The Soil Management Series
OrganicOrganic MatterMatter ManagementManagement
44 THE SOIL MANAGEMENT SERIES: !"#$%&'(%)*+,(),-.$/,0)",1.(,2)3.,43)2,0)"3,+)%$
!"#$"#%&'()&*%(+&,&-#+&,.%#/&(-&0#*#$,12#/&-(%&2(.,2&3,%4#$/5&(%&$+(&$"()/,67&,.%#/&(-&.(%6&,67& /('1#,6/&-(%&86$#%6,$8(6,2&3,%4#$/5&'()&7#9#67&(6&$(9&9#%-(%3,6.#&-%(3&'()%&/(82:&;"#&<(82&=,6> ,*#3#6$&/#%8#/&8/&,83#7&,$&839%(086*&/(82&9#%-(%3,6.#:&?#.,)/#&#,."&-,%3&8/&)68@)#5&$"#&/#%8#/&+822& 6($&$#22&'()&$"#&A1#/$&+,'B&$(&3,6,*#&'()%&/(82:&C62'&'()&.,6&7#.87#&$",$:&D6/$#,75&8$&+822&"#29&'()& 3,4#&3(%#&#--#.$80#&)/#&(-&%#.(33#67,$8(6/&-%(3&$"#&)680#%/8$'5&.(6/)2$,6$/5&,67&($"#%&,708/(%/:
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THE SOIL MANAGER —#F92,86/&3,6,*#3#6$&(9$8(6/&-(%&839%(086*&'()%&/(82:
THE SOIL SCIENTIST —%#08#+/&$"#&/(82&/.8#6.#&9%86.892#/&$",$&,%#&839(%$,6$&&&&& &&&&&&& $(&9%(7).$8(6&,*%8.)2$)%#:
YOUR FARM —"#29/&'()&,992'&+",$&'()&,%#&%#,786*&$(&'()%&(+6&-,%3:
WHAT’S NEXT? —+%,9/&)9&$"#&.",9$#%&1'&"#2986*&'()&,//#//&'()%&(9#%,$8(6&,67&/(82:
FURTHER RESOURCES —28/$/&9#(92#&,67&9)128.,$8(6/&$(&.(6/)2$&-(%&3(%#&86-(%3,$8(6:
5%($.+,%*,(-.,6)%$,7'*'1.2.*(,6.3%.+,%*&$"8.9 IJ&&<(82&=,6,*#3#6$&K?L>MNOOJ PJ&&Q(39,.$8(6&K?L>MRSSJ NJ&&=,6)%#&=,6,*#3#6$&K?L>MRSIJ&& RJ&&C%*,68.&=,$$#%&=,6,*#3#6$&K?L>MRSPJ& TJ&&<(82&?8(2(*'&,67&<(82&=,6,*#3#6$&K?L>MRSNJ
:)/%.+&(-&$"#&8678087),2&$8$2#/&,67&$"#&.(392#$#&/#%8#/&KUQ>MNOVJ&.,6&1#&(%7#%#7&-%(3&$"#&L680#%/8$'& (-&=866#/($,&GF$#6/8(6&<#%08.#&W8/$%81)$8(6&Q#6$#%5&RST&Q(--#'&X,225&IRPS&G.42#/&E0#6)#5&<$:&U,)25& =Y&TTISV>ZSZV:&;(&(%7#%&1'&#>3,82H&(%7#%[#F$#6/8(6:)36:#7)& (%&1'&.%#78$&.,%7H&KVSSJ&VMZ>VZNZ: Organic Matter Management
WHY MANAGE SOIL ORGANIC MATTER? In this publication !"#$%&#'()(#*%%+,-.#"%)#/)%0&12,3(#"4)5*4-06#$%&#'%&*0#'4-2#4-#,0(4*#7%,*#,-# '8,189 What is organic !""#$%&'"(%)*+",-$./01"0/02",-$%)3-"+$4"'&0**'1" matter? !""$%%,'"(%)*+"3$%("05,02'./0*41" What does organic !"".6&*0602,'"(%)*+"&)**"07'.*41"72+ matter do? !"",-0"'%.*"(%)*+"$0'.',"0$%'.%2"72+"#%6&7#,.%28" How to build organic 92"%,-0$"(%$+'1"4%)"(%)*+"*%%:";%$"'%.*"(.,-"-.3-"%$372.#"67,,0$"*0/0*'8"<%.*" matter levels %).4-,1#5422()6#4-0#28(#7%,*#%).4-,757#2842#*,3(#%-#,26#4)(#1),2,14*#2%#54-$#7%,*# &$%#0''0'8"9,"7**%('"-.3-"#$%&"4.0*+'"72+"$0+)#0+".2&),"#%','8 Why are C:N ratios important? =0,"'%60";7$60$'"203*0#,",-.'"/7*)7>*0"$0'%)$#0">4",.**.23"05#0''./0*4"%$">4"2%,"# $03)*7$*4"7++.23">7#:"%$372.#"67,,0$8"?0$0".'"&7$,"%;"(-7,"-7&&02'",%"'%.*"# Pests and other &0$;%$672#0"(-02"%$372.#"67,,0$"*0/0*'"+0#*.208"" " problems
,, , ;"(3%.*(,, <='%$'#$.,>'(.3, , 6)%$, ?4,)31'*%&,2'((.3,, -)$8%*1,&'/'&%(0, -)$8%*1,&'/'&%(0 , (.@("3., 8.&3.'+.+,43)2,, 2'0,8.&3.'+.,#0, 2'0,8.&3.'+.,#0 , $)'20,+'*8,ABC,&$'0D, EC,(),FGBC, FHC, FEC ,+%$(,$)'2,AEIC,&$'0D, HC,(),JGBC, HC, KC
What are you doing to your soil organic matter? :&,*0,-.#7%,*#%).4-,1#5422()#54$#;(#28(#5%72#,5/%)24-2#28,-.#$%-#0%#2%#(-84-1(# *%23@,0$6"'%.*"&0$;%$672#08"A-.'"&)>*.#7,.%2"(.**"-0*&"4%)")2+0$',72+",-0"+4276.#'" %;"%$372.#"67,,0$"72+"(.**"0576.20"-%("4%)"#%)*+".6&$%/0"'%.*"%$372.#"67,,0$"%2" 4%)$";7$68
1 THE SOIL MANAGER
HOW DO I BUILD UP ORGANIC MATTER?
