Consellería de Pesca e Asuntos Marítimos Centro de Investigacións Mariñas Annual report 2007 Technical data

Edit XUNTA DE Consellería de Pesca e Asuntos Marítimos. CIMA (Centro de Investigacións Mariñas)

Coordination Alejandro Guerra (CIMA)

Composing IMPRONTA GRÁFICA, s.l

Printing C/A GRÁFICA, s.a.

Dep. Legal PO-244-2005 Annual report 2007 Centro de Investigacións Mariñas

Index

15 1. INTRODUCTION

17 2. CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIÓNS MARIÑAS

19 2.1. STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

20 2.2. CIMA STAFF 2.2.1. STAFF EMPLOYED AT CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIÓNS MARIÑAS OF 2.2.2. STAFF EMPLOYED AT THE PLANTA DE CULTIVOS MARIÑOS IN 2.2.3. TEMPORARY STAFF ASSOCIATED WITH RESEARCH PROJECTS COORDINATED BY THE CIMA

25 2.3. RUNNING EXPENSES OF THE CIMA 2.3.1. DISTRIBUTION OF CIMA’S BUDGET BY ITEM OF EXPENDITURE 2.3.2. SOURCE OF FUNDS TO FINANCE THE BUDGET

27 3. SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITY

29 3.1. SUMMARIES OF THE RESEARCH PROJECTS

A. PROJECTS IN WHICH THE CHIEF RESEARCHER BELONGS TO THE CIMA

3.1.1. AREA OF AQUACULTURE

PROJECTS -Culture and management of the perlemoen Haliotis tuberculata spp. -Reuse of wastewater of marine and auxiliary culture establishments located in terrestrial area. -Techniques for the minimization, treatment and use of the aquaculture residues. -Integrated aquaculture: Pilot experience for the development of multitrophic culture systems. -Optimization of the (Octopus vulgaris) grow-out. Compound feed development (Galicia). -Culture of new bivalve species of interest in hatcheries. -Development of the technology for the production and culture of . -Towards an integrated management of stocks (TIMES). -ALBA: Improvement of the production of the pullet carpet shell Venerupis pullastra (Montagu, 1803). -Culture and management of the sea urchin (Parecentrotus lividus, Lamark, 1816). Subproject IA: Determination of the reproductive cycle and biochemical composition of sea urchin gonads Paracentrotus lividus, Lamarck, 1816, in the natu- ral populations of Galicia. The culture of the sea urchin in the laboratory: production of juveniles for restocking

9 ACTIONS -Prevention and protection study techniques of the principal predator species of the natural shoals bivalve resources and culture areas at the Galicia coast and estuaries. -Start-up and validation of a grow-out system of clam seed at the pontoon of the dock of (). -Follow-up and validation of mollusk minihatcheries. -Integral microbiological control in mollusk hatcheries.

3.1.2. AREA OF PATHOLOGY

PROJECTS -Identification of genes as potential indicators of resistance/susceptibility to diseases in the European flat () and ( gigas). -Neoplasia diseases of commercially important marine bivalves. -Commercial razor clams in Galicia after the Prestige catastrophe: the effects of the spill in some biological aspects. -The perkinsosis at the Spanish coast: characterization of parasites taxonomic variants, lifecycle and the host organism immunitary response.

ACTION -Development of a genetic selection program to produce a strain of flat oyster, Ostrea edulis L., resistant to bonomiasis.

3.1.3. AREA OF COASTAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROCESSES

PROJECTS -Depuration of diarrheic type toxins (DSP) in the Mytilus galooprovincialis and amnesic type in the sca- llop . Mussel culture: expansion and sustainability. Subproject: Impact evaluation of the methods and levels used for the control of the toxins in the . Reduction and uptake of PSP and DSP type toxins in the mussels of rafts.

ACTION -Validation of models of the accumulation of DSP and PSP toxins in the mussel.

3.1.4. OF MARINE RESOURCES

PROJECTS -Introduction of immunodetection techniques to monitor mussel larvae in Galician coastal waters, I. Adaptation of sampling protocols and larval identification. -VIEIRA PHASE I: Study of the stock of populations of the (Pecten maximus, L., 1758) in the Ares, Arousa and Estuaries. -VIEIRA PHASE II: Evaluation of the stock of populations of the scallop in the , Muros and Ferrol Estuaries and a study of the population dynamics in the Vigo and Ares Estuary.

10 ACTIONS -Evaluation of larvae abundance and recruitment of mussel spat Mytilus galloprovincialis on the Galician coast. -Cartography and evaluation of the areas and species of interest in the action plan for the recovery of the “Lombos do ”. -Geographic information system oriented towards the management of the resources (SIGREMAR). -Action plan for the recovery of the O Bohído bed (Arousa Estuary).

87 B. PROJECTS WITH THE PARTICIPATION OF RESEARCHERS AND/OR STAFF OF THE CIMA

-Restocking of turbot in the Costa da Morte (NW of ). First experimental releases of European . -LARVAE IDENTIFICATION. Genetic characterization of bivalve species and design of PCR systems on real time for its application in the detection and identification of larvae in plankton samples. -Pigment characterization and light regulation in dinoflagellates. -BLUE SEED: Technology development for a reliable supply of high quality seed in farming. -SEMAUMEX: Development of an automatic split system of mussels. -MARKETECH II: Action plan for the technological development of the maritime-fishing sector. -GESTINMER: System for the integral management of the wastes of the mussels cultures in rafts and lines. I. Sediments extraction pilot action. -EROCIPS: Emergency response to coastal oil, chemicals and inert pollution from ships. -Study and characterization of intracellular prokaryotes Rickettsea type and other oxidative bacterias with pathoge- nic potential for clams. -Effects of the climate change on the ecology of the benthic macrofauna sedimentary intertidal at Livingston Island and Deception Islands, South Shetland Islands and the Antarctic. -Study of environmental factors and potential pathogens that affect the clam culture (Ruditapes decussates) in the Pontevedra Estuary. -Promotion of the culture of new sparidae species: Blackspot seabream. Pilot trials and technological transfer. -Analysis and study of the culture factors that condition the industrial production of the Senegalese sole (Solea sene- galensis). Subproject: Improvement of the parameters in the reproduction of the Senegalese sole (Solea senegalen- sis). -Analysis of the evidences and impacts of the climate change on Galicia. -Recirculation and disinfection technology in marine aquaculture. -Aquaculture Health Management (GESAC). Adaptation of the new rules. Characterization and standardization of animal health conditions in aquaculture: creation of epidemiologic maps and elaboration of strategies for the design of an epidemiological surveillance network.

117 C. PROJECTS AND RESEARCH LINES PROMOTED AND/OR FUNDED BY THE DXIDP

-Study of the feasibility of the Pacific Oyster or Giant Pacific oyster culture (Crassostrea gigas) in the Galician estuaries. Investigation of genetic markers to identify the Galician mussel. Technical advising on marine research issues and the performance of studies of interest to the production, depuration and transformation sector of bivalve mollusks.

125 3.2. DOCTORAL THESIS AND ADVANCED STUDIES DEGREES (DEA) CARRIED OUT AT THE CIMA

129 3.3. ADVISORY SERVICES FOR THE SECTOR AND THE ADMINISTRATION

11 135 3.4. SCIENTIFIC AND TRAINING ACTIVITIES CARRIED OUT BY THE STAFF 3.4.1. ORGANIZATION, CHAIRMANSHIP AND PARTICIPATION IN SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS 3.4.2. DIRECTION OF DOCTORAL THESES AND INTERN TRAINING 3.4.3. COURSES GIVEN 3.4.4. PARTICIPATION ON EXAMINING BOARDS TO JUDGE FOR PHDs, DIPLOMAS OF ADVANCED STUDIES AND MASTER’S DEGREES 3.4.5. EDITION OF SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS 3.4.6. REVIEW OF ARTICLES IN SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS

144 3.5. STAFF TRAINING 3.5.1. VISITS TO OTHER CENTERS 3.5.2. COURSE ATTENDANCE

146 3.6. COLLABORATION AGREEMENTS

148 3.7. OUTSIDE VISITORS

149 3.8. PUBLICATIONS 3.8.1. ARTICLES IN JOURNALS LISTED IN THE SCI 3.8.2. ARTICLES IN JOURNALS NOT LISTED IN THE SCI 3.8.3. CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOOKS

155 4. SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS AND TRAINING ORGANIZED BY THE CIMA

157 4.1. SEMINARS

159 5. ANNEX -Abbreviations used

12 1. INTRODUCTION

We are looking ant the 10th CIMA’s annual report, to meetings of several fields, at the request of published throughout the years in the current size Galician Fishing administration. On the other hand, and whose publication meet the requirements that 18 collaboration agreementas are in force with a CIMA’s staff impose itself to set out the actions they wide range of research institutions and organiza- have been carrying out, before the public opinion tions that take part on the research lines that CPAM and the scientific community. promotes through the DXIDP and the CIMA.

This report follows the model and structure that The great increase of research funds during the the previous ones have. The section for scientific year 2006 goes on notably during 2007. This is due activity, that is the biggest part of this report, begins to the increase of own funds from the CPAM with the breakdown and summary of research pro- through the DXIDP, as the ones obtained in announ- jects and actions coordinated or directed by CIMA’s cements from different fields (regional, national researchers on different activity areas. Below we can and international) to which our researchers attend. find the projects directed by researchers from other We must highlight that Galicia is the first recipient bodies in which CIMA’s staff takes part, and/or of funds from every Spanish autonomous commu- carried out through agreements with other institu- nity in National Plans JACUMAR, providing also the tions or research centers. Training works both rese- greater number of researchers that coordinate diffe- archers and technicians, the spreading of the scien- rent National Plans or take part in them in collabo- tific production and the advice to the sector and the ration with other institutions (coastal centers from fishing administration are showed also in this the IEO, Universities, CETMAR, etc). report. In view of the crucial importance that the staff As regards the scientific and training activities means in the carrying out of research activities, we organized by the CIMA, the most important ones must outlined that in the budget of the Chapter I of from last year were the organization of the 11th the CPAM for 2008 appear three researcher posts National Congress of Aquaculture, an event that and four lab analyst posts for the CIMA. For 18 years, after twelve years was held again in Galicia. The there were no incorporations in the personnel, in attendance to organization and scientific committe- spite of the scientific activity has showed an impor- es and to chairmanship in round tables, as well as tant growth that will be boosted with the increase the presentation of 27 works by CIMA’s researchers, of the center humean resources. show the involvement and participation extent at this national congress. We must add to the scientific Finally, I would like to emphasize that the prepa- research results, among others, 14 articles published ration of this report would not be possible without in magazines of great importance and several publi- the effort of all our staff that helps, to some extent, cations in other magazines, 10 contributions on to carried out the work that it is written on this books and the organization of the “Workshop for report. the Analysis of the Impact of Perkinsosis to the European Shellfish Industry.”

The advice to the fishing sector and administra- tion is showed on the preparation of 75 reports and Fátima Linares Cuerpo on the attendance of CIMA’s researchers as experts Director-General of Innovation and Fisheries Development

15 Annual report CIMA 2007 2. MARINE RESEARCH CENTER (CIMA)

CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIÓNS MARIÑAS

2.1 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

The Marine Research Centre (CIMA, Centro de commercial interest in order to set up strategies that Investigacións Mariñas), belongs to the Regional will effectively combat these alterations leading to a Ministry of Fishing and Maritime Affaire, and compri- reduction in the pathological effects. ses the CIMA of Corón in Vilanova de Arousa (Pontevedra) and the Marine Cultures Centre in Area of Coastal Oceanographic Processes. The Ribadeo (Lugo). The Basic function of the CIMA is to objective of this area is to shed light on the aspects of carry out research aimed at achieving the rational oceanography related to the production of fishery management of renewable marine resources within and shellfishery resources in Galicia. The lines of rese- the geographic scope under the jurisdiction of the arch are mainly related to toxic episodes caused by Administration of Galicia. phytoplankton.

The scientific activity is divided into four areas: The CIMA, as an institutional body, acts as an advi- sor to the Galician fisheries administration on matters Area of Marine Resources. The objective is to gain under their jurisdiction as well as on issues raised by knowledge on the biology, ecology and population the different sectors via the Directorate-General and dynamics of marine species having commercial inte- the Regional Government Office of the Regional rest in order to improve the management of these Ministry of Fishing and Maritime Affaires (CPAM). The natural resources. CIMA is also involved in training new researchers (with tutorship and direction of doctoral theses) and Area of Aquaculture. The objective of this area is to lab technicians, through grant programs. The rese- develop and improve methods of rearing species con- arch work is disseminated at different types of scien- sidered to be marketable. There are two basic lines of tific meetings (conferences, seminars, forums, works- research: mollusc culture and fish farming. hops, etc.) and in a number of different scientific publications. Area of Pathology. The objective is to study the pathological alterations affecting bivalve molluscs of

Centro de Investigacións Mariñas (CIMA, Marine Research Centre) Pedras de Corón s/n. Apartado 13. 36620 Vilanova de Arousa (Pontevedra). España Phones: +34 986 50 01 55 +34 986 50 01 61 Fax: + 34 986 50 67 88 e-mail: [email protected]

Centro de Cultivos Mariños (Marine Cultures Centre) Muelle de Porcillán s/n. 27700 Ribadeo (Lugo). España Phones: +34 982 12 81 00 +34 982 13 04 92 Fax : +34 982 13 03 91 e-mail: [email protected]

web: http://www.cimacoron.org

CONSELLERÍA DE PESCA E ASUNTOS MARÍTIMOS Memoria CIMA 2007 19 CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIÓNS MARIÑAS

2.2. CIMA STAFF

Director: Guerra Díaz, Alejandro [email protected] Manager: Villanueva Rodríguez, Marta [email protected]

2.2.1. STAFF EMPLOYED AT THE CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIÓNS MARIÑAS OF VILANOVA DE AROUSA.

Researchers Dr Sánchez Mata, Adoración4 Dr Abollo Rodríguez, Elvira1 [email protected] [email protected] Mrs Varela Manso, Mª Obdulia5 Dr Alonso Fernández de Landa, José L. [email protected] [email protected] Dr Villalba García, Antonio Dr Blanco Pérez, Juan Carlos [email protected] [email protected] Dr Zapata Gago, Manuel Dr Cao Hermida, Asunción5 [email protected] [email protected] Dr Carballal Durán, Mª Jesús Post-graduate fellows [email protected] Mrs Díaz Costas, Seila Mª (Training employment c.) Mr Cerviño Eiroa, Antonio Mrs Domínguez Pérez, Laura (Training employment c.) [email protected] Mrs Mauriz Pereira, Aida (Training employment c.) Mr de Coo Martín, Alberto Mrs Comesaña Lestayo, Pilar [email protected] Mrs Escudeiro Rossignoli, Araceli Dr Fuentes González, José Miguel Mrs Martín Gómez, Laura [email protected] Mr García Fernández, Antonio Lab analysts [email protected] Mr Fariña Iglesias, Juan Antonio Dr Guerra Díaz, Alejandro Mrs Fernández Besada, Mercedes [email protected] Dr Guerrero Valero, Salvador Lab technicians [email protected] Mrs Andrade García, Marta5 Mrs Linares Cuerpo, Fátima2 Mr Fernández Abuín, Isidro5 [email protected] Mr Giráldez Rivero, Ramón Dr López Gómez, Mª del Carmen Mrs Gregorio Chenlo, Mª Victoria [email protected] Mrs Mariño Cadarso, Mª Carmen Mr Mariño Balsa, José Carlos5 Mrs Otero Otero, María5 [email protected] Mr Pazos Pazos, Juan Carlos Dr Molares Vila, José Mrs Ramilo Álvarez, Andrea5 [email protected] Mrs Santamaría Búa, Iria5 Dr Montes Pérez, Jaime [email protected] Lab assistants Mrs Outón Caamaño, Mª José Mrs Campaña Ferro, Emilia [email protected] Mrs Cores González, Mª José Mrs Pérez Acosta, Carmen Mrs Meléndez Ramos, Mª Isabel [email protected] Mrs Penas Pampín, Elena Dr Rodríguez Moscoso, Mª Eugenia3 Mrs Marchena Martínez, Margarita6 [email protected] Mr Santos Piñeiro, Ignacio Vocational interns [email protected] Mrs De Castro Puente, Mirian

20 CONSELLERÍA DE PESCA E ASUNTOS MARÍTIMOS Annual report CIMA 2007 CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIÓNS MARIÑAS

Mrs Domínguez Bastos, Josefa Senior administrative staff Mr Martínez Mouro, Antonio Mrs Caamaño Pérez, Lucinda Mrs Ruiz Pérez, Maite [email protected] Mrs Otero Fraga, Mª José Mrs Riveiro Arjomil, Fátima Administrative assistants Mrs Romanos Mondragón, Leticia Mr Lago Torrado, José Mrs Soto Fraga, Nerea [email protected] Mrs Vicente Fernández, Rocío Mr Ventoso Padín, Pablo [email protected] General Maintenance Mr González Gómez, Jorge6 Ancillary employees - Clarks Mr Agra Carregal, Luís Manuel Head of the administrative dept. Mr Martínez Crespo, José Manuel Mr García Paz, Gonzalo Mrs Soage Gestido, Mª José6 [email protected] Cleaner Library Mrs Mourgan Barral, Domitila6 Mrs Álvarez Francisco, Mª Esther7 [email protected]

1Ramón y Cajal Program 2In a special administrative situation 3Carries out the activity in a different administrative unit 4Parga Pondal Program 5Temporary staff from CPAM associated with rese- arch projects 6Temporary staff 7Temporary civil servant 8Substitute

CONSELLERÍA DE PESCA E ASUNTOS MARÍTIMOS Annual report CIMA 2007 21 CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIÓNS MARIÑAS

2.2.2. STAFF EMPLOYED AT THE MARINE CULTURES CENTRE IN RIBADEO

Researchers Vocational interns Mr da Costa González, Fiz5 Mrs Costa Costa, Diana [email protected] Mrs Freire Fernández, Mª Carmen Mrs Fernández Álvarez, Aurora Mrs Brión Bello, Rosario8 [email protected] Dr Martínez Patiño, Dorotea General maintenance [email protected] Mr Loureiro Barcón, José Mª Mrs Nóvoa Vázquez, Susana [email protected] Senior administrative staff Mrs Ojea Martínez, Justa Mrs Neira Páez, Concepción [email protected] [email protected]

Post-graduate fellows Administrative assistant Mrs Cerviño Otero, Ana (Training employment c.) Mrs Cruzado Estévez, Ana Mª [email protected] [email protected] Mrs Louzán Pérez, Andrea [email protected] Ancillary employee Mrs Loureiro Rodríguez, Mercedes Lab analyst Mr Álvarez Llamas, Luis Manuel Cleaner Mrs Fernández Goás, Carmen6 Lab technician Mrs Bouzamayor Yáñez, Mª Victoria6

Lab assistant Mrs Cotarelo Jardón, Mª Josefa Mr Páez Pérez, Francisco Javier Mrs Ruiz Misioné, Mercedes 5Temporary staff of the CPAM, associated with rese- arch projects 6Temporary staff 8Substitute

22 CONSELLERÍA DE PESCA E ASUNTOS MARÍTIMOS Annual report CIMA 2007 CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIÓNS MARIÑAS

2.2.3. TEMPORARY STAFF ASSOCIATED WITH RESEARCH PROJECTS COORDINATED BY THE CIMA9

Staff with post-graduate degrees Mrs González Rodríguez, Ana Isabel Mr Chapela Portela, Alberte Mrs Martín Sánchez, Helena Mr de Santiago Meijide, José Alberto Mrs Martínez Verde, Genma Mr Iniesta Soto, Rafael Mrs Pazos Sieira, Gema Dr Parada Encisa, José Manuel Mr Rial Conde, Diego Mrs Rodríguez Díaz, Rosana Mr Duarte Hernández, Antonio10 Mrs Sánchez Mata, Aravela Mrs Rodal Mallo, Mercedes Mrs Varela Soñora, Mª Teresa Technicians Mrs Villanueva, Almudena Computer programmer Mrs Alvarez Padín, Alicia Mr Crego Mata, Alberto Mr Carreira Vázquez, Pablo Mr Miguéns Ramos, Juan Luís Mrs Darriba Santiago, Consuelo Mrs Rodríguez Ruibal, Loreto

9Temporary staff associated with research projects or actions carried out by CIMA, employed through agreements with their respective institutions 10Substitute

CONSELLERÍA DE PESCA E ASUNTOS MARÍTIMOS Annual report CIMA 2007 23 CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIÓNS MARIÑAS

STAFF EMPLOYED AT THE CIMA IN 2007

CIMA CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIÓNS CENTRO DE MARIÑAS CULTIVOS MARIÑOS STAFF (Vilanova de Arousa) (Ribadeo)

A.- Permanent Research 24 5

Research support 16 5

Administration 5 2

General services 5 3

B.- In training Phd fellows (TS) 5 2

Vocational interns 9 2

C.- Temporary Researchers 6 - staff associated with projects Technicians 9 2

Computer programmers 3 -

Temporary staff computer Temporary staff programmers technicians Researchers Temporary staff researchers

Vocational interns

Phd fellows (TS)

General services Research support Adminis- tration

24 CONSELLERÍA DE PESCA E ASUNTOS MARÍTIMOS Annual report CIMA 2007 CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIÓNS MARIÑAS

2.3. RUNNING EXPENSES OF THE CIMA

2.3.1.- DISTRIBUTION OF CIMA’S BUDGET BY ITEM OF EXPENDITURE

ITEMS AMOUNT (€ )

Item I: Employees expenses 24 1.611.650

Item II: Running expenses in good and services 16 276.720

Item IV: Capital transfers 164.000

TOTAL 2.052.370 Item IV Item II 8% 13,48% Item I 78,52%

2.3.2.- SOURCE OF FUNDS TO FINANCE THE BUDGET

SOURCE OF FUNDS AMOUNT (€ )

Own resources: CPAM activities through DXIDP 24 468.668

Notice of examinations for the Autonomic Community 191.157

National Government Administration · National Plans, JACUMAR 784.590

European Union (INTERREG, VI Programa Marco, ...) 144.848

TOTAL 1.589.263 European Union 9,11% Own resources 29,49% National Government 49,37%

Autonomic Community 12,03%

CONSELLERÍA DE PESCA E ASUNTOS MARÍTIMOS Annual report CIMA 2007 25 3. SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITY Annual report CIMA 2007 SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITY

3.1. SUMMARIES OF THE RESEARCH PROJECTS

A.-PROJECTSINWHICHTHECHIEFRESEARCHERBELONGSTOTHECIMA

3.1.1. AREA OF AQUACULTURE

PROJECT STAFF

TITLE: CHIEF RESEARCHER: Culture and management of the perlemoen abalone Guerra Díaz, A. Haliotis tuberculata spp. Project coordinated by the Canary Islands

START: November, 2006 RESEARCHERS: FINISH: November, 2008 CIMA: Varela Manso, M. O.; Martínez Patiño, D.; Montes Pérez, J.; Ojea Martínez, J.; Nóvoa Vázquez, FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE: S. Plan Nacional de Cultivos Marinos. IGAFA: Andrés Rivas, M.C.; Lastres Couto, M.A. JACUMAR RESEARCH SUPPORT: CIMA: Fernández Besada, M.; Meléndez Ramos, M.I.; Penas Pampín, E.

INTERNS: Ruiz Pérez, M.; Romanos Mondragón, L.

SUMMARY The research teams of Galicia, and Canary histological techniques (performing the Davidson Islands take part in this National Plan. Galicia parti- fixing during 24 hours and stain with hematoxiline- cipates in the following lines of research: resource eosine). In the wild populations, pathologies that evaluation, reproduction and biochemical analyses, can be considered worrying have not been detected; pathology analyses, culture and elaboration of this contrasts with the pathologies detected in other bibliographic database. cases, as those found in Haliotis tuberculata impor- ted from Ireland and cultured in rafts in Galicia, with Sampling in wild populations.- Samples gathered the pathologies caused by Haplosporidium montfort through diving by apnea in A Illa de Arousa (Arousa n. sp (Azevedo et al, 2006) (Azevedo et al, pending Estuary) and Cíes (Vigo Estuary) have been received publication) and Rikettsia-like (Azevedo et al, 2006). on a monthly basis. In the first case, the sampling was interrupted in May. Of each sample of 20 speci- The adductor muscle and the conic appendix of mens, the following biometric data are considered: eight individuals (four males and four females) have length, width, total weight, weight of the shell, been lyophilized for the biochemical analysis, which meat weight and weight of the conic appendix. It is is to be carried out in March 2008, keeping it in a calculated the meat condition index (humid meat freezer up to that moment. The process that will be weight / total weight) and the index of the conic done is the freezing of the samples at -80°C during appendix condition (appendix weight / humid meat a minimum of 24 hours (in the case of the muscle, it weight). is necessary to cut it up and crush it in a mortar) and the lyophilization during 48 hours, passing the sam- ple again through the mortar to obtain a homoge- Reproduction and pathologies.- For the observa- nous powder. tion of the gonadal development and possible pathology problems it is taken from each specimen Conditioning, larvae and seed culture in hat- a transversal cut of the conic appendix, gill and chery.- The facilities annexed to the IGAFA (Estuary water-bearing strata and are processed by means of of Arousa, Pontevedra) have been equipped with a

CONSELLERÍA DE PESCA E ASUNTOS MARÍTIMOS Annual report CIMA 2007 29 SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITY

unit to determine the possible effect of three diffe- tests started also using three different diets: fodder, rent photoperiods (darkness, natural photoperiod fodder and algaes, and algaes. In order to improve and 60 days forwarded photoperiod), the diet and the results of the survival in critic moments of the the maturing of the parent stocks. Three batches culture, it has been acted mainly on the phase of the with 40 specimens have been placed in an isother- larvae settlement and in the change of diet. In the mal room, in self-cleaning tanks of 1000 liters of larvae culture, an inverted flow system has been capacity each, with central drainage and open flow used (down-up-down) in an open circuit and it has with seawater at environmental temperature. been achieved a massive fixing after 5 days, from Several PVC tiles have been placed in the tanks as the fertilization moment, under a constant tempera- shelters. The feeding was performed with micro-sea- ture of 18°C. weeds of Laminariaceae. The sampling frequency was weekly for the diet and of thirty days for the In the settlement phase, 30 cell colonized inter- biometric record. changeable polycarbonate sheets have been put in the frame tanks (of Nitzschia sp., Navicula sp. and More quantity of weekly consumed food was bloom), to transfer the individuals from the larvae observed in the batch kept in darkness photoperiod, room to the tanks of post-larvae with filtered sea- although relevant differences (p>0,05) do not appe- water, at environmental temperature and in an ar with regard to the intake index in the batches open circuit. Trials of post-larvae food change have subject to the three photoperiods. Once the initial been started, proving different specific fodders, period of acclimatizing was overcome, the speci- crumb type, in order to compare the results of this mens in conditioning consumed quantities of food diet with the traditional ones of the fresh that ranged from 0,25 g to 0,95 g per day per gram macrophytes. of live weight of the individuals. The results of this annuity were presented in the The parent stock room has been equipped with a communications submitted to the XI Aquaculture water warming system to try the combined effect of National Congress and X Forum of Marine Resources the photoperiod with the temperature. The feeding and Aquaculture of the Galician Estuaries.

30 CONSELLERÍA DE PESCA E ASUNTOS MARÍTIMOS Annual report CIMA 2007 SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITY

PROJECT STAFF

TITLE: CHIEF RESEARCHER: Reuse of wastewater of marine and auxiliary culture Guerra Díaz, A. establishments located in terrestrial area.. Project coordinated by the AC of Galicia

START: 2006 RESEARCHERS: FINISH: 2009 CIMA: Varela Manso, M. O.; Martínez Patiño, D.; Montes Pérez, J.; Ojea Martínez, J.; Nóvoa Vázquez, FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE: S. Plan Nacional de Cultivos Marinos. IGAFA: Andrés Rivas, M.C.; Lastres Couto, M.A. JACUMAR RESEARCH SUPPORT: CIMA: Fernández Besada, M.; Meléndez Ramos, M.I.; Penas Pampín, E.

INTERN: Ruiz Pérez, M.

SUMMARY This National Plan has been developed in collabo- Growth and evolution of the clam seed in the dif- ration with research groups of the following auto- ferent systems. nomous communities: Galicia, Canary Islands and Andalusia. The pre-fattering trials are conducted at INSUIÑA Ltd fish hatchery, diverting a part of the effluent The release to the sea of wastewaters with high with pre-filtered water, due to gravity (with a rotary concentrations of nutrients, coming from breeding filter <200 µm) to pools of 7 sq.m adapted for such of fish and shellfish or its on land processing is the purpose. The spat grow-out results contrast with aquaculture industry concern. Especially in Galicia, those achieved in traditional hatcheries and nurse- where approximately 5.000 Metric Tons of turbots ries (REMAGRO S.A.) at the Arousa Estuary and close in on land farms are produced, and suppose a sta- to the fish farm. The results of this section are collec- ble stock of 3.825 Metric Tons. To support this pro- ted in the notifications submitted to the XI duction approximately 54.000 m3/hour of sea water Aquaculture National Congress and 10º Forum of are impelled to the fish hatchery that are dumped Marine Resources and the Aquaculture from outwards, carrying organic particles of different Galician Estuaries. granulometry, due to remains of fish fodders, fae- ces and pseudo-faeces. In order to "degrade" and Microbiologic analysis and biochemical composi- treat this content of organic matter of the dum- tion of the seed kept with different feeding sources. ping, the use of small bivalve mollusk seeds is pro- Although the variations of the biochemical compo- posed that acts as “biofilters” of small organic par- sition in bivalves are strongly related to the repro- ticles (<20 µm) and contributes an alternative to ductive cycle, in this case as it has to do with a small the pre-fattering of the mollusk seed that is a seed, the reproduction effect does not affect the mollusk culture phase which is not sufficiently results of this composition. The quantity and type of developed, at an industrial scale and in an efficient nourishment is what can most influence on the and stable form in Galicia. A second line of rese- variations of the biochemical contents. The two arch regarding the extraction was opened as well, investigated species behave in different manners, processing the largest particles dragged by the when the variations of the biochemical composition effluent for agricultural use. are analyzed during its grow-out in both systems. The pullet carpet shell increases its percentage of

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lipids and carbohydrates. The short neck clam incre- For the composition analysis and possible use of ases its percentage of proteins and carbohydrates the effluent muds, as fertilizer element in arboreal but diminishes its lipid composition. In both systems, and forest species, there is collaboration with the the carbohydrates suffer a higher variation though Soil Science Department of the Technical School of in the carpet shell, the increase is higher when the Forest Engineering of Pontevedra. feeding is based on the phytoplankton.

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PROJECT STAFF

TITLE: CHIEF RESEARCHER: Técnicas de minimización, tratamiento y aprovecha- Guerrero Valero, S. miento de residuos de la acuicultura. Project coordinated by the AC of Catalonia

START: January, 2005 RESEARCHERS: FINISH: December, 2007 CIMA: Alonso Fernández de Landa, J.L. USC: Barja Pérez, J.L.; Estévez Toranzo, A.; López FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE: Romalde, J. Plan Nacional de Cultivos Marinos. JACUMAR

SUMMARY The research teams of the following Autonomous • The chemical ensilage allows keeping the pro- Communities take part in this project: Andalusia, duct several months in environmental condi- Canary Islands, Catalonia and the Basque Country tions without any sort of preservative and / or (through AZTI) Technological Institute for Marine additional treatment for its use in the animal and Food Research. diet. • The chemical ensilage is an alternative for the The general objective set out is to optimize the elimination of the aquaculture wastes, conside- fermentative process of the ensilage with the aim of red materials of risk by the EU. Moreover and using and facilitating the assimilation of essential given that the studied pathogens are elimina- nutrients that are in the organic wastes generated ted, it can be used in the animal diet without by the aquaculture industry and its transformation, any risk. at the time that it will minimize, inhibit and reduce • In the microbiological ensilage, biogenic amines the presence of determined pathogenic microorga- generate product of the bacterial decarboxyla- nisms. The objectives of the subproject are: tion. • In the microbiological ensilage, once stabilized, 1. Nutritional assessment for the use in the diet of the lactic bacteria predominate during the cultivable species of non-rumiant vertebrates. whole process. Besides, it has been demonstra- 2.Inactivation of representative pathogens of ted the total inactivation of the incorporated common diseases in aquaculture through pro- pathogenic microorganisms (parasite and bacte- cesses of raw material hydrolysis. rial). 3. Standardization of the most adequate condi- • The microbiological ensilage is more expensive tions for the achievement of a salubrious and as an additional contribution of nutrients is innocuous product with a high reutilization needed (carbon hydrates source) as well as spe- potential. cific microorganisms strains; besides, the level of 4. Use of technology and processes that cause a liquefaction is slower and microorganisms are minimization of the environmental impact of developed that use free amino acids, with the companies with fish farms. which, its nutritional contribution is lower in comparison to the chemical one and less stable Conclusions in time. • The chemical ensilage keeps the physic-chemical and nutritional characteristics stable during the After analyzing the set of obtained results, it can whole storage period. be concluded that the chemical ensilage presents •The chemical ensilage reduces substantially the bac- advantages as regards the microbiological one, both terial growth and hinders the survival both of the with regard to the process speed and the final cha- pathogenic bacteria and the inoculated parasite. racteristics of the obtained product.

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PROJECT STAFF

TITLE: INVESTIGADOR PRINCIPAL : Integrated aquaculture: Pilot experience for the deve- Guerrero Valero, S. lopment of multitrophic culture systems. Project coordinated by the AC of Andalusia

START: January, 2007 INVESTIGADOR: FINISH: December, 2011 UDC: Cremades Ugarte, J.

FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE: Plan Nacional de Cultivos Marinos. JACUMAR

SUMMARY The research teams of the following Autonomous The development of the different experiences of Communities take part in this project. Andalusia, culture will be based on the following scheme: Balearic Islands, Canary Islands, Galicia (University of A Coruña and CIMA) and Murcia, has a double aim: 1. Start and development of the integrated cul- on one side, the profitability and efficiency increase ture system. The start criteria of the experiences of the aquaculture companies making the most of will be: the marine resources potential and the system load capacity, and secondly, improve the possible envi- a. In open sea: In a facility of fish culture in ronmental effects on the environment and, more open sea, some sort of mollusk culture specifically, on the water column, taking advantage system and / or long line macrophytes type of the supplementary species for this. With regard will be disposed or similar at a determined to the first objective, a technical-scientific follow-up distance to allow disposing of a quantity of will be performed on the populations in culture extra food from the original culture. The with the aim of evaluating their growth and quality long line system size, the number of culture rate, for which parallel experiences will be designed ropes and the load density will be provided of the supplementary species. With regard to the to the projected pilot experience and to the second one, in the project context an environmental own characteristics of the selected facility. follow-up will be performed about the natural system, analyzing parameters, indicators of possible b. Ashore: On an installation of tanks or bonds environmental affection. of fish culture, other tanks or bonds will be disposed of as second use of the water to The general objective of this project is to evaluate contain the mollusks and / or macrophytes to the application of multitrophic integrated culture be cultured. At the same time, for the sup- systems in aquaculture. plementary species, other tanks or bonds will be disposed of where a control culture will The theoretical scheme is to start from a principal be performed, where the parameters of the culture of fish, with an important level of produc- growth of the cultured species will be mea- tion and contributions to the water in the form of sured separately as well as the environmen- Particulate Organic Matter (POM) that the mollusks tal indicators. The culture of macrophytes may take advantage of by means of the filtration. will be at a great extent conditioned to the Likewise, it contributes with a discharge of dissolved identification of specie whose interest for nutrients to the environment, mainly nitrogen and any sort of use might motivate its culture phosphorus that might be well spent by the initiation. macrophytes for the growth and increase of the bio- mass.

