Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.31

check or money order for the appro- § 61.31 Type rating requirements, addi- priate fee payable to the FAA. tional training, and authorization (c) A request for the replacement of a requirements. lost or destroyed knowledge test report (a) Type ratings required. A person must be made by letter to the Depart- who acts as a pilot in command of any ment of Transportation, FAA, Airman of the following aircraft must hold a Certification Branch, P.O. Box 25082, type rating for that aircraft: Oklahoma City, OK 73125, and must be (1) Large aircraft (except lighter- accompanied by a check or money than-air). order for the appropriate fee payable to (2) Turbojet-powered airplanes. the FAA. (3) Other aircraft specified by the Ad- (d) The letter requesting replacement ministrator through aircraft type cer- of a lost or destroyed airman certifi- tificate procedures. cate, medical certificate, or knowledge (b) Authorization in lieu of a type rat- test report must state: ing. A person may be authorized to op- (1) The name of the person; erate without a type rating for up to 60 (2) The permanent mailing address days an aircraft requiring a type rat- (including ZIP code), or if the perma- ing, provided— nent mailing address includes a post of- fice box number, then the person’s cur- (1) The Administrator has authorized rent residential address; the flight or series of flights; (3) The certificate holder’s date and (2) The Administrator has deter- place of birth; and mined that an equivalent level of safe- (4) Any information regarding the— ty can be achieved through the oper- (i) Grade, number, and date of ating limitations on the authorization; issuance of the airman certificate and (3) The person shows that compliance ratings, if appropriate; with paragraph (a) of this section is (ii) Class of medical certificate, the impracticable for the flight or series of place and date of the medical exam, flights; and name of the Airman Medical Examiner (4) The flight— (AME), and the circumstances con- (i) Involves only a ferry flight, train- cerning the loss of the original medical ing flight, test flight, or practical test certificate, as appropriate; and for a pilot certificate or rating; (iii) Date the knowledge test was (ii) Is within the United States; taken, if appropriate. (iii) Does not involve operations for (e) A person who has lost an airman compensation or hire unless the com- certificate, medical certificate, or pensation or hire involves payment for knowledge test report may obtain a the use of the aircraft for training or facsimile from the FAA Aeromedical taking a practical test; and Certification Branch or the Airman (iv) Involves only the carriage of Certification Branch, as appropriate, flight crewmembers considered essen- confirming that it was issued and the: tial for the flight. (1) Facsimile may be carried as an (5) If the flight or series of flights airman certificate, medical certificate, cannot be accomplished within the or knowledge test report, as appro- time limit of the authorization, the priate, for up to 60 days pending the Administrator may authorize an addi- person’s receipt of a duplicate under tional period of up to 60 days to accom- paragraph (a), (b), or (c) of this section, plish the flight or series of flights. unless the person has been notified (c) Aircraft category, class, and type that the certificate has been suspended ratings: Limitations on the carriage of or revoked. persons, or operating for compensation or (2) Request for such a facsimile must hire. Unless a person holds a category, include the date on which a duplicate class, and type rating (if a class and certificate or knowledge test report type rating is required) that applies to was previously requested. the aircraft, that person may not act [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; as pilot in command of an aircraft that Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40896, July 30, 1997; is carrying another person, or is oper- Amdt. 61–121, 73 FR 43065, July 24, 2008; ated for compensation or hire. That Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42548, Aug. 21, 2009] person also may not act as pilot in

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command of that aircraft for com- (i) Received and logged ground and pensation or hire. flight training from an authorized in- (d) Aircraft category, class, and type structor in a high-performance air- ratings: Limitations on operating an air- plane, or in a flight simulator or flight craft as the pilot in command. To serve training device that is representative as the pilot in command of an aircraft, of a high-performance airplane, and has a person must— been found proficient in the operation (1) Hold the appropriate category, and systems of the airplane; and class, and type rating (if a class or type (ii) Received a one-time endorsement rating is required) for the aircraft to be in the pilot’s logbook from an author- flown; or ized instructor who certifies the person (2) Have received training required by is proficient to operate a high-perform- this