?*&3.'+%*1,)31'*%&,2'((.3,$.=.$+,3.L"%3.+,(-3..,'*1$.+,)4,'(('&M9! 1) Add organic material. 2) Reduce losses. 3) Manage the new dynamics of the system.
Want to know 1) Add organic matter ! more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educe organic matter losses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
3) Manage the changes in your new system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
2 THE SOIL MANAGER
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS Want to know more? What are some sources of organic matter? 5#$'!#.7201.4#A%)#5%72#"4)576#)%%27#4-0#4;%3(<.)%&-0#/*4-2#.)%'28#4)(#28(# &?$1-!+$>'$7-263! 6%',".6&%$,72,"'%)$#0'"%;"%$372.#"67,,0$8"P-02"#-%%'.23"/7$.0,.0'"72+"#$%&" !"#$%&'!"#"(&)&#*####### )%242,%-76#1%-7,0()#8%'#5&18#)(7,0&(#',**#;(#.(-()42(06#4-0#8%'#54-$# DGH@IJKL".2",-.'"'0$.0'E" 6%2,-'"07#-"407$"&*72,'"(.**">0"3$%(.23"72+"#$07,.23"%$372.#"67,,0$8 ,-1*&0(7#,-"%)542,%-#,-#28(# U)$,-0$"V0'%)$#0'"'0#,.%28 "#..6!>,61#.4"U.2+.23"7&&$%&$.7,0"#%/0$"#$%&'".'"+.;M#)*,".2"$03.%2'"(.,-"7" # 78%)2#.)%',-.#7(47%-6#;&2#28()(#4)(#%/2,%-7#4-0#28(#)(7(4)18#4-0#0(3(*%/< 602,"%;"7&&$%&$.7,0"#$%&'".'"05&72+.238" &?$1-!+$A.#!+#$'7 W':"4%)$"O5,02'.%2"0+)#7,%$"# *2A.7-$+B!>,61#.4"<&$07+.23"672)$0"%/0$"4%)$"*72+".'"72"05#0**02,"(74",%" "%)#28(#*42(72#,-"%)542,%-# (-84-1(#%).4-,1#5422()6#7&//*$#-&2),(-276#4-0#/)(3(-2#54-&)(#")%5#;(1%5< 4;%&2#1%3()#1)%/7#,-#$%&)# .23"7"&%**),72,8"9;"72.67*'"7$0"2%,"&7$,"%;"4%)$"%&0$7,.%21"20.3->%$.23"# 7$078 ;7$60$'"674">0"7"'%)$#08"<00"!"#$%&'!"#"(&)&#*"DGH@IJKL".2",-.'"'0$.0'E" !"#"(/#('3,4&%'3%,56' ;%$"6%$0".2;%$67,.%28 !"#$%&'()*"X2+"O+.,.%2"LTTY8"" ?(71),;(7#184)412(),72,17#%"# :.%,3.!7(103.4"?)672"(7',0'"7$0"7*'%"2),$.02,@$.#-8"<&$07+.23"'*)+30"%2"*72+" '&0#.M#"#%/0$"#$%&'8 ,7#18(4/()#"%)#1%55&-,2,(7#284-#7%5(#%28()#5(28%07#%"#2)(425(-2#4-0## +.'&%'7*8"9;"4%)$"*%#7*"#%66)2.,4"(.**"67:0".,"7/7.*7>*0",%";7$60$'1"7':" &?$1-!7.%,3.! 7>%),",-0"'%)$#0"72+"#%2,02,"%;",-0"'*)+308"R%2,76.272,'"')#-"7'"-07/4"# 7(%/8$0*$%"0'9*/0/:"*/,#',;' 60,7*'"7$0"72".6&%$,72,"#%2#0$2",%".2/0',.37,0"72+",0',";%$8" +,-&.,/+(01.,2/3/4-,5%)/ 8#$+.77263!%,7-.74#B(.(24;*(#/)%1(77,-.#/*4-276#'%%0#/)%1(77,-.#/*4-276# 6,&"/+%01)/&%/%7,/8#9,:#05%/ 7(%/8$0*$%"0'<=5&%/)&#*' ;)('(),(76#4-0#%28()#,-0&72),(7#.(-()42(#%).4-,1#'472(7#2842#14-#;(#&7("&*# 2*"*/,#># '%.*"7602+602,'8" A-.'".'"7",-%$%)3-"+0'#$.&,.%2"# %"#%-(#72&0$#%"#7/)(40,-.# '0(730"'*)+30"%2"M0*+'8"A-0" M$',"#-7&,0$".2,$%+)#0'",-0" C$6D-!=$#3.-!-<.!#$$-7 54@%)#1%-1()-7#4-0#,77&(7# <)%-,.#&%#/87)#&8/&(62'&9,%$&(-&+",$&92,6$/&.(6$%81)$#&$(&/(82&(%*,68.& ')$$%)2+.23",-0")'0"%;"'*)+308" 3,$$#%:&\(($/&.,6&,77&",2-&,*,86&,/&3)."&3,$#%8,2:&C6#&@),%$#%&(-& A-0",$.7*"#%2#*)+0+",-7," $"#&(%*,68.&3,$$#%&9%(7).#7&1'&.(%6&(%&/('1#,6/&8/&9%(7).#7&1'&$"#& 7('4.(#7*&0.(#,7#74"(#4-0# >020M#.7*".;"7&&*.0+"7,"$7,0'" %(($/:&D6&9%,8%8#/5&",2-&(-&92,6$&9%(7).$8(6&8/&)67#%*%()67:& ;47(0#%-#28(#-,2)%.(-#-((07# X(+&7(#/&$",$&$%,6/2,$#&86$(&+#8*"$]&Q(%6&3,'&9%(7).#&I^P&$(&P&$(6/& %;",-0"#$%&'8"9;"7&&*.0+"# (-&%(($&(%*,68.&3,$$#%&86&#,."&,.%#:&<('1#,6/&3,'&9%(7).#&I^N&(-&,& 05#0''./0*41".,"#72"#7)'0"# $(65&,67&$"#&9%,8%8#&3,4#/&(0#%&P&$(6/:& /)%;*(57#',28#74*2#;&,*0<&/## %$"2.,$7,0"*07#-.238 D6&6(>$822&/8$),$8(6/&+"#%#5&/)%-,.#&%#/87)#&8/&6($&%#*)2,%2'&$822#7&86$(& /(825&%(($/&1#.(3#&#/9#.8,22'&.%8$8.,2&,/&,&/()%.#&(-&/(82&(%*,68.&& 3,$$#%:#