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2. Follow-up of the integrated culture experience. environmental indicators will be measured on Once the experiences designed in each geographi- the water and sediments to allow us to know cal location by each research team start, a scienti- the environmental condition of the system. fic-technical parallel follow-up will be performed that will have three sections. c. Socio-economical follow-up. It consists of a follow-up of the results obtained at a produc- a. Biological follow-up of the populations in cul- tive scale in order to allow us assessing econo- ture. Fish, mollusks and macrophytes. It will mically the contribution of these culture be performed by means of samplings with a systems and the production of supplementary monthly or quarterly regular recurrence species. depending on the populations and the main biological indexes will be measured, to allow In Galicia, the Aquaculture companies that have us to know the culture growth and feasibility. showed the intention of rendering collaboration to a greater or lesser extent are: Porto-Muiños in b.Environmental follow-up. It consists of a macrophytes, Isidro de La Cal, Fishery Industry and follow-up of the water quality and sediments Punta Moreiras in fish and Martínez in mussels; by in the culture environment that will allow us side of the Management with the Spanish Institute to evaluate the effectiveness of these systems of Oceanography, Santander laboratory through a as an improvement in the environmental qua- cooperation agreement and a specific one subscri- lity. It will be performed through samplings bed between the IEO (Spanish Institute of with a quarterly or semester regular recurren- Oceanography) and the Xunta de Galicia. ce depending on the experience and the main

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PROJECT STAFF

TITLE: CHIEF RESEARCHER: Optimization of the octopus (Octopus vulgaris) grow- Guerrero Valero, S. out. Compound feed development. (Galicia). Project coordinated by the AC of Murcia

START: January, 2007 RESEARCHERS: FINISH: December, 2009 USC: Pascual López C.; Quinteiro, J.; Rey Méndez, M.; Rodríguez, C.J.; Seixas, P. FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE: Plan Nacional de Cultivos Marinos. JACUMAR

SUMMARY This project has been developed in collaboration carried out with blue whiting, in order to optimize with research groups of the following Autonomous the most adequate method. The optimized system is Region: Andalusia, Asturias, Canary Islands, the chemical ensilage with formic acid at 3% as it Catalonia, Murcia and Valencia. shows less alteration products (amines, TVB), is more stable in time (up to 90 days) and more quick at the The Galicia team is made up of researchers of the moment of liquation, with a pH <4.0 during the CIMA and the University of , whole study period; while the biological ensilages, in Faculty of Biology, Laboratory of Technology of general, from the 30th day show compounds charac- Fishing Products and Biochemical Laboratory. teristic of alteration (the values of the TVB and bio- gene amines increase: cadaverine) and loss of The research team of Galicia takes part in an inter- nutrients (lysine), observing an increase of the pH calibration exercise with lyophilized samples of value (>4.2) in parallel. octopus and sea bass for the analysis of elemental composition, whose values are sent to the IMIDA Once the ensilage process has been optimized, the (Agricultural and Nutritional Institute of Research ensilages with the other raw materials are being and Development of Murcia). During the meeting performed, and the use of mussel is considered held in Madrid, it has been agreed that the resear- again (it is the only cooked raw material that does chers’ team of USC Technology of Fishing Products, not ensile) with other raw materials more active will be in charge of conducting the analysis of cho- from the enzymatic aspect (prawn heads and/or lesterol in the raw materials and baits/diets that the blue whiting). At the same time, tests are being con- other participating teams might design. Therefore, ducted with different hydrocolloids and/or their the adjustment of the initially set out method is mixtures in order to obtain a solid artificial bait to being performed, however due to the low recove- diminish the nutrients of the blue whiting ensilage. ries obtained it has been replaced by the method of Once this physical support is obtained with carrage- Saldaña and col. (2006), where recoveries of 98% enan, xanthan gum, locust bean gum nowadays its have been reached. nutritional composition is being evaluated as well as the adequate form for the supply to octopus, both During this first year, the subproducts of the fis- in wet condition or partially dry in a forced air stove hing industry are gathered: fresh flying , at 65°C or by means of a vacuum dry stove at low prawns and blue whiting, shrimp and cooked mussel, temperature, reaching the product a humidity of with which chemical and microbiological ensilage is around 13%.

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PROJECT STAFF

TITLE: CHIEF RESEARCHER: Culture of new bivalve species of interest in hatcheries. Martínez Patiño, D. Project coordinated by the AC of Galicia START: October, 2006 FINISH: October, 2009 RESEARCHERS: CIMA: Carballal Durán, M.J.; Cerviño Eiroa, A.; da FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE: Costa González, F.; García Fernández, A.; López Plan Nacional de Cultivos Marinos. Gómez, C.; Nóvoa Vázquez, S.; Ojea Martínez, J. JACUMAR IGAFA: Andrés Rivas, M.C.; Lastres Couto, M.

RESEARCH SUPPORT: Alvarez Llamas, L.M.; Bouzamayor Yáñez, V.; Cotarelo Jardón, M.J.; Meléndez Ramos, M.I.; Páez Pérez, J.; Penas Pampín, E.; Ruíz Misioné, M.

INTERN: Louzán Pérez, A.

SUMMARY In this National Plan coordinated by Galicia, rese- different culture phases are being carried out, in the arch groups of Andalusia and Catalonia participate. larval culture of D. trunculus the pediveliger stage is achieved at 20-25 days and the fixing at 30 days. The general objective of the project is the culture After 3 months of culture, the seed reaches betwe- of new bivalve mollusk species of hatchery interest. en 1,5-2 mm, the growth of the juveniles in hatchery Each community carries out a subproject, being the and the grow-out in two systems is also studied: lan- Autonomous Community of Galicia the one which terns and drums with sand, distributing the seed of conducts the Subproject I: "Donax clam culture 1500 and 2000 µm at different densities, the seed of (Donax trunculus) and razor clam (Solen margina- 1500 µm grew very little during the 4 months, as it tus)" in the Marine Culture Center of Ribadeo. is winter, and in the same manner in the lantern and in the cylinders, instead the seed of 2000 µm grew During 2007, several experiences have been per- better in the cylinders. formed in the different project lines: Monthly, histopathology studies, with the speci- Donax clam culture: the follow-up of its reproduc- mens from the samplings of the natural bed of tive cycle is being carried out through monthly sam- Villarrube (Cedeira) are performed to evaluate the plings at the Cedeira Estuary (A Coruña) that will go presence of parasites and pathologic alterations. For on until completing two years of studies. this purpose, samples are taken of visceral mass, foot, water-bearing strata lobes and gills that are This specie presents a long period of maturity and fixed at Davidson fixing solution and once dehydra- spawning, between April and the end of June. In ted in alcohols of increasing graduations and lighte- August, residual gametes can be observed and in ned in xylene, are included in paraffin. Then, cuts of September, the individuals are at rest. From 5 microns are done that are desparaffined and are October-November, the gametogenesis starts, appe- stained with hemotoxiline-eosine for the test under aring the first follicles. Spawning has been achieved the optical microscope. The obtained results show in the laboratory since March. that the donax clam was parasited with organisms of bacterial type and protists. The greatest belonged In the laboratories of the Marine Culture Center to gregarious Nematopsis sp., but the infection of Ribadeo, spawning have been achieved and the intensity was low in all the monthly samples.

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Razor clam culture: in the conditioning of this spe- Two densities and sizes of sand grain have been cie, a larger proportion is reached with the tempera- tried during the grow-out. The seed was kept with ture gradient (from the temperature of the natural two types of sand: fine and coarse; and at two den- environment increasing 1°C/week up to 18°C), than sities: low (45 gr per level) and high (90 gr per level) with constant temperature. in duplicate. With regard to the growth there were no differences between the densities and structures, In the larval culture, 3 different diet trials were but in the high density the survival was lower, regar- performed and with the same portion: diet 1 (I. dless of the substrate type. galbana, P. lutheri, C. calcitrans and T. suecica); 2: l. galbana and 3: 8 days fastening. With the diet 1, Histopathology studies of S. marginatus were per- the best results were obtained both in growth and formed, with specimens from the monthly samples in survival. In the post-larval culture, 3 diets were in 2 natural beds: Cabo de Cruz (Arousa Estuary) and performed: 1: I. galbana. P. lutheri, C. calcitrans and (Vigo Estuary). The preliminary data T. suecica; 2: I. galbana, P. lutheri, S. costatum and shows the presence of the parasite Marteilia sp., in T. suecica; and 3 I. galbana, P. lutheri and T. sueci- Cabo de Cruz and its absence in Redondela. In both ca, but the best results were also obtained with the beds, parasites were detected of the rickettsia type diet 1, but the survival was of 100% in the three in sporocysts, cercariae and meta-cercariae and tur- diets. bellarias.

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PROJECT STAFF

TITLE: CHIEF RESEARCHER: Development of the technology for the production Martínez Patiño, D. and culture of clams. Coordinated project

START: January, 2005 RESEARCHERS: FINISH: December, 2007 CIMA: Carballal Durán, M.J.; Cerviño Eiroa, A.; García Fernández, A.; Guerra Díaz, A.; López FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE: Gómez, M.C.; Nóvoa Vázquez, S.; Ojea Martínez, J. Plan Nacional de Cultivos Marinos. IGAFA: Andrés Rivas, M.C.; Lastres Couto, M.A. JACUMAR RESEARCH SUPPORT: CIMA: Alvarez Llamas, L. M.; Bouzamayor Yáñez, M.V.; Cotarelo Jardón, M.J.; Fariña Iglesias, J.A.; Meléndez Ramos, M.I.; Páez Pérez, J.; Penas Pampín, E.; Ruíz Misioné, M. CETMAR: González Rodríguez, A.

INTERN: Cerviño Otero, A.

SUMMARY This Project was coordinated by Galicia and the and tanks of 1500 L. The conditions (land, light and Autonomous Communities of Catalonia, Andalusia, air) have been different, as well as the nutritional Asturias and Cantabria take part. The objective is to means (algal 1, solution C and manures or fertili- optimize the culture of clams (grooved carpet shell zers). Its maximum concentration has been evalua- clam, pullet carpet shell clam and short necked clam) ted in the exponential phase and its nutritional qua- dealing with the conditioning, larval and post-larval lity (biochemical composition and fatty acids). The culture and phytoplankton culture in hatchery. possibility of use of small facilities (minihatcheries) Different systems of grow-out have been analyzed to obtain bivalve seeds has been looked at. They are and pathologic controls have been performed to the versatile units of low cost that function stationary parents and the seed. and whose principal body is a greenhouse.

The conditioning of the grooved carpet shell clam For the grow-out various systems were such as: has been treated. The protocol for this process was mini-bags in rafts and in intertidal zones, Inverted as follows, the maintenance in tanks with conti- flow drums in fish farms effluents of fish farms, tra- nuous water renewal at a temperature of 18-20°C ditional seedbed with seawater enriched with with a mixed diet of microphytes. The induction to phytoplankton and a containers system of forced the spawning is carried out by thermal shocks at 10- inverted flow with airlifts hanging on a pontoon. 30°C. The larval and post-larval culture is carried out in tanks of 500 Liters and in different types of seed The pathology analysis was performed from the containers trying to respect the general culture con- clam parent stocks and from the grow-out seed. For ditions as: temperature 18-21°C, water renewal each the bacteriology control, the samples are cultured in two days, with closed or open circuit, initial culture sheets with bacteria, marine agar, another specific density of five larvae/ml, mixed diet with regular for vibrios (TCBS) and for Vibrio tapetis marine agar recurrence controls of growth and mortality. For the and mannitol. For the histopathology analysis, a sec- culture of the phytoplankton, flasks of different tion of the principal tissues of each clam has been volumes have been used as well as bags of 30-40 L processed according to the classic histology techni-

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ques and for Perkinsus olseni; it has been examined the two grow-out systems in drum of inverted flow per gill sheet culture in a fluid means of sterile already tried, the one corresponding to the seedbed thioglycalate. based on seawater supplemented with phytoplank- ton is more efficient biologically, but from the eco- The conditioning of the grooved carpet shell clam nomical aspect it is more expensive than the one rendered good results, achieving to pass to sexual that uses the effluents from the fish farms. The two maturity in one to two months. In the pullet carpet studied species (pullet carpet shell clam and short shell clam no conditioning has been performed as necked clam) grow adequately in both systems, with mature oocytes have been observed during the higher results, in length and weight, in the popula- whole year. The evolution of the larval cultures of tions of T. philippinarum. The results of these trials the grooved carpet shell clam has been variable pre- are tentative, having to contrast them with others senting high moralities in general. The short necked to be performed in different year periods, seed of clam has higher survivals than the grooved carpet less size and with similar characteristics as regards to shell clam, but also with variable results. Good biometric parameters. The grow-out system in con- results are obtained and with low mortalities in the tainers with airlift inverted flow in pontoon renders pullet carpet shell clam cultures. The obtained pro- good results with regard to growth with a resistant ductions and the nutritional quality of the phyto- grow-out method, even when the environmental plankton vary depending on the different systems conditions are adverse. and culture conditions. Experiences have been per- formed with acacia gel microcapsules, as artificial The parent stocks bacteriological analyzed can be diet observing their ingestion, digestion and assimi- considered healthy individuals due to the actual lation by the larvae; therefore, they could be used as bacteria load; histopathologically they also present supplement and for the study of lipid metabolisms. few parasites in comparison with those observed in The production capacity of the minihatcheries is other natural seedbeds. During the grow-out expe- variable according to the species. It is estimated a riences, it could be observed that the total bacterial production in the region of 10 million units of 2-3 load and of vibrios was low except for the grooved mm. carpet shell clam of the Insuiña seedbed. With regard to the histopathology, during the initial con- The culture system in bags is a valid and profitable trols, ciliated were only observed in the clams. system for the seed culture from sizes T2, both in the During the final controls, the clams were affected by intertidal zone as in the rafts, considering it as an several parasites and commensals, among them P. alternative solution without the need of pumping olseni and organisms of the rickettsian type, which water or a greater production of phytoplankton. Of are the most pathogenic ones.

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PROJECT STAFF

TITLE: CHIEF RESEARCHER: Towards and integrated management of Ensis stocks Martínez Patiño, D. (TIMES). Project coordinated by David Roberts (North Ireland). START: March, 2007 FINISH: June, 2008 RESEARCHERS: Da Costa González, F.; Nóvoa Vázquez, S.; Ojea FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE: Martínez, J. Unión Europea (Interreg IIIB: Programa Trans- Nacional de la Zona Atlántica) RESEARCH SUPPORT: Álvarez Llamas, L.M.; Bouzamayor Yáñez, M. V.; Cotarelo Jardón, M. J.; Páez Pérez, F.J.; Ruíz Misioné, M.

SUMMARY The TIMES project is a continuation of the Batches of 38.000 units of seeds of 2,5 mm long SHARE-90 project of the INTERREG IIIB European were disposed in duplicate in a container of 1.000 initiative. The Center for Marine Resources and L of volume and were kept there during 15 days. Mariculture (C-Mar) of the Queen´s University of The growth of the seed was moderately higher in Belfast (Northern Ireland, ) coor- the case of the seed kept in substrate, but the sur- dinates this project with the participation of IPI- vival was significantly higher in the case of the MAR, Institute for Fisheries and Sea Research seed kept without substrate. (); CIMA, Marine Research Center (Spain), University of A Coruña (Spain) and the Marine A post-larvae diet test has been conducted with Institute (Ireland) take part. The aim of the project E. arcuatus with three different diet portions (1, 2 is the management improvement of the Ensis and 3% of the dry weight) using a mix of I. galba- stocks in the European Atlantic zone, through stu- na, P. lutheri, C. calcitrans and T. suecica. It has dies of the fishing, genetics and culture arts in been started with post-larvaes of 1,5 mm long, farms and natural environment. reaching at the end of the experience (after 15 days) 3,8 mm in the 3% diet portion which was the A conditioning trial of the razor clam (Ensis sili- one that showed the highest growth. In the diet qua) has been performed using two temperature portions of 2 and 3%, the highest survivals are regimens: a constant one of 20°C from the begin- achieved; close in both cases to 100%. ning and one in gradient, starting with 15°C (the existing one in the natural environment) and In the natural environment, several experiences increasing it by 1°C/week until a temperature of have been performed in order to try the grow-out 20°C was reached. The supplied diet consisted of a of the seed up to the commercial size. Thus, in colla- 6% portion of a micro-algae mix: Tetraselmis sue- boration with the Fishermen´s Association "San cica, Isochrysis galbana, Pavlova lutheri, Cipriano" of Aldán-Hío (Vigo Estuary), the sowing of Chaetoceros calcitrans, Phaeodactylum tricornu- 9.600 units of seeds of E. siliqua of 15 mm long and tum and Skeletonema costatum). The preliminary 37,200 units of E.arcuatus of 8 mm, both in infralit- results show that a highest gonadal condition rate toral zones were carried out. Different grow-out is achieved in the case of constant temperature. systems in E. arcuatus were also tried in collabora- tion with this association. For this purpose, spats of During this project, the seedbed phase with the 13 mm long have been disposed of in duplicate in two species has also been studied. The maintenan- two sorts of containers (oyster trays with a fine mesh ce without substrate and with a fine sand substra- to retain the sand and trays) and two types of subs- te has been proved with the E. siliqua seed. trates (fine and coarse sand).

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In collaboration with the Fishermen´s types of sand (fine and coarse) and at two densi- Association "San Pedro" of Ribeira (Arousa ties (low and high) in duplicate. The experience Estuary), 10.500 units of E. arcuatus seeds of 15 lasted 1 month with similar survivals between the mm long have been sown in an enclosed zone of a systems and always over 86%. natural bed without a mesh cover. In this experien- ce, the growth and survival of the razor clam will Also in the case of the E. siliqua, experiences are be controlled in a natural production zone, there- being conducted with systems hanging over the fore with optimal conditions, in which the resour- dock of the port of Ribadeo. The containers have ce disappeared. been improved to facilitate its periodical filling, cleaning and sampling. They are made up of PVC Moreover, tests have been performed with seeds tubes of 30 cm in diameter, perforated and cove- of E. arcuatus of 11 mm long in containers that red with a 1 mm of mesh. Seeds of 10 mm have were hanging over the docks of the port of O been placed using two densities and two substra- Vicedo. The system consists of plastic bottles of 5 L tes as in the previous experience. The seed is con- volume perforated, covered with a mesh of 1 mm trolled monthly in order to obtain growth and sur- and full of substrate. The seed was kept with two vival results.

42 CONSELLERÍA DE PESCA E ASUNTOS MARÍTIMOS Annual report CIMA 2007 SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITY

PROJECT STAFF

TITLE: CHIEF RESEARCHER: ALBA: Improvement of the production of the pullet Martínez Patiño, Mr carpet shell clam Venerupis pullastra (Montagu, 1803). RESEARCHERS: SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITY START: December, 2006 Cerviño Otero, A; da Costa González, F; Nóvoa FINISH: December, 2009 Vázquez, S; Ojea Martínez, J.

FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE: RESEARCH SUPPORT: Program of Marine Resources. Álvarez Llamas, L.M.; Bouzamayor Yáñez, M.V.; Dirección Xeral de Investigación, Desenvolvemento Cotarelo Jardón, M.J.; Páez Pérez, F.J.; Ruíz e Innovación. Misioné, M. Consellería de Innovación e Industria. Xunta de Galicia INTERN: PGIDITO6RMA50801PR Brión Bello, R.

SUMMARY At the end of 2006, a project was undertaken During the year 2007, parent stocks have been coordinated between the Marine Culture Center of gathered from the natural beds of Barallobre, Ribadeo and the Genetics Department of the Vilaxoán and Cangas in each season of the year University of A Coruña. It includes two subprojects (spring, summer, autumn and winter). The gameto- aimed to improve the pullet carpet shell clam pro- genic condition has been evaluated by means of duction (Venerupis pullastra, Montagu 1803), an conventional histological techniques, and the autochthonous species of great commercial interest. reserves with biochemical analyses (carbohydrates, lipids and proteins) and of fatty acids. The pullet carpet shell clam is a species with a wide maturity and spawning period, without a defi- When the spawning took place, samples of the ned rest period, therefore spawning can take place oocytes were taken to obtain the data on their in the hatchery during the whole year. However, size, dry weight and quantity; as well as for the spawning varies depending on the season of the subsequent analyses of the biochemical composi- year and the origin of the parent stocks. tion. Growth and survival control were performed during the larval development, besides controlling The subproject, which is being carried out by a several factors as the supplied diet or the culture group of researchers of the CIMA, is focused in the temperature. The control of the seed produced in studies aimed to the improvement of the hatchery the farm continued in the grow-out phase in the intensive culture, for the obtaining of optimal qua- natural environment; taking samples to carry out lity and quantity seed. Taking into account that the the biochemical analyses and performing a histolo- rational management of a resource requires to gical follow-up of the first reproductive maturity; know the degree of genetic variability and the likewise, the growth and mortality control has population structure of the parent stock shoals, the been conducted. Genetics Department of the University of A Coruña, carries out a supplementary project to pro- From the twelve batches of parent stocks, 8 spaw- vide genetic criteria to contribute to the sustaina- ning were obtained. The quantity of oocytes per ble production of Venerupis pullastra and the spawning ranged from 10 to 3 millions and the ave- rational transference of the seed stocks produced rage size of the oocytes was of 77 µm. The length of in the hatcheries. the larval culture was relatively quick. At 18-20 days, the larvae reached the attachment with a size betwe-

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en 200-220 µm (sieve 170 µm) and approximately at All along the next year, parent stock of three 40 days the seed reached the sieve of 400 µm with a other natural beds will be gathered and controlled size around 600 µm. The survival of the larval and spawning will be obtained in hatchery to compare post-larval cultures ranged from 15% in the case of the results of success and survival in different sea- a spawning where high mortality could be observed sons and in several progenitors. during the attachment, up to a survival of 63.5% in the case of spawning in the month of June.

44 CONSELLERÍA DE PESCA E ASUNTOS MARÍTIMOS Annual report CIMA 2007 SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITY

PROJECT STAFF

TITLE: CHIEF RESEARCHER: Culture and management of the sea urchin Ojea Martínez, J. (Parecentrotus lividus, Lamarck, 1816). Project coordinated by the AC of Galicia

Subproject I A: Determination of the reproductive cycle INVESTIGADOR COORDINATOR: and biochemical composition of sea urchin gonads CPAM: Catoira Gómez, J.L. Paracentrotus lividus, Lamarck, 1816, in the natural populations of Galicia. The culture of the sea urchin in RESEARCHERS: the laboratory: production of juveniles for restocking CIMA: Martínez Patiño, D.; Nóvoa Vázquez, S.

START: January, 2006 RESEARCH SUPPORT: FINISH: December, 2008 USC: Duarte Hernández, A.; Rial Conde, Mr

FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE: National Plan for development of Marine Cultures JACUMAR

SUMMARY This National Plan has been developed in colla- The biggest sea urchins are recorded at Reinante boration with research groups of the following zone (mean of 64,55 mm) and the smallest at autonomous regions: Galicia, Asturias and Canary Fisterra (60,48 mm.). The highest mean values of Islands. In the Autonomous Region of Galicia, the the gonad fresh weight are reached in the sam- project finds itself divided into two subprojects: plings at Cedeira (9,03 gr) and the lowest at the IA, which is detailed below, and the IB that Aguiño (4,51 gr). develops the grow-out of juveniles in collectors with the view of restocking. The zones with the highest gonadal condition index have been Cedeira and Reinante with an Subproject I A annual mean value of 8,91 and 7,01 respectively. Gametogenic cycle: Aguiño and Fisterra have mean values of 5,78 and During this year, monthly samplings of natural 5,65. In the index evolution during the year, it is population of sea urchins (Paracentrotus lividus) observed in general that the values increase in have been conducted at four locations Galicia autumn to reach the maximum values in winter, (Aguiño, Cedeira, Fisterra and Reinante) in order to and then they suffer a general decrease up to the determine the gamogenetic cycle of the specie at minimum values at the end of summer. each location. In order to process the samples, the biometric data (diameter, total height and fresh The histological cuts of the gonad have been weight) of each of the species were first. Then the done in each monthly sampling during the year, at sea urchins are opened in order to extract the Aguiño and Cedeira. The months in which a higher gonad and obtain the total fresh weight of the five percentage of mature species exist are April and portions. Based on these data we calculate the above all May but it seems that they have a quite gonadal condition index, which relates the fresh continued cycle without a clear period of sexual gonad weight to the total fresh weight. One por- rest, as species can be found in an advanced game- tion of gonad of each species is kept in a Davidson togenesis phase during almost all the analyzed fixing solution in order to conduct the hystological months. study of the gonad cycle and another portion is kept frozen and lyophilized for the biochemical In the case of Reinante, it can be seen that in all analysis of its principal components: proteins, lipids the sampled months they are matured sea urchins and sugars. and in a gametogenic development phase. Sea

CONSELLERÍA DE PESCA E ASUNTOS MARÍTIMOS Annual report CIMA 2007 45 SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITY

urchins in post-production phase are also observed 15% as mean average. The feeding of the post lar- in almost all the samplings; this indicates that par- val is with benthic diatoms that are cultured for- tial spawning take place during a great year ming a layer on the plastic collectors introduced in period. tanks of 1000 liters and the sea urchins are kept in these tanks until they reach the appropriate size Larval culture for the grow-out (from 5 mm) or to perform repo- The larval cultures of continuous form have been pulations in the natural environment (from 20 conducted during the year both of spontaneous mm). When the juveniles reach the 3-4 mm, they and induced spawning. The induction is performed are fed with macroalgaes as Ulva, Laminaria, etc. injecting 3 ml of potassium chloride 0,5 Molar to the sea urchins. The percentage of species that res- With regard to the subproject IB, 1600 sea ponded to the induction was of 77% average. urchins have been moved during this year to the tank of the University of Santiago de Compostela The larval culture lasts between 20-30 days, it is (in charge of the subproject I B) located at performed in tanks of 500 liters and the feeding is Estuary, in order to conduct grow-out tests with a a mixed diet of several microalgae’s species, in mean size of 10 mm. Two thousand (2000) units which diatoms predominate. The survival up to the have also been sent to the Canary Islands (autono- attachment varies a lot among the different cultu- mous region participant in the project) in order to res though in general the percentage is quite low, carry our restocking.

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RESEARCH ACTION STAFF

TITLE: CHIEF RESEARCHER: Prevention and protection study techniques of the De Coo Martín, A. principal predator species of the natural shoals bivalve resources and culture areas at the Galician coast and RESEARCHERS: estuaries. CIMA: García F., A.; Santos Piñeiro, I. Cofradía Pesc. Carril: Conde Varela, M.L. START: 2007 Cofradía de Illa de Arousa: Poza Chaves, G. FINISH: 2009 Cofradía de Riveira: García Galdo, J. Cofradía Vilaxoan: Alcalde Creo, A. FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE: Aquarium de O Grove: Crespo Lorenzo, J.A.; Consellería de Pesca e Asuntos Marítimos. Fernandez Otero, Mr Xunta de Galicia. PGIDIT-CIMA 07/03 RESEARCH SUPPORT: Fariña Iglesias, J.

SUMMARY In April 2007, the Directorate-General of - Preparation and performance of assessment Innovation and Fishing Development of the Regiona and dedication survey to the fight against the Ministry of Fishing and Maritime Affairs approved a predators of commercial bivalve mollusks by the research action that under the title: “Prevention and productive sector. protection study techniques of the principal preda- - Preliminary experiences in Aquarium-Galicia, in tor species two resources of bivalves mollusk on O Grove with different species of predators: natural beds and culture areas at the Galician coast hermit crabs, , starfish. and estuary”, intended to start the assessment of - Field work: with trials of protection nets of pullet the effects of these species in the shellfish produc- carpet shell clam culture seed in the beach of tion as well as the possible means for its protection Borreiros in Vilaxoan and departures to the sea in and prevention. order to prove the effectiveness of the creels for arched swimming crabs and nasarius . In the mentioned action, CIMA technicians, tech- nical assistances and leaders of four Associations of The survey was delivered by fax and mail to the Arousa Estuary that due to the importance at almost all the productive organizations of marine the culture parks: O Carril, and their experience in bivalve mollusks of Galicia and then a telephonic the shellfishing and different location at the follow-up took place to ensure the highest percen- estuary: Vilaxoán (inner area), Arousa Estuary (mid- tage of possible replies. At the same time, several dle area) and Ribeira (external area), will allow to direct meetings were carried out to confirm or bro- configure a joined idea quite balanced and real. In aden interest data contained in the mentioned sur- the same manner, the Aquarium-Galicia takes part veys. Up to date 33 replies were received and proces- due to its practical experience with marine species sed which represent the 67% of all the activities that and being able to substitute with experiences in work on bivalve mollusks in the area and 89% of the their tanks the limitations of the work in the natu- productive potential of the shellfishing in Galicia. ral environment. The first conclusions would be: The work performed during 2007 in the current Research Action, can be summed up as follows: 1)The great majority of the extractive and the cul- - Purchase of budgeted material. ture sector consider the losses caused by the - Meetings of the work team for organization predators as an important issue in the manage- experiences and communications writing. ment of the natural beds and culture areas.

CONSELLERÍA DE PESCA E ASUNTOS MARÍTIMOS Annual report CIMA 2007 47 SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITY

2)In fact, they dedicate an important effort, observed during the performance of the extrac- through the layout of creels, nets, with the aim tive activity. Logically, in those organizations of reducing the predators’ density or improving that have a continuous fight practice against the survival of the cultured seed. the predators, a more detailed and broad kno- wledge of the possible predator species can be 3)There is a quite detailed knowledge of each observed. species predators´ nature, condition, displace- ments and a certain assessment of possible ori- 5)Nowadays, aloctone specie of can ginated damages, based on the direct observa- be registered: Cyclopea neritea, plentiful at the tion of each predators´ activity, the existing pre- bottom of some estuaries (Pontevedra, Arousa) dators´ density, the periods, ... and culture parks of O Carril, which might sug- gest an added problem. The observation level, in a general manner, is focused, logically, in the sizes seen of the bivalve From the field works it can be deduced the impor- mollusks and in intuitive estimates without experi- tant preventive and protective capacity when using mental tests. creels and protection nets due to the lack of perfor- mance of programmed complementary tests and the 4)At the same time, in the dangerousness percep- first experiences in the Aquarium-Galicia allowed tion of each predator species influences the progressing in the knowledge of the predator beha- type of performed activity: on-foot shell fishing, vior of the starfish, crabs and gastropods (Nasarius a float or own seed culture and what can be , Cyclops and conch).

48 CONSELLERÍA DE PESCA E ASUNTOS MARÍTIMOS Annual report CIMA 2007 SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITY

RESEARCH ACTION STAFF

TITLE: CHIEF RESEARCHER: Start-up and validation of a grow-out system of clam Fernández Álvarez, A. seed at the pontoon of the dock of O Vicedo (Lugo). RESEARCHERS: START: June, 2007 CIMA: Guerra Díaz, A. FINISH: June, 2009 CETMAR: de Santiago Meijide, J. A.

FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE: RESEARCH SUPPORT: Consellería de Pesca e Asuntos Marítimos. CPAM: Martín Salas, F. Xunta de Galicia. CETMAR: Álvarez Padín, A.; Couso Dacosta, M.S.; PGIDIT-CIMA 07/05 Gómez Valladares, V.

SUMMARY In one of the pontoons of the dock of O Vicedo, a The clam seed has been kept at the mini hatche- grow-out system of clam seed has been started-up, ries, until it reached the adequate size, which is the with the aim that the seed of the three species with one retained in the T2 sifter (> 3 mm), for its trans- highest commercial interest, as are: the grooved car- port to the grow-out premises. Once the seed was at pet shell clam (Ruditapes decussatus, L., 1758), the the pontoon, fortnightly cleanings were performed pullet carpet shell clam (Venerupis senegalensis, and while it was growing, it was sifted. Once the Gmelin, 1791) and the short necked clam (Ruditapes objective size was achieved, which is the one retai- phillippinarum, Adams & Reeve, 1850), produced at ned in a 7 mm sifter (T7), it was offered to the pro- the mini hatchery of O Vicedo, are growed-out at ductive sector for its sowing in the beaches. the pontoon till reaching the objective size (≥ 12 mm). From July until the end of the year, 604,660 seed units of the three clam species have been delivered The outdoor seed grow-out, allows releasing to the entities associated to the shellfish sector. space in the facilities of the hatcheries and at the same time reduce the price in the process of obtai- As incidences, it has to be pointed out, the morta- ning the adequate seed for sowing. lity of 31,305 seed units, in a container with pullet carpet shell clams, with an average size of 11.6 mm The grow-out installation consists of an airlift and a high mortality (33%) in another container system, traditionally used in the mollusks hatcheries. with pullet carpet shell clam seeds, due to the lack The air, generated by means of a pump (1.5 CV), for- of air as the result of electric fluid failures. ces the water circulation through the seed, kept in plastic containers. The water crosses the container On the other hand, the sea and wind storms, from from bottom to top, dragging the faeces, keeping the beginning of December, caused the loss of the seed clean and avoids mostly that the container 68,144 seed units of short necked clam, besides the holes get clogged, diminishing the time devoted to breakage of the boarding pontoon access gangway the handling of the seed and the system compared that hindered the normal development of the work with other systems. program.

CONSELLERÍA DE PESCA E ASUNTOS MARÍTIMOS Annual report CIMA 2007 49 SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITY

RESEARCH ACTION STAFF

TITLE: CHIEF RESEARCHER: Follow-up and validation of mollusk minihatcheries. Guerra Díaz, A. Complementary Follow-up: Optimization of the fixa- tion of mollusk larvae in the minihatcheries. RESEARCHERS: CIMA: Martínez Patiño, D.; Nóvoa Vázquez, S. START: January, 2006 IGAFA: Andrés Rivas, M.C.; Lastres Couto, M. FINISH: December, 2008 CETMAR: de Santiago Meijide, J.A.

FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE: RESEARCH SUPPORT: Consellería de Pesca e Asuntos Marítimos. CIMA: Búa Santamaría, I.; Fernández Besada, M.; Xunta de Galicia. Miranda Bamio, M. PGIDIT-CIMA06/02 O Vicedo (CETMAR): Alvarez Padín, A.; Couso PGIDIT-CIMA04/4 Dacosta, M.; Gómez Valladares, V. Camariñas (Cofradía Pescadores): Graña Pérez, L.; Lampón Lampón, V.; Pombal Juncal, M.; Vidal Pouso, O.

SUMMARY The main objective was aimed to determine the hatchery, reducing the production costs and facilita- procedures and work routines in the minihatcheries ting the handling of the facility. facilities, establishing work methods to allow the achievement of a stable seed production during the The final aim of the minihatcheries and associated periods of natural spawning of the species. It is con- grow-out systems, is to achieve the objective size of sidered that the size of 2 mm (or lower) is the most the seed, which is the one retained in the sieve of adequate for the spat withdrawal of the minihat- 7mm (T7), (equal length or higher than 12 mm). In chery facilities, and transfers to the external grow- this sense, it is necessary to improve in both hatche- out where it has to reach a size of 12 mm (T7), from ries, the management of the delivery of the spats there on it can be cultured externally without high that come from the grow-out facilities, in such a way levels of mortality. Associated and as supplement of that it remains no longer than the corresponding these facilities, trials are being performed with dif- time in the facility. Projects are being started that ferent grow-out systems, to cover the size of 2-12 will be/are earmarked for the optimization of seed mm, with efficiency, easy handling and low operati- production ve costs. A series of aspects limited the production capacity. Therefore, another objective of the minihatche- In the facility of Camariñas, the “construction light” ries located in Camariñas and O Vicedo, was the star- is still kept, which has generated problems that deri- ting of the grow-out system, for the spat of sieve 2 ved in the deterioration and / or loss of some essen- (T2) that both hatcheries produce. The forced inver- tial elements for the normal performance of the ted flow system by “air-lift”, tried in the pontoon of hatchery. the sports pier of Camariñas gave good results, cau- sing the installation of another similar system, in the In the following table, the spat production is sum- port of O Vicedo. Initially, the size of the growed- med up till November 2007, obtained from the hat- out spat in Camariñas was of sieve T2 (> 3 mm), cheries of Camariñas and O Vicedo and which was then, trials were conducted with a system of trays in growed-out in the systems projected accordingly column, also in forced inverted flow, that allows the and as detailed below, delivered in the indicated growing-out of the clam retained in T1, 2. This sizes to the associated entities of the shellfish allows shortening the time of spat stay inside the industry.

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Size Facility Specie (mm) Units Culture zone

H. in Camariñas Pulled carpet shell clam >13 1.494.185 Camariñas estuary H. in Camariñas Pulled carpet shell clam >14 593.455 Vigo estuary H. in Camariñas Pulled carpet shell clam >15 86.956 Ferrol estuary H. in Camariñas Pulled carpet shell clam >13 1.207.064 Several destinations H. in Camariñas Pulled carpet shell clam Several 521.969 In grow-out H. in Camariñas Grooved carpet shell clam >14 14.091 Camariñas estuary H. in Camariñas Grooved carpet shell clam >11 39.500 Camariñas estuary H. in Camariñas Grooved carpet shell clam Several 6.762.848 In grow-out H. in Camariñas Pacific oyster >15 61.190 Ferrol estuary H. in Camariñas Pacific oyster Several 57.158 In grow-out Effluent grow-out Grooved carpet shell clam >14 140.000 Vilaxoán (Arousa )estuary Effluent grow-out Pulled carpet shell clam >12 112.000 Vilaxoán (Arousa )estuary

Subtotal (units) Grooved carpet shell clam Tapes decussatus 6.956.439 Pulled carpet shell clam Tapes pullastra 4.015.629 Short neck clam Tapes philippinarum 118.348

H. in O Vicedo Pulled carpet shell clam >14 32.234 Ribadeo estuary H. in O Vicedo Pulled carpet shell clam >11 62.026 estuary H. in O Vicedo Pulled carpet shell clam >12 102.500 estuary H. in O Vicedo Pulled carpet shell clam >12 247.728 Ferrol estuary H. in O Vicedo Pulled carpet shell clam T>3 100.326 In grow-out H. in O Vicedo Grooved carpet shell clam >11 33.806 Agrup. Marisc. San Cosme H. in O Vicedo Grooved carpet shell clam >10 34.052 In grow-out H. in O Vicedo Short neck clam 7,73 120.000 Ribadeo estuary H. in O Vicedo Short neck clam 14 30.000 Agrup. Marisc. San Cosme H. in O Vicedo Short neck clam 11,99 69.761 Ortigueira estuary H. in O Vicedo Short neck clam T>8 26.991 Ferrol estuary H. in O Vicedo Short neck clam T>3 1.653.407 In grow-out

Subtotal (units) Grooved carpet shell clam Tapes decussatus 67.858 Pulled carpet shell clam Tapes pullastra 544.814 Short neck clam Tapes philippinarum 1.900.159

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RESEARCH ACTION STAFF

TITLE: COORDINATOR: Integral microbiological control in mollusk hatcheries. Montes Pérez, J.

START: 2007 CHIEF RESEARCHER: FINISH: 2009 Martínez Patiño, D. (Subproject #2) FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE: Consellería de Pesca e Asuntos Marítimos. RESEARCHERS: Xunta de Galicia. Subproject #2 (CIMA): Da Costa González, F.; Ojea PGIDIT-CIMA07/01 Martínez, J.; Nóvoa Vázquez, S. PGIDIT-CIMA04/4 Subproject #1 (USC): Barja Pérez, J.L.; Prado Plana, S.

RESEARCH SUPPORT: Meléndez Ramos, M.I.; Penas Pampín, E.

INTERN: Romanos Mondragón, L.

SUMMARY This has to do with an action research that counts With the aim of achieving autonomy of the hat- with the collaboration coordinated of the USC and chery in the basic control of the microbiological qua- the CIMA whose general objective is the optimiza- lity, the adjusting of a protocol for the routine con- tion of the bivalve mollusk seed production, trol of the culture plant is being performed, appl- through the study of several issues: ying the previous knowledge about the critic issues. In first place, given that it is considered that the cul- • Monitoring of the sanitary condition of the cul- ture water is one of the main objectives of the ture plant analysis, the water circuit of the whole plant has been determined clearly, with all its ramifications (4 1. Determination of a protocol for the routine lines), treatment differences (filtration, ultraviolet) control, considering the critic points pre- and temperatures, in order to determine the sam- viously stated. pling issues. In a first phase, the samplings are being 2. Follow-up of the Galician hatcheries condi- performed in each and all of them. Once the results tion with regard to the mollusk herpes virus of a period sufficiently extended are analyzed in pathology. order to obtain reliable conclusions, it will be deci- ded about the need of continuing analyzing all of • Application of marine probiotic bacteria in the them or the possibility of reducing the number of different larvae cultures, with the development them. It is also necessary to determine the minimum of a procedure for industrial use. frequency of sampling taking, adjusting it as it might be possible to reduce the workload in the hat- • Analysis of the DGGE (denaturing gradient gel chery. electrophoresis) technique application to the follow-up of bacterial populations in larvae cul- On the other side, bacteriological and histological tures. controls have been performed of the grooved car- pet shell clam and pullet carpet shell clam, with dif- During this initial period of the Special Action, the ferent geographic origins, once arrived at the plant. works aiming to the optimization of the seed produc- The isolated obtained are being processed, and the tion are starting; general objective of this project. data will be incorporated to other results of pre-

52 CONSELLERÍA DE PESCA E ASUNTOS MARÍTIMOS Annual report CIMA 2007 SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITY

vious projects to complete the evolution of the logy, which has been detected in several countries bacterial load of the reproducers during the stay at associated to the problems of larvae cultures. the hatchery. Finally, in relation to the application of marine In the event of the appearance of precise pro- probiotic bacteria in larvae cultures, results of pre- blems, as it happened with a batch of grooved car- vious works, an incorporation method to the pet shell clam seed, the gathering and sampling system is being looked for in order to replace lyo- processing has been gathered for the search of philization which has previously shown that it new possible pathogens. generates problems by the cryoprotectors used. In this line, the results obtained by the micro-encap- Moreover, a collection of samples are being sulation in polymers seem promising, although it is gathered in order to evaluate the hatchery condi- necessary to improve the formulation since up to tion with regard to the mollusk herpes virus patho- date the release is too slow.

CONSELLERÍA DE PESCA E ASUNTOS MARÍTIMOS Annual report CIMA 2007 53 SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITY

3.1.2. AREA OF PATHOLOGY

PROJECT STAFF

TITLE: CHIEF RESEARCHER: Identification of genes as potential indicators of resis- Abollo Rodríguez, E. tance/susceptibility to diseases in the European flat oyster (Ostrea edulis) and Pacific Oyster (Crassostrea RESEARCHERS: gigas) Cao Hermida, A.; Villalba García, A.

START: August, 2005 RESEARCH SUPPORT: FINISH: July, 2008 Ramilo Álvarez, A.

FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE: INTERNS: Dirección Xeral de Investigación e Desenvolve- Comesaña Lestayo, P.; Martín Gómez, L. mento. Consellería de Innovación e Industria. Xunta de Galicia. PGIDIT05RMA50101PR

Dirección Xeral de Innovación e Desenvolvemento Pesqueiro. Consellería de Pesca e Asuntos Marítimos. Xunta de Galicia. PGIDIT-CIMA06/01

SUMMARY The sustainable development of the oyster cultu- this specie. In this differential resistance characteris- re is in doubt in most of the producer countries, due tic regarding the infection by Bonamia, we focused to the increase of the pathological problems related to develop a project of functional genomics on to this industry. The practices of the intensive cultu- which we deal with the defense system comparative re always linked to the high population densities, study of the European flat oyster and Pacific oyster environmental disruptions, contamination and facing the bonamiosis. nutritional imbalances, favor the development of diseases, being, precisely, the pathological problems The experimentation started with the inoculation the first limitation in the development of the oyster of Bonamia cells to individuals of the European flat sector, remaining its survival unavoidably linked to oyster and Pacific oyster. After a post-inoculation the prevention and control of the diseases. period, it started the extraction of the hemolymph Nowadays, the infection caused by the protozoan and the separation of the hemocyte, which are the Bonamia ostreae constitutes the main biological effector cells of the mollusk immune system, being inconvenience that holds back the development of the responsible of inflammation processes, repair, an integral culture, economically profitable of the encapsulation and fagocytosis. From a population European flat oyster in Galicia. Considering the cul- pool of hemocytes, we proceeded with the extrac- ture deterioration and the high mortalities that tion of RNA, DNA synthesis and later the obtaining took place in the 70s and 80s, the culture of the of genopatterns of suppressive subtractive hybridi- Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, meant an alternati- zation (SSH). The SSH is a very solving technique that ve for the sector survival in many European coun- allows the comparison of two RNAs populations, tries. Its rapid growth rate, culture facility, low mor- and the clonation of those genes that express them- tality and resistance to the bonamiosis characterize selves in a population but not in the other. The use

54 CONSELLERÍA DE PESCA E ASUNTOS MARÍTIMOS Annual report CIMA 2007 SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITY

of subtractive hybridatization techniques allows Animal Health included the B. ostreae and the B. combining the expression normalization and the exitiosa in the list of diseases of compulsory decla- subtraction in a unique process, thus stating those ration, and the European regulation considers that hemocytary genes that are differentially expressed both species have to be under surveillance, with regard to the bonamiosis. Each obtained although B. exitiosa is considered as an exotic dise- genopatterns of subtractive hybridatization are in a ase as it has not been detected in Europe up to sequence process. With the EST (Expressed date. We carried out the characterization of this Sequence Tag) already obtained, we made a specie through hystopathological and genetic stu- sequence comparison search in the BLAST (Basic dies, amplifying the small DNAr subunit (SSU rDNA). Local Alignment Search Tool) using for such purpo- While examining the hystological preparation, we se the blastn and the blastx. This program allows observed two morphological types of micro-cells, the comparison of the DNA sequences obtained one smaller, which corresponds to the B. ostreae from public sequence databases, and it estimates and one bigger, typical of the B. exitiosa. The phylo- the statistical meaning of the pairing. The last step genetic analyses showed that the obtained SSU and consists of the functional registration of the obtai- rDNA sequences grouped together with the ned genes, assigning them possible molecular func- Bonamia sequences of the Southern Hemisphere, tions. This last process is quite complex due to the that is to say B. exitiosa from Australia and New scarce information existing about functional geno- Zealand and Bonamia sp from Chile, Argentina and mics in bivalve mollusks, which causes that a high North Carolina. As the laboratory confirmed us with number of EST are classified under an unknown regard to the OIE (World Organization for Animal function. Health) for the bonamiosis, all these species of Bonamia without identifying such different origins When a functional genomics project starts in are in fact only one specie, B. exitiosa. In order to which the genic expression is studied with regard to determine the infection prevalence of each one of a determined pathogenic specie, the main point is the species of Bonamia, B. osteae and B. exitiosa, to characterize genetically with whom we are wor- we performed a study by means of PCR-RFLP. The king, that is to say, to identify the specie strictly, in results showed that 56.7% of the analyzed this case the Bonamia that infects the European flat (including co-infections) were infected by B. exitio- oyster in Galicia. This study allowed us to identify sa. These results show that the infection by B. exi- the presence of Bonamia exitiosa infecting the tiosa is highly endemiotopic, and they also suggest European flat oyster in the Galician coasts, thus that B. exitiosa is well-adapted specie to the constituting the first record of this specie in Galician marine ecosystem and to the European flat European waters. The World Organization for oyster O. edulis as host organism.

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PROJECT STAFF

TITLE: CHIEF RESEARCHER: Neoplasia diseases of commercially important marine Carballal Durán, M.J. bivalves. RESEARCHERS: START: December, 2006 CIMA: Abollo Rodríguez, E.; Cao Hermida, A.; Díaz FINISH: November, 2009 Costa, S.; Villalba García, A. USC: López Romalde, J. FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE: Consellería de Innovación e Industria. RESEARCH SUPPORT: Dirección Xeral de Investigación, Desenvolvemento Meléndez Ramos, I.; Penas Pampín, E. e Innovación. Xunta de Galicia. INTERN: PGIDIT06PXIB501132PR Riveiro Arjomil, F.

SUMMARY The neoplasia alterations are diseases predomi- For the study of the different objectives, flat nant in certain bivalves of the coasts of the United oysters, Ostrea edulis, have been put in small bas- States and Europe, where massive mortalities have kets in a tank placed at . Monthly sam- been originated. Two types of predominant neopla- ples have been taken from 25 individuals that sias in bivalves are considered. The first type is called were processed by means of common histological disseminated neoplasia and consists of the prolifera- techniques, and an initial control has been perfor- tion of abnormal cells of unknown origin that spre- med before placing the oysters in the tank. The ad throughout the tissues. The second type is called histological cuts test showed that a 10% of the gonadal neoplasia and consists of a proliferation of oysters were affected by disseminated neoplasia undifferentiated germinal cells. In Galicia, dissemi- before being put in the tank. A monthly increase nated neoplasias have been described in Ostrea edu- of this disease could be observed, thus after six lis (oyster) and Cerastoderma edule () that months of study the neoplasia prevalence was of reach epizootic levels and which have been related 44%. The analysis of the neoplasia influence in the with strong mortalities. With small prevalence, dis- oysters’ meat showed a weight loss tendency in seminated neoplasia has been described in Mytilus sick oysters. No differences in neoplasia prevalen- edulis (rafted mussels) and Ruditapes decussatus ce were found between the genders. With regard (carpet shell clam). The objectives of this project are to other pathological alterations, it has to be poin- focused in the study of the neoplasia that affects the ted out the high prevalence of the protistas cockle and the flat oyster. The project consists of Bonamia ostreae and Bonamia exitiosa. Ciliate, two research lines: the study of the disease etiology copepod and Nematopsis sp. in branchia and and the characterization of the associated genetic digestive glands, all with poor pathologic relevan- alterations, and on the other side the effects that ce where also observed. Areas of necrosis mainly in these diseases cause in the bivalves population. Our branchia could be observed, in some cases with previous studies have already dealt with the second apoptosis signs. research line in the case of the neoplasia that affects the cockle population, therefore in this project we Influence of environmental factors will only include the first line of research regarding The possible incidence of the seawater tempera- the neoplasia detected in this species. ture and the salinity on the disseminated neoplasia development has been considered, without finding I. Disseminated neoplasia in oyster any relation between these environmental factors Disease effects on the flat oyster population and the disease.

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Comparison of diagnosis techniques Monthly samples were taken from C. gigas oysters A sample of hemolymph of the adductor muscle placed at the same tank than the flat oysters that has been taken from each individual and then a his- suffer from neoplasia. A histological cut was done tological cut has been performed. Two sorts of on each individual for its analysis with the optical smear tests have been done with the extracted microscope. The results are being evaluated. hemolymph: preparations of hemocytes through cytocentrifugation which were dyed with hemacolor II. Neoplasia in cockle. and smear tests through spontaneous adhesion on Ploidy levels of neoplastic cells. slides covered with poli-l-lysine that dyed with the The DNA content and the analysis of the cell cycle Schiff reactive. The analysis of the results show that of the neoplastic cells were performed by means of there were the same number of cases by means of flow cytometry. The neoplastic cells showed diffe- the histological technique and the hemolymph rent ploidy levels: hypodiploid, tetraploid, penta- smear tests by cytocentrifugation, being lower the ploid, sesploid, heptaploid and octoploid. The ploidy cases detected in hemolymph smear tests performed level increased with the neoplasia intensity, so it can by means of spontaneous adhesion. be used not only for diagnosis studies but also to estimate the remission-progression of this disease. Ostrea edulis to Crassostrea gigas Neoplasia transmission

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PROJECT STAFF

TITLE: CHIEF RESEARCHER: Commercial razor clams in Galicia after the Prestige López Gómez, C. catastrophe: the effects of the spill in some biological aspects. RESEARCHERS: CIMA: da Costa González, F.; Guerra Díaz, A. START: November, 2003 CPAM: Catoira Gómez, J.L. FINISH: November, 2006 (prórroga 2007) CETMAR: Darriba Couñago, S. INTECMAR: Álvarez Álvarez, C. FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE: Plan Galego de Investigación, Desenvolvemento e RESEARCH SUPPORT: Innovación Tecnolóxica (PGDIT) González Rodríguez, A.; Meléndez Ramos, I.; PGIDOT03RMA50101PR Miranda Bamio, M.; Penas Pampín, E.

SUMMARY The aim of this project is to study the effects of des, tremetode metacercarians), as well as an the catastrophe of the oil tanker "Prestige" in increase of the prevalences in the case of the some biologic aspects of commercial populations coccidiae and Nemetopsis sp. of razor clams. The effects in the reproduction c) The sword (Ensis siliqua) from the have been studied, in the development of the lar- affected bed presents also parasites (bacterial vae, in the presence of parasites and histopatho- bags, rickettsias type organisms, gregarines, logy and in some immunologic aspects (variability turbellarians, metacercarians and tremetode in the blood count, feasibility of the hemocytes, cercarians) which were not observed in the not phagocytic capacity and enzymatic dotation). affected bed, and an increase in the prevalen- ces of the coccidiae and Nematopsis sp. 1.A. Histopathology.- It could be observed histo- d) In the affected beds, both species presented logical preparations of the razor clam in Cíes an erosion of the siphons. The increase of the Islands (affected) and Cambados (not affected), parasites of the affected beds cannot be sword razor shell in Finisterre (affected bed) and directly attributed to the Prestige, it might be Cangas (not affected bed), and also pot razor in due to other factors but it cannot be ruled out Cíes Islands previous to the accident of the that the spill had an influence in the increase Prestige. From all the detected pathologies, it has of the prevalence in the case of determined to be pointed out a tumor in the gonad (germino- parasites. ma or gonadal neoplasia) which was observed in all the beds (of the 2 species) but with the highest pre- I.B. Bacteriology.- Total bacteria and Vibrios count valecences in San Martiño-Cíes (affected razor clam was performed; as the total counts do not show any bed). From all the observed results it can be conclu- important difference among the affected and not ded that: affected beds, colonies were isolated of the diffe- rent strata in order to observe any difference among a) In the case of the razor clam an increase of the the present bacterial groups. We differentiated 2 germinoma prevalences in the affected bed great groups: 1) fermentative bacteria and oxidative took place, but it cannot be stated that the bacteria. The most abundant were the fermentative Prestige was the cause of the germinoma ori- ones and in these groups we distinguish 4 sub- gin. groups: 1) sucrose Vibrios +, correspond to bacillus, b)The razor clam of the affected bed presented Gram-, grow in TCBS, sensible to the agent 0/129 parasites that have not been observed in the and do not grow at 0% of salinity; 2) Sucrose Vibrios not affected bed (gregarines, haplosporids, ric- -, the same characteristics that the previous group kettsia type organisms, turbellarians, copepo- but sucrose -: 3) Aeronmones, bacillus, Gram. -; do

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not grow in TCBS, are resistant to the agent 0/129 in the affected bank with regard to the not and grow at 0% of salinity; and 4) Group X, with affected one. characteristics of all the previous groups, are bacillus c) The enzymatic dotation of the hemocytes of the Gram. -, grow in TCBS (sucrose and sucrose-), are sword razor shell presented a decrease of the resistant to the agent 0/129 and do not grow at 0% esterase (C4), leucine-arilamidase, phosphate of salinity. It can be concluded that: a) No differen- aceda, nafto-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase, ß-galac- ce was observed in the total counts of bacteria and tosidase, ß-glucuronidase, N-acetyl-ß-glucosa- in the selective count of Vibrios among the affected minidase and α-fucosidad. and not affected beds. b) Neither was observed a d) No differences were observed in the phagocy- higher prevalence of a determined group of bacte- te capacity of the hemocytes among the affec- ria (considering the groups that we define in the ted and not affected beds of the razor clam results). c) An inter-specific difference was detected, and sword razor shell. observing a higher abundance of oxidative bacteria in the case of the razor clam with regard to the Ensis 2. Reproduction.- Two complete reproductive siliqua, in the affected beds and in the not affected cycles were studied immediately after the accident ones. of the Prestige in the affected and not affected beds of the razor clam species and sword razor shell. I.C. Immunology.- The following parameters were From the results, it can be stated that: a) The spill of studied: a) the cellular density in the hemolymph; b) the Prestige seems to provoke a massive degrada- blood count (% hemocyte types); c) enzymatic dota- tion of gametes in March 2003 in the razor clam of tion of the hemocytes; d) phagocyte capacity (using Cíes Islands, hindering that the first expected spaw- inert particles of zymosan to stimulate de phagocy- ning take place during the winter of said year. b) In tosis. The results were: the case of the sword razor shell, no differences were observed among the affected and not affected a)The cellular density in both species (razor clam beds. and sword razor shell) shows an individual variability, regardless of the studied bed. The 3. Larvae studies.- To study the larval develop- blood count (% hemocyte types) and the feasi- ment of the 2 species from the different beds. The bility of the hemocytes in both species of razor spawnings from the parent stocks of affected zones clams do not vary among the affected and not worked better at the hatchery than those of the not affected beds. affected zones. The studies of growth, survival, bio- b)The enzymatic dotation of the hemocytes of the chemical and fatty acids did not show differences razor clam presented an increase of the phos- among the beds. phate aceda and a decrease of ß- glucuronidase

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PROJECT STAFF

TITLE: CHIEF RESEARCHER: The perkinsosis at the Spanish coast: characterization Villalba García, A. of parasites taxonomic variants, lifecycle and the host organism immunitary response. RESEARCHERS: CIMA: Abollo Rodríguez, E.; Cao Hermida, A.; START: October, 2006 Carballal Durán, M.J. FINISH: September, 2009 USC: Calaza Cabanas, M.; Castro Alberto, J.; Gómez Pardo, B. ; Vilas Peteiro, R. FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE: IFAPA: López Flores, I.; Navas Triano, J.I. Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia Gobierno Balear: Grau Jofre, A.; Valencia Cruz, J.M.

RESEARCH SUPPORT: Gregorio Chenlo, M.V.; Meléndez Ramos, M.I.; Penas Pampín, E.; Ramilo Alvarez, A.; Vicente Fernández, R.

SUMMARY Parasites of the Perkinsus genus are present at the for the improvement of the culture of this group of five continents and in many cases they cause a high organisms. mortality of mollusks. Its economic relevance made it necessary to adopt measures at an international During the first year of the project, parasites of level in order to prevent its expansion and mitigate the Perkinsus genus have been isolated from diffe- its effects. The species of P. olseni and P. mediterra- rent mollusks of the Spanish coast. From the isola- neus, which affect several commercially important ted cells, in vitro cultures of the parasite have been mollusk types, have been identified at the Spanish developed; once the cultures reached the exponen- coasts. One of the objectives of the project is to tial proliferation phase, achieving clonal cultures in determine if there are other unknown species at the this form, that is to say, constituted by cells geneti- Spanish coast and different genetic lineages within cally identical. Following the described procedure, the species, with pathogenicity differences, which a variable number of clonal cultures have been therefore might require a different surveillance and established of Perkinsus olseni derived from each control degree. During the analysis, some taxonomic one of 8 grooved carpet shell clams Ruditapes molecular markers not used until now in this genus decussatus collected at the Palmones River at will be used, which will allow to re-evaluate its taxo- Huelva, as well as clonal cultures of the species nomic and phylogenetic situation. Another objecti- Perkinsus mediterraneus derived from two flat oys- ve is to clarify the disease transmission routes in the ters Ostrea edulis of the Mahon Inlet (Balearic natural environment, which is important to imple- Islands). All these clonal cultures will be used in the ment fight strategies. The third objective is to iden- comparison of different variables. tify and characterize the genes that are expressed and the proteins whose synthesis is induced in the For the analysis of genetic differentiation and immune response of the clam against the perkinosis. population structure, the use of microsatellite type This will allow, on the one hand, identifying new markers has been developed. The preliminary genes and proteins related with the immune res- results of these analyses indicate a low genetic ponse to improve the prophylaxis (selection pro- diversity, taking into account that it has to do with grams of resistant stocks) and the development of hypervariable markers. For the analyses of proteic therapies to minimize the effects of this disease and, expression the separation of the proteins present on the other hand, to expand the databases of the in the cells of the Perkinsus olseni has been develo- mollusk for the advance of the genomic strategies ped through bidimensional electrophoresis, which

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allows the perfect separation of a hundred of pro- On the other hand, using the PCR-RFLP technique, teins which will be analyzed for its identification. the species of Perkinsus that infect the mollusk in Immediately it will be developed the separation of some zones have been identified, where the identi- the proteins that the parasite releases to the cultu- fication had not been performed yet: P. olseni has re means, among which the responsible of the viru- been detected in Ruditapes philippiranum and R. lence can be found. This sort of analysis will allow decussates clams from the Ebro Delta, in R. decussa- the qualitative and quantitative comparison of the tes from Sardinia, in R. phillipinarum from Britain proteic expression among different clones of the and in warty venus clams Venus verrucosa from parasite. Minorca; P. mediterraneus has been detected in V. verrucosa (sometimes in mixed infections with P. olseni) from Minorca.

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RESEARCH ACTION STAFF

TITLE: CHIEF RESEARCHER: Development of a genetic selection program to produ- Villalba García, A. ce a strain of flat oyster, Ostrea edulis L., resistant to bonomiasis. RESEARCHERS: CIMA: Carballal Durán, M.J.; Fuentes González, J.M. START: January, 2004 Criadero de Moluscos de Punta Quilme, Illa de FINISH: December, 2007 Arousa: García Fernández, A.

RESEARCH SUPPORT: Gregorio Chenlo, M.V.; Meléndez Ramos, M.I.; Penas Pampín, E.; Varela Manso, O.M.

INTERNS: Comesaña Lestayo, P.; da Silva Scardua, P.M.

SUMMARY The major problem of the grow-out of the flat bed of Ortigueira Estuary and other four from the oyster in Galicia is the mortality caused by the natural bed of Coroso (Arousa Estuary). Two more parasite Bonamia ostreae. In order to re-launch the strains were produced from “not selected” oysters Galician oyster culture, it was considered a priority collected from the Ortigueira Estuary and two other to develop a selection program to obtain strains of strains from “not selected" oysters collected from the flat oysters with high survival, based on the tole- bed close to Tambo Island (Pontevedra Estuary). In rance to the bonamiosis. As a previous stage to the September 2005, seeds of twelve strains were taken for selection program, our team performed an evalua- grow-out to a raft at the Arousa Estuary, in order to tion of several natural populations, in which 19 compare the yield among the selected and not selec- oyster strains produced in a hatchery (generation ted strains (reference). Every three months, the growth F1) using parent stocks from four different natural and the mortality of each strain have been evaluated, European beds: one Greek, one Irish the bed of until completing two years of grow-out. During the Coroso (Arousa Estuary) and the one of Ortigueira last year, samples have been taken of each strain in Estuary. It was demonstrated that there is a signifi- order to evaluate the susceptibility to diseases through cant variability inter and intra population in terms histological studies. Moreover, the team of MD Paulino of productive characteristics and susceptibility to Martínez (University of Santiago de Compostela) con- diseases and that the extended bonamiosis pressu- ducted a family analysis of the F2 generation strains by re during years probably caused by natural selec- means of four micro-satellite loci. tion, an increase in the tolerance of the population of the Ortigueira Estuary. It has been concluded The family analysis of the F2 revealed that the that the tolerance increase to the bonamiosis selected strains from Ortigueira, three of them through a genetic selection program is possible (ORM3-1, ORM2-1 and ORM4-2) were constituted by and very favorable strains were identified to start complete brothers, with parent stocks of the strain the program. OR3 of F1, and the fourth (OR2-2) derived from 4 mothers and 5 fathers of the strain OR2 of F1. From In 2004, the genetic selection program started the selected strains from Coroso, two of them (COM4- through a project that implied the production of a 1 and COM6-1) were constituted by half brothers, selected generation (F2) and the evaluation of the with parent stocks of the strains CO4 and CO5 of F1; culture yield. Eight lineages of seeds were produ- the third (COM6-3) derived from 3 mothers and 5 ced from parent stock selected from the strains fathers of the strains CO4 and CO5 of F1 and the with better results from the previous phase, four of fourth (C05-1) was constituted by half brothers with which came from oysters derived from the natural parent stocks CO5 of F1.

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The best strains in growth and survival have been sure of the bonamiosis caused an increase of toleran- selected strains: ORM3-1 and COM6-1. The grow-out ce in the oyster population in Ortigueira. The survival performance of these two strains has been optimal showed by the oysters of this bed suggests that the due to its high survival and rapid growth, which could use of this source for grow-out, even without forcing be understood in a high economic profitability. On the selection, would be very profitable. The selection average, the selected strains show a more rapid program gave a relevant increase while, by now, growth than those of reference. With regard to the there is no relevant increase of the survival with survival, the three selected strains derived from the regard to the population of Ortigueira. However, the family OR3 of F1 (ORM3-1, ORM2-1 and ORM4-2) sho- comparison of the selected strains of reference from wed an average (58%) similar to the average of the the Pontevedra Estuary is very favorable for the first two strains of reference of Ortigueira (57%). The oys- ones, both in survival and in growth. The results ren- ters from Ortigueira were the most favorable ones der a solid support to the continuance of the selec- among all the origins, both in comparison among tion program and to the recommendation of protec- selected strains and selected strains of reference. ting and restoring the Ortigueira bed, due to its huge These results strengthen the hypothesis that the pres- potential as source of quality parent stocks.

Ortigueira Pontevedra Selected from Ortigueira Selected from Coroso Reference Reference ORM ORM ORM OR COM COM COM CO ORS ORS POS POS 3-1 2-1 4-2 2- 2 4-1 6-1 6-3 5- 1 2-1 2-3 1-3 1-6

Mean - weight (g) 75 42 58 54 41 63 49 35 54 43 41

Survival 66 54 55 33 27 76 44 20 58 56 32 8 (%)

Table 1. Results of survival and growth (mean weight) of each strain of the F2 generation after two years of grow-out.

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3.1.3. AREA OF COASTAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROCESSES

PROJECT STAFF

TITLE: CHIEF RESEARCHER: Depuration of diarrheic type toxins (DSP) in the mussel Blanco Pérez, J.C. Mytilus galloprovincialis and amnesic type in the sca- llop Pecten maximus. RESEARCHERS: CIMA: Pérez Acosta, C. START: August, 2004 INTECMAR: Arévalo, F.; Correa, J.; Moroño, A. FINISH: August, 2007 CETMAR: Borras, G.; Fernández, M.L.; Maroto, J.

FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE: RESEARCH SUPPORT: Dirección Xeral de Investigación e Desenvolve- CIMA: Mariño, C. mento. INTECMAR: Muñíz, S. Consellería de Innovación, Industria e Comercio. CETMAR: Martín, H. Xunta de Galicia PGIDIT04RMA501007PR INTERNS: Mauríz, A.; Escudeiro, A.; Domínguez, J.