part that is appropriate to the ance airplane. pilot certification level, aircraft cat- (2) The training and endorsement re- egory, class, and type rating (if a class quired by paragraph (f)(1) of this sec- or type rating is required) for the air- tion is not required if the person has craft to be flown, and have received an logged flight time as pilot in command endorsement for solo flight in that air- of a high-performance airplane, or in a craft from an authorized instructor. flight simulator or flight training de- vice that is representative of a high- (e) Additional training required for op- performance airplane prior to August 4, erating complex airplanes. (1) Except as 1997. provided in paragraph (e)(2) of this sec- (g) Additional training required for op- tion, no person may act as pilot in erating pressurized aircraft capable of op- command of a complex airplane (an erating at high altitudes. (1) Except as airplane that has a retractable landing provided in paragraph (g)(3) of this sec- gear, flaps, and a controllable pitch tion, no person may act as pilot in propeller; or, in the case of a seaplane, command of a pressurized aircraft (an flaps and a controllable pitch pro- aircraft that has a service ceiling or peller), unless the person has— maximum operating altitude, which- (i) Received and logged ground and ever is lower, above 25,000 feet MSL), flight training from an authorized in- unless that person has received and structor in a complex airplane, or in a logged ground training from an author- flight simulator or flight training de- ized instructor and obtained an en- vice that is representative of a complex dorsement in the person’s logbook or airplane, and has been found proficient training record from an authorized in- in the operation and systems of the air- structor who certifies the person has plane; and satisfactorily accomplished the ground (ii) Received a one-time endorsement training. The ground training must in- in the pilot’s logbook from an author- clude at least the following subjects: ized instructor who certifies the person (i) High-altitude aerodynamics and is proficient to operate a complex air- meteorology; plane. (ii) Respiration; (2) The training and endorsement re- (iii) Effects, symptoms, and causes of quired by paragraph (e)(1) of this sec- hypoxia and any other high-altitude tion is not required if the person has sickness; logged flight time as pilot in command (iv) Duration of consciousness with- of a complex airplane, or in a flight out supplemental oxygen; simulator or flight training device that (v) Effects of prolonged usage of sup- is representative of a complex airplane plemental oxygen; prior to August 4, 1997. (vi) Causes and effects of gas expan- (f) Additional training required for op- sion and gas bubble formation; erating high-performance airplanes. (1) (vii) Preventive measures for elimi- Except as provided in paragraph (f)(2) nating gas expansion, gas bubble for- of this section, no person may act as mation, and high-altitude sickness; pilot in command of a high-perform- (viii) Physical phenomena and inci- ance airplane (an airplane with an en- dents of decompression; and gine of more than 200 horsepower), un- (ix) Any other physiological aspects less the person has— of high-altitude flight.

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(2) Except as provided in paragraph (i) Additional training required for op- (g)(3) of this section, no person may act erating tailwheel airplanes. (1) Except as as pilot in command of a pressurized provided in paragraph (i)(2) of this sec- aircraft unless that person has received tion, no person may act as pilot in and logged training from an authorized command of a tailwheel airplane unless instructor in a pressurized aircraft, or that person has received and logged in a flight simulator or flight training flight training from an authorized in- device that is representative of a pres- structor in a tailwheel airplane and re- surized aircraft, and obtained an en- ceived an endorsement in the person’s dorsement in the person’s logbook or logbook from an authorized instructor training record from an authorized in- who found the person proficient in the structor who found the person pro- operation of a tailwheel airplane. The ficient in the operation of a pressurized flight training must include at least aircraft. The flight training must in- the following maneuvers and proce- clude at least the following subjects: dures: (i) Normal cruise flight operations (i) Normal and crosswind takeoffs while operating above 25,000 feet MSL; and landings; (ii) Proper emergency procedures for (ii) Wheel landings (unless the manu- simulated rapid decompression without facturer has recommended against such actually depressurizing the aircraft; landings); and and (iii) Go-around procedures. (iii) Emergency descent procedures. (2) The training and endorsement re- (3) The training and endorsement re- quired by paragraphs (g)(1) and (g)(2) of quired by paragraph (i)(1) of this sec- this section are not required if that tion is not required if the person logged person can document satisfactory