Technical Bulletin

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

TechnicalInformation TechnologyBulletin for:Solutions Western Poplar Borer Paranthrene robiniae (Edwards) • Lepidoptera, Sesiidae • PARROB From sea level to near the timber line from Alaska southward along the Pacific Coast to DISTRIBUTION southern California and throughout the Rocky Mountains into the desert southwest and as far east as Kansas and North Dakota. HOSTS Various species of Poplar, Willow and Birch. DESCRIPTION The wingspan is 23–30 mm for males and 30–36 mm for females. Adults are yellow-black, with Adult Moth orange brown forewings with somewhat darker veins. The hindwings are transparent with a conspicuous deep yellow discal mark and fringed with dark brown scales. Larvae About 23-30 mm long, white to grayish white with a brown head and thoracic shield. Eggs Oval and brown with a reticulated surface- 1.0-1.2 mm across the greatest axis Adults emerge mostly from March to August, depending on location. Newly hatched larvae crawl over the bark for a few hours before selecting suitable sites to begin feeding. The larvae initially excavate cavities in the phloem and cambium and later galleries into the wood. The larvae feed during two successive summer and fall seasons. The first winter in the galleries, LIFE HISTORY which are loosely packed with frass and the second winter in pupal chambers near the distal ends of the galleries. These distal ends are capped with silk, but no cocoons are formed. Pupation lasts two to three weeks. A generation requires two years over most of its range but may be of shorter duration in its southern range. MONITORING INFORMATION LURE ACTIVE INGREDIENTS, EZ-3,13-18OH and ZZ-3,13-18OH in a Red Rubber Septum. Lure Longevity: Thirty SUBSTRATE & FIELD LIFE (30) days. TRAP TO USE Red Paper or Plastic Delta Trap Hang traps near host plants, at least 1 m off of the ground. When trapping for multiple species MONITORING STRATEGY of insect, a spacing of up to 20m is recommended Check with local Forestry Service for further information and recommendations. Inspect for damage to crops, which includes sap ooze from bark as well as frass ejected from CULTURAL & PHYSICAL the bark. Heavier infestations can be determined by swollen and/or galled/cankered trunks with CONTROL numerous entrance/exit holes. Remove infested branches, or whole tree if infestation is significant enough, and incinerate remains as necessary. .

Copy Link

Recommended publications

New Records of Microlepidoptera in Alberta, Canada
Volume 59 2005 Number 2 Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society 59(2), 2005, 61-82 NEW RECORDS OF MICROLEPIDOPTERA IN ALBERTA, CANADA GREGORY R. POHL Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Northern Forestry Centre, 5320 - 122 St., Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6H 3S5 email: [email protected] CHARLES D. BIRD Box 22, Erskine, Alberta, Canada T0C 1G0 email: [email protected] JEAN-FRANÇOIS LANDRY Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0C6 email: [email protected] AND GARY G. ANWEILER E.H. Strickland Entomology Museum, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2H1 email: [email protected] ABSTRACT. Fifty-seven species of microlepidoptera are reported as new for the Province of Alberta, based primarily on speci- mens in the Northern Forestry Research Collection of the Canadian Forest Service, the University of Alberta Strickland Museum, the Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids, and Nematodes, and the personal collections of the ﬁrst two authors. These new records are in the families Eriocraniidae, Prodoxidae, Tineidae, Psychidae, Gracillariidae, Ypsolophidae, Plutellidae, Acrolepi- idae, Glyphipterigidae, Elachistidae, Glyphidoceridae, Coleophoridae, Gelechiidae, Xyloryctidae, Sesiidae, Tortricidae, Schrecken- steiniidae, Epermeniidae, Pyralidae, and Crambidae. These records represent the ﬁrst published report of the families Eriocrani- idae and Glyphidoceridae in Alberta, of Acrolepiidae in western Canada, and of Schreckensteiniidae in Canada. Tetragma gei, Tegeticula
[Show full text]
September October 2008 Vol 65.2 Victoria Natural
SEPTEMBER OCTOBER 2008 VOL 65.2 VICTORIA NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY The Victoria Naturalist Vol. 65.2 (2008) Published six times a year by the SUBMISSIONS VICTORIA NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, P.O. Box 5220, Station B, Victoria, BC V8R 6N4 Deadline for next issue: October 1, 2008 Contents © 2008 as credited. Send to: Claudia Copley ISSN 0049—62X Printed in Canada 657 Beaver Lake Road, Victoria BC V8Z 5N9 Editors: Claudia Copley, 250-479-6622, Penelope Edwards Phone: 250-479-6622 Desktop Publishing: Frances Hunter, 250-479-956 Fax: 250-479-6622 e-mail: [email protected] Distribution: Tom Gillespie, Phyllis Henderson, Morwyn Marshall Printing: Fotoprint, 250-382-828 Guidelines for Submissions Opinions expressed by contributors to The Victoria Naturalist Members are encouraged to submit articles, field trip reports, natural are not necessarily those of the Society. history notes, and book reviews with photographs or illustrations if possible. Photographs of natural history are appreciated along with VICTORIA NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY documentation of location, species names and a date. Please label your Honorary Life Members Dr. Bill Austin, Mrs. Lyndis Davis, submission with your name, address, and phone number and provide a Mr. Tony Embleton, Mr. Tom Gillespie, Mrs. Peggy Goodwill, title. We request submission of typed, double-spaced copy in an IBM compatible word processing file on diskette, or by e-mail. Photos and Mr. David Stirling, Mr. Bruce Whittington slides, and diskettes submitted will be returned if a stamped, self- Officers: 2006-2007 addressed envelope is included with the material. Digital images are PRESIDENT: Darren Copley, 250-479-6622, [email protected] welcome, but they need to be high resolution: a minimum of 1200 x VICE-PRESIDENT: James Miskelly, 250-477-0490, [email protected] 550 pixels, or 300 dpi at the size of photos in the magazine.
