Language Index

Cambridge University Press 0521016533 - Analyzing Grammar: An Introduction Paul R. Kroeger Index More information

Language index

Agatu 98 “strong” verbs 308 Amele 100, 116, 191, 220, 316–317, 321 subject–aux inversion 225 Amharic 185 subjecthood properties 56–57 Arabic 143, 151, 185 suppletive morphology 23, 290 Asheninca 146n.5 VP constituent 81–82 Azerbaijani, Southern 120, 229, 284, 302 Eskimo 185 Eskimo, Greenlandic 204, 206 Bariba 99 Estonian 195n.15 Basari 307 Bekwarra 314 Finnish 24, 195n.15, 213, 215, 252 Bengali 195n.15 French 80, 140, 172n.4, 185, 256 Biatah 140, 185 Birom 309 Gee 18–21 Buru 117 German 80, 128, 129, 137, 139, 140, 160, 186, 233, 235, 254, 259, 263, 308 Cambodian (Khmer) 133, 201 Greek 185 Cashinahua 109 Gurung 163 ChiBemba 151, 161 Chichewa 261–262, 273, 276, 277–278, 328 Hatam 93 Chimwiini 278 Hausa 181 Chinantec, Lalana 291 Hebrew 182, 185, 213, 238, 307 Chinantec, Palantla 314 Hindi 110, 195n.15, 234 Chinese 80, 131–132, 141, 160, 175, 185, Hokkien 185 206–208, 234, 246n.21 Hopi 217n.7, 283 Chinook 150 Huichol 289 Chontal, Oaxaca 305 Hungarian 195n.15, 217n.9 Chukchee 280 Indonesian (see Malay) Dogon 233 Inga 329 Dusun 150, 185 Irish 185 Dutch 256 Italian 80, 172n.4, 256, 326 Dyirbal 109, 129, 130 Jacaltec 144, 204 Ekpeye 169 Japanese 80, 84, 134, 271, 279 English 17, 34–35, 37, 56, 63, 90–92, 103, 105, 112, 200, 204–205, 223, 234–235, Kalaw Lagaw Ya 124 241, 244n.1, 248–249, 288, 292–294, Kalkatungu 118 317 Karo Batak 257–258 adverbial clause as PP 227–229 Kashmiri 195n.15 auxiliary verbs 82, 165 Kayan 141 derivational morphology 12, 252, 254, 255, Khmer (see Cambodian) 260, 263–264, 270 Kimaragang Dusun 141, 149, 166, 185, imperfective aspect 157 226–227, 275–276, 305, 306 noun phrases 87–89, 90–92, 97 Kinyarwanda 283 possessor phrase 92, 95, 322 Korean 288

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Language index 361

Land Dayak 185 Romanian 172n.4 Latin 22, 129, 134, 164, 188, 200, 217n.3, Russian 114, 156, 158, 209–210, 324 245n.18, 298–299, 301 Lithuanian 149 Salish 50n.9 Lotuko 7–10 Sama, Pangutaran 273, 330 Luiseño 265 Samoan 141 Sherpa 167 Malak-Malak 94 Southern Tiwa 113, 146n.6, 280, 281–282 Malay/Indonesian 63, 92, 139, 140, 141, 160, Spanish 155–156, 159, 183–184, 301, 325, 328 185, 212, 229, 241, 279, 287n.14, 304, Sùpy`ıré 182 307, 309–310, 320–321 Susurunga 139 constituent structure 28–32, 41, 44 Swahili 24, 130, 159, 200, 335–340 classifiers 132–133 derivational morphology 254, 256–257, 258 Tabulahan 114–116, 333n.6 Malayalam 81, 102–104, 106, 110, 199, 271 Tagalog 162–163, 172n.5, 174, 176, 178–181, Manipuri 259, 260 184, 185, 186, 234, 238, 304, 305, 310, Mersthami (artificial) 49 311, 323–324, 332 Mohawk 281 Tamil 168 Muna 149, 255, 326–328, 333n.6 Tawala 266 Teochew 1–2 Nahuatl 112, 280 Terena 308 Ngbaka 48, 83 Tibetan 168 Ngiyambaa 169 Tlingit 331 Nivkh 134 Tok Pisin 190, 214 Turkish 17, 185, 213, 233, 260, 277, 306 Onandaga 23 Tzeltal 133