SUMMARY The accumulation in bivalves of toxins from such to the ASP toxins in the scallop Pecten maximus phytoplankton is probably the main problem in the and to the DSP in the mussel Mytilus galloprovincia- culture and harvesting of bivalves in Galicia as well lis, but in which the specific objectives adjust them- as in other areas of Europe and the world. The selves to the peculiarities of the organism/toxin toxins do not affect the different species being cul- combination. tured in the same way. The toxin/species combina- tions that have more economic and social impact are 1. - Environmental and diet control of the depura- in Galicia the DSP type in the mussel and the ASP tion. type in the scallop. The ASP toxins due to the exten- ded depuration times and the DSP toxins because of 1.1. Temperature effect (ASP, DSP) of the dissolved the frequency of appearance and the recent signs of oxygen (ASP). Contrary to what different field potential carcinogens. Most of the strategies develo- studies suggested, it has been proved experi- ped to eliminate or at least mitigate the consequen- mentally that the temperature and the dissol- ces of these processes require a strict control of the ved oxygen have little effect in the depuration presence of these toxins so that the bivalves accu- of ASP toxins of the scallop. The results of the mulate less quantity of toxins or that they eliminate temperature effect were presented in a commu- them more rapidly. Therefore, it is necessary to nication at the 12th International Conference of know the mechanisms involved in these processes, Harmful Algae, which is available at the project their kinetics and the factors that regulate them. web site. Although significant progresses have been perfor- med about these issues, the results obtained up to http://193.144.36.199/demevi/extranetdemevi/ date have not been as effective as it would be wis- main.aspx. hed, mainly because there is still a relevant lack of knowledge about the basis of the depuration and 1.2. Effect of the anaerobic metabolism induced regulation. To solve this problem and open new by emersion (DSP). It has been proved that the channels for the development of accelerated depu- inducement of anaerobic metabolism in the ration systems, the following objectives are raised in mussel does not produce an increase in the the project, organized in four groups applied as depuration rate of DSP toxins, neither when the

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principal toxins nor its derivatives were conside- mussel stating that there can be transforma- red. The results were presented in a communi- tion/degradation but that it is much less impor- cation at the 12th International Conference on tant than the excretion. Harmful Algae, which is available at the project web site. 2.2. Degradation capacity of organs and tissues (ASP, DSP). The scallop gonad seems to have a http://193.144.36.199/demevi/extranetdemevi/ certain capacity of degradation/transformation main.aspx?ApartId=2&ApartIdSec=9. of the domoic acid. The mussels that have not been exposed previously to the DSP toxins do 1.3 Effect of diet quantity and type (owing to not seem to have any degradation or biotrans- their richness in non-degradable materials and formation capacity of these toxins. contents of substances that can compete with the toxins or eliminate their receptors) (ASP, 3. Distribution of the toxins in the bivalves DSP). Experiments were conducted with diffe- rent diets (rich in glutamic acid and with a large 3.1. Intracellular distribution (ASP, DSP). In both percentage of materials unlikely to be degrada- toxin types, relevant differences were found in ble) as well as with different quantities of these concentration among the digestive cells and the in the scallop. No relevant effects can be obser- proliferative of the digestive gland, indicating ved. that under normal transfer conditions among cellular types is quite reduced. 2. - Basic mechanisms for the toxins elimination. 3.2. Receptors of the toxins (ASP, DSP). The ASP 2.1. Toxin balances (ASP, DSP). In spite of the fact toxins seem to be free in the cytoplasm of the that several techniques have been developed scallop cells. In the mussel, however, they seem both in samples taking from the scallop and the to be linked to some compound. analysis of the domoic acid in water, no satisfac- tory results were obtained in the balance study. 3.3. Anatomic distribution (DSP). It has been As no proliferation of the phytoplankton took demonstrated that the DSP toxins are present place with this type of toxicity during the last almost exclusively in the digestive gland of the project year, it was impossible to apply the mussel. This is like this, both for the main toxins developed techniques. The technique of the and their derivatives. Moreover, it is indepen- biopsies sample taking was presented in a com- dent of the intoxication stage. The distribution munication at the 12th International Conference is the same when the mussels are acquiring the on Harmful Algae, which is available at the pro- toxins as when they have not been exposed to ject web site. them for more than one month. The results have been published in Toxicom. http://193.144.36.199/demevi/extranetdemevi/ main.aspx?ApartId=2&ApartIdSec=9. 4. Biotransformation of the toxins.

In collaboration with the team of J. Franco At least some esters of the DSP toxins transform (CSIC/IEO), techniques of DSP toxins in water themselves in their free manners during the desin- analysis have been developed and several toxication. The same happens with some derivati- balances of DSP toxins were performed in the ves of the domoic acid.

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PROJECT STAFF

TITLE: CHIEF RESEARCHER: Mussel culture: expansion and sustainability. Blanco Pérez, J.C.

Subproject: Impact evaluation of the methods and RESEARCHERS: levels used for the control of the toxins in the mussels. INTECMAR: Arévalo, F.; Correa, J. Consello Regulador do Mexillón de Galicia: Alcaide, START: 2007 A.; André, G.; Longa, A. FINISH: 2009 RESEARCH SUPPORT: FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE: CIMA: Mariño, C. Plan Nacional de Cultivos Marinos. INTECMAR: Muñíz, S. JACUMAR

SUMMARY In Galicia, the mussel culture, focused on the The situation of the culture in Galicia makes that Mytilus galloprovincialis in rafts is consolidated and the study of the problems encountered nowadays is highly productive. Most of the 3,300 rafts dedica- might be useful for the Autonomous Community ted to the mussel culture, together with the group and besides it progresses in the resolution of the of processing and marketing companies (sewage problems that other Communities might encounter treatment plants, heat-treatment plants and can- (or that encountered at a lower scale) and that ning companies) and the support centers (Centers of boost the mussels culture. I + D) and suppliers, made of Galicia a worldwide reference in the mussel activity. Nowadays, the principal problem of the mussel culture is the high incidence of the toxic episodes, The net commercialized production is in the mainly those produced by the PSP paralyzing toxins region of 250,000 Mt/year, from which 35% are and the lipophilic shellfish toxins (diarrhetic shellfish destined to the preserved fish industry, the heat- poisoning DSP, Pectenotoxins). The cost of the episo- treatment plants acquire 30% and the outstanding des is very high, partly by the losses due to the inci- 35% is commercialized in fresh. This production dence on the culture and the market and partly by volume places Galicia as an indisputable leader all the high costs of the control systems. The minimiza- over the European Union, hoarding approximately tion of the incidence require the control systems 45% of the cultured mussel total volume. Besides, optimization in relation to the exploitation, for the the Galician mussel means 85% of the aquaculture controls to be as specific as possible in each zone production in Spain and 95% in Galicia, distribu- and as frequent as possible, but kept within a mode- ting the rest between the white conchyliculture rate cost. (clams, cockles,) and fish farming. The mussel cultu- re is also an important social and economic activity The permanent concern to ensure the food in the Galicia coast. With a high competitive orga- health quality, as well as ethic reasons related to nization based on a familiar economy system, the the animal protection, nowadays led to the revi- mussel cluster generates almost 11,500 working sion of the permissible toxin levels and the neces- posts, from which 8,500 are direct, which supposes sary techniques for its adequate quantification. an average of 17% of the active population of the Some of the possible changes might substantially city councils mussel production. As a whole, the reduce the profitability of the existing exploita- economy generated by the mussel exceeds the 420 tions, and even put in risk its feasibility, affecting million euros from which 115 millions are due to the producers and the commercializers, as well as the product direct sale. the control systems.

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For this reason, the objective of this project is to luated by means of bio-essays on mice. It has been study comparatively the technical and economic analyzed by HPLC-FD with post-spine derivatization efficacy of some new toxin quantification systems 110 samples of mussels with PSP, and 30 by HPLC-FD for the detection of admissible levels and in the pro- post-spine. The comparison corresponding to the cessing of the huge control systems volume based three techniques was shown at the International on these techniques. Moreover, it is expected to Symposium on Algal Toxins, which was held in study the incidence of marketing closures and there- Trieste (). The DSO toxins by HPLC-MS have been fore economic with regard to the admissible level of quantified and the toxicity of 30 of them using the toxins concentration or toxicity determined for each Toxiline kit of Zeu-Inmunotec, of phosphatase inhi- technique or group of techniques. bitors. Besides, market opening and closing data have been collected, complementing with remarks, During this year, the taking and selection of mus- as the season when this took place and others, that sel samples with PSP and DSP has been performed. might contribute to quantify the economic dama- The toxicity of the gathered samples has been eva- ges.

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PROJECT STAFF

TITLE: CHIEF RESEARCHER: Reduction and uptake of PSP and DSP type toxins in Blanco Pérez, J.C. the mussels of rafts. RESEARCHERS: START: 2006 CIMA: Pérez Acosta, C. FINISH: 2008 OPMEGA: Franco, M.; Mondragón, E.; Somoza, A.

FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE: RESEARCH SUPPORT: OPMEGA, in the framework of a joint financing CIMA: Mariño, C. managerial Project with the DXID. OPMEGA: Martín, H. PGIDIT06RMA012E

SUMMARY Galicia is one of the principal leaders in mussel This general objective will be detailed in two culture worldwide, with a production of more than parts: 250.000 MT/year. The main problem that the cultu- 1.1. The minimization of the toxins acquisition re faces is the frequent appearance of toxic episo- by means of the modification of the vertical des, which cause the mussel to accumulate phyco- position of the mussel. toxins that affect the human beings. Therefore, the 1.2. The minimization of the toxins acquisition culture has to be interrupted until the concentra- by means of the reduction of the water flow tions of these compounds drop to levels that do to the ropes. This objective will be detailed not present a risk for the human health. These type in three parts: of episodes cause great economic losses and up to 1.2.1. The minimization at rope scale. date it is impossible to take action on the process 1.2.2. The minimization at group ropes scale. to diminish its incidence significantly. There are 1.2.3. The minimization at raft scale. two principal strategies in order to obtain the shor- tening of the closure periods: the acceleration of Part of the activities were developed the previous the elimination of toxins and the decrease of their year, during this year, the permits have been obtai- ingestion. The aim of this study is to contribute to ned in order to conduct the necessary experimental the second one by means of two channels: studies at closure culture period and an experiment was carried out in which the whipping effect could a) The minimization of the toxic phytoplankton be proved (descent of the upper end of the ropes up ingestion by means of the position alteration to 6 m in depth) and the grouping of the ropes in of the ropes in the water column, and groups of four for the reduction of the accumula- tion of DSP toxins in the mussel. Moreover, it was b) The minimization of the ingestion reducing tried to prove the effect of the collocation of a mesh the water flow in the vicinities of the ropes or cylinder, surrounding the ropes, but it was not pos- towards the inner part of the rafts. The inten- sible to include this treatment in the experiment tion is to develop the study with the most because the designed structures were not adequate important toxin types for the mussel in Galicia to the diameter of the ropes at the moment of per- (PSP and DSP). forming the experiment.

Objectives: A follow-up of the plankton situation of the 1. The principal objective of the project is to deve- Pontevedra Estuary and, more precisely, in the vicini- lop one or several methods to allow reducing the ties of the Portonovo A polygon. When the start was accumulation of toxins and, therefore, decrease detected of what probably might be a toxic event, the time in which the culture remains forbidden. the determined treatments were prepared (grou-

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ping and whipping) in two rafts of the mentioned quality, it could be observed that the treatment of polygon authorizing control ropes and an additional the ropes grouping produces a slight decrease of rope in order to perform a weekly follow-up of the size and quality (indicated by the weight, length or toxicity and biometry, at several depths. The experi- condition rate), while the whipping at 6 meters pro- ment was extended during 5 weeks when an initial duces a substantial decrease of the condition rate. sampling was performed in order to know the toxins at the initiation of the experiment, an intermediate Finally, and considering the planning of the sampling and a final one. The episode was not too second experiment, it has been discussed about the toxic in this polygon, so the intermediate sampling best method to reduce the water flow to the raft in was not useful for being close to the end. a whole, as the approximation of the perimeter ropes is considered a very laborious and of difficult The experiment showed that the treatment of practical use afterwards. The use of meshes presents ropes grouping was not efficient in the reduction of the problem that they can be caught by the ancho- the toxins concentration in the mussel and that the rage chain. Finally, it was decided to change the whipping has a limited usefulness (especially useful localization of the study from Portonovo A to the in the deep stretches of the ropes but contra- pro- zone of Liméns, at the Vigo Estuary, where the ductive in the superficial stretch). From the point of events are more intense and where the rafts are view of the treatment effect as regards the mussel anchored to two dead weights.

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RESEARCH ACTION STAFF

TITLE: CHIEF RESEARCHER: Validation of models of the accumulation of DSP and Blanco Pérez, J.C. PSP toxins in the mussel. RESEARCHERS: START: June, 2006 CETMAR: Iniesta Soto, R. FINISH: June, 2007 INTECMAR: Moroño, A.; Pazos, Y.; Arévalo, F.; Correa, J. FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE: Consellería de Pesca e Asuntos Marítimos. RESEARCH SUPPORT: Xunta de Galicia. CIMA: Mariño, M.C. PGIDIT-CIMA INTECMAR: Muñiz, S.

INTERNS: Domínguez Bastos, J.; Escudeiro Rossignoli, A.

SUMMARY In previous studies mathematical models of the The necessary mussel samples have been obtained accumulation of toxicity and PSP and DSP type at three different depths and phytoplankton sam- toxins were built and implemented. Those of the ples also at three different depths besides a vertical first type could not be validated due to the fact that net dragging and feces. All the samples have been no important events took place since 1998 until the analyzed, by means of HPLC with fluorescence end of 2005. Those of the second type are being detection, in the case of the PSP toxins and by means refined in several stages; mainly to include the con- of HPLC with mass spectrometry detection in the tribution of the conjugated forms of the main case of DSP toxins. Different processing methods toxins. Taking profit of an episode involving both were carried out to differentiate and quantify the PSP and DSO that occurred at the end of 2005 and different toxins and their derivatives. lasted until spring 2006, the intention is to validate the existing models and extend them by means of The phytoplankton content in the water samples an additional compartment that represents the was also quantitified. toxin eliminated in the feces, with the aim of impro- ving and evaluating the capacity to predict the dura- The basic models have been adapted and are in tion of the episodes and to gather new information process of adjustment to the data. about the elimination channels.

70 CONSELLERÍA DE PESCA E ASUNTOS MARÍTIMOS Annual report CIMA 2007 SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITY

3.1.4. AREA OF MARINE RESOURCES

PROJECT STAFF

TITLE: CHIEF RESEARCHER: Introduction of immunodetection techniques to moni- Fuentes González, J.M. tor mussel larvae in Galician coastal waters, I. Adaptation of sampling protocols and larval identifica- RESEARCHERS: tion. UV: González-Fernández, A; Pérez Estévez, Mr

START: August, 2005 RESEARCH SUPPORT: FINISH: August, 2008 Gregorio Chenlo, M.V.

FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE: Consellería de Innovación e Industria. PGIDIT. Programa Sectorial de Recursos Mariños.

SUMMARY The culture of the mussel, Mytilus galloprovincia- been the development of a quick and reliable lis, in Galicia started by mid of the last century with method for the identification and separation of the installation of the first rafts at the Arousa mussel larvae from the larvae of other bivalve Estuary. Since then and up to date, this sector grew mollusk species coexisting on the plankton. The considerably until becoming the most relevant of resolution of this problem was raised jointly by rese- the Spanish aquaculture. This culture consists of arch groups from the Immunology Department at grow-out on rafts of juveniles individuals obtained the University of Vigo and the Mussel Bioecology from both intertidal populations of this species as and Culture Department of CIMA, on the investiga- well as post-larvae gathered by means of collector tion project “PGIDT00MAR 50101PR, Immunological ropes hung from the rafts. In spite of the fact that and Biochemical Identification of larvae of mussel recent studies demonstrated the advantages of Mytilus galloprovincialis, (2000-2003). As result of using collector ropes, both processing methods are the study, two monoclonal antibodies from mice being still used up to date. Notwithstanding, the have been obtained, named M36.5 and M22.8 collector ropes are being used more and more by (OEPM record Number P200300629), which specifi- the mussel sector and its facilitated use, with new cally recognize the mussel larvae. Now that these legislation, by the Galician Fisheries antibodies have been obtained, they have to be Administration. Since 1999, with the aim of advi- introduced to the monitoring of the mussel larvae, sing both the mussel sector on its strategy for the which continues to be conducted in the coastal installation of collector ropes as well as the waters of Galicia. For this purpose, this research pro- Galician Fisheries Administration as to its regula- ject is composed of four main objectives: tory policies (Decree 406/1996), the INTECMAR (ex CCMM) has been issuing weekly reports on the Objective 1. To determine which is the most ade- abundance of the different larval staged of the quate method of suitable preservation of the mussel in Galician waters. Nowadays, these reports plankton samples for the use of the monoclonal are based on data collected by the Mussel antibodies. Bioecology and Culture group of CIMA under the action research "PGIDT-CIMA-04/1, Evaluation of Objective 2. Determine, which is the most ade- the larval abundance and recruitment of mussel quate preparation procedure of samples in the spat Mytilus galloprovincialis on the Galician coast. laboratory to carry out the larval incubation Since these studies began, the main problem has stage with the monoclonal antibodies.

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Objective 3. Incorporate the larval incubation these experiments indicate that the estimations of stage with the antibodies into the monitoring the mussel larvae abundance obtained with the program. two methods are similar. In some samples, certain discrepancies, sub-estimations or upper-estima- Objective 4. Determine the larval abundance of tions were recorded with regard to the method of the mussel by means of microscopy and compare reference (clear field microscopy), but always less the results obtained with the current determina- than 6%. tion method, which is the clear field microscopy. During 2007, the works continued related to the Once the objectives 1, 2 and 3 have been raised improvement of the maintenance systems of the during the first two project years (see Annual antibodies and the detection tests with the Report CIMA 2006), during 2007 we focused oursel- FlowCAM, started already in 2006 and performed ves in the performance of several experiments rela- completely at the Universidade de Vigo. ted to the objective 4 of the project. The results of

72 CONSELLERÍA DE PESCA E ASUNTOS MARÍTIMOS Annual report CIMA 2007 SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITY

PROJECT STAFF

TITLE: CHIEF RESEARCHER: VIEIRA PHASE I: Study of the stock of populations of Sánchez Mata, A. the scallop (Pecten maximus, L., 1758) in the Ares, Arousa and Vigo Estuaries. RESEARCHERS: CIMA: Molares Vila, J. START: August, 2005 Pereira Productos del Mar, S.A.: Sánchez Mata, A.G. FINISH: August, 2008 RESEARCH SUPPORT: FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE: Pereira Productos del Mar, S.A.: Varela Sóñora, M.T. Program of Marine Resources. Dirección Xeral de Investigación e Desenvolve- mento. Consellería de Innovación e Industria. Xunta de Galicia. PGIDIT 05RMA023E

SUMMARY The natural beds of the scallop (Pecten maximus) 3. A biometric analysis of the stock of each bed, in the Galician Estuaries are affected on a regular recorded as the initial state of the population. recurrence basis of red tide, causing the accumula- 4. Recording and analysis of the environmental tion of biotoxins. Under these conditions, the legis- variables related to the hydrography and sedi- lation forbids unarguably the extraction of the sca- mentation in each natural bed that affect the llop, being nowadays the estuaries closed to the species life cycle. extraction and commercialization, with the excep- 5. Analysis of the content in biotoxins in the sca- tion of some beds of the Arousa Estuary, causing a llop beds of the Galician estuaries. serious economic impact on the sector. Results In this project an exploration was conducted on Through a total of 113, 158 and 108 casts perfor- the natural populations of the scallop in the med in the Ares, Arousa and Vigo estuaries, respec- Estuaries of Ares, Arousa and Vigo, to determine the tively, and a GIS cartographic analysis, the natural spatial distribution, abundance and population beds of the scallop in the three estuaries were boun- structure. Moreover, the growth and mortality of ded and measured, resulting in a total of 3 beds in the scallop of natural beds have been analyzed and the Ares Estuary, 29 in the Arousa Estuary and 7 in the environmental factors of influence are studied the Vigo Estuary. (waters quality) as well as the red tides on the spe- cies development. The density (ind m-2) and biomass (g m-2) has been calculated in fresh weight of the total stock of sca- llop in each bed. Objectives 1. The location and delimitation of the natural a) Distribution. In the Ares Estuary a mean density beds of pectinids production in the Vigo, Arousa value obtained was of 0,02 ind m-2, being the and Ares Estuaries. total stock maximum density of 0,49 ind m-2 2. Determination of the stock structure of the sca- (Ares bed). The Arousa Estuary, presented a llop for the sustainable harvesting of the mean density value of 0,03 ind m-2, reaching the resource; evaluation of the natural populations maximum value of 0,27 ind m-2 (A Golfeira bed). of by means of analysis, distribution, In the Vigo Estuary, the mean density value was abundance and biomass of the resource. of 0,02 ind m-2 and the maximum density of 0,21

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ind m-2 was reached at the (Cangas bed). The in decreasing order for the Arousa Estuary in mean values obtained adjust themselves to the zones IV, A Golfeira bed; zone I, Sálvora bed; necessary densities for the harvesting of the sca- zone II, Rúa bed and zone III.2, A Pobra bed. In llop in other European areas, that ranges from the Vigo Estuary, the maximum values were 0,1 to 0,2 ind m-2. (Ansell et all, 1991). obtained in the Cangas bed (zone II) and San Simón (zone III) and in the Ares- b)Biomass. The mean value of scallop biomass in Estuary, in the Ares bed (zone I). the Ares Estuary was of 3,4 g m-2 and the maxi- mum total stock biomass was of 113,5 g m-2 c) Impact of the red tides on the scallop stock. The (Ares bed). In the Arousa Estuary a mean bio- analysis of the biotoxins content, expressed in mass of 4,7 g m-2 was reached being the maxi- acid domoic concentration (µG A.D./g) in full mum value of 37,7 g m-2 at the (Golfeira bed). body, revealed less concentrations in the zones The Vigo Estuary presented a mean biomass of higher oceanic influence: zones I and II of the value of 3,5 g m-2, reaching the maximum value Arousa and Vigo Estuaries. Moreover, an of 32,3 g m-2 at (Cangas bed). extraordinary mortality event took place in the Vigo Estuary, located in the Cangas bed, zone II, The highest density values and fresh biomass where the maximum concentration of domoic calculated from the total stock were obtained, acid (257 µg A.D./g) was reached.

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PROJECT STAFF

TITLE: CHIEF RESEARCHER: VIEIRA PHASE II: Evaluation of the stock of populations Sánchez Mata, A. of the scallop in the Pontevedra, Muros and Ferrol Estuaries and a study of the population dynamics in RESEARCHERS: the Vigo and Ares Estuary. CIMA: Molares Vila, J. Empresa Pereira Productos del Mar, S.A.: Sánchez START: November, 2006 Mata, A.G. FINISH: November, 2009 RESEARCH SUPPORT: FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE: Varela Sóñora, M.T. Program of Marine Resources. Dirección Xeral de Investigación e Desenvolve- mento. Consellería de Innovación e Industria. Xunta de Galicia. PGIDIT 06RMA021E

SUMMARY The second phase of the project has allowed com- Results pleting the cartographic study of the scallop Pecten A total of 55, 81 and 63 casts have been perfor- maximus natural populations stock (L., 1758) of the med for the sampling of scallop in O Ferrol, Muros Galician estuaries started in the first phase. and Pontevedra Estuaries, respectively. With the obtained data of the sampling and by means of a In this project the beds of O Ferrol, Muros and GIS cartographic study, they located and measured a Pontevedra Estuaries are studied, stock of the natu- total of 7 beds in O Ferrol Estuary, 6 in the Muros ral populations according to the spatial distribution, Estuary and 5 in the Pontevedra Estuary. The density abundance, biomass and population structure. was calculated(ind m-2) and biomass (g m-2) in fresh Moreover, the growth and mortality of the scallop is weight of the scallop total stock of each bed. analyzed, both in the natural beds and in the con- trolled environment and is the influence of the • Density. In O Ferrol Estuary it has been obtained waters quality and the effect of the red tides on the a mean density value of 0,03 ind m-2, being the species development is studied. total stock maximum density of 0,33 ind m-2 at (Bazán bed). In the Muros Estuary, a mean den- Objectives sity of 0,003 ind m-2 has been found, reaching 1. Localization and delimitation of the scallop the maximum value of 0,04 ind m-2 at (Sta. natural beds in O Ferrol, Muros and Pontevedra Catalina Island bed). The Pontevedra Estuary Estuaries. presented a mean value of 0,02 ind m-2 and a 2. Evaluation of the populations abundance and maximum value of 0,25 ind m-2 at (Tambo Island biomass. bed). 3. Study of the populations dynamics and annual production of the scallop in a natural environ- • Biomass. The mean value of scallop biomass ment. Analysis of the scallop natural popula- in fresh weight for O Ferrol Estuary was of 4,4 tions condition of the Ares and Vigo Estuaries g m-2 and the total stock maximum biomass was through a monthly follow-up in natural envi- of 63,99 g m-2 at (Bazán bed). In the Muros ronment and in controlled environment all Estuary, a mean biomass of 0,4 g m-2 was rea- through a follow-up year. ched, being the maximum value of 4,18 g m-2 at (Saint Catalina Island bed). In the Pontevedra

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Estuary it reached a mean biomass value of 2,8 growth corresponding to the natural bed of g m-2 and a maximum value of 63,86 g m-2 at Ares Estuary performed under controlled condi- (Tambo Island bed). tions, started in March 2007 and shows a gra- dual increase of size and weight all through the The highest density and total stock fresh biomass annual cycle. During the first six months of values were reached in the north area of the three follow-up, the monthly mortality expressed in estuaries, corresponding to the zone II of O Ferrol individuals average, shows a maximum of 18% Estuary, the zone I of the Muros Estuary and zone III in the second month and another maximum of in the Pontevedra Estuary. 25% in the last month, having kept a stable growth between both peaks. A direct relation • Population dynamics and scallop annual pro- has been observed between the mortality rate duction. The monthly follow-up of scallop and the individuals of weight higher than 250 g.

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RESEARCH ACTION STAFF

TITLE: CHIEF RESEARCHER: Evaluation of larvae abundance and recruitment of Fuentes González, J.M. mussel spat Mylitus galloprovincialis on the Galician coast. RESEARCHER: Molares Vila, J. START: January, 2004 FINISH: December, 2007 RESEARCH SUPPORT: Allariz Villanueva, M.A.; Fernández Abuín, I.; FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE: Gregorio Chenlo, M.V.; Rodríguez Díaz, R. DXIDP. Consellería de Pesca e Asuntos Marítimos. Xunta de Galicia. PGIDIT-CIMA 04/01

SUMMARY The mussel culture is based on the grow-out, perfected, it is essential that said actions be transfor- under raft culture conditions- of wild spat obtained med into a "monitoring" process and that on a rou- by means of the extraction of juveniles attached to tine basis technical information must be available at intertidal zones of the rocky coasts exposed to the both the opening and closure of the harvest sea- fluttering and by the collection of larvae in the inner sons, as well as in all cases where it is necessary to estuary zones using collector ropes hung from the have such technical information available to be able rafts. The second method of spat collection for mus- to make decisions". sel culture has become the method of choice among the mussel farming sector and has been strongly Consequently, in 2004, this action of research was supported through new legislation by the Galician proposed with the aim of being able to give answers Fisheries Administration. Since 1999, with the aim of to these needs and continue with the collection and advising both the mussel sector on its strategy about analysis of the temporal data series on the abundan- the collection of spat and the Fisheries ce of the different larval stages of the mussel in the Administration itself in its regulatory policy, the water column and also start the data series related INTECMAR (Technological Institute for the Marine to the recruitment of the spat of this mollusk in Monitoring of Galicia) has been issuing reports rocky intertidal zones and on the collector ropes. In about the abundance of the different larval stages the short term, this information will allow us to of the mussel in waters of the different sub-zones assess both the mussel farming sector in the strategy where the raft parks of mussel culture are located in used to obtain the seed as well as the Galician the Galician Estuaries. These reports were initially Fisheries Administration in terms of their making based on data obtained from samplings performed the decision to open and close the harvesting by CIMA in the context of a project (PGIDT-CIMA- periods and the natural collection of mussel spat 99/6 spatio-temporal distribution of the larvae and (Decree 406/1996). In the medium and long term, post-larvae of the mussels in the plankton of the the data obtained will allow us to increase our kno- Arousa Estuary) and an action research (PGIDITCIMA wledge on the population dynamics of the mussel 02/5 Optimization of the sampling protocols of mus- during its early stages of life and, therefore, increa- sel larvae in the Galician Estuaries). As consequence se our ability to predict the biological processes of the shown usefulness of the issued reports, both involved (spawning seasons and number of broods, for the culture sector and for the Administration larval dynamics, settlement and recruitment). itself, the Directorate-General of Marine Resources, in its report dated September 29th 2003, considered Continuing with the guidelines determined in pre- that "once the utility of the actions have been vali- vious years (see CIMA Annual Reports 2004, 2005 dated and the monitoring techniques have been and 2006), during 2007, weekly samples were taken

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from the plankton of 13 points of the Galician estua- Moreover, since January until April 2007, monthly ries (stations V1, V2, V3 and Vigo Estuary; P2, P3 in evaluations were carried out about the recruitment the Pontevedra Estuary; A3, A4, A9 in the Arousa of mussel spat in rocky intertidal zones of 6 locations Estuary; M2 and M5 in the Muros Estuary; L1, L2 and on the Galician coast (A Guarda, Cabo Udra, San L4 in the Ares-Betanzos Estuary, of the follow-up Vicente, Punta Louro, Merexo and Punta Cherpa), network of INTECMAR), from which the abundance for which the number of attached individuals (larvae/m3) was determined as regards the different (recruits) has been determined as well as its covera- larval development stages of the mussel (larvae in D ge and biomass, in 18 control areas of 1 m2 (3 control and larvae with an “eye”). Based on this informa- areas in each location). tion, a series of weekly reports were issued during 2007 to INTECMAR about the abundance of the dif- ferent forms of the mussel larvaes.

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RESEARCH ACTION STAFF

TITLE: CHIEF RESEARCHER: Cartography and evaluation of the areas and species of Molares Vila, J. interest in the action plan for the recovery of the “Lombos do Ulla” INVESTIGADOR: CIMA: Sánchez Mata, A. START: June, 2002 CETMAR: Parada Encisa, J.M. FINISH: December, 2007 RESEARCH SUPPORT: FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE: CIMA: Giráldez Rivero, R. Dirección Xeral de Recursos Mariños. CETMAR: Carreira Vázquez, P.; Crego Mata, A.; Consellería de Pesca e Asuntos Marítimos. Darriba Santiago, C.; Martínez Verde, G.; Rodal Xunta de Galicia. Mallo, M.

SUMMARY The results observed in the 2006-2007 shellfish acti- abundant, the size structure of their populations vity adjusted themselves to what was expected after showed the effect of the collection of species of the evaluation of the stock performed in September lower size as regards to the commercial one 2006. After 114 workdays, it hardly generated collec- during the 2006-2007 shellfish campaign. tion of cockles and pullet carpet shell clam; the collec- tions of short necked clam were slightly lower to those The absence of low salinity events during 2007 of the 2005-2006 campaign but higher than the pre- allowed a high survival of the cohorts of low size vious campaigns. The collections of the grooved car- to the one of collection. Consequently, in the sam- pet shell clam were the highest recorded in this bed pling performed in September 2007, the size struc- since the start of the recovery plan in June 2002. ture of the cockle population showed that the oldest cohort presented a great part of its stock In the population sampling performed in April over the minimal commercial ranging from 26 to 2007, the recovery of the cockle stock was stated 27 mm. The stock of commercial size available for after the mortality suffered in March 2006. The the 2007-2008 shellfish campaign is the highest pullet carpet shell clam presented a recovery start found in the estuary since the beginning of the situation, with a behavior proper of specie sensiti- recovery plan of the bed of "Lombos de Ulla" and ve to the decrease in salinity in an estuary. The that presents specimens of higher size. The bio- effects still showed low densities and its distribu- mass of commercial size specimens also exceeds tion was similar to the one found in previous occa- widely the one recorded in the previous five sions in which mortalities due to decrease of sali- September campaigns. nity were recorded. The grooved carpet shell clam and the short necked clam presented special distri- The sizes distribution of the grooved carpet shell butions similar to the ones observed in April 2006. clam in September 2007, allowed identifying two Although the effects of these two resources were classes of well-differentiated ages; the youngest

Specie Collections Price Incomes Incomes/wage (kg) (euros/kg) (euros) (euros/person/day)

Cockle 85,50 1,84 € 157,32 € Short necked clam 16.591,40 7,44 € 123.440,02 € Grooved carpet shell clam 17.856,00 19,29 € 344.442,24 € 47.25 € Pulled carpet shell clam 9,60 8,51 € 81,70 € 468.121,27 €

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with a modal size of 18.74 mm constituted 40% of population. In the analysis of the sizes distribution the population, while the older group presented a it was stressed the scarce presence of specimens of modal size of 32.18 mm in which it included 6.38% lower size than 15 mm in comparison with the of the population that exceeded the commercial existing situation in September 2004 and 2005. size. In comparison with the sizes structure found The comparison of the size frequency of the diffe- during September 2004 and 2005, as well as in rent samplings performed during September 2002 September 2006, the scarce presence of specimens shows that the stock of current existing commer- of lower size to 15 mm is remarkable. The stock cial specimens derives from great recruitment situation expects a commercial campaign with recorded in 2005. Likewise, the comparison with similar results to the one of 2006-2007 as regards the existing situation of the previous samplings of to this resource. September in relation to the subsequent commer- cial campaigns allows foreseeing abundant captu- In September, the specimens of the short necked res of this specie during the 2007-2008 campaign. clam of commercial size constituted 8.6% of the

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RESEARCH ACTION STAFF

TITLE: DIRECCIÓN TÉCNICA: Geographic information system oriented towards the Molares Vila, J. management of the shellfish resources (SIGREMAR). RESEARCH SUPPORT: START: January, 2007 INTECMAR: Rodríguez Ruibal, L. FINISH: December, 2007 CIMA: Giráldez Rivero, R.

FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE: INTECMAR

SUMMARY The database was updated with the information • Boundary of the shellfish beds of Galicia included in the 2007 Shellfish General Plan. The last (Source: Regional Ministry of Fishing and synchronization of the database with technical assis- Maritime Affairs) tances of the associations that collaborate volunta- rily was performed in January. • Rivers of Galicia and their reservoirs (source: SITGA Territorial Information System of Galicia) The geographic information of interest was expan- ded and updated for the shellfish management. This And other new ones were obtained from bodies information is shared with the coastal stock created that offer information in digital format: by the EROCIPS (EMERGENCY RESPONSE TO COAS- TAL OIL CHEMICAL AND INERT POLLUTION FROM • Protected habitats of Galicia (source: SHIPPING) project used in the “Territorial Environment Ministry). Contingency Plan for Marine Contamination of Galicia". Spatial distribution maps were prepared with regard to the sales in Galicia of the main shellfish New layers with geographic information were cre- resources (cockle, grooved carpet shell clam, pullet ated: carpet shell clam, short necked clam, golden car- pet shell clam, pot razor shell, sea urchin, mature • Creation of a Galician coastline based on the dosinia, donax clam, European prickly cockle, equinoctial high tide line (lines). Sword-razor Shell, Golden-carpet Shell, Atlantic • Galicia beaches (lines). Surf clam, Brown Venus Shell, European razor clam, • Galicia coastal wetlands (raft parks). , and goose barnacle) based on the infor- • Sewage waters purifier of Galicia coastal towns mation of the last 6 years, rendered by the “Fishery (points). Technology Platform” of the Ministry of Fishery and Maritime Affairs). Five of these maps were Some already existing layers with information have used in the project “Analysis of the possible evi- been published to adapt them to SIGREMAR needs: dences and effects of the climatic change in the main shellfish resources of Galicia”. • Classification of the Galician coast in terms of its environmental sensitivity.

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RESEARCH ACTION STAFF

TITLE: CHIEF RESEARCHER: Action plan for the recovery of the O Bohído bed Sánchez Mata, A. (Arousa Estuary). RESEARCHERS: START: February, 2005 CIMA: Carballal Durán, M. J.; Cao Hermida, A.; FINISH: December, 2008 Molares Vila, J.; Villalba García, A. INTECMAR: Fernández Conchas, R.D. FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE: CETMAR: Parada, J. M. Dirección Xeral de Innovación e Desenvolvemento Pesqueiro and Dirección Xeral de Recursos Mariños. RESEARCH SUPPORT: Consellería de Pesca e Asuntos Marítimos. Carreira Vázquez, P.; Crego Mata, A.; Darriba Xunta de Galicia. Santiago, C.; Martínez Verde, G.; Rey García, C.; Rodal Mallo, M.

