Diet in mellitus See inside…

• Introduction • What is diabetes mellitus? • Types • Causes • Symptoms • Nutritional requirements • Complications • Conclusion

Introduction

 Diabetes mellitus is commonly known as diabetes

 Serious disease affecting humanity

 Undetected/ untreated diabetes causes further complications Loss of limbs, vision etc

Diabetes is a chronic degenerative disease

 Unable to produce

Make too little unable to use

• It can only be kept under control with the help of nutritionist • If not kept under control- a number of complication can occur

Eye Thickening Kidney disorders of arteries dysfunction

Proper care is essential to prevent What is diabetes mellitus??

It is characterized by the passage of sweet urine

Excessive urine production, thirst

Excessive , weight loss

It is defined as a group of disorders with measurable persistent Classification:

• Type Ι • Type ΙΙ • Other specific types Type Ι

Also called Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), Juvenile-onset diabetes

Occurs at any age, although common in younger age group

Pancreas do not produce sufficient insulin

Patient depends on insulin, elevation of blood glucose

Variation in blood glucose levels make patient prone to two conditions

The onset of this disorder is usually abrupt, and the condition is difficult to control Causes

Genetic

Infectionsc Type Ι utes

Immunological Environmental factor factors Type ΙΙ

• Also called as noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), adult onset diabetes

• Patient with this condition can manufacture some insulin but do not make sufficient amount or cannot use insulin efficiently

• Persons with type ΙΙ are not insulin dependent, some of them use insulin because of persistent hyperglycemia

• Most of these persons are obese

Causes

Genetic Life style Age Abdominal fat Type ΙΙ Pregnancy

Insulin Environmental resistance factors Symptoms

Hyperglycemia Glycosuria Fluid & High blood Electrolyte sugar or glucose Balance Dehydration Fatigue & loss Excretion of of weight potassium, magnesium,

• intolerance during pregnancy

• Pregnancy raises blood insulin levels in all women

• The blood glucose turns to normal after delivery

• Women with this condition are at increased risk for developing type ΙΙ diabetes as they age

Diet

 Its an essential part of the treatment of diabetic patients

 A fixed exchange system is necessary for daily intake

Food exchange list

 It is a list of groups measured foods of the same calorific value & similar protein, fat & CHO

And

 Can be substituted one for another in a plan

To a good diet

Food exchange list helps the patient To restrict the food intake according to insulin prescription

To have variety in the diet

Easy learning of the principles of diet

To maintain body weight Nutritional requirements

• ENERGY: Hospitalized patients are given 25 Kcal/kg body weight

• CARBOHYDRATE: It is maintained to about 45-60% of total calories.

Should be in the form of Rapidly absorbed mono & disaccharide should be polysaccharides avoided Protein & fat

PROTEIN: It should be 0.8g/kg of ideal body weight increased intake up to 15 to 20 % of total energy in adolescent children, pregnant or nursing mothers

FAT: Total fat should be 20 to 30% of the total energy (7-10%), monounsaturated (10-13%) & polyunsaturated (8-10%) of the total energy. less than 300 mg /day

Vitamins & minerals

• Similar to those of other individuals. There is no need for supplement

• Pregnant woman may need a & mineral supplement

Alcohol: Moderate use of alcohol does not adversely affect diabetes in a well controlled patient

Dietary fibre

Diet rich in dietary fibre & complex benefit diabetics. It lowers

-Insulin requirements -serum cholesterol & triglyceride values Aids in weight control and lowers blood pressure

Whole grains, fruits and vegetables and fenugreek seeds are rich in complex carbohydrates

Complications

Acute complication s

Ketoacidos is Hypoglycem ia or insulin shock Infections

Chronic Cataract & Nephropathy complications retinopathy

Heart disease Conclusion

• Diabetes mellitus is caused by an under secretion or underutilization of insulin &/or receptor or post receptor defects

• It’s a group of disorders with a common sign of hyperglycemia

• Person with diabetes suffer from acute & chronic complication

• Treatment involves medication, nutritional management & exercise

• is a fundamental part of treatment