[Show full text]
FIELD GUIDE to DISEASES and INSECTS of QUAKING ASPEN in the WEST Part I: WOOD and BARK BORING INSECTS Brytten E
United States Department of Agriculture FIELD GUIDE TO DISEASES AND INSECTS OF QUAKING ASPEN IN THE WEST Part I: WOOD AND BARK BORING INSECTS Brytten E. Steed and David A. Burton Forest Forest Health Protection Publication April Service Northern Region R1-15-07 2015 WOOD & BARK BORING INSECTS WOOD & BARK BORING INSECTS CITATION Steed, Brytten E.; Burton, David A. 2015. Field guide to diseases and insects FIELD GUIDE TO of quaking aspen in the West - Part I: wood and bark boring insects. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Health Protection, Missoula DISEASES AND INSECTS OF MT. 115 pp. QUAKING ASPEN IN THE WEST AUTHORS Brytten E. Steed, PhD Part I: WOOD AND BARK Forest Entomologist BORING INSECTS USFS Forest Health Protection Missoula, MT Brytten E. Steed and David A. Burton David A. Burton Project Director Aspen Delineation Project Penryn, CA ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Technical review, including species clarifications, were provided in part by Ian Foley, Mike Ivie, Jim LaBonte and Richard Worth. Additional reviews and comments were received from Bill Ciesla, Gregg DeNitto, Tom Eckberg, Ken Gibson, Carl Jorgensen, Jim Steed and Dan Miller. Many other colleagues gave us feedback along the way - Thank you! Special thanks to Betsy Graham whose friendship and phenomenal talents in graphics design made this production possible. Cover images (from top left clockwise): poplar borer (T. Zegler), poplar flat head (T. Zegler), aspen bark beetle (B. Steed), and galls from an unidentified photo by B. Steed agent (B. Steed). We thank the many contributors of photographs accessed through Bugwood, BugGuide and Moth Photographers (specific recognition in United States Department of Agriculture Figure Credits).
[Show full text]
Comparison of Mating Disruption and Insecticide Application for Control of Peachtree Borer and Lesser Peachtree Borer (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) in Peach
insects Article Comparison of Mating Disruption and Insecticide Application for Control of Peachtree Borer and Lesser Peachtree Borer (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) in Peach Daniel L. Frank 1,2,*, Stephen Starcher 3 and Rakesh S. Chandran 2 1 Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA 2 Extension Service, Agriculture and Natural Resources Unit, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; [email protected] 3 Division of Applied Sciences, Potomac State College, Keyser, WV 26726, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-540-231-6543 Received: 24 August 2020; Accepted: 23 September 2020; Published: 25 September 2020 Simple Summary: The peachtree borer and lesser peachtree borer are destructive insect pests of peach and other stone fruit. Damage is caused by larval feeding on the vascular cambium, which reduces tree health and vigor and can lead to tree death. The traditional method to control these pests is with directed trunk sprays of the organophosphate insecticide, chlorpyrifos. However, the ongoing review of pesticide tolerances mandated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA) makes the option of future long-term use of chlorpyrifos uncertain. Mating disruption is an alternative method of control that uses synthetic sex pheromones to disrupt male mate-finding behavior and prevent mating. We conducted field studies to compare the efficacy of mating disruption and application of chlorpyrifos insecticide for control of this pest complex. Although our data indicated that mating disruption can provide growers with an effective non-chemical alternative to chlorpyrifos trunk sprays, several variables may affect its long-term success in West Virginia peach orchards; most notably the presence of high population densities of the pest species, problems with maintaining adequate pheromone coverage in orchards, and the need for area-wide implementation.