How do I choose a source of organic matter? U%$"6%',"&0%&*01",-0"#-%.#0".'"+0,0$6.20+">4"#%2/02.02#0"72+"0#%2%6.#'8 ?0$0"7$0"'%60"%,-0$"Z)0',.%2'",%"7':"(-02"7''0''.23"7"'%)$#0"%;"%$372.#"67,,0$8" A-0'0".'')0'"7$0"7++$0''0+".2",-0";%**%(.23"&730'8#
3 THE SOIL MANAGER
!"P-7,".'",-0"2),$.02,"#%2,02,["?%("6)#-"'-%)*+"9"7&&*4"72+"(.**".,"7**%("60" Want to know ,%"$0+)#0";0$,.*.\0$"7&&*.#7,.%2'[" more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`XJKE8 Is it possible to add too much organic matter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
Can I reduce fertilizer applications when I add organic materials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
4 THE SOIL MANAGER
Why is the carbontonitrogen ratio important? O7#-"%$372.#"7602+602,"-7'"7"#-7$7#,0$.',.#"76%)2,"%;"#7$>%2".2"&$%&%$,.%2",%" 2.,$%3028"D<00",7>*0">0*%(E8"W"*%("#7$>%2@,%@2.,$%302"$7,.%"6072'",-0"67,0$.7*" .'"-.3-".2"2.,$%3028"F7,0$.7*'"(.,-"7"-.3-"RCN"$7,.%"D*%("2.,$%302E"+0#%6&%'0" '*%(*4"72+"674",$.330$"2.,$%302"+0M#.02#4".2"&*72,'"7'",-04"+0#%6&%'08
How can adding organic matter trigger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
<+,',3"$.N)4N(-"2#O,2'(.3%'$+,>%(-,:9;,3'(%)+,$.++,(-'*,JI9F,>%$$,*)(,, !"#$$%"&!%'()"*"+&,#!")$%,&-%./#%,/+0!
A-0"2.,$%302".'"2%,"*%',";$%6",-0"'%.*a.,".'"',.**"&$0'02,".2",-0"#0**'"%;"6.@# #$%>0'a>),"&*72,'"#722%,")'0".,8"])$.23",-.'".2.,.7*"+0#74"&$%#0''1"6.#$%>0'"7$0"
.,3,-.#%""#*4).(#45%&-27#%"#EFG#2%#28(#425%7/8()(#4-0#28(#14);%-<2%<-,2)%.(-# $7,.%"%;",-0"$067.2.23"%$372.#"67,0$.7*"+0#*.20'8"F.#$%>.7*"7#,./.,4"'*%('"# >0#7)'0",-0"$067.2.23"#%6&%)2+'"7$0"6%$0"$0#7*#.,$72,"D+.;M#)*,",%"+0#%6@# &%'0E8"W,",-.'"&%.2,1"2.,$%302";$%6",-0"+4.23"6.#$%>0'">0#%60'"7/7.*7>*0",%"# &*72,'8
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
5 THE SOIL MANAGER
What about disease and other problems? D7#',28#4-$#-('#54-4.(5(-2#/)412,1(6#184**(-.(7#14-#(5().(#',28#28(## Want to know >020M,'8"G0;%$0"'(.,#-.23"4%)$"(-%*0";7$6",%"7"20("&$7#,.#01",$4"%),"20("# more? %$372.#"67,0$.7*'"%$",.**730"&$7#,.#0'"%2"7"'67**"&*%,"%;"*72+8"P7,#-"-%(",-0" 20("'4',06"(%$:'"72+"72,.#.&7,0"&$%>*06'8"A-0";%**%(.23"7$0"'%60"&$%>*06'" 4%)"6.3-,"*%%:";%$"72+"7':"7>%),8 &?$1-!,((.($',-<)! 3((,#?&%7)/&51/3."<>0(%0"&(/ +09%&<5&'<(<%)8 Weeds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iseases ?0"#*'@/6&"6&"DLTTS1"N%$,-" <%60"$0'.+)0'"-7$>%$"+.'07'0",-7,"674"7;;0#,",-0"205,"#$%&8"U%$"0576&*01"(-.,0" ]7:%,7"O5,02'.%2"<0$/.#0E" 6%*+"%2"')2b%(0$"-)**'"(.**"7;;0#,">072'8"9;"4%)"-7/0"7"'&0#.M#"+.'07'0"# *.','"#$%&'"7;;0#,0+">4"LJ"# /)%;*(56#4-0#4)(#1%-7,0(),-.#400,-.#4#-('#1)%/#2%#$%&)#)%242,%-6#47+#'8(28()# .6&%$,72,"+.'07'0"%$372.'6'8 ,-0"#$%&"#72"-%',",-0"+.'07'0"%$372.'68
