this research by using three West and East Indonesia - are connected with the latent measures; (1) the use of violence or terror by targeting underground movement of NII (Islamic State of Indonesia) civilians, although sometimes security forces, high officials, [18][19]. and government agencies are also targeted; (2) launched by Furthermore, the relationship of terrorism and Islam by non-State actors, although terrorism also covers the state Western writers is not only related to the partial terrorism; and (3) with the aim of obtaining certain political misinterpretation of the non-mainstream Muslims but with outcomes. It is the measure that distinguishes terrorism by Islam itself as a whole. Sam Harris in his essay in the violence from violence itself or harmony for the benefit of Washington Times for example states "it is time we illegal money-making [26][15][1]. acknowledge that we are not fighting against terrorism. We The meaning of global social justice in this research is the are fighting against Islam. .... Every American should read the reality of the US occupation and the allies over Afghanistan Qur'an and see that non-Muslims are smeared mercilessly on followed by then on Iraq after the terrorist attacks of its pages”. Likewise, Lauwrence Auster from FrontPage September 11, 2001. Previously, the Zionist occupation of magazine also echoes the same sentiment [10]. Palestine have been supported by the United States since 1940, and the military control of the United States over Saudi II. METHOD Arabia is since the Gulf War of 1990s, in addition to the time when the Gulf War also invaded Iraq by making innocent To obtain comprehensive data and analysis on the topic or civilians a target. The US and its allies are considered by focus of analysis, the method used in the research was the terrorists, such as Imam Samudra and, of course, by Osama source of this paper which combined two main aspects. From bin Laden which have occupied three holy mosques: the the field of science, this research used approaches in literary Grand Mosque in Mecca, the Nabawi Mosque in Madinah and religious studies, especially Islamic studies. The literary (Sudi Arabia), and the Aqsa Mosque in Palestine. The United theory used in this research is the theory of realist literature, States and its allies are also claimed to have controll the land especially social realist, and the American comparative of Prophet Muhmmad's revelation and homeland and also literary theory [20][21][22][23][24][25]. While the Baghdad as the center of Islamic power, the capital of the perspective of Islamic studies used is the approach of Abbasid caliphate (8th-13th century AD). The reality of sociology of religion and sociology of integrative politics to injustice committed by the United States and its allies can be look at the phenomenon of terrorism in the name of Islam. found not only in the confessions of terrorists like Imam Therefore, the data collection method used in this research Samudra, but also in the novel and the memoir studied. was a qualitative method. In this sense, the research made two The US and allies considered by the Bali bombing I literary works as the main object of the study; a novel Demi terrorists have crossed the limit, as they made the Islamic civil Allah Aku Jadi Teroris by Damien Dematra and a memoir society a target of attack. As a result, thousands of women, Temanku Teroris? Saat Dua Santri Ngruki Memilih Jalan children, and other Muslim civilians were killed or disabled Berbeda by Noor Huda Ismail. These two literary texts were for life. It also happened in Afghanistan, Iraq and in Israel quoted, and compared in accordance to the American through the Zionists. They call the US and allies the comparative literary theory with the views and confessions of Crusaders. Imam Samudra felt that if one died of US citizens the perpetrators derived from Imam Samudra's book Aku and allies, the whole world was busy, as if all the people in the Melawan Teroris! and confessions of other terrorists derived world should be responsible, however, if thousands of from various sources, including newspapers. Both were still Muslims died in their hands, the whole world, including reconfirmed by the findings of academic works of experts and Muslim leaders and also the ulamas, are in silence. Therefore, the results of in-depth interviews. the terrorism of Bali bombing I considered the perpetrators as jihad to fight or to respond US and allies as they do not violate III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION Muslims and fellow mujahidin (other actors of Islamic Based on the research conducted with the above terrorism in the world) tortured in barbarian ways at methodology, terrorism often mentioned as Islamic terrorism Guantanamo, a notoriously famous prison in the US. Although was influenced more by the views and feelings of social this topic mentioned in the novel, it can be seen more clearly injustice, both nationally and globally. The religious in the memoir and certainly in the direct confession of the understanding of Islam that did not show the true Islam was perpetrators of terrorism. used by the actors and the brains behind terrorism in the For terrorists, US civil society and allies in everywhere Reformation period in Indonesia to legitimize their acts of targeted by terrorism are not a problem. The reason, because