[Show full text]
Lepidoptera Recorded on Santa Catalina Island
LEPIDOPTERA RECORDED ON SANTA CATALINA ISLAND compiled by Jerry A. Powell August 2004; revised Jan. 2012 INTRODUCTION. --- HISTORY OF LEPIDOPTERA INVENTORY ON SANTA CATALINA ISLAND, CALIFORNIA Santa Catalina Island is the third largest of the eight Channel Islands off the coast of southern California. It is the largest and nearest to the mainland (ca. 20 miles) of the four southern islands and historically has been the most easily accessible to visitors, some of whom collected Lepidoptera long before any were recorded on the other islands. Catalina island has an area of 76 mi2 (122 km2) and is about 21 miles (34 km) long and 8 miles (13 km) wide near its center. The island is mountainous, with a central ridge along its length, reaching elevations of 2,097’ (670m) and 2,010’ (648m). The flora is diverse, 2nd only to Santa Cruz among the CA islands, with more than 400 native species of vascular plants and 175+ introduced taxa. It is the only CA island open to the public, receiving daily residential and tourist traffic, with ferry and air transportation to and from Avalon (3,000 resident population) and Two Harbors (200 residents) (Schoenherr et al. 1999). The town of Avalon was founded as a potential resort in 1887, and later the island was purchased by the Banning family, who formed the Santa Catalina Island Company and completed work on Avalon, which they promoted as a fishing resort. By the 1890s photographs taken around Avalon indicate extensive vegetation stripping by feral goats and sheep. Feral ruminants were excluded from the southeastern portion of the island following its purchase by Wm.
[Show full text]
The Potential for Monitoring and Control of Insect Pests in Southern
The potential for monitoring and control of insect pests in Southern Hemisphere forestry plantations using semiochemicals Ryan Nadel, Michael Wingfield, Mary Scholes, Simon Lawson, Slippers To cite this version: Ryan Nadel, Michael Wingfield, Mary Scholes, Simon Lawson, Slippers. The potential for monitoring and control of insect pests in Southern Hemisphere forestry plantations using semiochemicals. Annals of Forest Science, Springer Nature (since 2011)/EDP Science (until 2010), 2012, 69 (7), pp.757-767. 10.1007/s13595-012-0200-9. hal-00930849 HAL Id: hal-00930849 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00930849 Submitted on 1 Jan 2012 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Annals of Forest Science (2012) 69:757–767 DOI 10.1007/s13595-012-0200-9 REVIEW PAPER The potential for monitoring and control of insect pests in Southern Hemisphere forestry plantations using semiochemicals Ryan L. Nadel & Michael J. Wingfield & Mary C. Scholes & Simon A. Lawson & Bernard Slippers Received: 1 August 2011 /Accepted: 27 February 2012 /Published online: 22 March 2012 # INRA / Springer-Verlag France 2012 Abstract & Results Semiochemical research in forestry has grown & Context Southern Hemisphere plantation forestry has exponentially over the last 40 years but has been almost grown substantially over the past few decades and will play exclusively focussed on Northern Hemisphere forests.