Growth inhibitors cW**0*%&7,-.#d"#-06.#7*'"7$0"#-06.#7*'"&$%+)#0+"7'"7"&*72,"3$%('"D%$"7'".,'" $0'.+)0"+0#74'E",-7,"#72".2-.>.,",-0"3$%(,-"%;"%,-0$"&*72,'8"W**0*%&7,-4"#72">0"7"# >020M,"%$"7"&$%>*068"U%$"0576&*01"$40"$0'.+)0"$0+)#0'"(00+"30$6.27,.%2"72+" .'"'%60,.60'")'0+";%$"(00+"#%2,$%*8"e2",-0"%,-0$"-72+1"$0&*72,0+"7*;7*;7"674" 2%,"3$%("(0**".2"7*;7*;7"$0'.+)08"W**0*%&7,-.#"0;;0#,'"7$0"#%6&*05"72+"+0&02+" %2"&*72,"3020,.#'1"(07,-0$1"72+"&*72,"',$0''0'8"H2;%$,)27,0*41",-0$0".'"2%,"6)#-" &$7#,.#7*"3).+72#0"7/7.*7>*0";%$";7$60$'"7,",-.'",.608
Contaminants F)2.#.&7*"'%*.+"(7',0'"72+"'0(730"674"#%2,7.2"-07/4"60,7*'"72+"%,-0$"# #%2,76.272,'8"A0',",-0"67,0$.7*">0;%$0"7&&*.#7,.%2"72+"6%2.,%$"'%.*"*0/0*'"(-02" )'.23",-0'0"&$%+)#,'8" W"6%$0"#%66%2"#%2,76.27,.%2"&$%>*06"$0*7,0'",%"&-%'&-%$)'8"F72)$0"#72" *07+",%"&-%'&-%$)'">).*+@)&".2",-0"'%.*".;")'0+"%/0$"72"05,02+0+"&0$.%+"%;",.608" W&&*4"672)$0"7,"$7,0'">7'0+"%2"#$%&"2),$.02,"200+'"72+"'%.*"2),$.02,"*0/0*'8
6 THE SOIL SCIENTIST
WHAT IS ORGANIC MATTER? e$372.#"67,,0$".'",-0"/7',"7$$74"%;"#7$>%2"#%6&%)2+'".2"'%.*8"e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
Stabilized organic matter F724"'%.*"%$372.'6'"+0#%6&%'0"&*72,"72+"72.67*",.'')0'1"72+",$72';%$6",-0"""""""""""# %$372.#"67,,0$".2,%"20("#%6&%)2+'8"W;,0$"407$'"%$"+0#7+0'"%;",-0'0",$72';%$67< ,.%2'1"(-7,"$067.2'"7$0"*7$301"#%6&*05"#%6&%)2+'",-7,";0("6.#$%>0'"#72"# +03$7+08"e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a*.:0"7"67320,"-%*+'" P31'*%&,&)2/)"*8+,%*,+)%$ %2",%".$%2"M*.23'8"A-0"76%)2,"%;" Living Organism Fresh Organic -&2),(-27#2842#28(#%).4-,1#1%5< (<5%) Residue ;"8/&98#&.",%$&%#9%#/#6$/& /%&-07#4-0#1*4$#1%&*0#14))$#4-0# (<10%) (%*,68.&3,$$#%&86&/(82&1#-(%#& .)2$80,$8(6:&E-$#%&2,67&",/& 54+(#434,*4;*(#2%#/*4-27#,7#14**(0# 1##6&.)2$80,$#7&-(%&(6#&(%&$+(& ,-0"'%.*f'"#7,.%2"05#-7230"#7&7#< 7#.,7#/5&3)."&(-&$"#&,.$80#& .,4"DRORE8"92"F.220'%,71"7"&%)2+" -%,.$8(6&8/&2(/$&,67&$"#&& %"#724;,*,H(0#%).4-,1#5422()#14-# Stabilized (,!>%*%3#-$1")!&%'$2!,,#"$ -7/0"M/0",.60'"7'"6)#-"ROR"7'"7"# Organic 3,4#/&)9&3(%#&$",6&",2-&(-& &%)2+"%;"#*748"92"%,-0$"(%$+'1" Matter Active Fraction $"#&/(82&(%*,68.&3,$$#%: %$372.#"67,,0$"#72"-%*+"M/0",.60'" (33% to 50%) (decomposing 47#5&18#-&2),(-27#"%)#/*4-27#2%# organic matter) )'08"?7*;"%$"6%$0"%;",-0"ROR".2" (33% to 50%) F.220'%,7",%&'%.*"#%60'";$%6" %$372.#"67,,0$8"W*,-%)3-"4%)"# 14--%2#184-.(#28(#45%&-2#%"#
7 THE SOIL SCIENTIST