94 Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research (ASSEHR), volume 154 according to them, the US and its allies have made Muslim Joko Widodo at this time, in this sense are also the same, civil society in several Muslim countries as a target. This is because the Government of SBY w a s often called as the the penalty for the same act. Another reason is that in New Order Part II, even by non-terrorists. The reason, countries with democratic systems like the US and its allies, according to H. Amir, is because Indonesia is not based on the people must be responsible for the actions of their country Islamic law. It is a country based on neo ilyasiq law, a new that do wrong to the Muslim states. The course of power in mixed law from various sources of man-made law that once democracy must involve the people. They must also be prevailed in the Eastern Islamic world under Hulagu Khan, the responsible, since they have helped the Government attacking son of Genghis Khan, in the 13th and 14th centuries. the Muslim countries through the taxes. After all, they are Terrorism, therefore, is a political movement, both political considered civilians who control the military, because in the resistance to the West as well as opposition to the internal US and allied countries there is a mandate of the military Government, including under President SBY, and also Joko (compulsory military), although in the social studies of Widodo. In the twoliterary works and the confession of terrorism, the army who does not serve only considered civil, terrorists was also found that the birth of terrorism was also let alone ordinary citizens. In the memoir and the novel, this certainly not only a reality seen as a form of national and question was not revealed clearly, even in the memoir, a global social injustice, but also other social issues. Among tendency was identified. these wer the factors of friendship and social environment that The global injustice is a concern and a source for terrorists were accustomed to violence. A factor that also affect was the in Indonesia during the Reformation period. Since they were individual psychology, because they felt alienated like a sense born, they are influenced by the existence of international of arrogance and the sense of not wanting to be over relations with world of terrorism, especially al-Qaida leader, controlled by trauma such as rape, as experienced by Kemala, Osama bin Laden. This type of terrorism is often called a main character of the novel [27][28][29][30][2][13]. transnational terrorism. In this case, JI (Jamaah Islamiah) was However, the views and feelings of social injustice and born in 1992 in the hands of Abdullah Sungkar after settling other social factors then get legitimized by the mindset and the with Ajengan Maduki in Di / TII (Darul Islam of Islamic tendency of Islamic religious sense of salafi Army of Indonesia) while in it is connected with al- (fundamentalism). By taking a partial verse or partial hadith Qaida. The initial program linking them was war training and and not referring to the standard interpretation, the religious war of Afghanistan against the Soviets (Russia) of the late interpretation of the version of the terrorists legitimize the 1980s and early 1990s. They were also formed in relation to terrorism acts at last. Among these are the religious views of the Moro fighters in Mindanao, Southern Philippines, who those who believe all of the ruling regimes in Muslim gave their territory to JI to form the Hudaibiyyah camp, a countries have fallen apart, because they are based on non- military training camp. If in the camp, Afganistan gave birth Shari'ah laws; high officials and regime military or police who to the perpetrators of terrorism of Bali bombing I (Imam do not apply Islamic law are also apostates; considering Samudra and friends), Then Hudaibiyyah camp in Muslim communities as infidels who live under the pagan Mindanao gave birth to the perpetrators of terrorism regime., Although this view is for several terrorists only; generation like Nurdin M. Top, Dr. Azhari and friends after labelling ulama as infidels who brand the jihadist movement the death of the Imam Samudra and friends. The second as disoriented; and who believe in democracy, secularism, and generation of terrorist perpetrators had been destroyed since nationalism are pagan political ideologies. In this sense, the Nurdin M. Top died in 2009. Now, the dangerous terrorists ideological Islamic concepts affect them [27][28]. are MIT (Mujahidin of Indonesia Timur) which is organized They are influenced primarily by the views of Sayyid Qutb, by JAT (Jamaah Ansharut