ac- pilot-in-command time in a tailwheel complishment of any of the following airplane before April 15, 1991. in a pressurized aircraft, or in a flight (j) Additional training required for op- simulator or flight training device that erating a glider. (1) No person may act is representative of a pressurized air- as pilot in command of a glider— craft: (i) Using ground-tow procedures, un- (i) Serving as pilot in command be- less that person has satisfactorily ac- fore April 15, 1991; complished ground and flight training (ii) Completing a pilot proficiency on ground-tow procedures and oper- check for a pilot certificate or rating ations, and has received an endorse- before April 15, 1991; ment from an authorized instructor (iii) Completing an official pilot-in- who certifies in that pilot’s logbook command check conducted by the mili- that the pilot has been found proficient tary services of the United States; or in ground-tow procedures and oper- (iv) Completing a pilot-in-command ations; proficiency check under part 121, 125, (ii) Using aerotow procedures, unless or 135 of this chapter conducted by the that person has satisfactorily accom- Administrator or by an approved pilot plished ground and flight training on check airman. aerotow procedures and operations, and (h) Additional aircraft type-specific has received an endorsement from an training. No person may serve as pilot authorized instructor who certifies in in command of an aircraft that the Ad- that pilot’s logbook that the pilot has ministrator has determined requires been found proficient in aerotow proce- aircraft type-specific training unless dures and operations; or that person has— (iii) Using self-launch procedures, un- (1) Received and logged type-specific less that person has satisfactorily ac- training in the aircraft, or in a flight complished ground and flight training simulator or flight training device that on self-launch procedures and oper- is representative of that type of air- ations, and has received an endorse- craft; and ment from an authorized instructor (2) Received a logbook endorsement who certifies in that pilot’s logbook from an authorized instructor who has that the pilot has been found proficient found the person proficient in the oper- in self-launch procedures and oper- ation of the aircraft and its systems. ations.

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(2) The holder of a glider rating (iii) Proper piloting techniques when issued prior to August 4, 1997, is consid- using night vision goggles during the ered to be in compliance with the takeoff, climb, enroute, descent, and training and logbook endorsement re- landing phases of flight; and quirements of this paragraph for the (iv) Normal, abnormal, and emer- specific operating privilege for which gency flight operations using night vi- the holder is already qualified. sion goggles. (k) Additional training required for (3) The requirements under para- night vision goggle operations. (1) Except graphs (k)(1) and (2) of this section do as provided under paragraph (k)(3) of not apply if a person can document sat- this section, a person may act as pilot isfactory completion of any of the fol- in command of an aircraft using night lowing pilot proficiency checks using vision goggles only if that person re- night vision goggles in an aircraft: ceives and logs ground training from (i) A pilot proficiency check on night an authorized instructor and obtains a vision goggle operations conducted by logbook or training record endorse- the U.S. Armed Forces. ment from an authorized instructor (ii) A pilot proficiency check on who certifies the person completed the night vision goggle operations under ground training. The ground training part 135 of this chapter conducted by must include the following subjects: an Examiner or Check Airman. (i) Applicable portions of this chapter (iii) A pilot proficiency check on that relate to night vision goggle limi- night vision goggle operations con- tations and flight operations; ducted by a night vision goggle manu- (ii) Aeromedical factors related to facturer or authorized instructor, when the use of night vision goggles, includ- the pilot— ing how to protect night vision, how (A) Is employed by a Federal, State, the eyes adapt to night, self-imposed county, or municipal law enforcement stresses that affect night vision, effects agency; and of lighting on night vision, cues used to (B) Has logged at least 20 hours as estimate distance and depth perception pilot in command in night vision gog- at night, and visual illusions; gle operations. (iii) Normal, abnormal, and emer- (l) Exceptions. (1) This section does gency operations of night vision goggle equipment; not require a category and class rating for aircraft not type-certificated as air- (iv) Night vision goggle performance planes, rotorcraft, gliders, lighter- and scene interpretation; and than-air aircraft, powered-lifts, pow- (v) Night vision goggle operation ered parachutes, or weight-shift-con- flight planning, including night terrain trol aircraft. interpretation and factors affecting (2) The rating limitations of this sec- terrain