#*74".2"4%)$"'%.*1"4%)"#72"07'.*4"+0#$07'0"%$"D(.,-"6%$0"+.;M#)*,4E".2#$07'0",-0" Want to know 76%)2,"%;"%$372.#"67,,0$".2"4%)$"'%.*8" more? 92"7++.,.%2",%"2),$.02,'1"',7>.*.\0+"%$372.#"67,,0$"-%*+'"%2",%"&0',.#.+0'8"A-.'" /)(3(-27#/(72,1,0(7#")%5#5%3,-.#,-2%#'42()#7&//*,(7#4-0#,5/)%3(7#28(#0(1%5< &?$1-!7$2(!$#3,627>7 /%7,2,%-#%"#28(#1%5/%&-076#;&2#,2#4*7%#54+(7#/(72,1,0(7#*(77#(""(12,3(#;$## <00"+#<(/C<#(#.)"DGH@IJKS".2" &$0/02,.23",-0.$"#%2,7#,"(.,-",-0",7$30,"%$372.'68 ,-.'"'0$.0'E8 The active fraction H&",%"Lg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e$372.#"67,,0$".'"0'&0#.7**4".6&%$,72,".2"# &$%/.+.23"2.,$%3021"&-%'&-%$)'1"')*;)$1"72+".$%28"W"'%.*"(.,-"S_"%$372.#"67,,0$" #%2,7.2'"7>%),"S1KKK"&%)2+'"%;"2.,$%302"&0$"7#$08"]0&02+.23"%2",-0"$7,0"%;" +0#%6&%'.,.%21"Xg",%"LKK"&%)2+'"674">0#%60"7/7.*7>*0",%"&*72,'".2"7"407$1">)," .,".'"+.;M#)*,",%"&$0+.#,",-0"+0#%6&%'.,.%2"$7,08"92"F.220'%,71"+0#%6&%'.,.%2" $7,0'"7$0",4&.#7**4"7>%),"X_8"A-.'"6072'",-7,"%20"7#$0"%;"#$%&"&*72,'"%2"7"'%.*" (.,-"S_"'%.*"%$372.#"67,,0$"674"30,"`K"&%)2+'"%;",-0.$"2.,$%302"72+"`"&%)2+'" %;",-0.$"&-%'&-%$)'";$%6"'%.*"%$372.#"67,,0$8"
The Changing Forms of Soil Organic Matter
FD,<88%(%)*+G&!"#6&%(($/&,67&2#,0#/&78#5&$"#'& &&&&&&&1#.(3#&9,%$&(-&$"#&/(82&(%*,68.&3,$$#%: 1
ED,53'*+4)32'(%)*+G&<(82& sidue Re &&&&&&&(%*,68/3/&.(6$86),22'& aying ec ds 2 ed D poun &&&&&&&.",6*#&(%*,68.& iliz m b nic o ta ga C &&&&&&&.(39()67/&-%(3& S r ter O at &&&&&&&(6#&-(%3&$(&,6($"#%:& M 4 1 &&&&&&&;"#'&.(6/)3#&92,6$& 3 &&&&&&&%#/87)#&,67&($"#%&(%*,68.& &&&&&&&3,$$#%5&,67&$"#6&.%#,$# &&&&&&&1'>9%(7).$/5&+,/$#/5&,67&.#22&$8//)#:& JD,7%&3)#.+,4..8,/$'*(+G&<(3#&(-&$"#&+,/$#/&%#2#,/#7&1'&/(82&(%*,68/3/&,%#&6)$%8#6$/&$",$&&& &&&&&&&.,6&1#&)/#7&1'&92,6$/:&C%*,68/3/&%#2#,/#&($"#%&.(39()67/&$",$&,--#.$&92,6$&*%(+$": HD,6('#%$%Q'(%)*,)4,)31'*%&,2'((.3G$A=#&,0!**+<$(1%*$1")!&%'$'12410&-($>#'12#$(,!>%*%3#-$$$ &&&&&&&,67&%#/8/$,6$&$(&-)%$"#%&.",6*#/:
8 THE SOIL SCIENTIST
e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cW**0*%&7,-.#d"#-06.#7*'"7$0";%$60+"(-02"'%60" $0'.+)0'"+0#741"72+"#72".2-.>.,"&*72,"3$%(,-8"D<00"&730'"g"72+"`";%$"6%$0" .2;%$67,.%28E
Organic matter is more than fertilizer e$372.#"67,,0$".'"2%,"h)',"N1"B1"i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
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!#Your Farm! Q(6/87#%86*&$"#&1%(,7&839,.$/&(%*,68.&3,$$#%&",/&(6&/(825&8$&8/&6(&+(67#%&$",$& %24"1=#-$1")!&%'$2!,,#"$2!&!)#2#&,$2!+$>#$,5#$21(,$(%)&%.'!&,$,5%&)$+10$ .,6&7(&$(&839%(0#&/(82: ;"864&(-&,&/"(%$&28/$&(-&/(82&9%(12#3&,%#,/&(6&'()%&-,%35&(%&*(&1,.4&$(&$"#&28/$&(-& 4"1>*#2$!"#!($+10$%-#&,%.#-$%&$,5#$."(,$!"#$%&'(')*+*(,&9)128.,$8(6:&!"8."&(-& $"#/#&38*"$&%#2,$#&$(&2(+&(%*,68.&3,$$#%&2#0#2/]&Q%)/$86*5&7%()*"$&/)/.#9$81828$'5& ,67�#6&/(3#&9#/$&86-#/$,$8(6/&38*"$&1#&$%#,$#7&#--#.$80#2'&1'&,7786*&.(0#%& .%(9/5&%#7).86*&$822,*#5&(%&86.%#,/86*&$"#&,3()6$&(-&3,6)%#&(%&%#/87)#&,77#7&$(& !$.#*-7$B5%'5$19$,5#(#$2!&!)#2#&,$4"!',%'#($@10*-$>#$9#!(%>*#$1&$+10"& 9%(12#3&,%#,/]&D-&'()&1#*,6&,&9%#28386,%'&3,6,*#3#6$&92,6&86&!"#$%&'(')*- +*(,.$!--$,5#(#$(4#'%.'$2!&!)#2#&,$'5!&)#($,1$+10"$4*!&<$!&-$-#'%-#$1&$ 3#,/)%#3#6$/&$(&3(68$(%&'()%&9%(*%#//:&
9 THE SOIL SCIENTIST
What Does Organic Matter Do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