SUMMARY The Action Plan for the recovery of the O Bohído tality of the commercial species. Once this initial area started in 2005 with a preliminary sampling sur- study ended, the seasonal follow-up of the bed vey in May of said year, which was used as initial bivalve populations was carried out, with the per- state of the bed. formance of annual samplings during the months of April and September for the recruitment and the The general objective of this Plan is the prepara- annual production study, as well as the bimonthly tion and progressive application of a management sampling for the study of the size-weight relation of protocol of this shellfish bed of pullet carpet shell the natural populations. In a parallel way, the clam, golden carpet shell clam, mature dosinia, in growth, mortality and recruitment monthly analysis order to optimize its production and profitability is performed for the pullet carpet shell clam and gol- and, like the Lombos do Ulla Plan, will serve as a den carpet shell clam, under controlled conditions standard for the management of the free shellfish by means of the use of anchored boxes in the bed. beds of Galicia. Up to date, 6 sampling extractions have been per- The high mortality is a relevant problem in the formed during April and September of 2005, 2006 management of the shellfish beds, both under the and 2007; using a box-correr dredge of 0,1 m2 of free shellfishery regime and the shellfishery with attack surface and 0,3 m2/station, having visited a authorization. In most of the cases, there is not a total 98 stations during each extraction. The existing quantitative estimate of the magnitude of the men- mollusks species of commercial interest in the bed tioned mortality. Neither are the patterns known are the golden carpet shell clam (Paphia aurea), the about the seasonal and annual variation of the mature dosinia (Dosinia exoleta), the pullet carpet natural mortality of the different clam species. shell clam (Venerupis senegalensis), the razor shell Under such circumstances, it is difficult to determine clam (Ensis siliqua), the grooved carpet shell clam the mortality causes and to know the extent to (Tapes decussates), the short necked clam (Ruditapes which it may be related to the management develo- philippinarum), European prickly cockle (Venus ped in the bed. verrucosa), the banded carpet shell (Venerupis rhomboids) and the European razor clam (Solen The Action Plan for the recovery of the shellfis- marginatus). hery of O Bohído started through the bed delimita- tion, estimation of the available resources by means The first shellfishery extraction campaign carried of a bionomic cartography and the analysis of the out after the bed opening was developed between environmental variables that might affect the mor- October 2006 and March 2007 (Table I).

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Table I. Capture data and incomes of the shellfishery extraction 2006-2007 in O Bohído.

Specie Captures Price Incomes Incomes/wage (kg) (euros/kg) (euros) (euros/person/day)

Pullet carpet shell clam 43.494 13,45 € 584.990 € Golden carpet shell clam 3.978 4,60 € 18.299 € Grooved carpet shell clam 12.745 35,59 € 453.595 € Short necked clam 2.574 6,14 € 15.804 € 77,49 € European prickly cockle 2.093 5,58 € 11.679 € Banded carpet shell 348 7,10 € 2.453 € 65.232 1.086.820 €

A relation could be observed between the captu- to the preventive closure of the resource in Galicia res performed by the fleet for the pullet carpet shell given the detection of lead level in the tissues of clam and the commercial stock size estimated in some Galician shellfishery beds. The distribution of September of 2006.The stock of the golden carpet the golden carpet shell clam and the mature dosinia shell clam estimated during the same date remained was homogeneous for most of the bed, with con- without being extracted in its whole. The stock of centrations of the populations in the half of the the mature dosinia reached 844 t in September 2006 north of the bed and middle zone, it was not like according to the estimation of the performed popu- this for the pullet carpet shell clam, whose distribu- lation sampling. This resource was not apt for the tion remained limited to the zone of heterogeneous extraction in the shellfishery campaign 2006-07 due sands of the north channel and adjacent areas.

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SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITY

B.- PROJECTS WITH THE PARTICIPATION OF RESEARCHERS AND/OR STAFF OF THE CIMA

RESEARCH ACTION STAFF

TITLE: CHIEF RESEARCHER: Restocking of turbot in the Costa da Morte (NW of IGAFA: Rodríguez Villanueva, J.L. Spain). First experimental releases of European lobster. COORDINATOR: START: 2006 CIMA: Mariño Balsa, J.C. FINISH: 2007 RESEARCHERS: FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE: IGAFA: Pérez Benavente, G. DXIDP. Consellería de Pesca e Asuntos Marítimos. IEO VIGO: Olmedo Herrero, M. Xunta de Galicia. PGIDIT-CIMA 06/04 RESEARCH SUPPORT: Cid González, E.; Fernández Franco, B.; Fernández Graña, M.

SUMMARY The restocking plans are usually presented as an Cruz, Mexiloeira and O Carreiro, of the council of O alternative to the stocks decrease, produced by the Grove, which were added to other 5000 released in over-fishing, contamination, etc. In this sense, the that same zone during the previous year and to objective of this Action Research was to obtain 15000 released between 2005 and 2006 in the information about the feasibility of the release of Costa da Morte. turbot and European lobster juveniles, as a control recovery measure of both populations. The released fishes have been obtained from com- mercial farms of our community. Contacts were made The objectives of this action have been as with Pescanova and Stolt Sea Farm to buy specimens follows: of different families, with a mean weight ranging from 10 and 20 grams, in order to favor, as far as pos- 1.To evaluate the results obtained after the 2005 sible, the diversity of the specimens to be restocked. release of turbots in the Costa da Morte and The fishes from the farms were taken to the IGAFA carry out new releases, in these same areas and where they have been labeled and kept until they in other points of the Galician Coast. were released. The labels that have been used were 2.To know about the survival, growth and distri- of the named “T-anchor tags” type which has a t-sha- bution of turbot juveniles in the months follo- ped base that is attached to the body of the turbot. wing their release into the sea. These tags have printed on it a number for each indi- 3.To select a pilot seamen association to start the vidual and the telephone number of IGAFA, that for restocking of European . Some 10.000 the moment of the capture of the fishes by any fisher- specimens were released in a limited area. man, he can get in touch with the responsible party 4.To evaluate the production of European lobs- of the plan. ters for restocking purposes, according to the techniques developed under the Aquareg pro- As regards the European lobster, 6000 juveniles ject "Lobster Restocking". were released of a mean length of 5 cms in the 5.To prove the response of the sector regards to Protected Marine Area of Miñarzos in Lira and its the restocking plans. surroundings.

All through 2007, 5000 turbot juveniles have By means of the larval culture techniques and been released in the beaches of Lanzada, Area da grow-out in rafts developed during the Aquareg

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project “Lobster Restocking”, 9000 juveniles of Up to date, the fulfillment of the objectives has European lobster were produced from which 30% been performed only in part due to the low recap- did not reach yet the restocking size and will be ture percentage of the released specimens, that in released next year. Each specimen that takes bet- the case of the turbot, it is impossible the issuance ween 5 and 6 months to reach this size is marked of any conclusion. These low recapture levels are with a 1 mm length identifying magnetic micro- due to a high depredation of the released speci- tag, that stays in the animal during all its life, in mens, or a loss of the tags, which is a circumstance spite of the sheddings and which can be detected that has been observed on one occasion at the pre- by means of a metal detector. sence of loose tags in a beach on the following days of the release. On the other hand, the speci- The releases were carried out all through the mens released with 20 grams, will reach the com- year, by professional divers and with the advising mercial size during the following two years, there- of the restocking technicians, in order to choose fore the recapture time will be soon. the best release habitats. These areas have been previously selected with the collaboration of the The first experience with European lobsters, sho- Company Fismare (a spin-off of the University of A wed positive results and the objectives to assess the Coruña), which has been working in the area culture technique and the release methodology, during the last years. besides the implications of the fishing sector in the area of Lira-, have a very positive result. It Both in the release of the turbots and the has to be waited until the next years for the speci- European lobsters, a follow-up has been kept mens to reach the adult size and be fished, and through samplings carried out by the restocking thus assess the plan feasibility. staff and communication with the communities and fishermen’s associations in order to obtain information about the recaptured specimens.

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PROJECT STAFF

TITLE: CHIEF RESEARCHER: LARVAE IDENTIFICATION. Genetic characterization of USC: Rey Méndez, M. bivalve species and design of PCR systems on real time for its application in the detection and identification RESEARCHERS: of larvae in plankton samples. CIMA: Guerrero Valero, S. CSIC: González Sotelo, C. START: 2006 USC: Besteiro Rodríguez, C.; Quinteiro Vázquez, J. FINISH: 2009

FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE: Consellería de Pesca e Asuntos Marítimos. Xunta de Galicia.

SUMMARY The study of the zooplanktonic community is of The foreseen results include the genetic characte- vital importance for the understanding of the popu- rization of the considered species and the design lations dynamic and structure, as well as for the and implementation of detection and identification correct management of the wild and cultured mari- systems through PCR on real time, from the isolated ne resources. The methodological difficulties for the DNA from planktonic samples and which belong to ecology study of the biological cycle first stages said species. These results are directly applicable to: make difficult these main studies, preventing the discrimination of the larvae belonging to different • The identification of the specie to which a bival- kinds of genders or species. However, the genomics ve larva belongs to obtained by means of a zoo- progress and the availability of technologies and plankton sampling. methodologies very efficient for the DNA analysis, allow reconsidering the study of the planktonic sam- • The setting up of larvae quantification systems ples from the molecular point of view. Therefore, it through PCR on real time. is proposed the design, development and implemen- tation of systems for the detection, identification • The monitoring at geographic and temporal and quantification of larvae in plankton samples scale of the reproductive cycle of the cultures through PCR on real time. With this aim, it is set out and natural populations of the considered bival- the genetic characterization of three groups of spe- ve species. cies of special interest: mussels, clams and oysters and, based on this information, the design of speci- • The invasive nature of several species of fic primers and probes for the considered species. mollusks is of particular interest in an area like The selection of these marine resources has been the one of the Galician estuaries where activi- based that they support cultures in the Galician ties potentially related coexist with the intro- estuaries, in the impossibility of distinguishing the duction and invasion of aloctone species, the veliger larvae of these species and in the existence navigation and the aquaculture. Therefore, an of abundant genetic information. The development adequate measure for the prevention of the of the identification PCR systems on real time at any introduction and its follow-up would be the stage of the biologic cycle for the mentioned species detection of such species in larval stages in envi- will determine its detection in a quick, automated ronmental samples of ballast tank water. and reliable manner, being applicable the study of populations dynamic, monitoring of the productive • The values assessment regarding the genetic cycle, detection of foreign species and the food tra- diversity in planktonic samples will allow dispo- ceability. sing of a valuable measure about the diversity

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present at natural populations directly compa- cultured specie might generate greater culture rable with the one existing in the cultures. feasibility during environmental changes or Considering the major genetic diversity in the pathology events.

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PROJECT STAFF

TITLE: CHIEF RESEARCHER: Pigment characterization and light regulation in dino- Garrido Valencia, J.L. (IIM,CSIC) flagellates. RESEARCHERS: START: 2006 CIMA: Zapata Gago, M. FINISH: 2009 IIM-CSIC: Martínez Lorenzo, M.L.

FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE: RESEARCH SUPPORT: Xunta de Galicia. CIMA: Campaña Ferro, E. PGIDIT06PXIB602143PR

SUMMARY The study of dinoflagellates proliferations that 1)Study the distribution of the photosynthetic synthesize different toxins (and other bioactive com- pigments in species of Dinophyta macrophytes pounds), which have a recurrent nature (“red tide”), especially those potentially present in the is of great interest due to the serious repercussions waters of Galicia), about which preliminary stu- that they have on the public health and on the eco- dies point out the existence of a high number of nomy of the shellfish and fishing farming sectors. pigment types.

The proliferation formation takes place on the 2)Characterize in a structural (mass spectrometry), surface, normally during the months of summer and chromatographically (by means of different autumn, under high irradiance conditions, so these techniques of high efficiency chromatography) species need to have certain mechanisms to face and spectrally (ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy light stress situations. Up to now, five types of chlo- and, in this case, fluorescence spectroscopy) the roplasts have been characterized in this Division that new pigments detected in the Objective 1, and belong to five pigment groups: those that contain peridinine, those that present fucoxanthin, those 3)Determine the responses of the pigment system that are characterized by the presence of acyloxy under different light conditions, especially at derivatives of fucoxanthin, those that contain elo- mid-high and / or variable irradiances (similar to xantine and those with chlorophyll b. However, the light conditions existing in the natural envi- none of these types have been determined using ronment in the proliferation formation condi- high resolute analytical tools. A previous study, per- tions). It is expected to study the existing rela- formed using modern methods developed by the tions between the composition in pigments and applicant team, established that the compositions the photosynthetic behavior (characterized by might be quite different (even with the detection of studies of alive fluorescence) of dinoflagellates some pigments which have not been described pre- species, both at long-term (photoacclimation) viously). and short-term (photoregulation). It is the intention to determine the pigments role (espe- This project sets out the performance of basic stu- cially the new detected and characterized ones) dies at a laboratory level, to establish the role of the in functions with photo capture and photopro- photosynthetic pigments in the processes of photo tection and the activation kinetics and deactiva- capture and photoprotection and its synthesis dyna- tion of these functions. mics and change against high and / or variable light conditions. For such purpose, three objectives are defined:

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PROJECT STAFF

TITLE: CHIEF RESEARCHER: BLUE SEED: Technology development for a reliable Pauline Kamermans supply of high quality seed in blue mussel farming. (Project coordinadtor) IMARES, Netherlands START: November, 2005 FINISH: November, 2007 RESEARCHERS: Fuentes González, J.M. (responsible for the project FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE: at CIMA); Domínguez Pérez, L. (from March until European Union 6th Framework Programme. December); Villalba García, A. Contract #COOP-CT-2005-017729 (BLUE SEED) RESEARCH SUPPORT: Andrade García, M.; Gregorio Chenlo, M.V.; Pazos Pazos, J.C.

INTERN: Domínguez Pérez, L. (from January until March)

SUMMARY In addition to the serious damages caused by epi- expected to optimize the techniques of mussel cultu- sodes of toxic microphytes, two are the main biologi- re in the hatcheries to guarantee the producers with cal problems which affect the cultures of different a reliable supply of quality seed. The research project species of mussels of the European Coasts: (1) diffi- is structured in five work blocks. In the first one the culty for the supply of seeds for the culture and (2) patterns of internal organization are established for Loss of the quality of the product during the spaw- its implementation. The second work block deals ning periods. The first problem, this is the low and with the optimization of the management techni- unpredictable mussel seed from both natural popu- ques of the individuals whom are going to be used as lations as well as the collector devices, mainly affec- parent stock as well as the larvae culture techniques. ting the European countries located more to the In the third work block the different methods for North (United Kingdom, the Netherlands, etc.). The obtaining triploid individuals are analyzed. In the second one is the loss of biomass, and therefore the forth block we will approach the methods for seed quality of the product as a consequence of extended collection and the grow-out in land based facilities periods of spawning which principally affects the (Seedbeds) as in ocean devices. In the fifth block the countries to the South of the continent (, economical costs will be analyzed as well as the dif- Spain etc.). With the objective to face these two ferent productions systems used. During the projects serious problems and try to resolve them this coope- first year (Nov-2005 to Oct-2007) the following tasks rative project was considered, with the participation were carried out: of ten members of four European countries: five companies/ associations of producers/ suppliers of Handling of the parent stock. New experiments rela- mussels from France (Grainocean), the Netherlands, ted to the conditioning of parent stock for spawning (Neeltje Jans and Rome van Yerseke), Galicia-Spain (maturation) as well as induction trials of spawning in (OPMEGA) and Wales -United Kingdom (Deepdock), males and females. It was demonstrated that the main- one organization with headquarter in Ireland for tenance of the parent stock under permanent exposu- training and transference of technology in aquacul- re to light (24 hours) negatively affects the maturation. ture (AquaTT), one university of Wales- United It was also proved that it is possible to obtain spawning Kingdom (UWB) and three research centers of France of mature individuals after being kept to a low tempe- (IFREMER), the Netherlands (IMARES, previously rature (aprox. 10 ºC) during many weeks. Nevertheless, RIVO) and Galicia- Spain (CIMA). In this project it is those spawning were not of good quality.

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Production of triploid larvae (3n). New trials of raft of the diploid seed obtained at CIMA´s mini- chemical induction of the triploid were carried out hatchery during the year 2006. The productive through the use of a chemical inductor agent 6- variables were compared (growth rate in size and DMAP. Due to the low survival of the triploids larvae weight, mortality and biomass) of this seed with obtained during the projects first year, in these new the wild seed coming from the natural environ- tests the induction method tried to be adjusted, ment. The results showed that the seed produced controlling the concentration of the chemical induc- in a hatchery did not show significant disadvanta- tor agent (6-DMAP) as well as at the beginning of ges in respect with the wild seed, therefore being the same. The results showed that having contro- appropriate for the raft culture. Results which lled those two factors the larvae survival of the tri- have not been totally analyzed seem to show that ploid individuals can be improved in a high degree. the seed produced in the hatchery presents a lower prevalence of parasites that the seed from Grow-out of the diploid seed obtained at the the natural environment. hatchery. It was continued with the grow-out in a

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PROJECT STAFF

TITLE: CHIEF RESEARCHER: SEMAUMEX: Development of an automatic split Maroto Leal, J. (CETMAR) system of mussels. RESEARCHERS: START: July, 2006 Fuentes González, J.M. (responsible for the project FINISH: June, 2009 at CIMA); Domínguez Pérez, L. (from March until December) FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE: Consellería de Innovación e Industria. PGIDIT. RESEARCH SUPPORT: Programa Sectorial de Recursos Mariños. Fernández Abuín, I.; Gregorio Chenlo, M.V.

SUMMARY The Galician aquaculture of the mussel, though this last aspect highly valued by the producers and being the result of a proven experience that comes the markets of destination. This stage is performed from several decades in the past, is subject in an nowadays manually or semi-automatically; the irre- endemic manner to a series of circumstances that gularity in the control of the parameters that endangers its stability. In contrast with the fish far- govern the current machinery (the speed of the ming, this is not a totally controlled resource. Thus, belts, quantity of mussels in hoppers, etc.) entails a the closure of developments and the consequent lack of precision that goes by unseen and whose extraction due to the presence of toxins, lead to an consequence is the irregular density of the indivi- industrial activity with continuous collapses and in a duals all through the available space. shortage of supplies in the markets that other com- petitors located in other countries take advantage The joint intention of CTAG and CETMAR in this of, in order to place their product and try to oust the research project is to introduce robotic control Galician mussel partly. To the interferences that des- systems in the current machinery to ensure that tabilize the sector, others of socio-economic order during the moment of the rope attachment the are added, as it is the huge atomization of the cor- sowing has been done under constant conditions, porative network (3,200 rafts that belong to 1,800 which would derive probably in substantial improve- producers of corporate size and dimension extre- ment of the mollusk size. mely different). The fight by the Galician agents, tied to this sector pass undoubtedly through many During the first year and a half of the project it aspects: commercial policies, commercialization of has been used in the development of the prototype the mussel in forms with added value (MAP), impro- of the juveniles’ rope attachment machinery by vement in the detection systems and toxin analysis, CTAG (the other partner of the project) and to carry etc. out the first field tests in rafts placed at Pontevedra estuary that the company Hermanos Ruano put at However, there are basic aspects related to the the disposal of the project. These field tests have own facets of the culture, that in spite of all the exis- been supervised by engineers of CTAG as well as by ting knowledge and experience, they admit sensiti- technicians and biologists of CETMAR and CIMA. ve improvements that might affect in an increase of the tonnage produced in rafts or in the homoge- Considering that the definite approval of the pro- neity of the specimen as an aspect that might incre- totype of the juveniles’ rope attachment machinery ase the sale prices. The process of mussel rope has not been granted yet by the CTAG engineers, attachment is essential for the future results of an the tasks that in the project schedule corresponded exploitation determining the density of the speci- to CETMAR and CIMA could not be performed up to men all through the ropes, and in consequence, the now in its totality. growth rates and the homogeneity of the specimen,

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These tasks, that are foreseen to start during the traditional juveniles’ rope attachment machinery first quarter of 2008, will consist of the comparison and with the prototype machinery built by the of the productive variables (growth, mortality and CTAG. This comparison will be carried out under dif- biomass) of the mussels’ rope attachment with the ferent culture densities and at different depths.

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PROJECT STAFF

TITLE: CHIEF RESEARCHER: MARKETECH II: Action plan for the technological deve- Fernández, R. (CETMAR) lopment of the maritime-fishing sector. (Project coordinator)

START: October, 2004 FINISH: October, 2007 RESEARCHERS: CIMA: Guerra Díaz, A. FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE: IEO-Vigo: Cabanas, J.M. Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia. CSIC: Saborido-Rey, F. Code OTRO50002007-00 USC: Alvarez Fariña, P. UV: Miguez Tabarés, J.L. OTRIS of Galicia in the marine fishing field

SUMMARY The project MARKETECH II has the objective to interchange, training, etc. The gathered initiatives design an action plan based on specific projects and proposals by the interested agents of the sector oriented to improve the public response level of (companies, fishing managements, research public the Galician I+D+I to the needs of the maritime-fis- bodies, technology centers, etc.) will be subject of hing sector. Basing it on the recommendations support by MARKETECH II to be formulated as pro- obtained from the MARKETECH project. The pro- jects that might be financed (singular Projects, ject is coordinated by CETMAR and formed by the Technology Fund Projects, European Projects, etc.). set of Investigation Results transfer offices establis- hed in Galicia and with specific interests in the Informative meetings were held with companies maritime-fishing field. and interested agents. These meetings took place in different locations of Galicia, assessing the It considers, among its main tasks, to boost the intensity of possible initiatives. formulation of investigation projects through an action plan designed for the submission of pro- • Vigo: IIM - CSIC jects. For this purpose, it is necessary to identify • Coruña: University. Elviña Campus ongoing initiatives in order to collaborate with and • Ribeira: CPAM Regional Delegation simultaneously focus efforts on already existing • Celeiro (): CPAM Regional Delegation supplies. The tasks entrusted to the CIMA by CETMAR are In a first step, the formulation of great collabora- only referred to in this summary in relation to this tion projects was collected in which activities of I+D+I pilot action. fit as well as other technology transfer, knowledge

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PROJECT STAFF

TITLE: CHIEF RESEARCHER: GESTINMER: System for the integral management of Férnández Cañamero, M. L. the wastes of the mussels cultures in rafts and lines. I. (Coordinadora del proyecto; CETMAR) Sediments extraction pilot action. RESEARCHER: START: October, 2004 Fuentes González, J.M. FINISH: October, 2007

FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE: European Union (LIFE-Environment Programme). Consellería de Pesca e Asuntos Marítimos. CETMAR. OPMEGA. Consello Regulador do Mexillón de Galicia

SUMMARY The GESTINMER project contemplates, among its The obtained results indicated that in the four main tasks, the development of a sediment extrac- chosen rafts, progressive and relevant increases tion pilot action with the objective to evaluate the took place with regard to the size average values technical, ecological and economical feasibility, of of the sampled individuals. In three of the four the available technologies for the extraction of the rafts, relevant increases of the total weight of the sediments that accumulate under the rafts and for individuals could be observed. In the raft closer to its transport to the port in suitable conditions for the extraction place, it could be observed an incre- its later assessment. ase of the average weight of the mussels between the start and the end of the pilot action and a This summary refers only to the tasks entrusted slight decrease in the next month; however, these to CIMA by CETMAR in relation to this pilot action. changes were not statistically relevant. In this raft These tasks consisted of the performance of an the higher weight average was also observed, assessment of the productive characteristics (size while in the farthest raft it registered the lowest and weight, number of individuals and biomass) of average weights. the rope attached and cultured mussels in several rafts close to the extraction zone, before and after In three of the four rafts, changes were observed it. This assessment was done during the first quar- which were not relevant in the number of indivi- ter of 2007 in a mussel culture polygon located in duals per meter of rope. Only in one of the rafts, a the inner part of the Muros-Noia estuary. relevant increase was detected in the next month to the end of the pilot action. This increase in the cul- For this, three weeks before the starting of the ture density is difficult to explain for other reasons extraction works with a Pneuma pump, 24 ropes with than due to the lack of homogeneity in the initial mussels were tied to four 4 rafts adjacent to the dred- rope attachment of the experimental ropes. In the ging area. The selection of these rafts has been done farthest raft to the extraction point, a decrease of considering the theoretic distribution of the resuspen- the culture density was detected during the month ded sediments, obtained based on a model of flow cir- after the end of the pilot action, though this decre- culation previously determined. In each one of the ase was not statistically relevant. ropes, of 6 m of length, approximately 77 pounds of 1 ¾ to 2 ¼ inch mussels had been rope attached. The The mussel biomass per meter of rope is a very samplings have been performed a day before the important variable from the productive point of extraction operations with the Pneuma bomb, one view. It reflects the changes that take place jointly day after the termination of the extraction tasks and in the number of individuals per meter of rope and a month after finishing the pilot action. in its individual weight. In certain cases, the loss of

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biomass of the ropes are caused only due to the the number of individuals in the ropes due to mor- decrease of the cultured mussels’ individual weight, tality and / or detachments. During the evaluation, as consequence of natural biologic processes (spaw- only in the case of the furthest apart raft from the ning) and/or due to abnormal physiological condi- extraction point, an important decrease of the mus- tions induced by pathologies, contaminants or other sel biomass was observed, though not statistically causes that generate stress. In certain occasions, relevant. This decrease was clear due to the decrea- especially when the generating causes of physiologi- se in the number of individuals and not due to indi- cal stress persist during certain time and exceed the vidual loss weight, what makes us think that it was homeostatic capacity of the mussels, these initial los- motivated more by the detachment due to periods ses of biomass are followed by other most important of intense swell than to causes that generate physio- ones that are produced as the result of decreases in logical stress.

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PROJECT STAFF

TITLE: CHIEF RESEARCHER: EROCIPS: Emergency response to coastal oil, chemical Simon Wilkins and inert pollution from shipping. (Devon County Council, U.K.)

START: November, 2004 RESEARCHERS: FINISH: December, 2007 CIMA: Blanco Pérez, J.C.; Molares Vila, J. CETMAR: Chapela, R.; Fernández, M.; Pungin, B. FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE: INTECMAR: Ayensa, M.G.; Montero, P. European Union (INTERREG IIIB: atlantic area pro- CPAM: Novas, A.; Novoa, F. gram) Meteogalicia: Pérez, V. and other researchers from Portugal, France & UK.

RESEARCH SUPPORT: CIMA: Giráldez Rivero, R. INTECMAR: Gómez, A.; Rodríguez Ruibal, M.L.

SUMMARY The activity developed all through the year can be In the second task, layers with information have summed up in three main basics: been prepared related to the services that might be useful in emergencies: airports, hospitals, hotels, res- a. Adjustment of the coastline used in the environ- taurants. Of course, the quantity of entries had to mental sensitivity rate to the images provided be limited in the coastal stock of some services like by “Google Earth”. hotels and restaurants, taking as criterion their size and that they are not in the urban center of the b.Obtaining and digitalization of new informa- cities. Layers with information have also been pre- tion for the coastal stock. pared related to spaces or natural elements with protection needs, as beaches, rivers and protected c. Design of an Atlas with thematic maps showing spaces. all the geographic information stored in the coastal stock. Besides distributing the information stored in the coastal stock through the Internet, it has also been In order to carry out the first task, the pre-existing considered interesting to dispose of printed coastline has been published in order to adapt it to Operative Atlas, with the aim of using them where- the aerial images of the Galician coasts shown in the ver there is a network connection. These Atlas are web of "Google Earth”. The main reason of using integrated by three types of maps: these images as reference was its free and universal access, and the fact that these images of the Galician 1.Socio-Economic Maps (Background: topogra- coast are quite recent in general. As one of the phic map. Scale: 1/50.000) objectives of the project is to distribute the informa- • tion stored in the coastal stock to the involved • Fishing and Aquaculture agents in the contingency plans of the different par- • Industry ticipating regions in the project, it has been conside- • Maritime Transport red that one of the most efficient and cheapest ways was to publish information layers on this web. The 2. Environmental Maps (Background: topographic agreement of the provided layers with the back- map. Scale:1/50.000) ground images will help the users to locate the iden- • Geomorphology tified elements. • Hydrodynamism

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• Protected areas Although the project concluded in October 2007, • Flora the task of completing and updating the coastal • Fauna stock should never be interrupted, with the aim that when a new accident should take place that makes 3. Intervention Maps (Background: orthophoto. necessary to activate the regional contingency plan, Scale: 1/10.000) the stored information in the coastal stock is useful during the crisis management.

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PROJECT STAFF

TITLE: CHIEF RESEARCHER: Study and characterization of intracellular prokaryotes López Romalde, J. (USC) Rickettsea type and other oxidative bacterias with pathogenic potential for clams. RESEARCHERS: CIMA: López Gómez, C. START: December, 2006 USC: Magariños Ferro, B. FINISH: December, 2009 RESEARCH SUPPORT: FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE: CIMA: Meléndez Ramos, I.; Penas Pampín, E. Plan Nacional de I+D Nacional. CETMAR: González Rodríguez, A. Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia. AGL2006-13208-C02-01 INTERNS: De Castro Puente, M.; Otero Fraga, M.J.

SUMMARY The sector of the bivalve mollusk culture, and in with great prevalence in the Galician clams is impor- particular of the clams, has a great economic impor- tant to adopt preventive and efficient measures to tance in Galicia. The super-exploitation of the natu- avoid its propagation among different culture zones. ral shoals, together with other factors of corporati- ve nature, has induced to the import of the seed and This study will help for a better management of adult specimen, with the consequent risk of the the clam production in Galicia, main producer of introduction of new pathologies (one example these bivalve species in Spain as 1) It will allow us to could be the appearance of the BRD brown ring know the real health condition of the cultures, 2) we disease). will obtain tools for the quick diagnosis in case of infectious processes in the culture zones and 3) we The principal objectives of this project are on one will study in depth the knowledge of the pathobio- side the identification and characterization of oxida- logic factors decisive of the different diseases out- tive bacteria potentially pathogenic for the natural break. All this will facilitate the possibility to deter- populations and in the culture of this bivalve mine adequate preventive measures in each case mollusk and on the other side the development of that will be of advantage for major economic bene- methods for the detection and isolation of intrace- fits for the aquaculture sector. llular prokaryotes Rickettsea type, in order to deter- mine its importance as clam pathogens. During 2007, bimonthly samplings of the grooved carpet shell clam have been performed in Camariñas The knowledge of the health condition, from the and Redondela, and of the short-necked clam at bacteriologic point of view, and the determination of Camariñas and O Carril. The characterization of the the new pathogenic bacterial specimen for the clam is main bacterial groups started, focusing mainly in of great importance to increase the survival of this the oxidative bacterias, as well as the study of the species in intensive cultures. On the other hand, the intracellular prokaryotes Rickettseas type present in determination of the pathogenic potential of the the samples. The samples have also been processed group of organisms similar to Rickettsea observed for the observation of histopathological alterations.

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PROJECT STAFF

TITLE: CHIEF RESEARCHER: Effects of the climate change on the ecology of the Lastra Valdor, M. (UV) benthic macrofauna sedimentary intertidal at Livingston Island and Deception Islands, South RESEARCHERS: Shetland Islands and the Antarctic. CIMA: Sánchez Mata, A. USC: Mora Bermúdez, J. START: October, 2007 UV: García Gallego, M. FINISH: October, 2009

FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE: Plan General de I+D. Dirección General de Investigación. Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia. CGL 2007-63492ANT

SUMMARY The present situation of the climate change on a • Best opportunities for the invader species. global scale predicts an increase of temperature in • Increase in the decomposition rates of the sedi- the Antarctic regions that is evidenced through mentary organic matter. the historic sequences study of climate data, the evolution of the ice layers, the glaciers and, on a From the morpho-dynamic point of view, an incre- smaller range, through the study of the marine ase of the sea level might cause: organisms. • An increase of the erosive processes and habi- Nowadays, 70% of the beaches in the planet are tats fragmentation. considered erosive, 20% are considered stable and a • Changes in the distribution of sediments and 10% accumulate sediments (Bird 2000). In an envi- granulometry. ronment in which the sedimentary contributions of river origin are scant, as it happens in the Antarctic Considering this outlook, it is necessary to per- region, the increase in the sea level will generate form studies at the longest possible term, which erosive processes that will give place to serious los- should assess the following aspects: ses of sedimentary habitats occupied by species whose biology is, virtually unknown at the present • The variability of the populations and communi- time. The changes in the absolute temperatures and ties in relation to the environmental changes at the distribution all through the year will alter the short, mid and long term. space distribution, the life cycles and the ecology of • The changes on the species life cycles and their the Antarctic marine species. In general, increases in reproductive strategies. the temperature entail progresses in the reproducti- • The capacity of species adaptation to the expec- ve periods and in the appearance of the recruit- ted changes. ments. • The existence of species that indicate the diffe- rent aspects of the climate change. From the biological point of view, an increase in the seawater temperature and an extended thaw It is the strategic objective of this project to carry period at the coast might lead to the following con- out the follow-up of these hypothetical changes on sequences in the ecology of the Antarctic intertidals: a possible highest temporal scale. Therefore, its intention is to turn to future action summons or pro- • Changes in the species distributions range and jects that might allow disposing of a series of tem- in the composition of the communities. poral long-term ecological, something of inestima-

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ble value in the evaluation of a climate change that data. The intention is to prepare a long-term tempo- takes place on decades or even century’s scales. ral series to allow monitoring the climate change through its effects on the Antarctic organisms. Objectives. The general objective of the project is to assess These objectives will be fulfilled through the the climate change, mainly the seawater warming communities study (richness in species, abundances and the increase of the thaw period, on the compo- and biomasses); the analysis of the demographic sition of the communities, the demographic charac- variables (size frequencies, cohort analysis, etc.) and teristics and the reproductive cycles of the benthic the analysis of the reproductive features (maturity macrofauna of the sedimentary intertidals at South development, fertility, fecundity, etc.) of the species Bay, Livingston Island and Foster Bay, in the of the macrofauna dominant in the studied interti- Deception Island. dals, mainly amphipods, oligochaetes and mollusks.

Given the existence of previous data gathered by The results will be interpreted according to the the applicant group during the performance of the physical-chemical variables of the studied zones: project “Gradients of biological diversity in the water temperature, salinity, sedimentary granulo- mobile substrates of the Antarctic intertidals: con- metry, intertidal profile, organic matter, Redox nections among the Antarctic and Sub Antarctic potential and total seston, and from the climate regions” (REN-2005-3109), the strategic objective of and meteorological data gathered from different the project is to carry out a comparative study of the available sources at a national and international 2004-05, 2005-06, 2007-08 and 2008-09 campaigns scale.