interpretation. tion do not apply to— (2) Except as provided under para- (i) An applicant when taking a prac- graph (k)(3) of this section, a person tical test given by an examiner; may act as pilot in command of an air- craft using night vision goggles only if (ii) The holder of a student pilot cer- that person receives and logs flight tificate; training from an authorized instructor (iii) The holder of a pilot certificate and obtains a logbook or training when operating an aircraft under the record endorsement from an authorized authority of— instructor who found the person pro- (A) A provisional type certificate; or ficient in the use of night vision gog- (B) An experimental certificate, un- gles. The flight training must include less the operation involves carrying a the following tasks: passenger; (i) Preflight and use of internal and (iv) The holder of a pilot certificate external aircraft lighting systems for with a lighter-than-air category rating night vision goggle operations; when operating a balloon; (ii) Preflight preparation of night vi- (v) The holder of a recreational pilot sion goggles for night vision goggle op- certificate operating under the provi- erations; sions of § 61.101(h); or

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(vi) The holder of a sport pilot cer- (3) Give assistance on, or receive as- tificate when operating a light-sport sistance on, a knowledge test during aircraft. the period that test is being given; (4) Take any part of a knowledge test [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 40896, July 30, 1997, as amended by Amdt. 61–104, 63 FR 20286, Apr. on behalf of another person; 23, 1998; Amdt. 61–110, 69 FR 44865, July 27, (5) Be represented by, or represent, 2004; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42548, Aug. 21, 2009] another person for a knowledge test; (6) Use any material or aid during the § 61.33 Tests: General procedure. period that the test is being given, un- Tests prescribed by or under this part less specifically authorized to do so by are given at times and places, and by the Administrator; and persons designated by the Adminis- (7) Intentionally cause, assist, or par- trator. ticipate in any act prohibited by this paragraph. § 61.35 Knowledge test: Prerequisites (b) An applicant who the Adminis- and passing grades. trator finds has committed an act pro- hibited by paragraph (a) of this section (a) An applicant for a knowledge test is prohibited, for 1 year after the date must have: of committing that act, from: (1) Received an endorsement, if re- (1) Applying for any certificate, rat- quired by this part, from an authorized ing, or authorization issued under this instructor certifying that the applicant chapter; and accomplished the appropriate ground- (2) Applying for and taking any test training or a home-study course re- under this chapter. quired by this part for the certificate (c) Any certificate or rating held by or rating sought and is prepared for the an applicant may be suspended or re- knowledge test; and voked if the Administrator finds that (2) Proper identification at the time person has committed an act prohib- of application that contains the appli- ited by paragraph (a) of this section. cant’s— (i) Photograph; § 61.39 Prerequisites for practical (ii) Signature; tests. (iii) Date of birth, which shows the (a) Except as provided in paragraphs applicant meets or will meet the age (b) and (c) of this section, to be eligible requirements of this part for the cer- for a practical test for a certificate or tificate sought before the expiration rating issued under this part, an appli- date of the airman knowledge test re- cant must: port; and (1) Pass the required knowledge test (iv) If the permanent mailing is a within the 24-calendar-month period post office box number, then the appli- preceding the month the applicant cant must provide a current residential completes the practical test, if a address. knowledge test is required; (b) The Administrator shall specify (2) Present the knowledge test report the minimum passing grade for the at the time of application for the prac- knowledge test. tical test, if a knowledge test is re- [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as quired; amended by Amdt. 61–104, 63 FR 20286, Apr. (3) Have satisfactorily accomplished 23, 1998; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42548, Aug. 21, the required training and obtained the 2009] aeronautical experience prescribed by this part for the certificate or rating § 61.37 Knowledge tests: Cheating or sought; other unauthorized conduct. (4) Hold at least a third-class medical (a) An applicant for a knowledge test certificate, if a medical certificate is may not: required; (1) Copy or intentionally remove any (5) Meet the prescribed age require- knowledge test; ment of this part for the issuance of (2) Give to another applicant or re- the certificate or rating sought; ceive from another applicant any part (6) Have an endorsement, if required or copy of a knowledge test; by this part, in the applicant’s logbook

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