[Show full text]
Eichlin, T. D. 1992. Clearwing Moths of Baja California, Mexico
Vol. 3 No. 2 1992 EICHLIN: Baja California Sesiidae 135 TROPICAL LEPIDOPTERA, 3(2): 135-150 CLEARWING MOTHS OF BAJA CALIFORNIA, MEXICO (LEPIDOPTERA: SESIIDAE) THOMAS D. EICHLIN Insect Biosystematics Laboratory, Division of Plant Industry, Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento, CA 94271-0001, USA ABSTRACT.- The 15 known species of Sesiidae of Baja California, Mexico are discussed. Five species are unique to the Baja Peninsula, four of which are described as new species: Melittia faulkneri n. sp., M. gilberti n. sp., Carmenta andrewsi n. sp., and C. erici n. sp. Adults are described, figured and salient features illustrated. KEY WORDS: Betulaceae, biology, Carmenta, Carmenta andrewsi n. sp., Carmenta erici n. sp., Compositae, Cucurbitaceae, distribution, Fagaceae, hostplants, Hymenoclea, Lauraceae, Malvaceae, Melittia, Melittia faulkneri n. sp., Melittia gilberti n. sp., Nearctic, Neotropical, Paranthrene, Paranthreninae, Penstemonia, pheromones, Platanaceae, Polemoniaceae, Polygonaceae, Rosaceae, Salicaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Sesiinae, Solanaceae, Sophona, Synanthedon, Tinthiinae, Western Hemisphere. Zenodoxus, USA. The clearwing moth (Sesiidae) fauna is poorly understood for most regions of the Western Hemisphere. The fauna for America TINTHIINAE Le Cerf north of Mexico is the exception, having been reviewed in several comprehensive treatments (Beutenmiiller, 1901; Engelhardt, 1946; SOPHONA Walker MacKay, 1968 (larvae); Duckworth and Eichlin, 1977; and Eichlin and Duckworth, 1988). Sophona snellingi Eichlin I have been gradually revising the Western Hemisphere clear- wing moths according to subfamily (Tinthiinae - Eichlin, 1986; Sophona snellingi Eichlin, 1986:349. Paranthreninae - Eichlin, 1989), but the remaining subfamily (Sesiinae) is too large to treat for such an extensive geographic DIAGNOSIS.- Wing length: ll-12mm. The yellow and orange area. For practical reasons, instead of presenting portions of the red coloring of the abdomen and wings help to distinguish this Sesiinae for all of the Western Hemisphere, I plan to produce species.
[Show full text]
Chapter 5. Moths and Butterflies of the Prairies Ecozone in Canada
169 Chapter 5 Moths and Butterflies of the Prairies Ecozone in Canada Gregory R. Pohl Natural Resources Canada, Northern Forestry Centre, 5320 - 122 St., Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6H 3S5 B. Christian Schmidt Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes, K.W. Neatby Bldg., 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A 0C6 J. Donald Lafontaine and Jean-François Landry Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes, K.W. Neatby Bldg., 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A 0C6 Gary G. Anweiler University of Alberta, E.H. Strickland Entomological Museum, Department of Biological Sciences, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2E3 Charles D. Bird P.O. Box 22, Erskine, Alberta, Canada, T0C 1G0 Abstract. The Prairies Ecozone of southern Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta supports a diverse fauna, with 2,232 species of butterflies and moths (order Lepidoptera) recorded to date in 61 families. By far the best known Lepidoptera are the butterflies, with 177 species known to occur in the ecozone. The species known to occur in the Prairies Ecozone are listed by province. The Lepidoptera fauna of this ecozone is reviewed in terms of diversity, state of knowledge of the major groups, postglacial and relict patterns, recent changes in distribution, and endangered and threatened species. Résumé. L’écozone des prairies du sud du Manitoba, de la Saskatchewan et de l’Alberta abrite une faune diversifiée qui compte 2 232 espèces de papillons diurnes et de nuit (Ordre Lepidoptera) répertoriées à ce jour, représentant 61 familles. L’écozone comprend 177 espèces de papillons diurnes, qui sont beaucoup mieux connus que les papillons de nuit.
[Show full text]
Moths and Butterflies of the Prairies Ecozone in Canada
169 Chapter 5 Moths and Butterflies of the Prairies Ecozone in Canada Gregory R. Pohl Natural Resources Canada, Northern Forestry Centre, 5320 - 122 St., Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6H 3S5 B. Christian Schmidt Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes, K.W. Neatby Bldg., 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A 0C6 J. Donald Lafontaine and Jean-François Landry Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes, K.W. Neatby Bldg., 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A 0C6 Gary G. Anweiler University of Alberta, E.H. Strickland Entomological Museum, Department of Biological Sciences, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2E3 Charles D. Bird P.O. Box 22, Erskine, Alberta, Canada, T0C 1G0 Abstract. The Prairies Ecozone of southern Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta supports a diverse fauna, with 2,232 species of butterflies and moths (order Lepidoptera) recorded to date in 61 families. By far the best known Lepidoptera are the butterflies, with 177 species known to occur in the ecozone. The species known to occur in the Prairies Ecozone are listed by province. The Lepidoptera fauna of this ecozone is reviewed in terms of diversity, state of knowledge of the major groups, postglacial and relict patterns, recent changes in distribution, and endangered and threatened species. Résumé. L’écozone des prairies du sud du Manitoba, de la Saskatchewan et de l’Alberta abrite une faune diversifiée qui compte 2 232 espèces de papillons diurnes et de nuit (Ordre Lepidoptera) répertoriées à ce jour, représentant 61 familles. L’écozone comprend 177 espèces de papillons diurnes, qui sont beaucoup mieux connus que les papillons de nuit.