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RESEARCH ACTION STAFF

TITLE: CHIEF RESEARCHER: Study of environmental factors and potential patho- López Romalde, J. (USC) gens that affect the grooved carpet shell clam culture (Ruditapes decussatus) in the Pontevedra Estuary. RESEARCHERS: CIMA: López Gómez, C. START: October, 2007 USC: Rodríguez Díaz, R. FINISH: October, 2010 RESEARCH SUPPORT: FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE: CETMAR: González Rodríguez, A. DXIDP. CIMA: Meléndez Ramos, I.; Penas Pampín, E. Consellería de Pesca e Asuntos Marítimos. Xunta de Galicia. INTERN: PGIDIT-CIMA 07/04 De Castro Puente, M.

SUMMARY The bivalve mollusks culture sector, and in particu- bacteria associated to natural populations and to lar the clam sector, has a great economic importan- the clam culture, with the aim of detecting poten- ce in Galicia. The over-exploitation of the natural tial new pathogens that limit the culture of this beds, together with the business nature factors, bivalve mollusk, as well as the study of the virulen- induced to the import of seeds and adult specimens, ce characteristics, of the already known isolated with the subsequent risk of new pathologies intro- pathogen, Vibrio tapetis and the new detected duction (an example could be the advent of the bacterial pathogens. By means of histological pre- brown ring disease). parations, the parasites prevalence will be follo- wed as well as the alterations produced by bacteria The main objectives of this project are, on one and viruses detected all along the sampling period. side, the detection of possible potential pathogens for populations of grooved carpet shell clam under This study will help to a best management produc- culture, and on the other side, the study of the envi- tion of the grooved carpet shell clam in the ronmental parameters that might affect the growth Pontevedra Estuary as 1) it will allow us to know the and survival of this bivalve mollusk. As it is pointed real health situation of the cultures, 2) we will out all through this application, the design of diag- obtain tools for the fast diagnosis in the event of nosis methods and the characterization of new infectious processes in the culture zone and 3) we pathogens, together with the knowledge of the will go deeper into the knowledge of the pathobio- environmental parameters variability will allow the logical factors that determine the trigger of the dif- knowledge of the cause or causes of massive death ferent diseases. All this will facilitate the possibility events that took place during the last years; kno- to determine adequate preventive measures for wledge that will be useful to determine potential each case, which will benefit the clam sector econo- preventive measures in order to avoid the problem. mically as regards to the shellfishery of the Pontevedra Estuary. Moreover, this knowledge can The project will deal with the physiological, bio- be applied to the situation of other Galician estua- chemical and molecular characterization of the ries in the future.

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PROJECT STAFF

TITLE: CHIEF RESEARCHER: Promotion of the culture of new sparidae species: Olmedo Herrero, M. (IEO-Vigo) Blackspot seabream. Pilot trials and technological Proyecto coordinado transfer. RESEARCHERS: START: January, 2004 IEO-Vigo: Peleteiro Alonso, J.B. FINISH: December, 2007 IGAFA: Rodríguez Villanueva, J. L. DXRM: González, L.M. FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE: Plan Nacional de Cultivos Marinos. RESEARCH SUPPORT: JACUMAR CIMA: Cores González, M.J. CETMAR: Pazos Sieira, G. IEO-Vigo: Álvarez-Blázquez Fernández, B.; Gómez Ceruelo, C.; Lago Rouco, M.J.

INTERN: Soto Fraga, N.

SUMMARY The 2007 ended the coordinated project in which For this reason, a new grow-out trial is being pre- eight Autonomous Communities took part and tries pared in order to know if the quantity of ingested to promote and transfer the culture technology to food might have any influence in the percentage of the different companies of new sparidaes species: accumulated fat. Thus, the fishes born in 2006 have Sharp snout seabream (Diplodus puntazzo), red been redistributed in order to experiment with diffe- porgy (Pagrus pagrus), redbanded seabream (Pagrus rent diet rates and study the possible influence of auriga), Common dentex (Dentex dentes) and blacks- these rates on the growth and corporal composition pot seabream (Pagellus bogaraveo). of the specimens. In this way the suitable food per- centage can be determined for each age range of the The main objective of this project in Galicia is to fish and for the different seasons of the year. develop a suitable type of feed to meet the nutritio- nal requirements of the blackspot seabream in order The experiment started with three doses of feed, to optimize the growth and reduce the fat content of from 1, 2 and 2, 5%. These doses were determined the specimens. The experiments were conducted in according with the diet tests performed previously. In two rafts adapted for the culture of fish, one of them the first samplings, a slight difference can be obser- belonging to "Illa do Santo" Association of Bueu and ved in the growth of the fishes reared with the hig- the other one of Ministry of Fisheries and Maritime hest feed percentage than those reared with a lower Affairs, both located in the Pontevedra Estuary. quantity of feed. The samples of the biochemical analysis are in elaboration process. The results obtained from the previous experi- ments, in which part of the lipids had been replaced These results are the ones that lead to introduce by carbohydrates, with regard to the fat percentage this specie in a new JACUMAR National Plan “Quality in the liver, were similar to those of the fishes reared characterization of the breeding fish” (2008-2011) with other fodders richer in fats. However, the lipids and keep on working in order to improve the quality percentages in muscle were lower to the ones veri- of the final product. fied with diets with higher fat levels and similar to the values found in other aquaculture species already With regard to the general results, it has to be consolidated. pointed out:

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1. Intercalibration exercise. In order to guarantee In order to proceed with the sensory analysis for all the feasibility of the analysis results that were the species and in all the locations a protocol was performed in the project, an intercalibration followed previously determined in which it has been exercise has been carried out. For this, during a defined the sacrifice of the fish, conservation, manner preparatory meeting, the responsible parties of of preparing the samples and the cooking and the the Analysis Committee of each community, form that the tasters have to comply with (non-trai- agreed to analyze the composition in macronu- ned consumer judges), Then a series of questions were trients (total proteins, total lipids, ashes, humi- raised in relation to the fish consumption habits both dity and fiber) and the profile of the fat acids, by fresh fish and frozen and of aquaculture. Finally, some means of the official techniques of two samples: issues in relation to the sample that they had to taste. one sample of fish-meal and a sample of fish The attributes that they had to assess were taste, jui- feed. Then, the calibration of the different pha- ciness, texture, fat level, persistency, and global assess- ses of the fat acid determination method conti- ment (from 1 to 5). nued. The results obtained from the fish consumption 2. Sensory response of the consumers as regards habit questionnaire stated that the consumption of the new sparidaes species. Thus, a sensory analy- fish from aquaculture is important (25%), but most of sis has been performed with non-trained consu- the consumers are not aware of that, suggesting that mer judges, as they would inform about the opi- the consumer needs more information about the nion of the mean consumer. The study was aquaculture fish and particularly in relation to their carried out on the 5 study species: Blackspot sea- quality. The most valued sparidaes species in the sen- bream, Common dentex, redbanded seabream, sory analysis have been the common dentex, Red porgy and Sharpsnout seabream and also Blackspot seabream and red porgy and worst the red- about the gilthead seabream as control specie; banded seabream and the sharpsnout seabream, and in 8 locations corresponding to the 8 coastal although all of them obtained a mark in the region of Autonomous Communities. 4 (I like it), assuming between 70 and 75% of the interviewed possible consumers of these species.

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PROJECT STAFF

TITLE: CHIEF RESEARCHER: Analysis and study of the culture factors that condition Peleteiro Alonso, J. B. (IEO-Vigo) the industrial production of the Senegalese sole (Solea Project coordinated by the AC of Andalusia senegalensis). Subproject: Improvement of the parameters in the RESEARCHERS: reproduction of the Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) IEO-Vigo: Olmedo Herrero, M.; Cal, R.

START: January, 2006 RESEARCH SUPPORT: FINISH: December, 2008 CIMA: Cores González, M. J. CETMAR: Pazos Sieira, G. FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE: IEO-Vigo: Álvarez-Blázquez Fernández, B.; Gómez Plan Nacional de Cultivos Marinos. Ceruelo, C.; Lago, M.J. JACUMAR

SUMMARY In this project financed by the National Plan JACU- sacrificed, and with the aim of consolidating a stock MAR, five Autonomous Communities take part, and F-1 parent stock, a selection of specimens born in is the continuation of a previous project also finan- captivity (F-1) was performed, in the IEO of Vigo, in ced by the National Plan JACUMAR for the develop- order to proceed with the experiments related to ment of the sole culture. the achievement of feasible spawnings from F-1 individuals. This stock was fed with a specific com- The specific objectives of the project for 2007 in mercial dry feed for sole parent stocks manufactu- the Autonomous Community of Galicia are: red by Skretting (Stock T-1).

• To test the effects of the diet on the quantity As in last year, spawnings were obtained from the and quality of the brood. two stocks. However, the broods from T-2 (wild • To determine the differences in the sperm and parent stocks) proved to be feasible, while those oocytes quality, considering origin and the con- form stock T-1 (F-1) were not feasible. Both stocks ditions of culture. were subjected to a control of dim light during the • To use artificial light and temperature cycles to day a thermal period control on a serrated curve, induce, synchronize and shift the spawning sea- which started in March and continued until son of the sole. November, obtaining a response after approxima- • To create a tool as control or prevention mecha- tely 2 months. A total of 10.1x106 eggs and 4.3x106 nisms of bacterial diseases. eggs feasible and the fertilization rate were of 41.3% and hatch of 51.9%. During recent years (2004-2007), it has been cons- tituted in the Vigo Oceanographic Center a stock of A joint experiment has been conducted in the CO autochthonous Senegalese sole parent stocks, made (Oceanographic Center of Santander), where the up of 76 individuals with an approximate mean investigators of the IFAPA (Andalusian Agricultural weight of 1 kg and a male/female rate of 1/1 (Stock Research Institute) (Andalusian Board), CSIC T-2) . From the time of its acclimatation, this stock (Superior Council of Scientific Investigations) was fed with semi-damp pellets made up of a mixtu- (Castellon Center) and IEO (Vigo Oceanographic re of mussel, squid, blue fish and white fish. Center), in order to obtain feasible eggs through the artificial fecundation, using F-1 and wild specimens. On the other hand, as the specimens obtained For this, the females of two batches were induced from Stolt Sea Farm for the hormonal induction hormonally with GnRH with slow release implants experiment conducted in 2005, were all practically (50 µg/kg) and with intramuscular injection (25

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µg/kg). In order to perform the artificial fecunda- this culture there are 1500 young fish of 0, 2 g of 110 tions, oocytes obtained by abdominal pressure and days of life. cryoconservated and natural sperm were used. All the females that received the treatment, both wilds By means of 4 microsatellite markers, it has been and F-1, responded positively to the induction obtai- determined the genotype of two wild Senegalese ning egg batches that ranged between 37 and 275 sole stocks, one of them from the IEO of Santander cc for the stock of wild specimens and between 95 (captured in Huelva), and the other of the IEO of and 360 cc for the batch F-1. Artificial fecundations Vigo (captured in the Vigo Estuary, T-1), with the were achieved using fresh and cryoconservated aim of optimizing the farm in the tanks of the sperm, both with oocytes of wild females and F-1. parent stock and compare both stock between Hatches were obtained with maximum values of 6, them. The same markers were checked in the larvae 5%. of the spawning in order to estimate which was the percentage of individuals that were involved in the In addition, a culture was carried out on larvae’s reproductive process. In the 43 analyzed spawnings from the autumn spawning of the autochthonous of the Vigo stock, 14 females were identified as stock for the production of juveniles, in order to mothers and 17 males as fathers having intervened obtain biological material to have access to F1 in each of the spawning from 1 to 4 females and 1 autochthonous specimens and to conduct a genetic to 4 males. The kinship level among the parents analysis of the brood. The larval culture was perfor- stock and knowing which of them and how did they med using the technique used in the IEO of Vigo the participate in the reproductive process; will allow previous year. Two enriching studies were perfor- optimizing the stock farm. med for artemia (Isochrisus and Planiselco) in order to study the growth of the larvae until the 90th day Samples of eggs and larvae were taken for the of life. The results show differences between the lar- determination of the fat acids. These samples are vae fed with Isochrisis and Planiselco, having a slight being analyzed at the CIMA as well as those of the higher growth those fed with Isochrisis. As result of other participating centers.

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PROJECT STAFF

TITLE: CHIEF RESEARCHER: Analysis of the evidences and impacts of the climate METEOGALICIA: Pérez Muñuzuri, V. change on Galicia. RESEARCHERS: START: January, 2007 CIMA: Blanco, J.; Molares, J.; Fernández, A. FINISH: June, 2008 CETMAR: Fernández, M.L.; Parada, J.M.; Navarro, E. CPMA: Bañón, R. FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE: IIM, CSIC: Álvarez Salgado, X.A.; Fernández Reiriz, Consellería de Medio Ambiente e Desenvolve- M.J. mento Sostible. IEO: Bode, A.; Varela, M.; Ruíz, M.; Porteiro, C.; Santos, B. UV: Francés, G. y otros de diversas instituciones.

SUMMARY During the last years, evidences of the climate the development of each impact evolution. This pro- change have been accumulated and of the impacts ject will focus on the achievement of knowledge to on different sectors and systems. Substantial natio- such a resolution to allow improving the design nal and international efforts are being performed in capacity of adaptation strategies in Galicia, with the fight against the climate change by means of regard to the one that might be achieved by the mitigation actions, that is to say, reducing the effect information obtained for equivalent studies perfor- of greenhouse gas emissions (GGE) to the atmosphe- med at a higher spatial scale. re and promoting their sequestration. Notwithstanding, the last objective of the United The general objective of the study is the determina- Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, tion of the climate change evidences in Galicia and the the stabilization of the atmospheric concentrations possible impacts that this phenomenon might cause. of GGE is far from being reached and there is a wide scientific consensus about the future settings of the The specific objectives of the study are: climate change for the next decades. Therefore, the adaptation actions to the climate change that is pro- • Analysis of the variations of the natural systems jected, and whose first evidences are observed, are relevant components in relation to the climate considered absolutely necessary and complementary change: Evidences of the climate change and to the mitigation actions. While the mitigation their effects in Galicia. actions require a joint and coordinated reply at an • Determination of the ecologic and economic international level, it is recognized that the actions impacts: markers. and initiatives of adaptation have to be determined • Determination of each system impacts on the and implemented at a national and regional level, others: adjustments and feedback. as the impacts and the vulnerabilities are specific of • Identification of ecosystems, categories and sen- each location. sitive and vulnerable areas. • Development of the predictive models. In this context, an action framework has been designed addressed to the useful knowledge gene- The analysis responsibility of the evidence and ration for the design of strategies with regard to the impact at long term with regard to the climate chan- climate change in Galicia. As there programs at a ge in the marine ecosystems of Galicia falls on the national level coordinated by the Spanish Office for Oceanography and Aquaculture Environment Climate Change (SOCC), oriented to promote the Workgroup, which deals this sub-project, focused in data, tools and information generation relevant for the following aspects:

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• Maritime Climate: oceanographic conditions. ture of a scientific / informative book chapter, that • Diversity, composition and production of the includes the current evidences and the probable plankton communities. impacts on the climate settings foreseen for 2070- • Exploitable resources: extractive fishing, shellfis- 2100; ii) executive summary with final recommenda- hery and aquaculture. tions; and iii) base of climate change oceanographic rates and metadata-base used in the study. In this subproject, the particular study of the inter- annual tendencies is handled in reply to the climate With regard to the main activity of CIMA, the change of eleven selected contents due to the sensi- shellfishery study was focused on the capture analy- tivity, relevance, quantification simplicity and direct sis, the high mortality episodes and the tolerance influence on the critic sectors, comprising as geogra- limits in species of special interest, as are the cockle, phic field the marine waters closer to Galicia, inclu- grooved carpet shell clam, the pullet carpet shell ding estuaries, rias, continental platform and adja- clam, donax clam and barnacle. Though the availa- cent oceanic waters. The study is focused in the ble data shows many limitations, it can be expected physical-chemical characteristics of the marine water from the analysis, that all the studied species are and the organisms that receive its direct influence, affected by the climate change, though in different specifically the plankton and aquaculture fish, manners, ones from others. This is true both for the although the organisms cultured extensively are direct effect of the climate change in the environ- dealt, as well as those that are object of shellfishery mental characteristics and for the indirect effect in culture parks. through the modification of the diseases incidence.

The final products of this workgroup will be: i) http://www.siam-cma.org/cligal/inicio.do technical report (one per each content), with a struc-

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PROJECT STAFF

TITLE: CHIEF RESEARCHER: Recirculation and disinfection technology in marine Rodríguez Villanueva, J.L. (IGAFA) aquaculture. Coordinado por la AC of Cataluña

START: November, 2005 RESEARCHERS: FINISH: October, 2007 CIMA: López Gómez, C. IFAPA: Fernández Souto, B. FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE: IGAFA: Figueiro Casas, R. National Plan for development of Marine Cultures JACUMAR RESEARCH SUPPORT: CIMA: González, Pérez A. IGAFA: Quintans Martínez, J.

SUMMARY This National Plan has been developed in collabo- among the fishes cultured in an open and closed cir- ration with research groups of the following auto- cuit, two specimens of each of the tanks were sent nomous regions: Galicia, Catalonia, Murcia and to analysis to the National Technical Center of Andalusia. Fishing Products Conservation (CECOPESCA) located at Vigo. The conclusion of the analysis results by the The experiences started in 2005 for the flat fish laboratory was as follows: “According to the perfor- culture in closed circuit and continued in 2007. med Planning Study and after the application of the Friedman test, it can be affirmed that with an inter- In relation to the turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) val of 98%, there are no relevant differences among the grow-out cycle continued from 900 g, weight in the attributes evaluated of the samples subjected to which the experience in 2006 had finished, until the the trial". The attributes that have been assessed specimens reached a weight of 1400 g. have been the following ones: aspect, meat color, smell, texture and taste. The experience was conducted in three tanks; two of them under a recirculation system and the Once the study of the turbot grow-out phase other under an open circuit. It started with 30 spe- ended, a new experience started in order to know cimens in each tank, with a mean weight of 944 g the efficacy of the recirculation system during the and 974 g those of the closed circuit and 901 g the grow-out phase. It was started from three batches one of open circuit. At the end of the experience, (A, B and C) of 236 specimens the batch A and 254 that lasted three months, the fish reached a mean the batch B and C. The batch A had an initial mean weight of 1290 g and 1300 g in the closed circuit weight of 14,10 g. the batch B of 12,45 g and the tanks and 1464 g in the open circuit. batch C of 12,32 g. The individuals were kept during the whole experience in flat bottom square tanks of During this period, it could be observed that the 1,5 x 1,5 x 0,8 m, the batch A and B in closed circuit fish in an open circuit had a growth slightly supe- and the batch C in open circuit. The diet consisted of rior than the fish cultured in closed circuit. This is floating turbot fodder manufactured by the due possibly considering that at temperatures hig- Company Skretting, which was provided daily in her than 18°C the growth of the turbot from 1 kg four doses and under a night regime, through auto- slows down and the water temperature in the clo- matic feeders. sed circuit was of 19±1°C during the whole period that the experience lasted. At the end of the experience, that lasted 111 days, the fish of the batches which were kept in a close In order to prove where there have been relevant circuit (A and B) reached a weight of 99,59 g and differences in the organoleptic characteristics 102,64 g respectively, while the fish of the batch C

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which were kept in an open circuit reached a final In order to prove the performance of the recircu- weight of 78,56 g. The growth rate values were also lation system, the measurement of a series of physi- better in the batch that was cultured in a closed cir- cal-chemical parameters were carried out which are cuit. This difference is mainly due as in the close cir- the ones that affect the cultures directly. Ones were cuit tanks; the temperature was kept at 19±1°C, recorded daily and others weekly. while in the open circuit tank the temperature ran- ged between 12 and 18°C. The parameters which were recorded are as follows:

In relation to the sole, an experience was started, • Daily: temperature, oxygen, salinity and pH. which continues at present, of common sole (Solea • Weekly: nitrites, ammonium and CO2. solea) grow-out. The experience is conducted in three tanks, two of them in recirculation system (1 The microbiological control was carried out and 2) and one in open circuit (3). It was started monthly, taking samples from five different points form 850 specimens in each tank, with a mean of the circuit: tank outlet, before ultraviolet, after weight of 4,79 g the tank 1 and 4,82 g the tank 2 ultraviolet (before the biological filter), skimmer and 4,63 g those of the open circuit. In January outlet and entrance of the culture tanks. Dilutions 2008, and after 64 days elapsed since the beginning (10-1, 10-2, 10-3, and 10-4) were performed from the of the experience, the fish of the closed circuit tanks samples for the later sown on plates of Marine Agar have a weight of 10,3 g and 11,17 g respectively and and (MA) and Thiosulfate Citrate Bile Salts Sucrose the individuals in the open circuit tank a mean (TCBS). After an incubation of 48 hrs at 25°C the weight of 5,83 g. The mortality in the closed circuit colonies were counted (total count of bacteria in tanks up to that moment was of 3,1% in the tank 1, MA and Vibrios count in TCBS). 44% in the tank 2 and 11% in the open circuit tank. As it can be observed, the fish that are kept in a clo- The microbiological control results carried out up sed circuit have a growth and a survival higher than to date show a good performance of the circuit with the soles cultured in open circuit. regard to the water quality.

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PROJECT STAFF

TITLE: CHIEF RESEARCHER: Aquaculture Health Management (GESAC) Areoso Casal, E. (CPAM) • 1. Adaptation of the new rules. • 2. Characterization and standardization of animal RESEARCHERS: health conditions in aquaculture: creation of epi- INTECMAR: Iglesias Estepa, D.; Alvarez Alvarez, C. demiologic maps and elaboration of strategies for CPAM: Hidalgo Cortijo, A.; Alonso Juste, M.J.; García the design of an epidemiological surveillance net- Iglesias, B. work CIMA: Villalba García, A. CMR: Muñoz Barbero, A.; Orejas Fernandez J.J. START: January, 2007 FINISH: December, 2007

FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE: National Plan for development of Marine Cultures JACUMAR

SUMMARY restrictions/limitations of each Autonomous This National Plan includes two subprojects, which Community, logistic and economical ones (costs are coordinated from the Autonomous Community analysis). of Catalonia and Murcia respectively, in which the Autonomous Communities of Galicia, Andalusia and Subproject 2: Its objective is the elaboration of Canary Islands also take part. performance strategies for the design of an Epidemiologic Surveillance Network for the diseases Subproject 1: Its objective is to facilitate the colla- of interest in the fish marine aquaculture. The ela- boration among agents and administrations, allo- boration of the Network entails the following wing obtaining information related to the marine actions: aquaculture diseases. In accordance to the new Resolution 2006/88/CE of the Council with regard to • A model created for the viral diseases has to be the zoo sanitary requirements of the animals and of extrapolated with regard to the rest of the the aquaculture products, the prevention and the infect-contagious pathologies. control of certain diseases of the aquatic animals. • The improvement and optimization of diagnosis techniques of quick response. The performance lines for this first year were: • The creation of databases and epidemiologic maps for the viral diseases. 1. Analysis of the new legal framework for each • To provide data with regard to the prevalence Autonomous Community and elaboration of an of viral diseases in the wild populations, both in administration of responsibilities and follow-up the cultured ones and in those that act as moni- programs. tors and prowlers. 2. Definition of relevant diseases due to epidemio- • To determine practical procedures for the diag- logy and risk, at rule level, for fish and mollusks. nosis of viral diseases. Moreover, the prevention, control and eradica- • Improve the training of the field and laboratory tion measures. All this through the definition technical staff. and creation of the work groups. 3. Elaboration of a list of the most adequate diag- Activities performed in Galicia in 2007 nosis methods for the detection of pathogens Subp. 1. -A first documentation of “Analysis of the of the listed diseases, with the positive and new legal framework in Galicia” was issued and sub- negative aspects of the options, and the legal mitted to the Catalonia coordination, with the con-

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siderations, previsions and the objectives that for Fisheries with the Aquaculture Institute to perform Galicia supposed the application of the new commu- analytics in the mentioned samplings of the patho- nity legal framework, awaiting the transposition that logies of Resolution 1991/67, lists I (AIS), II (VHS and it is performed from the Ministry in Madrid. It also NHI) and III (IPN and bacterial culture) in aquacultu- contained a brief report about the relevance of the re plants and IPN and Betanodavirus by PCR in wild fish farming sector in Galicia, about the Galician auto- fish, data that are being provided by the National nomous rules with regard to the animal health in the Plan for development of Marine Cultures JACUMAR. aquaculture, as well as the historic backgrounds and We had to determine a new Agreement charged to the current pathologic control programs that are per- this JACUMAR Plan to analyze Betanodavirus by PCR formed both in fish and in mollusks. in aquaculture fish and VHS by PCR in wild fish, both in prowlers of the fish farms and in fish coming from “Directives of responsible parties and responsibili- commercial fishing. ties “were also issued, both technical (laboratories) and administrative. Two experts in Galicia have been The sampling has been scheduled to take place by appointed, for the mollusk work group and for the mid-October and the end of December 2007. fish. The first meeting was already held with these work groups together with the Coordination. The sampling fish have been a total of 1.141, dis- tributed in the following manner: Subp. 2. -The main objective for 2007 was to comply with the commitment of performing the • 945 from aquaculture farms (all the farms of first pathologic sampling both in aquaculture fish Galicia). and wild ones. We start with the experience of the • 71 wild fish that prowl around the farms. 10 years carrying out annual samplings in all the • 73 fish of commercial fishing of the same spe- marine aquaculture plants of Galicia. However, with cies that are cultured in Galicia. our incorporation to the Health Management Plan it • 57 fish of commercial fishing of species conside- was necessary to complete these samplings perfor- red sentries or monitors for these pathologies. ming analytics with regard to two other virus-like agents by PCR, Betanodavirus in all the culture Of all the sampled fish, a record was prepared in plants and VHS in wild fish. which the origin and dimensions of the pieces were collected, photos taken and notes made about any With this purpose and besides the Agreement incidence, such as the presence of injuries. that annually is carried out by the Ministry of

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Annual report CIMA 2007 SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITY

C.-PROJECTSANDRESEARCHLINESPROMOTEDAND/ORFUNDEDBYTHEDXIDP

RESEARCH ACTION STAFF

TITLE: CHIEF RESEARCHER: Study of the feasibility of the Pacific Oyster or Giant DXRM: Fernández Martínez, R.; Hidalgo Cortijo, A. Pacific oyster culture (Crassostrea gigas) in the Galician estuaries. MANAGEMENT COORDINATOR: CETMAR: Fernández Cañamero, M.L. START: 2006 FINISH: 2009 RESEARCHERS: CIMA: Guerra Díaz, A.; Montes Pérez, J. FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE: INTECMAR: Iglesias Estepa, D.; Rodríguez González, DXRM. L. Consellería de Pesca e Asuntos Marítimos. CETMAR: Gómez Gesteira, J.L.; González Alonso, D. Xunta de Galicia. DXIDP. RESEARCH SUPPORT: Meléndez Ramos, M.I.; Penas Pampín, E.; Romanos Mondragón, L.

SUMMARY The species Crassostrea gigas -Japanese Oyster or • To conduct a comparative study among wild Pacific oyster- represents more than 50% of the oysters and culture oysters as regards to the world oyster production, equivalent to 4,2 million of gametogenic development cycle and the poten- MT. In order to ensure the survival of the oyster sec- tial parasites and pathologies that might affect tor in other countries of the EU it has been chosen the C. gigas in Galicia. for the introduction of this species, with high growth indexes, low mortalities and a higher resis- • To assess the establishment feasibility of an inte- tance to certain pathologies. The experimental cul- gral culture of pacific oyster in the intertidal of ture of the Japanese oyster in rafts has been started the O Barqueiro Estuary and its potential imple- some 20 years ago in Galicia, from the seed coming mentation in the fishers´ association scope of from France, with good growth and survival results. this estuary. On the other hand, the Pacific Oyster is being produ- ced under concessions submitted to experimental •Identification of wild populations of this spe- plans, which does not facilitate the normal develop- cies in the Barqueiro Estuary and in other ment of this activity. high estuaries (Ortigueira, Viveiro and Ribadeo). The mapping and the densities esti- This project, promoted by the Marine Resources mation of the Japanese oyster will provide General Management, was set out as an extension information about the current expansion con- of the project:"Initiative of the Pacific oyster culture dition of this species in the substrate of these (Crassostrea gigas) in different Galician estuaries”, estuaries. and the objectives are: The different centers that take part in the pro- • To evaluate the reproductive success of this spe- ject (CIMA, CETMAR and INTECMAR) (Marin cies in Galicia from the recruitment quantifica- Research Center, Technological Ocean Center and tion (on commercial collectors and natural subs- Technological Institute for the Marine trate) and the assessment of the environment Monitoring) are developing a series of experien- parameters influence (temperature, salinity, ces with the aim of studying all the above-mentio- aerial exposure, …) on this regard. ned aspects.

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During July 2007, it was preceded to the layout of nic and pathologic development cycle could not be 16 tables with Chinese hat and tube shaped larvae developed completely, therefore it will be started in collectors distributed in four different zones O 2008. However, the follow-up of the wild oysters Barqueiro Estuary, two internal and two external. collected monthly in two external and internal The oyster fixing in the collectors confirmed the points of the estuary provided the following results: reproductive success of the species in the entire estuary, though the best results are being observed Relation between genders, both in the total exa- on the left margin of the inner zone. On the other mined oysters and of each one of the two analyzed hand, it could be proved that the Chinese hat achie- months, the relation between males and females ved a better seed collection and were much easier to adjusted itself to 1, except in September. handle than the tube type. The quantity of oyster expected to be collected at the beginning of the Gametogenic cycle: Its development matches ade- next year will allow the performance of culture quately with the descriptions done for the C. gigas experiences that will be conducted during 2008 and in other countries, whose main feature is to have a 2009. cycle with only one spawning during the summer months, the later reabsorption of the gonad and a In each of the four zones, a table has been assig- rest winter period. ned for the quantitative study of the fixing, so from July to October, two new collectors were disposed Condition index study: The results proved that the monthly in each of these tables. It was proved the gonadal development in the oysters of the external existence of only one spawning during the summer point of the estuary presented a certain delay with season, with a better fixing during July, which was regard to those of the internal point. extended, in a less extent, until August. The analysis of the histology cuts did not reveal The environment parameters are being assessed the presence of pathogenic organisms nor diseases since October with the placement of a CRD in a table that might cause mortalities in the bivalve mollusks. of each zone. Previously, there was only one tempe- rature recorder in the inner estuary zone. The values The fact that the C. gigas is an aloctone species of this parameter during the summer months would raises important doubts regarding its ecological confirm the existence of the reproductive period impact. Therefore, one of the experiences that are associated to the high waters temperatures. been carried out is the localization of wild popula- tions and the density estimate that will allow to The impossibility of introducing culture oyster know the evolution and potential expansion during 2007, made that the study of the gametoge- towards other zones of our coast.

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RESEARCH ACTION STAFF

TITLE: CHIEF RESEARCHER: Investigation of genetic markers to identify the Consello Regulador D.O.P. Mexillón de Galicia: Galician mussel. Longa Portabales, M.A.

START: 2007 RESEARCHERS: FINISH: 2009 Consello Regulador D.O.P. Mexillón de Galicia: Lee, R. S. FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE: Departamento de Genética. UC: Méndez Felpeto, J. DXIDP. Consellería de Pesca e Asuntos Marítimos. Fernández Tajes, J. Xunta de Galicia.

SUMMARY The term mussel includes a large number of species different commercialized species under the mussel which belong to the Family with a wide geo- term, in order to avoid the fraud of the regulations of graphic distribution, being the Perna spp and Mytilus the labeling and prevent that other mussels benefit spp the species with the highest commercial interest. benefiting from the image and prestige that the Galician Mussel has. Likewise, the Regulatory Council According to the FAO, in 2005, the world produc- needs to have the adequate analytical techniques for tion of the mussel reached approximately 2.000.000 the authentication and verification of the Galician tons, produced by forty-eight countries, standing out mussel at any stage of production, processing and China, Spain - Galicia - and Thailand. In Spain, the commercialization to guarantee the compliance of production of this bivalve is focused mainly in the the rules associated to the protected origin denomi- Galician estuaries and refers to the specie Mytillus nation. galloprovincialis, coming completely from the tradi- tional natural beds on the Galician coast or from spat Under these conditioning factors, the aim of the collectors on the rafts, which is produced according to project is to develop analytical techniques that will the traditional raft method. allow us identifying and differentiating the Galician Mussel, in order to take action against the illegitima- In the last 60 years, the mussel raft culture achieved te practices with regard to the origin of the raw such a high development level that it is one of the material. most important social and economic activities on the coast of Galicia. Even so, every year a growing num- During this second year of the project, we keep on ber of foreign mussels enter our national markets in with the program of samples taking in the main areas different presentations. of the mussel production. We went on with the sam- pling of the Iberian Peninsula and Europe; focusing In order to protect the consumers and to ensure mainly in the producer countries where we know that their right to information, there are a number of there is Mytilus galloprovincialis, as in these mussel regulations related to the labeling of the food pro- specimens of the same Galician species but from ducts, not to mention the fact that the Galician mus- other origins allow us testing possible specific mar- sel has been protected since October 2000 under the kers for the Galician mussel. Moreover, we collect quality seal “Galician Mussel Protected Origin samples from China, main world producer and Chile, Denomination” ratified by the competent body of nation that has experienced the principal growth in the Spanish Government by virtue of the Order 2 of the mussel production. August 2001. To sum up, we collect 2.300 individuals from which All the above-mentioned leads to the need of dis- a great part corresponded to juvenile specimens. For posing of identification univocal techniques of the these specimens, we determine a specific protocol of

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quick processing, in which no tissue dissection and Moreover, we designed and proved several primers the extraction of DNA are performed on the comple- that amplify several regions of the genomic DNA. te individual. Nowadays, we obtained satisfactory results with two of the designed primers as they allow us to differen- As first step in the investigation of genetic markers tiate the following species: complex M. galloprovin- of the Galician mussel, we carried out, as screening, cialis, M. chilensis, M. edulis, M. trossulus, M. corucus the PCR of a fragment of a variable gene size of the and M. californianus both in fresh mussel samples adhesive protein with the primers Me15 and Me16 in and manufactured mussel. all the mussel fresh samples both Galician and foreign. This allowed us a first taxonomic classifica- tion of the specimens included in our gene database.

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RESEARCH ACTION STAFF

TITLE: RESEARCHERS: Technical advising on marine research issues and the USC: Oscar García, M.; Martínez Urdaza, J. (responsa- performance of studies of interest to the production, ble of activities). depuration and transformation sector of bivalve mollusks.

START: 2007 FINISH: 2008

FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE: DXIDP. Consellería de Pesca e Asuntos Marítimos. Xunta de Galicia.