WHAT DETERMINES SOIL ORGANIC MATTER LEVELS? A-0"76%)2,"%;"%$372.#"67,,0$".2"'%.*".'",-0"$0')*,"%;",(%"&$%#0''0'C",-0"7++.,.%2" Want to know %;"%$372.#"67,,0$"D$%%,'1"')$;7#0"$0'.+)01"672)$01"0,#8E1"72+",-0"*%''"%;"%$372.#" more? 67,,0$",-$%)3-"+0#%6&%'.,.%28"U./0";7#,%$'"7;;0#,">%,-"7++.,.%2'"72+"*%''0'8
&?$1-!-2((,3.!,60!! 9,6,3.>.6-8"B$7#,.#0'",-7,".2#$07'0"&*72,"3$%(,-"%2"7"M0*+"D#%/0$"#$%&'1" $#3,62+!>,--.# .$$.37,.%21"0,#8E"(.**".2#$07'0",-0"76%)2,"%;"$%%,'"72+"$0'.+)0"7++0+",%",-0"# c<%.*"e$372.#"F7,,0$"# '%.*"07#-"407$8"e2",-0"%,-0$"-72+1".2,02'./0",.**730".2#$07'0'",-0"*%''"%;" E84-.(7#=(7&*2,-.#A)%5## %$372.#"67,,0$">4"'&00+.23"+0#%6&%'.,.%28"P-.*0",.**730"&$.67$.*4">)$2'" A.**730"72+"G.%67''"# B$%+)#,.%28d">4"]8R"# $%&-.()#%).4-,1#5422()6#%*0()6#/)%2(12(0#%).4-,1#1%5/%&-07#14-#;(## V0.#%':4"72+"%,-0$'8"DLTTgE8" 05&%'0+",%"+0#%6&%'.,.%2".;"'67**"733$037,0'"7$0">$%:02"7&7$,8"92"7++.,.%2" 2%#184-.,-.#28(#45%&-2#%"#7%,*#%).4-,1#5422()6#2,**4.(#/)412,1(7#4""(12#28(# +0&,-"%;"'%.*"%$372.#"67,,0$8"
10 THE SOIL SCIENTIST
:$2(!-.J-1#.8"U.20@,05,)$0+"'%.*'"#72"-%*+"6)#-"6%$0"%$372.#"67,,0$",-72" '72+4"'%.*'";%$",(%"$07'%2'8"U.$',1"#*74"&7$,.#*0'";%$6"0*0#,$%#-06.#7*">%2+'" ,-7,"-%*+"%$372.#"#%6&%)2+'8"<0#%2+1"+0#%6&%'.,.%2"%##)$'";7',0$".2"(0**@ 70$7,0+"'72+4"'%.*'8"W"'72+4"*%76"$7$0*4"-%*+'"6%$0",-72"X_"%$372.#"67,,0$8 5(2>,-.4"?.3-",06&0$7,)$0'"'&00+")&",-0"+03$7+7,.%2"%;"%$372.#"67,,0$8"92" 7$07'"%;"-.3-"&$0#.&.,7,.%2"D%$".$$.37,.%2E",-0$0".'"6%$0"&*72,"3$%(,-"72+" ,-0$0;%$0"6%$0"$%%,'"72+"$0'.+)0'"02,0$.23",-0"'%.*8 *,607+,'.!'$72-2$64"Q%(1"&%%$*4@+$7.20+"7$07'"-7/0"-.3-0$"%$372.#"67,,0$" *0/0*'1">0#7)'0"*0''"%54302".'"7/7.*7>*0".2",-0"'%.*";%$"+0#%6&%'.,.%28"Q%(" 7/%27#4*7%#411&5&*42(#%).4-,1#5422()#2842#()%0(7#%""#8,**#2%/7#4-0#72((/# '*%&0'8 H.3.-,-2$64#!-#/)4,),(76#5&18#%"#28(#%).4-,1#5422()#2842#0,(7#4-0#,7#400(0#2%# ,-0"'%.*"07#-"407$"#%60'";$%6"3$7''"$%%,'",-7,"05,02+"+00&".2,%",-0"'%.*8"92"# "%)(7276#28(#%).4-,1#5422()#1%5(7#")%5#*(43(7#2842#4)(#0)%//(0#%-#28(# ')$;7#0"%;",-0"'%.*8"A-)'1";7$6*72+",-7,"(7'"%2#0"&$7.$.0"(.**"-7/0"-.3-0$" 45%&-27#%"#%).4-,1#5422()#0((/#,-#28(#7%,*#284-#*4-07#2842#'()(#/)(3,%&7*$# ;%$0',8"
How do organic matter levels change? A%">).*+"%$372.#"67,,0$"*0/0*'".2",%&'%.*1"6%$0"%$372.#"67,,0$"6)',">0"7++0+" ,-72".'"*%',",%"+0#%6&%'.,.%2"72+"0$%'.%28"Q.:0"7"&0$'%2",$4.23",%"*%'0"%$"37.2" '(,.826#,-1)(47,-.#%).4-,1#5422()#,7#4;%&2#184-.,-.#28(#;4*4-1(#;(2'((-#8%'# 6)#-"020$34"3%0'".2"72+"-%("6)#-".'">)$20+"%;;8" W2%,-0$"(74",%",-.2:"%;"'%.*".'"*.:0"7"3.72,"(%%+"',%/08"=%)"#%2,.2)7**4"7++" %$372.#"67,,0$"D(%%+E1"72+".,">)$2'",%"$0*07'0"020$34"72+"2),$.02,'",-7,"(.**">0"
W8--#%#6.#/&86&(%*,68.& 3,$$#%&,99#,%&86&$"#& .(2(%&.",6*#/&,.%(//&,& >!"#$.#*-7$M#(($1")!&%'$ 3,$$#%&8/&9%(7).#7&(6& $"#&7%8#%&"822$(9/5&,67& /(3#&8/&2(/$&$(&/(82&& #%(/8(6&,67&7#9(/8$#7& 86&2(+&/9($/:
11 THE SOIL SCIENTIST