Tauhid) and MIB (Mujahidin an Egyptian political and fundamentalist ideolog, in the book Indonesia Barat). Both are networked with MIB helping Ma'alim Fiat-Thariq (Signs Towards Straight Path). The main funding MIT and MIT aims to make Poso as the basis for the idea of this book is the declaration of absolute power of Allah Islamic state they want to establish. In this memoir, the (al- hakimiyyah) through the doctrine of la hukma illa lillah transnational terrorism was revealed, although the next (no law except the law of God) as a nature of His ongoing developmental terrorism was not. reign. According to Qutb, today, Muslim society is in a state Certainly, also the factor of the birth of terrorism at the of ignorance as before Islam existed, even the level of modern period of the Reformation is also the views and feelings of ignorance, both in Egypt and in the West, is worse. Including national social injustice. Indonesia is considered by H. Amir, the category of Jahiliyyah is also partly what has been ustadz Kemala, as the main character in the novel, and also considered Islam, because it has been mixed with non- Utomo and Ustazd Abu Bakar Ba'asyir in memoirs, as a non- Muslims, especially Greek and Christian. For Qutb, ignorance surviving country. Murder, infanticide, kidnapping, is not a time period, i.e. pre-Islamic period. This is a recurring mutilation, corruption, and so on occur in many places. situation whenever society diverges from the path of Islam, Injustice is everywhere, because Indonesia is led by the New whether in the past, the present, or the future. Any attempt to Order as the government of taghout (the government of zalim deny the sovereignty of God through his laws is jahili. [syetan]). In the language of Abu Bakar Ba'syir, led by Nationalism (which makes the state an entity and the highest Soeharto has made him the pharaoh of Indonesia. The value), communism (the atheist), and democracy (where government of SBY (Susilo Bambang Yudoyono), and even people rob God's power) are all embodiments of ignorance.

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It's all about worshiping humanity, not God. Also included in IV. CONCLUSION jahiliyah is pragmatism (Western cultural reasons which hold Recently, terrorism often cited by Islamic terrorism is that anything, if not beneficial to many, should be avoided) as more influenced by the views and feelings of social injustice, well as materialism. both nationally and globally. These unfair views and feelings The main task of a Muslim is to change the reality of are then legitimized by a religious understanding of Islam that Jahiliyyah to return to Islam and all Muslims should become a does not really represent the true Islam. More precisely is the congregation (a group of loyal individuals who swear to fulfill religious understanding of salafi or jihadist fundamentalism. God's laws and seek to substitute all forms of ignorance). Social injustice and jihadist salafi are the two undivided and Qutb also conceived that jihad is not in the sense of defense, not mutually exclusive currency. Therefore, countermeasures as Sunni does generally, but in offense, that is the of terrorism or deradicalisation should not only be one proclamation of the liberation of man from slavery other than approach such as military or law enforcement alone. to God. The offensive jihad also means fighting any group The research findings are in line with Imam Feisal Abdul that rejects the true implementation of Islamic norms agreed Rauf's view; while in the United States, with the views of upon. In addition, Sayyid Qutb also interpreted the word Karen Armstrong, and Bilveer Singh. The findings of this yahkum in QS 5: 44,45,46, not by "deciding" but research differ from the experts who see terrorism as a matter "commanding" not by the law revealed by Allah as a kafir act. of social injustice (terrorism as opposed to social injustice, Although Qutb did not explicitly advocate attacks against the both local and global) such as Sukawarsini Djelantik, Erik S. Nasir government, but his arguments provided the basis for Case, and Robert A. Pape. The findings of this research also the radical Islamic organization after the Sadat period to do differ from those who see terrorism as a religious issue such so. His view was then a counter-project against the as Charles Kimbal, Roel Meijer and Thomas Heggamer. modernization projects undertaken by the Nasir regime and Lasltly, the findings stand in different end with the view that later in Egypt, even in other Islamic worlds Islamic terrorism is a matter of Islam in general as claimed by [31][32][33][34][7]. Sam Harris [36]. In addition to the above doctrines, which also legitimize terrorism, also the concept of qishash (penalty) in Islam is REFERENCE used to avoid war; the concept of modern ignorance (where the system of law and human thought is counted as God's [1] A. Kuper and J. Kuper, Ensiklopedi Ilmu-Ilmu Sosial, vol. 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