MAPPING QUR’ANIC CARTOGRAPHY WITH REMOTE SENSING

Created and composed by L.D.B. Parry, on behalf of, and in the capacity of CEO of our presentation / exhibition team at the “Bridging-The-Continents” ISPRS 20th International Congress in Istanbul, July, 2004. Affiliations: 1985 Department of Antiquities, ; the 2003 Second Annual Geographers of the Islamic World Conference in Iran at which team-member LDB Abu Dhar Parry gave a presentation; MCCSI regarding panel presentations to the provincial and federal energy and environmental regulatory bodies---Alberta Energy Utilities Board and Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency, respectively. Address L. D. B. Parry, 1507-9910-104 St, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T5C 0T7; (E-mail, [email protected])

KEYWORDS: archaeology, cartography, history, SAR, geomorphology, mapping, coast, triangulation

ABSTRACT:

The 1991 SAR related discovery of Iram/Ubar increased the likelihood of the discoverability of other arcane and salient archaeology, history, cartography and geomorphology indicators cited in the Qur’an. The proximal geomorphology of the region from Istanbul to Ephesus makes them obvious candidates for the “majma ul bahrain” (place of meeting of two water bodies) and “al kahaf” (the cave) coupling in the same chapter, #18, titled Al Kahaf. Thus, a series of sites worth mapping into a new atlas of Qur’anic cartography through SAR, thermography, etc., await discovery in the lands described in the Qur’an from to the Hadraumat. The news and results of our presentation will range from the novel consideration of a high-tech teaching tool with which to study Qur’an and Islam-determined cartography to the production of the most comprehensive technical atlas of Qur’anic cartography. Iram/Ubar and Ephesus-Istanbul mark our SE and NW mapping corners respectively, while the eastern coast of the Red Sea and the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea mark our western boundary. Petra, the river of (as King is referred to in the Qur’an), , and Bostra-Syria, mark the eastern boundary. Included in our Qur’anic cartography mapping project are the trade, migration and (pilgrimage) caravan trails that are directly Qur’an and Islam related. In this regard, the caravan-vectored events of history occurring at Bostra’s Jabal Harun in 582 of the Current Era had a primary impact on the unfolding of Islam. The past Director of Syria’s Department of Antiquities, Dr. Afif Bahnassi, invited team-member Parry, in writing, to investigate what then, in 1985, was exclusively subject to an archaeology project but what now can be detected by remote sensing there at Bostra’s ancient hermitage where the monk Sergius Bahaira, a.k.a. Nestorius, on Jabal Harun, identified the future of 12-yr old , according to early Byzantine records and universally accepted Islamic traditions.