)'0+">4"&*72,'"72+"6.#$%%$372.'6'8"9+07**41"4%)"(72,"7"'*%(1"',07+4">)$2",-7," $0*07'0'"2),$.02,'",%"&*72,'"7'"200+0+8" 92,02'./0",.**730"70$7,0'",-0"'%.*"72+".'"*.:0"%&02.23",-0"b)0"%$";722.23",-0" b760'8"]0#%6&%'.,.%2".'"+0'.$7>*0">0#7)'0".,"$0*07'0'"2),$.02,'"72+";00+'"'%.*" %$372.'6'8"G),".;"+0#%6&%'.,.%2".'";7',0$",-72",-0"$7,0"7,"(-.#-"%$372.#"67,,0$" .'"7++0+1"'%.*"%$372.#"67,,0$"*0/0*'"(.**"+0#$07'08 V0+)#.23"+0#%6&%'.,.%2".'"%2*4"-7*;",-0"0Z)7,.%28"9,".'"h)',"7'".6&%$,72,",%" .2#$07'0",-0"76%)2,"%;"%$372.#"67,,0$"7++0+",%",-0"'%.*8"e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e2*4",02",%" ,(02,4"&0$#02,"%;",-0"%$.3.27*"67,0$.7*">0#%60'"&7$,"%;",-0"'%.*"%$372.#"67,,0$8" F)#-"%;",-0"$0',".'"#%2/0$,0+"%/0$"'0/0$7*"407$'".2,%"#7$>%2"+.%5.+08"
<*,%$$"+(3'(%)*,)4,+)%$,)31'*%&,2'((.3,$)++.+,'*8,1'%*+,%*,3.+/)*+., (),(%$$'1.G L1(,$1")!&%'$2!,,#"$*1((#($%&$(1%*$1''0""#-$%&$,5#$."(,$-#'!-#$1"$,@1$!9,#"$*!&-$ +,/&.)2$80,$#7:&Y,$80#&2#0#2/&(-&(%*,68.&3,$$#%&3,'&6($&1#&9(//812#&)67#%&& ,*%8.)2$)%#5&1)$&3,6'&-,%3#%/&.,6&86.%#,/#&$"#&,3()6$&(-&,.$80#&(%*,68.&& 3,$$#%&1'&%#7).86*&$822,*#&,67&86.%#,/86*&(%*,68.&869)$/:
Tillage begins 100%
25 years after tillage began 50%
Permanent sod begins % of native organic matter level Time
12 WHAT’S NEXT?
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WHAT IS THE BOTTOM LINE? P-7,".'".,"(%$,-",%"#-7230",%"&$7#,.#0'",-7,"02-72#0"'%.*"%$372.#"67,,0$["e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e$"4.0*+"674"# +0#$07'01"0'&0#.7**4"+)$.23",-0"M$',";0(",$72'.,.%2"'07'%2'1"7'"7"$0')*,"%;" '*%(0$"30$6.27,.%2"D+)0",%".2#$07'0+"$0'.+)0"+0*74.23"'%.*"(7$6.23E1"%$" .2#$07'0+"(00+"&%&)*7,.%2'";$%6"+0#$07'0+",.**7308 !!5#$'!P1,(2-)!N"U00+"%$"67$:0,"Z)7*.,4"674"#-7230"7'"&$7#,.#0'"#-72308" !!:B2((7!,60!26=$#>,-2$6!#.P12#.0!N#?%#$%͋(#28(#-(1(774)$#+-%'*(0.(#%)# :2%("(-0$0",%"M2+".2;%$67,.%2"7>%),"20("&$7#,.#0'[ !!:$2(!($77!N"B$7#,.#0'",-7,".6&$%/0"%$372.#"67,,0$"674"7*'%"$0+)#0"0$%'.%28 !!8$((1-2$6!N"N0("&$7#,.#0'"(.**"7;;0#,"(-0,-0$"2),$.02,'"72+"&0',.#.+0'"*07#-" ,-$%)3-",-0"'%.*"%$"$)2"%;;",-0"')$;7#08 !!Q6'1-7 '''''''&A$/5)&#*C"N0("&)$#-7'0'"%$"$02,7*'"674".2#$07'0"0Z).&602,"#%',' ''''''';&%*/0/:&%C"e$372.#"67,,0$"7++.,.%2'"674"$0&*7#0"'%60";0$,.*.\0$8 '''''''5&6*/8/B&6C"]0#$07'0+",.**730"674".2#$07'0"-0$>.#.+0")'08"N0("$%,7,.%2'"674""" " 0*.6.27,0",-0"200+";%$"'%60".2'0#,.#.+0'"%$";)23.#.+0'8" '''''''6&&B6C"W"20("#%/0$"#$%&"674".2#$07'0"'00+"#%','8 !!;26,6+2,(!7.+1#2-)!N"P-7,".'",-0"$0*.7>.*.,4"%;",-0"&$.#0'"%;"20("#$%&'["?%(" +./0$'0".'"4%)$".2#%60[
SET REALISTIC GOALS ?7/0"7&&$%&$.7,0"05&0#,7,.%2'"7'"4%)"#%2'.+0$"#-723.23"%$372.#"67,,0$"672730< 602,"&$7#,.#0'8"]%2f,"05&0#,"$7&.+".2#$07'0'".2",%,7*"%$372.#"67,,0$8"W*,-%)3-"72" .2#$07'0";$%6",(%",%",-$00"&0$#02,"'%)2+'"'67**1".,".'"7"-0;,4"M;,4"&0$#02,"# .2#$07'0".2"%$372.#"67,,0$1"72+"(.**"2%,"-7&&02"Z).#:*48"G),"607')$7>*0".2@# #$07'0'".2",%,7*"%$372.#"67,,0$"#72"-7&&02".2",-0"*%23",0$68"W##0&,",-0")&&0$"