SUMMARY This agreement between CPAM and the USC has of the mollusk through the immersion in bacteriolo- the objective of performing the following studies: gical controlled quality seawater. The water with which this process is carried out has to present the • Assessment of new depuration techniques of absence of microorganisms that indicate the fecal bivalve mollusks. contamination.

• Effects of the anthropic activities in the depura- 2. Studies about the "Effects of the anthropic acti- tion of the live bivalve mollusks. vities in the depuration of live bivalve mollusks". • Study and start of the analytic techniques, con- tamination dynamics and technological solu- The activity carried out in the depuration plants tions for the control of the Listeria moncytoge- consists of keeping, in optimum microbiological qua- nes in the mollusk processing plants. lity waters, the different lots of mollusks during the necessary time to guarantee the legally requested • Morphological and chemical characterization of microbiological levels. Therefore, the water with Salmonella senftenberg. Compared study of the which the depuration process is performed has to environmental and clinical strains. Search of present the absence of microorganisms that indicate technological solutions for the elimination of the fecal contamination. Taking this into account, the possible contaminations. control of the seawater quality used in the process is relevant in the routine activity of bivalve mollusks Backgrounds: depuration. At present, several treatment systems try 1. Study about the “Evaluation of new depuration to guarantee that the bacterial load levels allow techniques of bivalve mollusks”. developing the depuration process without risks for the consumer. Thus, the control of the human activi- The commercialization of live bivalve mollusk is ties influence close to the depuration plant of bivalve emphasized by its breathing-diet physiological cha- mollusks is necessary to manage the water treatment racteristic, that through this natural behavior, the processes and assess the influence that they might mollusks accumulate substances and organisms in have in the health of the depurated mollusks. suspension in the water from where they take the food. 3. Study about the "Analytical techniques, conta- mination dynamics and technological solutions The depuration consists of the elimination of the for the control of the Listeria monocytogenes in bacteria content ingested or stuck to the teguments the mollusks processing plants”.

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The infections due to L. monocytogenes constitute detected contamination, this serotype has been iso- an important health and economical problem. Given lated in the factories that used brine in their elabo- the wide distribution of the Listeria in the environ- ration lines, while those that did not use this system ment, its ubiquity and resistance to different environ- were free of contamination during this first year. mental conditions as well as the presence of these bac- teria in the food processing plants, it is very complex Objectives, work plan and results during the first to introduce effective contamination control means. year The cooked and frozen mussel is a product ready for a) Selection of the companies for the performan- consumption, and due to this feature, it is considered ce of the study. of high health risk. During its processing, it is normal b) Individual assessment of depuration techni- to reach high environmental temperatures that pro- ques. mote the increase of the bacterial flora present in the c) Compared study of the different depuration facilities. On the other side, the distribution and stora- techniques. ge of this product is mainly carried out as a refrigera- d) Selection of representative depuration plants ted or frozen product. These two characteristics (pro- for the performance of the study. duct ready for its consumption without culinary treat- e) Performance of seawater analysis collected in ment and storage in cold) make that the mussels pro- the depuration facilities and in the points of cessing activity should be considered of high contami- environmental sampling. nation risk by the L. monocytegenes. f) Development and optimization of the specific analytical techniques to detect and characterize 4. Study about the “Morphological and biochemi- the strains of the Listeria monocytogenes. cal characterization of Salmonella senftenberg. g) Study of the presence of Listeria monocytoge- Compared study of the environmental and clini- nes in the mussel processing factories to deter- cal strains. Search of technological solutions for mine its incidence, distribution and contamina- the elimination of possible contaminations”. tion pattern. h) Study of the morphological and biochemical In Galicia, S. senftenberg was detected suddenly alterations that S. senftenberg presents in the in 1997 during the performance of routine controls hypersaline environments and its impact and in the mussels processing plants. Between June 1998 efficacy of its diagnosis. and December 2001, 3410 analysis of cooked mussel i) Study of the effect that the saline stress might samples were conducted as well as of other products cause in the virulence of Salmonella senften- used in the processing, from 8 companies of mussel berg and composition of the environmental and elaboration of Galicia. During the first episodes of clinical strains.

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CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIÓNS MARIÑAS

3.2. DOCTORAL THESIS AND ADVANCED STUDIES DEGREES (DEA) CARRIED OUT AT THE CIMA

TITLE: DIPLOMA OF ADVANCED STUDIES (DEA): RESEARCHER: Study of the cellular, intracellular distribution and liga- Mauriz Pereira, A. ment of the domoic acid in the digestive gland of the king scallop shell Pecten maximus. DIRECTOR: Blanco Pérez, J. PRESENTATION DATE: July, 2007.

SUMMARY During the last years, the study of the marine bio- depends on the entry and loss of toxin from and toxins achieved great importance as the number of towards the environment, as well as from the trans- recorded toxic events increased, suggesting impor- formations that this toxin suffers inside the organism tant economic losses not only in the fishing sector in which it is accumulated. Thus, the alternative is but the in all those associated to it. Spain is one of the search of accumulation reduction ways or of the main mollusks producers of Europe. In Galicia, depuration acceleration, for which it is necessary to the bivalve mollusks, suppose a high biomass per- know the retention and elimination mechanisms. centage of the aquaculture and fishing production, The possibilities we raise were the existence of a liga- so the blooming of toxic algae achieved a great ment of the toxin to a poor active molecule, reten- relevance during the last years. In the case of the tion in a cellular organule, scare capacity of toxin amnesic poisoning, the production of the king sca- transport or even the accumulation in cellular types llop Pecten maximus is the most affected one, as with few renewal. Based on this, we propose oursel- the slow depuration index of this species together ves the study of the distribution of the toxin in the with the recurrent appearance of toxic events, digestive gland of the king scallop at several levels, makes the exploitation closures to be more fre- comprising the general distribution of the toxin as quent and extend themselves during long periods regards of the proximity to the gonad and muscle, that might event last years. Likewise, the important the distribution in the external and internal regions demand and the high economic value make this of the gland which we presume has a higher percen- species a clear candidate for the aquaculture exploi- tage of the digestive acine, and the tubular zone res- tation. However, due to the high risk, not many pectively, the distribution in cellular types of the resources are destined for the development of the digestive gland (digestive and secretor cells) through culture. the obtaining of fractions enriched in cellular types and the distribution and possible ligament in sub- In order to mitigate these economic losses, the cellular fractions. The explanation of these issues European Union approved the Resolution would lead us to a clear idea of localization and the 2002/226/EC allowing the commercialization of the toxin condition inside the digestive gland and a bet- Pecten maximus and Pecten jacobeus after the evis- ter understanding of the mechanisms that take to ceration when certain levels of toxicity are determi- the extended accumulation of this type of toxin in ned. This measure allowed the opening of exploita- the Pecten maximus. tion raft parks, which had been closed during long periods and helped to reduce the losses. However, it According to our results, the practical whole of is not enough as there are many zones in which the the domoic acid is placed in the hialoplasm and not necessary conditions are not fulfilled, being not associated to molecules. The obtained results are able to take a benefit from this measure. opposed to the hypothesis of the sequestration of the toxin in cellular organules or by molecule asso- Therefore, it is necessary to find a reduction way of ciation with a long period of residence as possible the toxicity in these organisms. The natural depura- explanations for this slow depuration. A hydro solu- tion of the king scallop in a controlled environment ble substance and free in the hialoplasm, not linked without toxins is so slow that it is not viable econo- or compartmentalized in organules, is expected to mically. The regulation of the toxin accumulation be eliminated quickly with the digestive secretions

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or through the kidney, as it happens with the mus- of the toxin towards the zone near the gonad. This is sel; however this does not happen with the king the situation that would be expectable in case of a scallop Pecten maximus in which the depuration is toxin transfer to the gonad. To sum up, it does not very slow. This raises new doubts about the way in seem to be a transfer among cellular types but which the domoic acid can be retained for such a among tissues. long time in the digestive gland of the king scallop. One possibility would be the inexistence of some As regards to the second proposal, a possibility transport/excretion mechanism; way which has not would be the retention of the toxin in the adipocite been studied in depth. Another option would be cells type. In order to prove if this happens, we stu- the accumulation of the toxin inside the stable com- died the differences in the toxin content between the partments of the tissues. external and internal region of the gland, assuming a higher proportion of the acine region outwards and As regards to the first proposal, the study of the a higher proportion in the tubular region inwards. toxin distribution among digestive and secretor cells We encounter a homogeneous distribution of the showed a preferential distribution in the digestive toxin between the internal and external region, then, cells, indicating a low index of transport among these or a preferential accumulation is not given in the adi- types of cells. This is not what is expected, as the pocite type cells, what would rule out a place of digestive cells are the ones that absorb actively the sequestration of the domoic acid, or the separation food, so it seems logical to be a reserve transport to performed in this study has not been sufficient. the other cellular types. On the other hand, in the Therefore, this study was not sufficient enough to quadrant distribution it can be observed a decrease achieve conclusive results about this point.

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3.3. ADVISORY SERVICES FOR THE SECTOR AND THE ADMINISTRATION

A.- Reports issued.

Title: Larval abundance of the mussel in the Galician Title: Fishing plan of alive bait “patexo” (Polybius estuaries. henslowii). Author: Fuentes González, J.M. Author: Rodríguez Moscoso, E. Nº: 46 weekly reports Applicant: Fishing associations of Malpica and Applicant: INTECMAR Camelle (A Coruña).

Title: Breeding state of the razor clam (Ensis siliqua) Title: Fishing plan of alive bait “patexo” (Polybius in A Lanzada (O Grove), Pontevedra. henslowii). Author: Guerra Díaz, A. Authora: Rodríguez Moscoso, E. Applicant: DXIDP. Local Office in Vigo of the CPAM. Applicant: Fishing association of O Ferrol (A Local Office of O Carril. Coruña).

Title: Breeding state of the razor shell (Ensis arcua- Title: Fishing plan for the catch of “rabioso” tus) in Barra beach (Cangas), Pontevedra. (Glycymeris glycymeris). Author: Guerra Díaz, A. Author: Rodríguez Moscoso, E. No. 3 reports Nº: 2 reports. Applicant: Local Office in Vigo of the CPAM. DXIDP. Applicant: Fishing association “San Antonio” of Fishing Association San José in Cangas (Pontevedra). Cambados (Pontevedra).

Title: Temporary experimental authorization request Title: Request for the Plan of Experimental to culture in suspension and to treat the toxin ASP Exploitation for the catch of “conguito” (Liocarcinus in the scallop (Pecten maximus). corrugatus). Author: J.Blanco Author: Rodríguez Moscoso, E. Applicant: DXRM. Applicant: Fishing association “San Antonio” of Cambados (Pontevedra). Title: Stages and timescale that covers a life cycle of the species of bivalve molluscs obtained from the Title: Situation of the marine resources in the Ares- induced output in a hatchery. Betanzos estuary and evaluation of the implications Author: Guerra Díaz, A. of the aggregate extraction in the Project of Applicant: DXIDP. Assesment Consortium of the Environmental Action in O Pedrido estuary (A Treasury Department. Coruña). Author: Rodríguez Moscoso, E. Title: Galicia situation and powers as regards fishing and marine research. Title: Rough cost for the installation of artificial Author: Guerra Díaz, A. coral reefs in mobile units in Ares and Betanzos Applicant: DXRM. estuaries (A Coruña). Author: Rodríguez Moscoso, E. Title: Fishing plan of alive bait “patexo” (Polybius henslowii) and “cangrexo” (Carcinus maenas). Title: Request for a Experimental Fishing Plan of Author: Rodríguez Moscoso, E. “rabioso” (Glycymeris glycymeris). Applicant: Fishing association “San Francisco” of Author: Rodríguez Moscoso, E. Vigo (Pontevedra). Applicant: Fishing association “San Martiño” of Bueu (Pontevedra). Title: Fishing plan of alive bait “patexo” (Polybius henslowii). Title: Request for including a boat in the Fishing Author: Rodríguez Moscoso, E. Plan of alive bait “patexo” (Polybius henslowii). Applicant: Fishing association “San Juan Bautista” of Author: Rodríguez Moscoso, E. Burela (Lugo). Applicant: Fishing association “San Juan Bautista” of Burela (Lugo).

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Title: Situation of the tradicional fishing devices in Title: Request for a Fishing Plan of alive bait “pate- the area between Os Netos and Punta Roncadoira of xo” (Polybius henslowii) Celeiro estuary related to the posible installation of Author: Rodríguez Moscoso, E. artificial reefs (Lugo). Applicant: Fishing association “Nuestra Señora del Author: Rodríguez Moscoso, E. Carmen” of Cariño (A Coruña).

Title: Request for including a boat in the Fishing Title: Request for a Fishing Plan of alive bait “pate- Plan of alive bait “patexo” (Polybius henslowii). xo” (Polybius henslowii). Author: Rodríguez Moscoso, E. Author: Rodríguez Moscoso, E. Applicant: Fishing associations of Malpica and Applicant: Fishing association of A Coruña. Camelle (A Coruña). Title: Request for a Fishing Plan of alive bait “pate- Title: Request for a Fishing Plan to catch the “pate- xo” (Polybius henslowii). os” (alive bait) (Polybius henslowii). Author: Rodríguez Moscoso, E. Author: Rodríguez Moscoso, E. Applicant: Fishing association of Cedeira (Coruña). Applicant: Fishing association of Camariñas (A Coruña). Title: Request for a Fishing Plan of alive bait “pate- xo” (Polybius henslowii). Title: Request for a Experimental Fishing Author: Rodríguez Moscoso, E. Experimental of “rabioso”. Applicant: Fishing association of Muxía (A Coruña). Author: Rodríguez Moscoso, E. Applicant: Fishing association “San Martiño”of Bueu Title: Report on the situation of commercial bivalves (Pontevedra). in the shoal of O Bohído. Author: Sánchez Mata, A. Title: Request for a Fishing Plan of alive bait “pate- Applicant: DXRM xo” (Polybius henslowii) for no commercial purpo- ses. Title: Report on O Bohído closure. Author: Rodríguez Moscoso, E. Authora: Sánchez Mata, A. Applicant: Fishing associations “Nuestra Señora de Applicant: DXRM las Arenas“ of Fisterra, “Virgen del Carmen” of Corcubión and the Fishing association of Corme (A Title: Detection of Bonamia exitiosa in oysters Coruña). Ostrea edulis cultured in the Arousa estuary. Author: Villalba García, A. Title: Request for a Fishing Plan of alive bait “pate- Applicant: Chief of Shellfish and Fishing Catching of xo” (Polybius henslowii) and “cangrexo” (Carcinus the General Management of Marine Resources. maenas). Author: Rodríguez Moscoso, E. Title: Report with answers to the questions posed Applicant: Fishing association “San Francisco” of with regard to the detection of Bonamia exitiosa in Vigo (Pontevedra). oysters Ostrea edulis cultured in the Arousa estuary. Author: Villalba García, A. Title: Request for a Fishing Plan of “patexo” Applicant: Chief of Shellfish and Fishing Catching of (Polybius henslowii) (alive bait) for no commercial the General Management of Marine Resources. purposes. Author: Rodríguez Moscoso, E. Title: Detection of the parasite protozoan Bonamia Applicant: Fishing association of O Ferrol (A exitiosa (Haplosporidia) in Ostrea edulis cultred in Coruña). Galicia. Authors: Villalba García, A.; Abollo Rodríguez, E. Title: Request for a Fishing Plan of “patexo” Applicant: Chief of Shellfish and Fishing Catching of (Polybius henslowii) (alive bait). the General Management of Marine Resources Author: Rodríguez Moscoso, E. Applicant: Fishing association “Santa Mª da Atalaya” of Laxe (A Coruña).

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B.- Participación en comisiones científicas o técnicas.

Participation as technical advisor of the CPAM at campaign at Lombos do Ulla and O Bohído. Sánchez two meetings to coordinate the campaign of extrac- Mata, A. tion of mussel seed. Place: CIMA (Vilanova de Arousa, Pontevedra). Fuentes González, J.M. Participation on a meeting at the CPAM Local Office of O Carril in order to value the evolution of the Management Committee of Marine Resources in shellfish gathering campaign at Lombos do Ulla and sectorial projects of R&D in Galicia. Martínez Patiño, O Bohído. Sánchez Mata, A. D. Participation on a meeting at the CPAM Local Office Coordination meetings of the project EROCIPS. of O Carril with the Head Skippers of the Fishing Oporto and Vigo. Molares Vila, J. Associations from Arousa in order to discuss the exploitation plan of O Bohído. Sánchez Mata, A. Planification meetings of the exploitation plans of “Lombos do Ulla” and “O Bohído”. O Carril. Molares Participation on a meeting at the CPAM Local Office Vila, J. of O Carril with the Head Skippers of the Fishing Associations from Arousa in order to discuss the Coordinator of the workshop on “Commercial razor opening of the Area II of O Bohído and the closure clams: biology, culture and fisheries”. A Toxa Island. of O Bohído shoal in January 2007. Sánchez Mata, A. Guerra Díaz, A. Participation on a meeting on “Analysis of the new Participation on a meeting at the DXRM in order to legal framework about animal health”. DXRM. show the results of the Lombos do Ulla and O Villalba García, A. Bohído recuperation plans. Sánchez Mata, A. Member of the Standing Committee of the Galician Participation on a meeting at the CPAM Local Office Network of Biotechnology and Aquaculture of O Carril for the design of the shellfish gathering (ReGABA). Villalba García, A.

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C.- Others

Technical report about the visit to the culture facili- Activities coordination of the CPAM on the CLIGAL ties of bivalve molluscs and “abalón” in the area of Project about the analysis of the facts of the climate Concepción and Puerto Montt (IX and X Region, change in Galicia. Blanco Pérez, J.C. Chile). Da Costa González, F. Assesment to the company Ardora Formación y Coordination meetings of research teams for the Servicios, S. Coop. Galega, in order to carry out a annual report of the Nacional Plan JACUMAR. study about the historic evolution, current situation “Development of the production technology and and cooperativism powers in the sea in Galicia. clams culture”. Martínez Patiño, D. DXIDP ot the CPAM. De Coo Martín, A.

Coordination meetings of research teams for the External scientific consultancy of the research team annual report of the Nacional Plan JACUMAR. of Marine Ecology and Biodiversity at the Marine “Culture of new species of interest in hatcheries”. Research Institute (CSIC) on the project "Pilot study Martínez Patiño, D. for the setting up of an alert technological service at source of parasites in commercial fisheries". Abollo Assesment Commission meetings of the Marine Rodríguez, E. Environment Program (MMA). Galician Research Plan, Development and Technological Innovation Coordination meetings of research teams for the (Inite). DXIDI. Guerra Díaz, A.; Molares Vila, J. annual report of the Nacional Plan JACUMAR, “Reuse of wastewater of marine and auxiliary cultu- Annual Report 2007 of the Aquaculture Teamwork re establishments located in terrestrial area”. of Bivalbes WGMASC of the ICES. DXIDP. Sánchez Guerra, A. Mata, A. Representative of Galicia at the Monitoring Preparation and coordination of the Strategic Committee of National Plans JACUMAR. General Action for the consequences mitigation of toxic Fishing Ministry. Madrid. Guerra Díaz, A. cases. 2006-2008. Blanco Pérez, J.C.

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3.4. SCIENTIFIC AND TRAINING ACTIVITIES CARRIED OUT BY THE STAFF

3.4.1. ORGANIZATION, CHAIRMANSHIP AND PARTICIPATION IN SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS

XI Congreso Nacional de Acuicultura. Vigo (Pontevedra) López, C.; González, A.; Quintáns, J.M.; Rodríguez, J.L. Preliminary data of the monitoring of the physical and Cerviño Eiroa, A. President of the Organizing chemical, and bacteriological parameters in closed-cir- Committee and President of the Executive Committee. cuit of flat fishes.

Pérez Acosta, C. Secretary of the Scientific Committee Louzán, A.; Cerviño Otero, A.; Nóvoa, S.; Ojea, J.; and Secretary of the Executive Committee. Martínez Patiño, D. Monitoring of the reproductive cycle and larval development of “coquina”, Donax Guerra Díaz, A. Member of the Organizing trunculus (Linné, 1758). Committee and Executive Committee. Macías, C.; Aguado, F.; Henríquez, N.; Guerrero, S.; Blanco Pérez, J.C. Session Coordinator. Mussel and bio- Estévez, A.; Valencia, J.M.; Cremades, J. Integrated toxins. aquaculture: Development of experiences of multitro- phic cultures on the Spanish coast. Fuentes González, J.M. Chairperson of the Scientific Committee. Ojea, J.; Martínez-Patiño, D.; Nóvoa, S.; Catoira, J.L. Biometric data and rate of the sea urchin Molares Vila, J. Session Coordinator. Shellfish gathe- (Paracentrotus lividus, Lamarck 1816) in four Galician ring: reasons for the survival of a tradicional activity. towns. Martinez Patiño, D. Member of the Scientific Committee. CoastGIS’07. Villalba García, A. Member of the Scientific Santander Committee. Session coordinator: Solutions to oyster culture. Navarrete-Taito, C.; Freire, J.; Molares, J.; González- Ronda, A. A GIS prototype as a support tool for mana- gement of the goose barnacle (Pollicipes pollicipes) X Foro dos Recursos Mariños e da Acuicultura das Rías fisheries in Galicia (NW Spain). Galegas. A Toxa, O Grove (Pontevedra) Parada, J.M.; Molares, J. Modelling salinity in Ulla estuary using GIS technology in runoff calculation. Guerra, A. Organizing Committee.

De Coo Martín, A. Review to ten years of shellfish Seminario del proyecto EROCIPS. gathering. Vigo

De Coo Martín, A. Predator species linked to natural Molares, J. Coastal inventory and sensitivity mapping. shoals and culture parks of bivalve molluscs. The opi- nion of the galician gathering and grower sector. IX Reunión Ibérica de Fitoplancton Tóxico y Guerra, A.; Gabin, C. Commercial razor clams in Biotoxinas. Universidad de Cartagena. Galicia. Murcia.

Lastres, M.A.; Andrés, M,C.; Santamaría, I.; Rubirosa, Blanco, J. Discusión forum: Development and valida- M.J.; Ancosmede, C.; Pérez, N.; Guerra, A. Culture and tion of analitic methods and functional experiments managemen of the perlemoen abalone: Haliotis for the identification of toxins. Detection of meta- tuberculata spp. bolites and toxin products.

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Blanco, J. Strategical action of the Autonomous XIIIth International Conference of the European Community of Galicia for the mitigation of the toxic Association of Fish Pathologists “Diseases of Fish effects. and Shellfish”. Grado (Italia). Escudeiro, A.; Martín, H.; Blanco, J. Celular distribu- tion of the okadaic acid in the digestive gland of Abollo, E.; Ramilo, A.; Cao, A.; Comesaña, P.; Mytilus galloprovincialis. Villalba, A. Natural and experimental transmission of the protozoan parasite Bonamia ostreae to the Mauriz, A.; Blanco, J. Study on the intracellular dis- Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. tribution and the toxin conection ASP in the digesti- ve gland of Pecten maximus. Díaz, S.; Carballal, M.J.; Villalba, A.; Cao, A. Expression of the mutant protein p53, Hsp70 and Hsp90 chaperons in haemolymph of neoplastic coc- Aquaculture Europe 2007. kles, Cerastoderma edule. Istambul (Turkey) Iglesias, D.; Carballal, M.J.; Villalba, A. An epizootic Carballal, M.J.; Cerviño, A.; Martínez, D. Parasites disorder detected in a natural population of the and gonad development in clams pre-fattened in clam Venerupis aurea in Galicia (NW Spain). three different systems. Villalba, A.; Abollo, E. Cases of marteiliosis and Da Costa, F.; Nóvoa, S.; Ojea, J.; Martínez-Patiño, D. gonadal neoplasia in a population of the invasive Fatty acid composition of the razor clam Ensis siliqua black-pygmy mussel Xenostrobus securis in the Ría during larval development. de Vigo (Galicia, NW Spain).

Da Costa, F.; Nóvoa, S.; Ojea, J.; Martínez-Patiño, D. Biochemical study of larval development in the 10th Internacional Conference on Shellfish razor clam Ensis siliqua. Restoration (ICSR). Vlissingen, Netherlands. López, C.; Darriba, S.; Iglesias, D. Parasites and pathological condition of two natural beds razor Fuentes González, J.M. clam Ensis arcuatus (Jeffreys, 1865) (Pharidae) in Member of the Scientific Committee Co-Presidente Galicia (NW Spain). of the session “Genetics and genomics”.

Domínguez Pérez, L.; Villalba García, A.; Fuentes C-Mar Annual Aquaculture Workshop. González, J.M. Effects of photoperiod and length of Portaferry, Northern Ireland. conditioning on gametogenesis and spawning of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. Da Costa, F.; Martínez-Patiño, D. Culture potential of 3 commercial razor clam species in Galicia (NW Fuentes González, J.M.; Villalba García, A. Selective Spain).. breeding programme for bonamiosis tolerance of the European flat oyster Ostrea edulis in Galicia: preliminary results. XII COLACMAR. Florianópolis, Brazil. Taller sobre gestión y cultivo de solénidos (moluscos Guerrero Valero, S.; Otero, M.; Alonso, J.L. bivalvos) en Galicia. Quantification of the environmental impact caused La Toja, O Grove (Pontevedra). by the aquaculture wastes in Galicia. Guerra Díaz, A. Organizer

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Guerra Díaz, A. Razor shells and razor clams: bio- International Symposium on Algal Toxins. logy, fisheries and culture. Trieste (Italia).

Da Costa González, F.; Martínez Patiño, D. (partici- Arévalo, F.; Iniesta, R.; Vidal, A.; Goicoechea, M.; pants). Correa, J.; Muñiz, S.; Blanco, J. Comparison of pre- column HPLC, post-column HPLC and mouse bioas- say methods for the quantification of PSP toxicity Workshop for the Analysis of the Impact of in mussels and their implications in monitoring Perkinsosis to the European Shellfish Industry. CET- systems. MAR. Vigo. Diogene, J.; Fernández, M.; Cañete, E.; Caillaud, A.; Mallat, E.; de la Iglesia, P.; Elandaloussi, L.; Furones, Villalba García, A. Organizer D.; Blanco, J.; Sampedro, N.; Vila, M.; Franco, J. Complementary techniques and approaches imple- Villalba García, A. Perkinsosis in molluscs: epizootio- mented to support official methodologies used logical aspects within the monitoring programme for harmful algal blooms in shellfish production areas in Carballal, M.J.; López Gómez, C. (participants). Catalonia.

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3.4.2. DIRECTION OF DOCTORAL THESES AND INTERN TRAINING

• Higher qualified degree

A.- .- Phd Thesis

At the CIMA

Issue: Acumulation of DSP toxins in mussels. Issue: Molecular caracterization of genes involved in Phd student/a: Escudeiro Rossignoli, A. the immnure response of the flat oyster (Ostrea edu- Degree: Graduate in Biology lis) and Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) against Thesis tutor and supervisor: Blanco Pérez, J.C. pathogens. Phd student/a: Martín Gómez, L. Issue: Acumulation of ASP toxins in scallops. Degree: Graduate in Biological Sciences Phd student/a: Mauríz Pereira, A. Thesis supervisors: Abollo Rodríguez, E.; Villalba Degree: Graduate in Sea Sciences García, A. Thesis tutor and supervisor: Blanco Pérez, J.C. Issue: Production in hatcheries of high quality mus- Issue: Culture of new species of commercial interest sel seed. of bivalve molluscs. Phd student/a: Domínguez Pérez, L. Phd student/a: Louzán Pérez, A. Degree: Graduate in Biology Degree: Graduate in Marine Biology Thesis tutor and supervisor: Fuentes González, J.M. Thesis tutor and supervisor: Martínez Patiño, D. Thesis supervisor: Villalba García, A.

Issue: Optimization of the pullet carpet shell clam Title: Study of a disseminated neoplasm and other culture (Venerupis pullastra). pathological changes that affect cockles, Phd student/a: Cerviño Otero, A. Cerastoderma edule, in Galicia. Degree: Graduate in Biology Phd student/a: Díaz Costa, S. Thesis tutor and supervisor: Martínez Patiño, D. Degree: Graduate in Sea Sciences Thesis tutor and supervisor: Carballal Durán, M.J.; Issue: Culture of three species of razor clams of com- Villalba García, A. mercial interest in Galicia. Phd student/a: da Costa González, F. Degree: Graduate in Biology In other centers Thesis tutor and supervisor: Martínez Patiño, D. Issue: Lipophilic ficotoxins. Issue: The exploitation of the cockle Cerastoderma Phd student/a: Fernández Cañamero, M.L. edule in Galicia. Biology, ecology and management Degree: Gradutate in Chemistry of natural shoals. Workplace: CETMAR-Sanidad Exterior. Vigo Phd student/a: Santos Piñeiro, I. Thesis supervisor: Blanco Pérez, J.C. Degree: Graduate in Biological Sciences. Thesis tutor and supervisor: Molares Vila, J. Issue: Acumulation of heavy metals in bivalve molluscs. Issue: The immune system of the oyster Ostrea edu- Phd student/a: Saavedra Yáñez, Y. lis. Degree: Gradutate en Química Phd student/a: Comesaña Lestayo, P. Workplace: INTECMAR Degree: Graduate in Sea Sciences Thesis supervisor: Blanco Pérez, J.C. Thesis tutor and supervisor: Villalba García, A.

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Issue: Study of the biological, ecological and produc- Specialization: Specialist Technician in Pathological tive considerations of the culture of the oyster Anatomy Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg 1793) at the galician estuaries. Tutor: Montes Pérez, J. Phd student/a: García Rodríguez, L. Vocational intern: Romanos Mondragón, L. Degree: Graduate in Biological Sciences Specialization: Specialist Technician in Pathological Thesis tutor and supervisor: Montes Pérez, J. Anatomy

Issue: Immunodetection of mussell larvas from the Tutor: Blanco Pérez, J.C. Galician coast through monoclone antibodies M Vocational intern: Domínguez Bastos, J. 22.8 and M 36.5 Specialization: Advanced Technician in Fish Farming Phd student/a: Pérez Estévez, D. Production Degree: Graduate in Biology Workplace: Immunology area. Faculty of Sciences. Tutor: Guerra Díaz, A. University of Vigo Vocational intern: Ruiz Pérez M. Thesis supervisors: González-Fernández, A. y Fuentes Specialization: Advanced Technician in Fish Farming González, J.M. Production

Tutor: Villalba García, A. • Vocational interns Vocational intern: Vicente Fernández, R. Specialization: Advanced Technician in Analysis and Tutor: Ojea Martínez, J. Monitoring, Chemistry Vocational intern: Costa Costa, D. Specialization: Advanced Technician of Fish Farming Production • On-the-job training

Tutor: Nóvoa Vázquez, S. A.- University degrees Vocational intern: Freire Fernández, M.C. / Brión Bello, R. (substitute) Student: Ferreiro Rodríguez, I. Specialization: Advanced Technician of Analysis and Place: Faculty of Biology. USC Monitoring Length: 500 school hours Tutor: Martínez Patiño, D. Tutor: Carballal Durán, M.J. Vocational intern: Riveiro Arjomil, F. B.- Technicians Specialization: Specialist Technician in Pathological Anatomy Student: López Souto, M.J. Place: IGAFA Tutor: López Gómez, C. Length: 440 school hours Vocational intern: Otero Fraga, M.J. Tutor: Fuentes González, J.M. Specialization: Specialist Technician in Pathological Anatomy

Tutor: López Gómez, C. Vocational intern: De Castro Puente, M.

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3.4.3. COURSES GIVEN

POST-GRADUATE PROGRAMS II Conferences Clearing Our Estuaries. Minihatcheries of clam seed. ASOAR-ARMEGA. Casa Programa de Biología Marina y Acuicultura. USC da Pedra. Camariñas, A Coruña. (Programa Interuniversitario). Guerra Díaz, A.

Course: Pathological changes and immune system in Molluscan diseases. bivalve molluscs. IGAFA. Illa de Arousa. Abollo Rodríguez, E.; Carballal Durán, M.J.; Villalba Villalba García, A. García, A. “The bonamiosis of the flat oyster in Galicia. Six Course: Cases of ficotoxicity in molluscs. years of applied research”. Blanco Pérez, J. Departament de Geneticc. Faculty of Veterinary Science. Universidy of Santiago de Compostela. Course: Technique of molluscs culture. Study and Villalba García, A effect of the bonamiosis. Guerra Díaz, A.; Montes Pérez, J. “European Master of Science in Marine Environment and Resources”. Course: “Histology and Histopathology of Aquatic Animals”. University of CURSOS the Basque Country, Campus of Leioa. Given seminars: Summer Course. University of Oviedo.“The aquacul- • General histopathology of molluscs. ture, an expanding activity.” Martínez Patiño, D.; • Microscopical observations of general mollusc Nóvoa Vázquez, S.; Ojea Martínez, J. histopathology. • Neoplastic lesions in molluscs. Course COI/UNESCO/IEO. CIMA. Corón. • Bivalve pathology in aquaculture and shellfish “Effects of the toxic and/or harmful phytoplankton exploitation: fighting strategies against disease. on bivalves” Villalba García, A. Blanco Pérez, J.C.