being described only two verses later. is 1.0 INTRODUCTION referred to in the Qur’an in as Jalut. This river can be found by locating the same setting and episode Sacred writ geography and cartography, once described in 1- 17:1; that is, between the two discerned and mapped with the tools of remote cited hills of Socoh and Azekah. Two verses later, sensing, contain the landmarks for a potentially peace- Samuel states “the Philistines were standing on the generating collaboration resulting in an atlas mountain on this side, and the were standing describing the geography of ’s traditions. on the mountain on that side, with the valley between The sacred writs of the three traditions associated with them” where “Saul and the men of Israel…..went the patriarchal prophet Abraham (a.k.a. Ibrahim in drawing up in battle formation to meet the Arabic and Avrahim in Hebrew), namely those of Philistines”. The camp of the Philistines was called Judaism, Christianity and Islam, share geographical Ephesdammim between Socoh and Azekah. The features and cartographic toponyms such that, once camp of Saul and his men of Israel gathered on the discerned, these three traditions can joint venture into Plains of Elah. The resulting stand-off was with further studies and investigations. Goliath and the Philistines on one side of the valley and with Saul and the Israelites on the other, each atop the hills on either side. With Socoh and Azekah 2.0 EXAMPLES twenty miles west-southwest of Jerusalem, the locating of the River of Saul, be it today a dried up 2.1 River of Saul river bed, creek or brook by any other name, can be accomplished and imaged for graphic atlas A case in point follows by triangulating certain representation with the use of a combination of remote descriptions in two of those writs. The Qur’an cites a sensing technologies. River of Saul referred to in Arabic as Nahr Talut, with Talut being the universally accepted Arab Islamic 2.2 and name for King Saul. Chapter Two, Verse 249, describes this river as the one associated “with Goliath A second and more famous case in point for sacred and his forces”; with the slaying of Goliath by writ triangulation discerned by remote sensing is that of Mount Ararat and Mount Judi where, although not taking, particularly when those scrolls and parchments found, ’s Ark is said to have settled as the are at best certainly and at least plausibly what the biblical flood receded, according to the Hebrew Qur’an refers to as the Injil in Chapter Five, Verses and the Arabic Qur’an, respectively. The Qur’an, in 49-51. As one of the famous translators and Chapter Eleven, Verse 44, states “The Ark rested on commentators of the Qur’an put it, “The Injil spoken Judi plateau”. The Torah, in Genesis 8:4, states “the of by the Qur’an is not the New Testament. It is not Ark came to rest on the ”. While the four now received as canonical. It is the not presuming to think we can find the Ark, indeed a single which was revealed to and which quixotic pursuit ending in failure with every attempt, he taught” (page 287, A.Y. Ali, published by Kamal the triangulation of the sacred writ locations has Muslim Trust-Publications of Presidency of Islamic proven effective in unexpected ways. Mount Judi, a Courts and Affairs, State of Qatar, 1946). The part of the Ararat Mountain mass and plateau, likelihood of this and related sacred writs being straddles an international site the Turkish sector of ensconced in the Turkish areas of Biblical Ephesus, which has been recently studied. In the summer of Troas, Bithynia, Nicea, Iznik and Izmit, is more than 1995, Turkish experts identified an anomaly of plausible, as it was from this general region that unusual concentrations of iron oxide fitting in pattern Emperor Diocletian put out the order to destroy all distribution the Biblical description of the Ark. Christian writs, and Emperor Constantine more Perhaps iron oxide is all that is left of the Ark but selectively put out the order to purge all Christian nevertheless, remote sensing imagery graphically writs which did not conform to his model of empire, reproduced can provide a presentation of these and per the Council of Nicea and thus the Nicean Creed. other findings for our proposed atlas. Finding the Injil or related writs might be like finding a needle in a haystack, but not if this sacred writ atlas 2.3 The City of Pillars project is realized up to our expectations when that haystack would then be baled up, one bale at a time, But it was the 1991 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) leaving just such a needle there for the discerning related discovery of Iram/Ubar in Oman that increased investigator’s taking. The number of other sacred writ the likelihood of the greater discoverability of other geographical indicators this project would endeavor to arcane and salient archaeological, historical, discern with RS is such that even if Paul’s “scrolls, cartographic, toponymic, antiquitous and especially the parchments” cannot be found, the atlas geomorphologic indicators cited in the Qur’an. The would still reach completion without any loss and with Iram City of Pillars cited in the Qur’an, Chapter 89, much knowledge gained. Verses 1 and 14 (in Arabic referred to as Iram Dhat al- Imad), which came to be known as Ubar in the Arabian Nights literature, was detected with aerial 3.0 TERRITORY OF STUDY remote sensing technology where and when trails were imaged leading to no discernable human settlement. Iram/Ubar and Ephesus-Istanbul mark our SE and NW On-ground remote sensing technologies were then mapping corners respectively, while the eastern coast plied resulting in the successful discovery of the urban of the Red Sea and the eastern coast of the centre of Iram which sunk into limestone caverns that Mediterranean Sea mark our western boundary. had, over time, been drained of water by the residents Historical Saba, a.k.a. Shabwah and of the of Iram. Iram and the caverns were slowly covered in Qur’an and the , mark our southwestern corner. sand within four centuries of the subsequent revelation Ararat-Judi marks our northeastern corner. of the Qur’an. This discovery put remote sensing (RS) Occasional incursions into historical Biblical Cyrene in a new light with a new focus for sacred writ of Libya, into , Rome and Persia would geography discernment. complete the sacred writ territory we would encompass in this project. A particularly important 2.4 Turkey Prospects incursion would include the area of Arcadia in . Included in our sacred writ mapping project are the An unprecedented, ambitious, perhaps quixotic project trade, migration and hajj (pilgrimage) caravan sarai with profound implications using RS right here in (hospitable camping) trails directly related to Turkey would involve triangulating the likely hidden Jerusalem, , and Bostra (of Syria, not Basra of locations where the purging of sacred writ effects of ). The caravan-vectored events of history Emperors Diocletian and Constantine could be occurring at Bostra’s Jabal Harun (Mount Harun) in identified. Paul, in 2-Timothy 4:13 directs his 582 of the Current Era had a primary impact on the disciples to “bring the scrolls, especially