FREDERICK COPLESTON, S.J. A HISTORY OF

VOLUME 1 . and Rome

II BURNS & OATES BURNS & OATES, Wellwood, North Farm Road, Tunbridge Wells, Kent TN2 3DR

First published 1946 First paperback edition 1999

Copyright © Frederick Copleston 1946

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means whether electronic, mechanical, chemical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, known or as yet unknown, for any purpose except for brief quotations in reviews, without the previous written permission of the publisher.

ISBN 0 86012 294 8

Printed in Great Britain by MPG Limited, Bodmin, Cornwall CONTENTS Cltapur P41, PREFACE v I. INTRODUCTION I

PART I PRE-SOCRATIC PHILOSOPHY II. THE CRADLE OF WESTERN THOUGHT: IONIA . 13 III. THE PIONEERS: EARLY IONIAN 22 IV. THE PYTHAGOREAN SocIETY 29 v. THE WORD OF HERACLITUS . 38 VI. THE ONE OF PARMENIDES AND MELISSUS 47 VII. THE DIALECTIC OF ZENO 54 VIII. EMPEDOCLES OF AKRAGAS 61 IX. THE ADVANCE OF 66 x . THE ATOMISTS 72 XI. PRE-SocRAnc PHILOSOPHY 76

PART II THE SOCRATIC PERIOD Xll. THE SoPHISTS 81 XIII. SolilE INDIVIDUAL SOPHISTS 87 XIV. SocRATES

PART III PLATO XVII. LIFE OF PLATO 127 XVIII. PLATO'S WORKS 133 XIX. THEORY OF KNOWLEDGE . 142 xx. THE DOCTRINE OF FORMS x63 XXI. THE PSYCHOLOGY OF PLATO 207 XXII. MORAL THEORY 216 XXIII. THE STATE 223 XXIV. PHvsics or PLATO Z+4 xxv. ART 253 Nom ON THE INFLUENCE OF PLATO 26o XXVI. THE OLD ACADEMY 263 ix x CONTENTS

PART IV

Chap11r ARISTOTLE Page XXVII. LIFE AND WRITINGS OF ARISTOTLE 266 XXVIII. LOGIC OF ARISTOTLE 277 XXIX. THE METAPHYSICS OF ARISTOTLE • 287 xxx. PHILOSOPHY OF NATURE AND PSYCHOLOGY 320 XXXI. ARlSTOTLE's ETHICS 332 XXXII. POLITICS 35I XXXIII. AESTHETICS OF ARISTOTLE 359 NOTE ON THE OLDER PERIPATETICS 369 XXXIV. PLATO AND ARISTOTLE 372

PART V POST-ARISTOTELIAN PHILOSOPHY XXXV. INTRODUCTORY 379 XXXVI. THE EARLY STOA 385 XXXVII. EPICUREANISM 401 NOTE ON CYNICISM IN THE FIRST PERIOD OF THE HELLENISTIC EPOCH 412 XXXVIII. THE OLDER SCEPTICS, THE MIDDLE AND NEW ACADEMIES 413 XXXIX. THE MIDDLE STOA 421 NOTE ON THE PERIPATE'IIC ScHOOL IN THE HELLENISTIC-ROMAN PERIOD 425 4L. THE LATER STOA 428 XLI. CYNICS, ECLECTICS, SCEPTICS 438 XLII. NEo-PYTHAGOREANISM • 446 NOTE ON APOLLONIUS OF TYANA 449 XLIII. MIDDLE Pu.tONISM 45I XLIV. JEWISH-HELLENISTIC Pml.OSOPHY 457 XLV. PLOTINIAN NEO-Pl.ATONISM 463 XLVI. OnmR N.Eo-Pz.ATONIC ScHOOLS 476 XLVII. CONCLt1DING REVIEW- 486

APPENDICES I . SOME ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS VoLmm • 507 II. A NOTE ON SoURCES 510 III. A FEW BOOKS 512 INDEX 5I7