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3.4.4. PARTICIPATION ON EXAMINING BOARDS TU JUDGE FOR PHDs

Blanco Pérez, J.C. Fuentes González, J.M. - Title: Production of YTX by cultures of - Title: Assessment of the aquacultural potential of Protoceratium reticulatum: Variability in the toxine the Crassostrea angulata. profile from differents strains. - Phd student: Mota Batista, F.M. - Phd student: Paz Pino, B. - Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar. - Facultade de Bioloxía. Universidade de Vigo Universidade de Porto. Portugal

Blanco Pérez, J.C. Guerra Díaz, A. - Title: Marine ficotoxines, study of cytotoxicity in - Title: Molecular systematics of the genus different celular samples. Fissurella in the South-East Pacific. - Phd student: Rodríguez Ares, M.I. - Phd student: Olivares Paz, A.N. - Facultade de Veterinaria. Universidade de Lugo - Facultade de Bioloxía. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela Carballal Durán, M.J.; Villalba García, A. - Title: New contributions to the knowledge of the Guerra Díaz, A; Martínez Patiño, D. parasite life cycle of marine invertebrates Marteilia - Title: Study of chromosome and DNA ribosomal refringens (Paramyxea). sequences in four species of Pectinids (: - Phd student: Carrasco Querol, N. Pectinidae) of the Spanish coast. - Facultad de Biología. Universidad de Barcelona - Phd student: López Piñón, M.J. - Universidade da Coruña

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3.4.5. EDITION OF SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS

Blanco, J.; Molares, J.; Salgado, C.; Fernández, M.L. Guerra, A. y Lodeiros, C. (editores) Revista Galega dos Recursos Mariños. Artículos Navajas y longueirones: biología, pesquerías y culti- Informes Técnicos y Notas. vo. Online, Vilagarcía de Arousa Xunta de Galicia, Consellería de Pesca e Asuntos Marítimos, Santiago de Compostela. España. 390 Blanco, J.; Molares, J.; Salgado, C.; Fernández, M.L. pages. (ISBN: 978-84-453-4546-7). Revista Galega dos Recursos Mariños. Balances y Perspectivas. Rey, M.; Fernández, J.; Lodeiros, C.; Guerra, A. Online, Vilagarcía de Arousa IX Foro dos Recursos Mariños e da Acuicultura das Rías Galegas. 9. Blanco, J.; Molares, J.; Salgado, C.; Fernández, M.L. 390 pages (ISBN: 978-84-608-0590-8). Revista Galega dos Recursos Mariños. Manuales y Monografías. Villalba García, A. (editor revisor) Online, Vilagarcía de Arousa Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. INTER RESEARCH, Oldendroff/Luhe, Alemania. Blanco, J.; Molares, J.; Salgado, C.; Fernández, M.L. Revista Galega dos Recursos Mariños. Datos. Villalba García, A. (miembro del comité editorial) Online, Vilagarcía de Arousa Revista de Biología Marina y Oceanografía. Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad de Cerviño Eiroa, A.; Guerra Díaz, A.; Pérez Acosta, C. Valparaíso, Chile. XI Congreso Nacional de Acuicultura: Cultivando el futuro. Tomos I y II. Vilanova de Arousa. 1568 pages (ISBN: 978-84-611- 9085-0)

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3.4.6. REVIEW OF ARTICLES IN SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS

Aquatic Toxicology. Blanco Pérez, J.C. ICSR 2007. Fuentes González, J.M. (6 communica- tions) Aquaculture. Blanco Pérez, J.C.; Villalba García, A. Libro de Actas del XI Congreso Nacional de XII International Conference on Harmful Algae. Acuicultura. Abollo Rodríguez, E.; Cerviño Otero, A.; Blanco Pérez, J.C. da Costa González, F.; Fuentes González, J.M.; Martínez Patiño, D.; Nóvoa Vázquez, S.; Ojea Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. Villalba García, A. (4 Martínez, J.; Rodríguez Moscoso, E. manuscripts) Parasitology. Villalba García, A. (1 manuscript) Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology (Blackwell Publishing). Abollo Rodríguez, E. Review of a scientific project submited at the “Fund for the Scientific and Technological Research” of the Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. Villalba García, “Ministry of Education, Science and Technology” of A. (1 manuscrito) the Gobierno de Argentina. Villalba García, A.

Fish Shellfish Immunology. Carballal Durán, M.J.

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3.5. STAFF TRAINING

3.5.1. VISITS TO OTHER CENTERS

Díaz Costa, S. Domínguez Pérez, L. -Díaz Costa, S. - Developed issue: Large-scale triploid induction - Issue: Analysis of cellular parameters of cockle on Mytilus edulis. neoplasic cells through flow cytometry. - Length: 5-9 March 2007 - Length: 1 month - Center: Roem van Yerseke hatchery. Yerseke, - Center: IFREMER- La Tremblade Netherlands

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3.5.2. COURSE ATTENDANCE

Excel (Advanced level, distance learning mode). EGAP. Advanced Methods of applied statistics. UNED. Santiago de Compostela Da Costa González, F. Cruzado Estévez, A. Workshop on razon clams (razor shells and clams). Illa Powerpoint (distance learning mode). EGAP. Santiago da Toxa (Pontevedra). de Compostela. Da Costa González, F.; Martínez Patiño, D. Cruzado Estévez, A. 7th Theoretical and Practical Course on flow cytometry. Updating of administrative Galician language (distan- CIEMAT/Fundación Marcelino Botín-CNIC. Madrid. ce learning mode). EGAP. Santiago de Compostela. Domínguez Pérez, L. Cruzado Estévez, A. Implementation of computer resources from the Health control of bivalve molluscs. Phd Course. Regional Ministry of Fishing and Maritime Affairs. Aquaculture Institute. USC. Molares Vila, J. Louzán Pérez, A. Integrative bioinformatics. International workshop. Reproductive cycle of bivalve molluscs. Phd Course. 4th annual meeting. University of Ghent. Belgium. Facultade de Farmacia. USC. Martín Gómez, L. Louzán Pérez, A. 4th Congress on Presentation and Introduction to the Search and obtaining of biomedical products of mari- Use of Databas of the Web of Knowledge". FECYT ne origin. Phd Course. Departament of Microbiology. (Spanish Institute of Science and Technology). Vigo Facultade de Farmacia. USC. Martín Gómez, L.; Fernández Besada , M. ; Ruiz Pérez, Louzán Pérez, A. M.; Varela Manso, M.O.; Otero Otero, M.

Culture technics in molluscs. Bonamiosis impact. Phd New applications of High-Resolution Mass Course. CIMA. Spectometry. USC. Louzán Pérez, A. Fernández Besada, M.; Ruiz Pérez, M.; Santamaría Búa, I.; Escudeiro Rossignoli, A.; Mauríz Pereira, A. Pathological changes and immune system in molluscs. Phd Course. CIMA. 2nd Course on flow cytometry. IZASA, S.A. Vilagarcía Louzán Pérez, A. de Arousa (Pontevedra). Fernández Besada , M.; Ruiz Pérez, M.; Varela Manso, Ecology and management of marine fisheries. Phd M.O. Course. Departamento de Bioloxía Animal. Facultade de Bioloxía. UDC. 9th Iberian Meeting on Toxic Phytoplankton and Louzán Pérez, A. Biotoxins. Universidad de Cartagena. Murcia.Escudeiro Rossignoli, A.; Mauríz Pereira, A. Conference on Galician R&D: lookin at Europe. OPIDI. Santiago de Compostela. Congress on “Preventing the environmental disasters: Da Costa González, F. a critic thought”. EGAP. Santiago de Compostela. Rodríguez Moscoso, E. Internacional Seminar on the Launching of the Transnacional Operative Program of the Atlantic Space Projects design and development. EGAP. A Coruña. 2007/2013. Congress Center of the Alfandega. Oporto Rodríguez Moscoso, E. Da Costa González, F.; Martínez Patiño, D. Adobe Photoshop. CSI-CSIF. A Coruña. Seminar GASD: Maritime Economy. Oporto. Rodríguez Moscoso, E Da Costa González, F.; Martínez Patiño, D.

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3.6. COLLABORATION AGREEMENTS

Collaboration agreement between the CPAM and the Collaboration agreement between the CPAM and the Supervisory Council of the Galician Mussel USC in order to carry out the first annual payment of Designation of Origin in order to carry out the rese- the subproject “Caracterization and standarization arch project “Investigation of genetic markers to of health conditions in marine aquaculture: creation identify the Galician mussel”. (2006-2007-2008). of epidemiological maps and the preparation of stra- tegies for the design of a epidemiological vigilance Collaboration agreement between the Xunta de net” within the National Plan of Heald Management. Galicia, through the CPAM and the USC in order to carry out the research project: “National Plan Specific Agreement of Collaboration between the “Culture and management of the sea urchin.” Xunta de Galicia through the CPAM and the IEO in order to carry out the research project: “Fine tuning Collaboration agreement between the Xunta de of a culture system of octopus paralarvae (Octopus Galicia, through the CPAM and the USC in order to vulgaris) and the importance of biochemical composi- carry out the research project: “Study of environmen- tion on the larvae diet”. (2007-2008-2009-2010). tal factors and potential pathogens that affect the grooved carpet shell clam culture (Ruditapes decussa- Agreement between the CPAM and the USC and UV tes) in the Pontevedra Estuary.” (2007-2008-2009). in order to carry out pre-professional traninings of students from this Universities. Collaboration agreement between the Xunta de Galicia, through the CPAM and the USC for the tech- Agreement between the CPAM and the CETMAR for nical advice as regards marine research and for the the development of research actions: “Cartography making of several studies of interest to the produc- and evaluation of the areas and species of interest in tion, treatment and transformation of bivalve the action plan for the recovery of the “Lombos do molluscs sectors. (2007-2008). Ulla”. “Action plan for the recovery of the O Bohído bed (Arousa Estuary).” Collaboration agreement between the CPAM, the INTECMAR and the Galicia Mussel Supervisory Collaboration agreement between the CPAM and the Council in order to carry out the research project: USC in order to carry out the research action: “Study Nacional Plan “Mussel culture: expansion and sustai- of environmental factors and potential pathogens nability.” that affect the grooved carpet shell clam culture (Ruditapes decussates) in the Pontevedra Estuary.” Collaboration agreement between the CPAM, the USC and the CETMAR, in order to carry out the rese- Collaboration agreement between the Xunta de arch project: National Plan “Mitigation of the envi- Galicia, through the CPAM, the Technological ronmental impact caused by marine cultures”. Institute of Marine Environment Control and the Supervisory Council of the Galicia Mussel Designation Collaboration agreement between the Xunta de of Origin, in order to carry out the research project: Galicia, through the CPAM and the USC in order to National Plan of “Mussel culture: expansion and sus- carry out the research action: “Microbiological con- tainability.” trol in molluscs hatcheries”. (2007-2008). Collaboration agreement between the Xunta de Collaboration agreement between the Xunta de Galicia, through the CPAM and the North Catholic Galicia, through the CPAM and the USC in order to University of Chile for research activities and projects carry out the research project: National Plan: development. “Optimization of the octopus (Octopus vulgaris) grow-out.” Collaboration agreement between the Xunta de Galicia, through the CPAM and the Organization of

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Galician Mussel Manufacturers for the developement Collaboration agreement between the Xunta de of the RITOX Project. Galicia, through the CPAM, the USC, and the IFAPA, in order to carry out the research project: “The perkino- Collaboration agreement between the Xunta de sis at the Spanish coast: characterization of parasites Galicia, through the CPAM and the Aquaculture taxonomic variants, lifecycle and the host organism Farmers Association “Illa do Santo” of Bueu immunitary response.” (Pontevedra) for the culture of fishes in cages.

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3.7. OUTSIDE VISITORS

CIMA from Corón Cécile Dang Université Bordeaux 1- CNRS - UMR 5805 EPOC, Dr Eduardo Uribe Station Marine d’Arcachon, Francia. Universidad Católica del Norte. Chile Debate on the causes of a masive death of short nec- Preparation of projects and agreements. ked clam in Arcachon, France.

Dr Jorge Cáceres Instituto de Sanidad Acuícola, A.C., Ensenada, Baja CIMA from Ribadeo California, México. Information Exchange about mollusc diseases in Dominique Girard Berard and Spain. Instituto Canario de Ciencias Marinas. Gran Canaria. Monitoring of the reproductive cycle of the urchin Dr Philippe Soudant y Fabienne Legrand Paracentrotus lividus. UMR6539 Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Francia. Colaboration on the study of a cockle neoplasia that affects Brittany and Galician coasts.

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3.8. PUBLICACIONES

3.8.1. ARTICLES IN JOURNALS LISTED IN THE SCI (Science Citation Index)

Abollo, A.; Ramilo, A.; Casas, S.M.; Comesaña, P.; Da Silva, P.M.; Comesaña, P.; Fuentes, J.; Villalba, A. Cao, A.; Carballal, M.J.; Villalba, A. (in the press). (in the press). Variability of haemocyte and hae- First detection of the protozoan parasite Bonamia molymph parameters in European flat oyster Ostrea exitiosa (Haplosporidia) infecting flat oyster Ostrea edulis families obtained from brood stocks of diffe- edulis on grown in European waters. Aquaculture. rent geographical origins and relation with infec- tion by the protozoan Bonamia ostreae. Fish and Abollo, E.; Yurakhno, V.; Gaevskaya, A.V.; Pascual, S. Shellfish Immunology. (in the press). Morphological and molecular diagno- sis of Kudoa nova (Myxosporea: Multivalvulida) in Da Costa, F.; Darriba, S.; Martínez-Patiño, D. (in the gobiid fishes. Parasitology Research. press). Embryonic and larval development of Ensis arcuatus (Jeffreys, 1865) (Bivalvia:Pharidae). Journal Azevedo, C.; Casal, G.; Montes, J. (in the press). of Molluscan Studies. Ultrastructural life cycle of Haplosporidium mont- forti (Phylum Haplosporidia), a parasite of the far- La Peyre, M.K.; Casas, S.M.; Villalba, A.; La Peyre, J.F. med abalone, Haliotis tuberculata (). (in the press). Determining the effects of temperatu- Journal of Parasitology. re on two Perkinsus species viability, metabolic acti- vity, and proliferation and its significance to unders- Blanco, J.; Mariño, C.; Martín, H.; P. Acosta, C. (2007). tanding seasonal cycles of perkinsosis. Parasitology. Anatomical distribution of diarrhetic shellfish poiso- ning (DSP) toxins in the mussel Mytilus galloprovin- Laza-Martínez, A.; Seoane, S.; Zapata, M.; Orive, E. cialis. Toxicon, 50: 1011–1018. (2007). Phytoplankton pigment patterns in a tempe- rate estuary: from unialgal cultures to natural Blanco, J.; Álvarez, G.; Uribe, E. (2007). Identification assemblages. Journal of Plankton Research, 29: 913- of pectenotoxins in plankton, filter feeders, and iso- 929. lated cells of a Dinophysis acuminata with an atypi- cal toxin profile, from Chile. Toxicon, 49: 710–716. Not, F.; Zapata, M.; Pazos, Y.; Campaña, E.; Doval, M.; Rodríguez, F. (2007). Size-fractionated phytoplank- Casas, S.M.; Reece, K.S.; Villalba, A.; La Pierre, J.F. (in ton diversity in the NW Iberian coast: a combination the press). Continuous culture of Perkinsus medite- of microscopic, pigment and molecular analyses. rraneus, a parasite of the european flat oyster Aquatic Microbial Ecology, 49: 255-265. Ostrea edulis, and characterization of its morpho- logy, propagation and extracellular proteins in vitro. Pascual, S.; Abollo, E. (in the press). Myxosporean Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. infection in frozen blocks of Patagonian hakes. Journal of Food Protection. Da Silva, P. M.; Renault, T.; Fuentes, J.; Villalba, A. (in the press). Herpesvirus infection in families of Romalde, J.L.; Vilariño, M.L.; Beaz, R.; Rodríguez, European flat oysters Ostrea edulis obtained from J.M.; Díaz, S.; Villalba, A.; Carballal, M.J. (2007). brood stocks of different geographical origins, Evidences for retroviral etiology of the disseminated through on growing in Galicia (NW Spain). Diseases neoplasia in cockles (Cerastoderma edule). Journal of Aquatic Organisms. of Invertebrate Pathology, 94: 95-101.

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3.8.2. ARTICLES IN JOURNALS NOT LISTED IN THE SCI

Andrés, M.C.; Lastres, M.A.; Santamaría, I.; Ruiz, M.; marginatus (Pennánt, 1777). XI Congreso Nac. Guerra, A. (2007). Desarrollo reproductivo y acondi- Acuicult. Tomo I: 599-602. cionamiento de la oreja de mar (Haliotis tubercula- ta, Linnaeus, 1758), en Galicia (NO de España). XI Da Costa, F.; Rial, D.; Nóvoa, S.; Ojea, J.; Martínez, D. Congreso Nac. Acuicult. Tomo I: 623-626. (2007). Crecimiento de semilla de longueirón vello (Solen marginatus Pennánt, 1777) en el medio natu- Brea, M.D.; Prado, S.; Rodríguez, C.J.; Doce, A.; ral. XI Congreso Nac. Acuicult. Tomo I: 603-606. Guerrero, S.; Fernández de Landa, J.L.A.; , J.; Arranz, J.; Toranzo, A.E.; Romalde, J. L.; Barja, J.L.; Da Costa, F; Nóvoa, S; Ojea, J.; Martínez, D. (2007). Pascual, C. (2007). Ensilados de pescado: composi- Comparativa de la viabilidad del cultivo de tres espe- ción química y microbiota asociada. XI Congreso cies de Solénidos comerciales. IX Foro Rec. Mar. Nac. de Acuicult. Tomo II: 1085-1087. Acuic. Rías Gal. 9: 233-234.

Carballal, M.J.; Louzán, A.; Martínez-Patiño, D. Darriba, S.; Guerra, A. (2007). Estudio de dos pobla- (2007). Primeros resultados de un estudio histopato- ciones de oreja de mar (Haliotis tuberculata) en lógico de la coquina Donax trunculus en Galicia. XI Galicia (NO de España). IX Foro Rec. Mar. Acuic. Rías Congreso Nac. de Acuicult. Tomo II: 1001-1004. Gal. 9: 235-236.

Cerviño-Otero, A.; Ojea, J.; Nóvoa, S.; Martínez, D. De Santiago J.A.; Andrés, M.C. ; Guerra, A. (2007). (2007). Comparativa de la evolución del Ciclo Preengorde de almeja babosa Venerupis pullastra Gametogénico entre una población submareal y (Montagu, 1803), mediante un sistema de flujo otra intermareal de almeja babosa Venerupis pullas- invertido forzado por “air lift”, en la Ría de tra (Montagu, 1803) de O Grove (SO de Galicia). XI Camariñas (A Coruña). XI Congreso Nac. Acuicult. Congreso Nac. Acuicult. Tomo I: 427-430. Tomo I: 423-425.

Cerviño-Otero, A.; Nóvoa, S.; Ojea, J.; Martínez, D. Díaz, S.; Villalba, A.; Carballal, M.J. (2007). (2007). Composición bioquímica de dos poblaciones Transmisión de neoplasia diseminada entre berbere- naturales de almeja babosa Venerupis pullastra chos Cerastoderma edule. XI Congreso Nac. Acuicult. (Montagu, 1803) de O Grove (SO de Galicia). Tomo II: 1013-1016. Diferencias entre el intermareal y submareal. XI Congreso Nac. Acuicult. Tomo I: 431-434. Díaz, S; Carballal, M.J.; Villalba, A. (2007). Diferencias de parásitos y alteraciones patológicas Cerviño-Otero, A.; Carballal, M.J.; Martínez-Patiño, entre berberechos enterrados y desenterrados. IX D. (2007). Estudio patológico de tres poblaciones Foro Rec. Mar. Acuic. Rías Gal. 9: 237-238. naturales de almeja babosa Venerupis pullastra. XI Congreso Nac. de Acuicult. Tomo II: 997-1000. Fernández-Tajes, J.; Fernández Moreno, M.; Martínez Patiño, D.; da Costa, F.; Gaspar, M.; Da Costa, F.; Nóvoa, S.; Ojea, J.; Martínez-Patiño, D. Constantino, R.; Cromie, A.; McDonough, N.; (2007). Evolución de la composición bioquímica a lo Roberts, D.; Méndez, J. (2007). Estudios genéticos largo del desarrollo larvario de Solen marginatus. XI aplicados al desarrollo de la acuicultura de navajas y Congreso Nac. Acuicult. Tomo I: 595-598. longueirones. XI Congreso Nac. Acuicult. Tomo I: 195-198. Da Costa, F.; Martínez-Patiño, D.; Nóvoa, S.; Ojea, J. (2007). Crecimiento y viabilidad larvaria en relación García de la Banda, I.; Lobo, C.; Recalde, L.; León- a la composición bioquímica y de ácidos grasos en Rubio, J.M.; Moriñigo, M.A.; Arijo, S.; Chabrillón, M.; los ovocitos de 3 especies de solénidos: Ensis arcua- Díaz-Rosales, P.; Balebona, M.C.; Martínez- tus (Jeffreys, 1865), Ensis siliqua (Linné, 1758) y Solen Manzanares, E.; Arce, F.; Nicolás, M.; Lucas, M.L.;

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Pazos, G.; Linares, F. (2007). Influencia de la adición J.; Méndez, M.; Gaspar, M.; Constantino, R.; Roberts, del probiótico pdp11 en el engorde del lenguado D.; McDonough, N. (2007). Desarrollo de la acuicul- senegalés Solea senegalensis (Kaup 1858). XI tura de navajas y longueirones: cultivo en criadero. Congreso Nac. Acuicult. Tomo II: 1241-1244. XI Congreso Nac. Acuicult. Tomo I: 611-614.

García Fernández, A.; Cerviño Eiroa, A. (2007). Molares, J. (2007). El marisqueo: razones para la Nuevos avances y resultados de crecimiento y morta- supervivencia de una actividad artesanal. XI lidad en el preengorde de almejas, en diversos siste- Congreso Nac. Acuicult. Tomo II: 905-910. mas en las Rías Bajas de Galicia. XI Congreso Nac. Acuicult. Tomo I: 471-474. Molares, J.; Parada, J.M.; Sánchez-Mata, A.; Martínez, G.; Darriba, C.; Rodal, M.; Carreira, P.; Gaspar, M.; Carvalho, S.; Constantino, R.; Martínez Varela, T.; Crego, A.; Mariño, J. (2007). Gestión del Patiño, D.; da Costa, F.; Fernández Tajes, J.; Méndez, banco marisquero de “Lombos do Ulla” (Ría de J.; Cromie, A.; McDonough, N.; Roberts, D. (2007). Arousa, NO de España) desde 2002 hasta 2007. XI Impacto de la pesca como motor para el desarrollo Congreso Nac. Acuicult. Tomo II: 935-938. de la acuicultura de navajas y longueirones. XI Congreso Nac. Acuicult. Tomo II: 947-950. Molares, J. (2007). Gestión de bancos de libre maris- queo: “Lombos do Ulla” y “Bohído”. IX Foro Rec. Guerra, A.; Nóvoa, S.; Besada, M.; Búa, I.; Lastres, M.; Mar. Acuic. Rías Gal. 9: 41-50. Fernández, J.; Asela, R. (2007). Crecimiento y compo- sición bioquímica de semilla de almeja japonesa Nóvoa, S.; Ojea, J.; Martínez Patiño, D.; Rodríguez, (Tapes philippinarum) y almeja babosa (Venerupis J.L. (2007). Calidad ovocitaria de la almeja babosa, pullastra), obtenida en criadero y cultivada en dife- Venerupis pullastra (Montagu, 1803), relacionada rentes sistemas de preengorde y en parque de culti- con su contenido en ácidos grasos ω3 y ω6. XI vo. XI Congreso Nac. Acuicult. Tomo I: 467-470. Congreso Nac. Acuicult. Tomo I: 419-422.

Guerrero Valero, S.; Otero, M.; Alonso, J.L. (2007). Ojea, J.; Silva, A.; Martínez, D.; Nóvoa, S.; García- Cuantificación del impacto ambiental generado por Martínez, P.; Abad, M. (2007). Condiciones óptimas los residuos de la acuicultura en Galicia. XII COLAC- para el acondicionamiento de la almeja fina, MAR Florianópolis, Brasil. Contribución nº 50298, Ruditapes decussatus (Linnaeus, 1758) en criadero. pp. 588. XI Congreso Nac. Acuicult. Tomo I: 391-394.

Guerrero Valero, S.; Otero, M.; Alonso, J.L. (2007). Olmedo, M.; Linares, F.; Álvarez-Blázquez, B.; Pazos, Generación de residuos de la acuicultura en Galicia. G.; Valente, L. (2007). Crecimiento y composición IX Foro Rec. Mar. Acuic. Rías Gal. 9: 335-338. corporal de juveniles de besugo, Pagellus bogara- veo, alimentados con diferentes niveles de proteína Iglesias, D.; Rodríguez, L.; Montes, J. (2007). Estudio y carbohidratos. XI Congreso Nac. Acuicult. Tomo II: histopatológico de Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg, 1383-1386. 1793) cultivada en las rías gallegas. XI Congreso Nac. de Acuicult. Tomo II: 1009-1012. Olmedo, M.; Peleteiro, J.B.; Cal, R.; Álvarez- Blázquez, B.; Gómez, C.; Linares, F. (2007). Martínez Patiño, D.; Nóvoa, S.; Ojea, J.; Rodríguez, Reproducción y cultivo larvario de lenguado, Solea J.L. (2007). Efecto de la cantidad de alimento sumi- senegalensis, en el Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo. XI nistrado a los cultivos en el crecimiento y composi- Congreso Nac. Acuicult. Tomo II: 1439-1442. ción en ácidos grasos de las larvas de almeja babosa, Venerupis pullastra (Montagu, 1803). XI Congreso Parada, J.M. (2007). Engorde a escala industrial de Nac. de Acuicult. Tomo I: 411-414. almeja babosa (Venerupis senegalensis) y almeja fina (Tapes decussatus) en batea hasta talla comer- Martínez Patiño, D.; da Costa, F.; Cromie, A.; Nóvoa, cial. XI Congreso Nac. Acuicult. Tomo I: 415-418. S.; Ojea, J.; Werner, A.; Browne, L.; Fernández-Tajes,

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Parada, J.M. (2007). Asesoramiento técnico a las Ribeiro, L.; Couto, A.; Olmedo, M.; Álvarez-Blázquez, organizaciones de mariscadores para el manejo de B.; Linares, F.; Valente, L. (2007). Digestive enzymes los recursos marinos. XI Congreso Nac. Acuicult. activity at different developmental stages of blacks- Tomo II: 915-920. pot seabream. Aquaculture Research: 1-8.

Parada, J.M.; Molares, J.; Otero, X. (2007). Episodios Rodríguez Moscoso, E.; Ojea, J.; Arnaiz, R.; Martínez, de mortalidad en el banco marisquero “Lombos do D.; Nóvoa, S. (2007). Estrategia de reproducción del Ulla” (Ría de Arousa - NO de España) deducidos a rabioso (Glycymeris glycymeris) (Linnaeus, 1758). XI partir de datos meteorológicos de los últimos 45 Congreso Nac. Acuicult. Tomo II: 931-934. años. XI Congreso Nac. Acuicult. Tomo II: 943-946. Sánchez-Mata, A.; Molares, J.; Rodal, M.; Carreira, P.; Pérez, D.; González Fdez., A.; Fuentes, J.M. (2007). Varela, T.; Crego, A.; Parada, J.M.; Martínez, G.; Aplicación de los anticuerpos monoclonales M22.8 y Darriba, C.; Mariño, J. (2007). Gestión del banco M36.5 en la evaluación de la abundancia de larvas marisquero O Bohído (Ría de Arousa) en el periodo de mejillón en las rías gallegas. XI Congreso Nac. 2006-2007: Análisis de las poblaciones de bivalvos Acuicult. Tomo II: 927-930. comerciales. XI Congreso Nac. Acuicult. Tomo II: 939- 942. Rasines, I.; Cherenguini, O.; Rodríguez, C. ; Linares, F.; Pazos, G.; Martín, I. (2007). Composición bioquí- Sánchez-Mata, A.; Molares, J.; Sánchez-Mata, A.G.; mica de las puestas de lenguado senegalés (Solea Chapela, A.; Giráldez, R. (2007). Estructura y distri- senegalensis) en cautividad: variación estacional. XI bución de los bancos naturales de vieira (Pecten Congreso Nac. Acuicult. Tomo II: 1423-1426. maximus L., 1758) de las Rías de Ares, Arousa y Vigo. IX Foro Rec. Mar. Acuic. Rías Gal. 9: 279-280. Rey Méndez, M.; Quinteiro, J. ; Tourón, N.; Rodríguez Castro, J.; Herrero, A.; Girard, D.; Villalba, A.; da Silva, P.M.; Fuentes, J. (2007). La pro- González, N.; de la Uz Díaz, S.; Rodríguez, C.; ducción de estirpes de Ostrea edulis tolerantes a la Carrasco, J.F.; Rial, D.; Martínez, D.; Ojea, J.; Catoira, bonamiosis como solución para el engorde de la J.L. (2007). Cultivo y gestión del erizo de mar ostra plana en Galicia. XI Congreso Nac. Acuicult. (Paracentrotus lividus Lamarck, 1816). XI Congreso Tomo II: 1499-1504. Nac. Acuicult. Tomo I: 707-710.

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3.8.3. CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOOKS

Bañón Díaz, R.; Campelos Álvarez, J.M.; García Guerra Díaz, A.; Gabin Sánchez, C. Navajas y lon- Tasende, M.; Quintero Fernández, F.; Ribó Landín, J.; gueirones comerciales en España. En: Navajas y lon- Lamas Rodríguez, F.; Gancedo Baranda, A.; gueirones: biología, pesquerías y cultivo. Guerra, A. Rodríguez Moscoso, E.; Arnaiz Ibarrondo, R.; y Lodeiros, C. (Eds), Xunta de Galicia, Consellería de Garazo, A. Los Recursos Marinos de Galicia. Serie Pesca e Asuntos Marítimos, Santiago de Compostela. Técnica Nº6. La pesca de pulpo común con nasas en pp 273-293. (ISBN: 978-84-453-4546-7). la costa gallega (1999-2004). Xunta de Galicia, Consellería de Pesca. Unidad Técnica de Pesca de López Gómez, C.; Darriba Couñago, S.; Iglesias Bajura (UTPB). (ISBN: 978-84-453-4433-0). Estepa, Mr Patología en navaja (Ensis arcuatus) y longueirón vello (Solen marginatus). En: Navajas y Blanco, J.; Mariño, C.; Acosta, C.P.; Martín, H. The use longueirones: biología, pesquerías y cultivo. Guerra, of biopsies to quantify domoic acid concentration in A. y Lodeiros, C. (Eds), Xunta de Galicia, Consellería the king scallop Pecten maximus. Aceptado en de Pesca e Asuntos Marítimos, Santiago de Proceedings of the XII International Conference on Compostela. pp 153-183. (ISBN: 978-84-453-4546-7). Harmful Algae. Mariño, C.; Martín, H.; Acosta, C.P.; Blanco, J. Effect Darriba Couñago, S.; López Gómez, C. Anatomía. En: of emersion on depuration of Diarrhetic Shellfish Navajas y longueirones: biología, pesquerías y culti- Toxins from the blue mussel Mytilus galloprovincia- vo. Guerra, A. y Lodeiros, C. (Eds), Xunta de Galicia, lis. Aceptado en Proceedings of the XII International Consellería de Pesca e Asuntos Marítimos, Santiago Conference on Harmful Algae. de Compostela. pp 43-62. (ISBN: 978-84-453-4546-7). Martínez Patiño, D.; da Costa González, F. Cultivo de Darriba Couñago, S.; Martínez Patiño, Mr navaja, longueirón y longueirón vello. En: Navajas y Reproducción. En: Navajas y longueirones: biología, longueirones: biología, pesquerías y cultivo. Guerra, pesquerías y cultivo. Guerra, A. y Lodeiros, C. (Eds), A. y Lodeiros, C. (Eds), Xunta de Galicia, Consellería Xunta de Galicia, Consellería de Pesca e Asuntos de Pesca e Asuntos Marítimos, Santiago de Marítimos, Santiago de Compostela. pp 63-83. (ISBN: Compostela. pp 187-211. (ISBN: 978-84-453-4546-7). 978-84-453-4546-7). Montes Pérez, J. Patologías en longueirón (Ensis sili- Gaspar, M.B.; Constantino, R.; Guerra Díaz, A.; qua). En: Navajas y longueirones: biología, pesquerí- , S. Impactos medioambientales de las pes- as y cultivo. Guerra, A. y Lodeiros, C. (Eds), Xunta de querías de navajas y longueirones en función de las Galicia, Consellería de Pesca e Asuntos Marítimos, técnicas de pesca y de los hábitos de explotación. En: Santiago de Compostela. pp 139-152. (ISBN: 978-84- Navajas y longueirones: biología, pesquerías y cultivo. 453-4546-7). Guerra, A. y Lodeiros, C. (Eds), Xunta de Galicia, Consellería de Pesca e Asuntos Marítimos, Santiago de Compostela. pp 223-269. (ISBN: 978-84-453-4546-7).

CONSELLERÍA DE PESCA E ASUNTOS MARÍTIMOS Annual report CIMA 2007 153 Annual report CIMA 2007 4. 4. SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS AND TRAINING ORGANIZED BY THE CIMA

4. SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS AND TRAINING ORGANIZED BY THE CIMA

4.1. SEMINARS

Mr Luis Pichott de la Fuente Dr Eduardo Uribe Tapia Retos de la investigación en acuicultura en Chile: las Episodios tóxicos, incidencia en la acuicultura de nuevas especies. moluscos en Chile. Manager of Área de Recursos Marinos of the Dpto. Acuacultura. Universidad Católica del Norte. Fundación Chile (CHILE). Coquimbo. Chile. 29 May, 2007 8 November, 2007

Dr Carlos Wurmann Gotfrit. Prof. Dr Leonor Cancela La maricultura mundial, su realidad y perspectivas. Avances xenómicos na investigación da Perkinsosis Los mercados para los productos pesqueros y de la de moluscos. acuicultura. CCMAR, Universidade do Algarve (Portugal). Executive Director of the AWARD Ltda, Chile, 14 December, 2007 International Consultants specialized in Aquaculture and Fishing. Economist and Consultant, FAO. 9 October, 2007

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5. ANNEX

ANNEX

ABBREVIATIONS USED

AC Autonomic Community ANFACO Asociación Nacional de Fabricantes de Conservas y Mariscos de España AZTI Instituto Tecnológico Pesquero y Alimentario CCMAR Centro de Ciências do Mar do Algarve CCMM Centro de Control de Calidade do Medio Mariño CEP Centro de Experimentación Pesquera CETGA Centro Tecnológico Gallego de Acuicultura CETMAR Centro Tecnológico del Mar CIMA Centro de Investigacións Mariñas CO Centro Oceanográfico CPAM Consellería de Pesca e Asuntos Marítimos CSIC Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas CTAG Centro Tecnológico de Automoción de Galicia DXIDP Dirección Xeral de Innovación e Desenvolvemento Pesqueiro DXRM Dirección Xeral de Recursos Mariños EGAP Escola Galega de Administración Pública FAO Food and Agriculture Organization IEO Instituto Español de Oceanografía IFAPA Instituto Andaluz de Investigación y Formación Agraria, Pesquera, Alimentaria y de la Producción Ecológica. IFREMER Institut Français de Recherche por l´Exploitation de la Mer IGAFA Instituto Galego de Formación en Acuicultura IMARES Institute for Marine Resources & Ecosystem Studies (antes RIVO) IMIDA Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Alimentario IIM Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (del CSIC). INTERREG Iniciativa Comunitaria de Cooperación Transfronteriza INTECMAR Instituto Tecnolóxico de Control do Medio Mariño IRTA Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries JACUMAR Junta Asesora de Cultivos Marinos MAPA Ministerio de Agricultura Pesca y Alimentación. NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration OIE Oficina Internacional de Epizootias OPIDI Oficina de Programas Internaciones I+D+I OPMEGA Organización de Productores de Mejillón de Galicia OTRIS Oficina de Transferencia de Resultados de la Investigación PGDIT Plan Galego de Investigación, Desenvolvemento e Innovación Tecnolóxica SIGREMAR Sistema de Información Geográfica Orientado a la Gestión de Recursos Marinos SITGA Sistema de Información Territorial de Galicia UTPB Unidad Técnica de Pesca de Baixura UCM Universidad Complutense de Madrid USC Universidadec de Santiago de Compostela UDC Universidade da Coruña UO Universidad de Oviedo UV Universidade de Vigo

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