the unfolding of Islam and its relationship to Christianity. parchments” to him in another part of Turkey, from It was to here where the Council of Ephesus of ancient Troas. As it happens, Troas is not so far from the Turkey banished the then new order of Christian traditional seats of Diocletian and Constantine at Nestorians which was, generations later, to produce a Nicea, Izmit and Iznik. Granted, more than 200 years monk named Bahaira who bore a sacred writ titled the separate Paul from these Emperors, but the mere Tabdil (both Bahaira and Tabdil are terms). chance of locating “the scrolls, especially the This monk, with his sacred writ that is said to have parchments” Paul referred to, is a chance worth been passed down over the decades and generations, identified twelve year old Muhammad as the expected Such a Grand Council of Abraham has indeed Mustapha when Prophet Muhammad was part of his happened in recent history. The famous TENT OF uncle Abu Talib’s trade caravan. In written MEETING, created by Michele Zackheim in the correspondence, the past director of Syria’s 1980s was introduced in the Ottawa Citizen Department of Antiquities, Dr. Afif Bahnassi, invited newspaper by Mohammad Azhar Ali Khan in a feature our team CEO in writing to investigate what then, in article with the heading “Tent of Meeting: Prophet 1985, was exclusively subject to an archaeology Abraham would have approved” as follows: “The project but what now can be detected by RS there at Tent of Meeting is a Canadian milestone. The Bostra’s ancient hermitage where the monk Sergius $400,000 collaborative project portrays Jewish, Bahaira, a.k.a. Buhaira and Nestorius, identified the Christian and Islamic images and is based on the fact indicators of Muhammad’s calling, according to that the followers of the three great faiths have a available early Byzantine records and universally common father, the patriarch Abraham, and so accepted Islamic traditions. This hermitage at Jabal historically at least constitute one family” (page A9, Harun is now a tourist attraction. The Citizen, Ottawa, June 26, 1986). The same can be said of our atlas project. Mohammad Azhar Ali Khan went on to state that “Honorary sponsors of the tent 4.0 CONCLUSION are the Canadian Council for and , the Christian Council of the Capital Area, the Ottawa The examples given in this presentation of nexus and Jewish Community Council and the Ottawa Muslim plexus patterns of sacred writ geography and Association.... Arnold Fine, Agudath Israel cartography are but a few of the many we will be Congregation….and Dr. Tawfiq Shahin, Imam of the exploring and incorporating in our final RS atlas. If Ottawa ”. Another sponsor is a group titled you are interested in joining this project either as a Abraham and Friends, Inc. In personal sponsor, investor or with technical assistance, please correspondence, Michele Zackheim asked the author arrange with us a meeting during this ISPRS 20th of this paper to “Please be so kind as to keep me Congress. Regional support garnered to date will be informed of your findings and we will keep you discussed at that time, but suffice it to state and informed about where THE TENT is going and when” conclude that a project such as this, while preferred to (letter written to this project CEO, L.D.B. Parry, July be generated in the private sector, also requires a 19, 1986). By way of another example to go in our consultative Grand Council of Abraham. sacred writ atlas by remote sensing, that is, the location of what Jews call Ha Mishkin, what 4.1 Grand Council of Abraham Christians call the Tabernacle of the Wilderness, and call Buyut al-Sha’ar, we will indeed keep This council would consist of appropriate Michele informed of our findings. If good will representatives of those relevant sacred writs with prevails, insha’ (Allah willing), our exhibit will which the geography identified in this paper can be in fact be THE TENT OF MEETING! discerned by RS. While the atlas itself will be non- sectarian, the Grand Council of Abraham would be composed of the three sectors of Abrahamic 5.0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS monotheism and the sub-sectors within those three. Judaism would have representation from the reform, 5.1 Natural Resource Extraction Industry conservative and orthodox sub-sectors, Christianity would likewise have representatives from the catholic, For our Team’s RS Panel Presentations, we wish to protestant, and orthodox sub-sectors, and Islam would acknowledge coal, oil, gas and power companies have Sunni, Shi’ite and reform-to-orthodox including Suncor Energy, Cardinal River Coals and representation. This task has already begun with Epcor, for their sponsorship and/or financing of the Ayatollah Ghaemagani, the Shi’ite fiqh costs of our RS panel presentations in recent years. (jurisprudence) specialist of Tehran, agreeing to These expert panels consisted of Dr. Gloria Fedirchuk, participate, as have Sunni and Shi’ite Muslim our Calgary-based archaeologist, Dr. Richard Nielsen, representatives of the Islamic Campus Ministry our Houston-based RS expert, his assistant and current affiliated with the University of Alberta Chaplain’s project CAO Jeff Budinski, the Rocky Mountain Cree Association. This listing of those who support our Smallboy Camp Chief and Council, and me, Project effort is substantially longer as the conclusion of this CEO and President/CEO of the MCCSI Institute in paper will demonstrate. It is important to have whose name our panel presentations were endorsed appropriate and competent Hebrew and Arabic and funded. translators combined with relevant religious representatives put to task in a combined effort so as 5.2 Earlier Sources of Acknowledgement not to breech any protocols in this the most sensitive aspect of our undertaking. From the active interest the Syrian Director of Antiquities, Dr. Afif Bahnassi, took in Parry’s Bostra 4.2 The Tent Jabal Harun project of the middle 1980s to recent expressions of participation in our atlas project from Iran’s religious scholars, namely Ayatollah Ghaemagani of Tehran in September 2003, these individuals are to be acknowledged for their roles in providing interest and moral support for this project over the years. In this regard, we wish to acknowledge the two remaining members of our team, Effah Ergil who is part of the Islamic Campus Ministry at the University of Alberta and serves the Edmonton Turkish community, and Zack Sheikh who is the senior Muslim chaplain at the University of Alberta, both of whom have been very active in this project’s linguistic and geographic research.

6.0 REFERENCES

6.1 Letters from Dr. Afif Bahnassi, Director General of the Department of Antiquities of Syria, January 21, 1984 and August 22, 1985, to LDB Parry

6.2 Certificate of membership awarded by the Iranian Geographical Association, September 17, 2003, to LDB Parry

6.3 Extensive Byzantine archives pertaining to the 6th and 7th Centuries of the Current Era

6.4 Various Islamic Hadith (recorded traditions)

6.5 The Torah

6.6 Other Old Testament Books

6.7 The New Testament

6.8 Pseudepigraphical, Apocalyptic, and Apocryphal Writings

6.9 The Holy Qur’an