[Show full text]
Bulletin 190
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM Bulletin 190 THE NORTH AMERICAN CLEAR-WING MOTHS OF THE FAMILY AEGERIIDAE BY GEORGE P. ENGELHARDT UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1946 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office Washington, D. C. - Price 75 cents ADVERTISEMENT The scientific publications of the National Museum include two series, known, respectively, as Proceedings and Bulletin. The Proceedings series, begun in 1878, is intended primarily as a medium for the publication of original papers, based on the collections of the National Museum, that set forth newly acquired facts in biology, anthropology, and geology, with descriptions of new forms and revisions of limited groups. Copies of each paper, in pamphlet form, are distributed as published to libraries and scientific organizations and to specialists and others interested in the ditTerent subjects. The dates at which these sepa- rate papers are published are recorded in the table of contents of each of the volumes. The series of Bulletins, the first of which was issued in 1875, contains separate publications comprising monographs of large zoological groups and other general systematic treatises (occasionally in several volumes), faunal works, reports of expeditions, catalogs of type specimens, special collections, and other material of similar nature. The majority of the volumes are octavo in size, but a quarto size has been adopted in a few instances in which large plates were regarded as indispensable. In the Bulletin series appear volumes under the heading Contributions from the United States National Herbarium, in octavo form, published by the National Museum since 1902, which contain papers relating to the botani- cal collections of the Museum.
[Show full text]
Survey of the Lepidoptera Family Sesiidae (Clearwing Moths) in Orleans Parish, Louisiana
Survey of the Lepidoptera family Sesiidae (Clearwing moths) in Orleans Parish, Louisiana Hanging pheromone trap and fruit bait trap at Audubon Louisiana Nature Center Study locations: Audubon Louisiana Nature Center & Freeport-McMoRan Audubon Species Survival Center Researchers: Vernon Antoine Brou Jr. & Zack Lemann 2011 copyright © all rights reserved Survey of the Lepidoptera family Sesiidae (Clearwing moths) in Orleans Parish, Louisiana by Vernon Antoine Brou Jr.¹ and Zack Lemann² ¹ 74320 Jack Loyd Road, Abita Springs, Louisiana 70420 USA ² Audubon Nature Institute, Audubon Insectarium, 423 Canal St, New Orleans, Louisiana 70130 USA Corresponding authors: Vernon Antoine Brou Jr. [email protected], Zack Lemann [email protected] During 2011, adult moths of the Lepidoptera family Sesiidae were surveyed at two properties of the Audubon Nature Institute: Audubon Louisiana Nature Center and Freeport-McMoRan Audubon Species Survival Center. Members of the family Sesiidae represents species of considerable economic importance as the larvae are borers into trunks, bark, stems and roots of trees, shrubs, vines and herbaceous plants. Adults of many of these species appear to mimic various species of bees and wasps. Most species of these moths, commonly referred to as "clearwing moths" are diurnal, flying often in bright mid-day sun and are quite inconspicuous due to their small size and exceedingly rapid flight. Certain species have flight periods during early or mid-morning hours and others during mid or late afternoon hours, and a few species are active at night. Moth species identified at the two Audubon Nature Institute sites (Survey site #1 and Survey site #2) are larval feeders (borers) on the following: Fraxinus sp.
[Show full text]
Western Forest Insects United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service
USDA Western Forest Insects United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Miscellaneous Publication No. 1339 November 1977 Reviewed and Approved for Reprinting July 2002 WESTERN FOREST INSECTS R.L.Furniss and V.M. Carolin Entomologists, Retired Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station Forest Service MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATION NO. 1339 Issued November 1977 Reviewed and Approved for Reprinting July 2002 This publication supersedes "Insect Enemies of Western Forests," Miscellaneous Publication No. 273. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 Stock Number 001-000-03618-1 Catalog No. 1.38-1339 PREFACE This manual concerns itself with insects and related organisms in forests and woodlands of North America, west of the 100th Meridian and north of Mexico. ("Eastern Forest Insects," by Whiteford L. Baker (1972) covers the area east of the 100th Meridian.) The intended primary users are practicing foresters and others responsible for preventing or minimizing insect-caused damage to forests and wood products. Thus, major purposes of the manual are to facilitate recognition of insects and their damage and to provide needed information for determining a course of action. The manual should also be useful to students of forestry and entomology, professional entomologists, extension specialists, forestry technicians, forest owners, forest recreationists, teachers, and others. This manual supersedes "Insect Enemies of Western Forests," (Misc. Pub. No. 273), by F. Paul Keen, issued in 1938 and last revised in 1952. In this manual the discussion of insects is arranged in taxonomic order rather than by part of the tree affected.
[Show full text]