13 WHAT’S NEXT?
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14 FURTHER RESOURCES
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15 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
&1-<$# W22"Q0(72+%(':.1"<%.*"o)7*.,4"92',.,),01"N7,)$7*"V0'%)$#0'"R%2'0$/7,.%2"<0$/.#01"H2.,0+"<,7,0'"]0&7$,602," %"#D.),1&*2&)( &0A27$#7 ]0>%$7-"W**721"&$%;0''%$1"]0&7$,602,"%;"<%.*1"P7,0$1"72+"R*.67,01"H2./0$'.,4"%;"F.220'%,7" B-.**"W$2%*+1"U7$60$1"Q%23"B$7.$.0 k74"]%$'041"D;%$60$E"$0'07$#-"7''%#.7,01"]0&7$,602,"%;"<%.*1"P7,0$1"72+"R*.67,01"H2./0$'.,4"%;"F.220'%,7" A-%67'"?72'6040$1"3$7+)7,0"',)+02,1"]0&7$,602,"%;"<%.*1"P7,0$1"72+"R*.67,01"H2./0$'.,4"%;"F.220'%,7 ]7/.+"?)33.2'1"D;%$60$E"&$%;0''%$1"]0&7$,602,"%;"<%.*1"P7,0$1"72+"R*.67,01"H2./0$'.,4"%;"F.220'%,7 F733.0"k%20'1"#%2')*,72,1"G*)0"O7$,-"W3$%2%6.#'" A.6"i.231"U7$60$1"Q%23"B$7.$.0" k760'"Q0$%)51"U7$60$1"?)3%" F7$,-7"F76%1"]0&7$,602,"%;"<%.*1"P7,0$1"72+"R*.67,01"H2./0$'.,4"%;"F.220'%,7" U$72"F.$%21"U7$60$1"?)3% G%>"e*'%21"P7'-.23,%2"R%)2,4"O5,02'.%21"H2./0$'.,4"%;"F.220'%,7"O5,02'.%2"<0$/.#0" k072"B0,0$'%21";7$60$1"]0*72% F.#-70*"V)''0**1"]0&7$,602,"%;"<%.*1"P7,0$1"72+"R*.67,01"H2./0$'.,4"%;"F.220'%,7" F7$:"p)6(.2:*01"O20$34"72+"<)',7.27>*0"W3$.#)*,)$0"B$%3$761"F.220'%,7"]0&7$,602,"%;"W3$.#)*,)$0 :.#2.7!V02-$# ]0>$7"O*.7'"F%$'01"F.220'%,7"92',.,),0";%$"<)',7.27>*0"W3$.#)*,)$0 8#$01+-2$6 i7,-*002"R*0>0$31"B$0''"L"B$%+)#,.%21"#%&4"0+.,%$ V%57220"F7+.'%21"&$%+)#,"672730$1"R%66)2.#7,.%2"72+"O+)#7,.%27*"A0#-2%*%34"<0$/.#0'1"H2./0$'.,4"%;""" """F.220'%,7"O5,02'.%2"<0$/.#0" k%-2"F%*',7+1"<,)+.%"SL"^$7&-.#'1"92#81"+0'.320$ /.A2.%.#7 k.6"W2+0$'%21"]0&7$,602,"%;"<%.*1"P7,0$1"72+"R*.67,01"H2./0$'.,4"%;"F.220'%,7" :4);#:4++(-6#"4)5()6#D*0(-# R42,-.7"R76>7$+0**71"N7,.%27*"<%.*"A.*,-"Q7>1"H2.,0+"<,7,0'"]0&7$,602,"%;"W3$.#)*,)$0""""" R7$602"U0$2-%*\1";7$60$1"F7+.'%2" ]022.'"^.>'%21";7$60$1"F%2,0/.+0%" i02"F7,\+%$;1"N7,)$7*"V0'%)$#0'"R%2'0$/7,.%2"<0$/.#01"H2.,0+"<,7,0'"]0&7$,602,"%;"W3$.#)*,)$0" <,0/0"B%,,0$1";7$60$1"<7):"R02,$0" Q.2+7"<#-$%0+0$1"<#-$%0+0$"R%66)2.#7,.%2'" V)''"<0/0$'%21"P0',"B%*:"R%)2,4"O5,02'.%21"H2./0$'.,4"%;"F.220'%,7"O5,02'.%2"<0$/.#0
U)2+.23";%$",-.'"&$%h0#,"7&&$%/0+">4",-0"F.220'%,7"Q03.'*7,)$01"LTTg"F.220'%,7"Q7('1"R-8"XXK"<0#8"I1"<)>+8"X8 W++.,.%27*";)2+.23"&$%/.+0+">4",-0"<%.*"o)7*.,4"92',.,),01"N7,)$7*"V0'%)$#0'"R%2'0$/7,.%2"<0$/.#01"H2.,0+" <,7,0'"]0&7$,602,"%;"W3$.#)*,)$0
16 THE SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE INFORMATION EXCHANGE
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