Papago 310 Vietnamese 133 Persian 238 Pitjantjatjara 107–108 Wakashan 50n.9 Polish 333n.6 Wali 297 Popoluca, Sayula 286 Walmatjari 106–107, 143, 167 Portuguese 80, 81, 92, 112, 117, 129, 139, Wantoat 295 150, 243, 255, 259, 264, 333n.6 Warlpiri 29, 229 Warrgamay 94 Quechua, Cuzco 261 Welsh 292, 308 Quechua, Huallaga 167, 208–209, 213, 226 Quechua, Imbabura 151, 260 Yessan-Mayo 215 Quechua, Tarma 291 Yidiny 122 Quich´e 119 Yimas 143 Yurok 185 Rembarrnga 23 Rotuman 311–312 Zapotec, Isthmus 10–12, 14–17, 130, 140

Subject index

ablaut 308 clitic 99, 101n.5, 208, 209, 213, 217n.8, adjuncts 58, 227 316–329 arguments vs. adjuncts 58–60 clitic climbing 326 complements vs. adjuncts 87–89, 187–188 clitic doubling 328 adverbial clause (= clausal adjunct) 219, clitic vs. affix 318–319, 325–329 227–230, 240 phrasal affix 322 adversatives 279–280 second position clitics 323–324 agreement 17, 56, 62, 80, 111–116, 118, 138, simple clitics 320–322, 329 189 special clitics 320, 322–325, 329 concord (= agreement with N) 117 collocational clash (see selectional possessor agreement 93, 116–117, 245n.11 restrictions) allomorphy 288–301 complement 37, 75, 87 lexically conditioned 290, 291 (see also complement clause 219, 220–225, 240 inflectional classes) complementary distribution 16, 20, 116, 289, morphologically conditioned 291–292 326, 327 phonologically conditioned 289, 291, 294 complementizer 220 ambiguity 26, 165 compositionality of meaning 8 lexical 27 compounds 14, 248–249 structural 27, 52 consonant mutation 308 anaphora vs. deixis 136–137 constituents 26, 27, 28–32, 40, 47 animacy 110 (see also person–animacy AP constituent 90–92 hierarchy) constituency tests 30–32 applicative 273–274 discontinuous 29, 195n.7 apposition 138, 327, 333n.8 N (“N-bar”) 97–98 argument structure 68 S (“S-bar”) 221 arguments 53, 58, 62 VP constituent 81–82 aspect 147, 152–157 coordination 91, 218–219 lexical aspect 152–154 copula 173, 176–177, 178, 181–185 perfective vs. imperfective 154–157 telicity 154, 156 defective verbs 181 diminutives 254–255 case 102–111, 116, 117, 140 dummy subject 186 ergative vs. accusative 105–107, 118 grammatical vs. semantic 103–104, 118 ellipsis 37 causatives 260, 277–278 ergativity 105–110 circumfix 254, 257, 279, 307 ergative agreement 114–116 classifiers 128, 131, 133–134 split ergativity 107–110, 118 clause 32, 53 extraposition 221 attributive clause 175, 178 equative clause 175, 178 focus 198, 205, 208, 209, 213, 217n.9 existential clause 181, 190, 195n.17 locative clause 175, 178 gender 128–131, 133–134, 139, 299 meteorological clause 186, 212 common gender 134 clause-mates 76 grammatical hierarchy 33, 38

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Subject index 363

Grammatical Relations (GRs) 29, 55–58, 78, noun 272 mass vs. count 18, 36, 66–67, 90 primary vs. secondary objects 61–62, 287n.4 proper vs. common 44, 46 semantically restricted 79, 86n.7 number 4, 16, 36, 139 terms vs. oblique arguments 57–58, 62 “object deletion” 71, 80 imperative 186, 199–203 impersonal clauses 185–187 paradigm 17, 252, 299 incorporation 23, 280–282 part of speech (see syntactic categories) infix 149, 162, 257, 304, 305–306 passive 271–273 inflection vs. derivation 247, 250–253, adversative passive 287n.9 259–262, 290 perfect 158–161 inflectional classes 297–299, 300 person 16, 138 conjugations 298 inclusive vs. exclusive 139 declensions 298 person–animacy hierarchy 109, 126n.5 intensifiers (=adverbs of degree) 34, phrase 32, 35 90 head vs. dependent 36–37 irrealis 149, 162, 165 Phrase Structure “Item and Process” model 304, 313 annotations 77, 78 PS rules 42–44 Kleene star 91 tree diagrams 38–41 VP constituent 81–82 lexicon 43, 66, 262–264, 265 politeness 140, 202 lexical entries 66–67, 83, 177 position class chart 15–17, 19, 22, 259–262 lexical insertion 43 possession 92–95, 116–117, 180–181 linking 69 alienable vs. inalienable possession 93–94, 116 markedness 198–199 pragmatic functions (see topic; focus) measure words 131 predicate 53, 63, 173 metathesis 311–312 predicate complement (XCOMP) 92, 174, minimal contrast 8, 11, 13 176–177, 187–189 modality 147, 163, 165–168 prescriptive grammar 5 epistemic vs. deontic 166 “pro-drop” 79–81, 186 evidentials 167 pronouns 45, 46, 135–143 speaker-oriented vs. agent-oriented 166 null (pro) 81 mood 147, 163–165 reflexive vs. emphatic 137–138 major moods 53, 163, 196 (see also speech propositions 53 acts) proximity 140, 150 subjunctive 164–165 morpheme questions 203–210 definition 12–13 alternative question 204, 206 discontinuous 307 (see also circumfix) indirect question 224, 239 free vs. bound 13, 248, 316 rhetorical questions 197 null 17–18 tag questions 57, 204–205, 207, 211 portmanteau 22, 25n.3, 253, 298 Wh-/constituent/content 31, 203, 205–206, “process” morpheme (see Item and Process) 207–208 root vs. affix 14, 16, 248, 316 Yes–No 2, 6, 203, 206–207, 324 morphological types 23 quotation agglutinating 22 direct 224, 226–227 analytic (= isolating) 22 indirect 224–225 polysynthetic 23 synthetic 22 reciprocals 275, 276 morphophonemics 290, 292–296, 299 recurring partials 8, 10 recursion 94–95, 218 negation 211–214 reduplication 162, 304, 309 nominalization 233, 254, 256–258 reflexive affix 274

364 Analyzing Grammar: An Introduction

relative clauses 89, 98, 219, 230–240, 241 lexical 33–35 correlative 234 major vs. minor 37 free relative 239–240 phrasal 35–38, 44–46 headless relative clauses 239 internally headed 233–234 tense 147–152 relative pronoun vs. relativizer 234–236 relative tense 148, 151–152, 172n.5 restrictive vs. non-restrictive 231–232 topic 56, 198 resumptive pronouns 238 transitivity 69, 83 (see also valence)

selectional restrictions 73–74, 173 valence 69–70, 83, 270 semantic roles 53–55 valence alternations 70–72 speech acts 196–197, 214 valence-changing operations 72, 256, stem 248, 250 270–282 “strong” verbs 308 subcategorization 59, 68, 70, 74–75, 83, 177, well-formedness conditions 75–76, 179 179 subordination 219–241 uniqueness of oblique arguments 79 subtractive morphology 310 Word Formation Rule (WFR) 262–265, 272, suppletion 23, 290–292, 294–295, 296–297, 274 300 word boundaries 317, 318, 320 supraﬁx 308 work charts 19–21, 115 syntactic categories 3, 26, 27, 33–38, 47, 253 criteria for 34–36 zero-anaphora (see “pro-drop”)