WEAPONS = ARMOUR =TACTICS rmnipt~ht~sh~d rn GI+.! nr.rann In 19% hv Dmt, an atmprmt ni Rot4 Dedication Consvnw Rwks Lfrl M~rhelbnHnrl-r. Al Fulttim Ro~d.1 ondori SW? GRI? and A~rckIanCI LWftmdrn~S8nnomv nrul tor~nto For Suzanne and Georges-Eric, on a far d~stnntshore Iho~aqhwest- ward rather than easterly. 0 Goopyru~hrrP36 Reed lrirctrrnrholrol Uonhr. 1.td
AI! rqh!~rmewetl Apiirl Irom .my Imr dsallnq 101 Iha pm of privnf~stdy Publisher's note r-mrch, crrt~twil01 lm~ew..IS mmrttpd wldw !hri Copwlnht. DRnnS md Pntenls Acl lnRR no pan of lhts pubfr~~lionmay b? reproduced. stored in a Readers may wish to study this 11llem coniuncl~or~w~th Ihe lollawing rrttd~vaf5~tc.m m l~arrcnr~lt~In my lorn a $ynq mpnm. ~kfrun~c Osprey publicat ronsn elwlr~alchemrc11 mmh;ln#nl. Ml(!cal. ~otocwy~?Wrecordurrq nr ofneW?JR, wtlh~r!!he prmr mrmltsrm ol Ihe ccqjmuh?owner Enpu~rmshmlld be MA4 75 Armies of Ihe Crusades nrldtess*11 to the P\rhl~sli~r% MAA $55 Knrghrs of Chnsr MA4 7 7 1 Satadm B rhe Saracens Qrnrl ?r>d Floor U~rd6, Snr~wGnrdrnq f~mvmffhSlrer V.nl*h;lll. London SEl 1 TF14 MAA 259 The Mamlitks MAA 287 Bvzanrrn~Armres f 1 18- 7461 no Campatgn 19 Hartrn 1187 Warr~or1 0 Saracen Farrs 1050-7250 no Edlid by Iarn MscGreqor CSesnana h, Tt* Rtack Smf Artist's note F~lmsprIn Gtml Or~lambl: KDI hlmwtan le WlllouS ------PrrnrPd !hrouqf> Vlcwlcl Pr~nfLfd . Honq Konq Readers may care lo no!~Ihe onglnal pir~ntingsfrom which the cololrr plates In Ihls book were prepared are available for pnvafs sale For a caialqrle of atl &WAS PublrsW bv h: br.~fyp&~owlylrfe 10 A11 re~roductioncopyr~ght whatsoever IS retained by the publrshw. An The MarkPtrnq Manaqcl ton~umerCalalogue DDarlmenf. enqurrles should be addressx! lo: Osnrpy Puhl~shunqLrrl. 7.l chelqn House 81 Futham Read Lmdm SiV3 SRB
Scorpro Gallery. PO. 80%475. Hallsham. E. Sussex BN27 2SL
The publ~shersregret !ha! they can enter mfo no corresmndence upon thrs matter any hooks on the Crusacles assume that the Crr~saclerstatrs in the Middle East were sh;~do~vsof their former sclvcs fnllot\.irsg Saladin's great victory at the battle of Mattin in 118T.Outr-cme~; ;\s ~t~eclie\alwestcrners called the remaining tatin or Gatl~olice~lcla\.r+s in tl~ceastern .Ueditcrmnean, was no lotlgrr a threat to Islam and their military elitcs generally preferred to livc in peace, focusing on tracle as much as the dcfencc of Chrisrenclorn's holy pfaccs. Ftdlalvin;~thc Cntsade of t 2.1941 the Kingdom ofJerusalem expantled ag~in,hut rllen fell hack following the bartFe OF LT Forbie in 1244 - n rlisast~rin that it was mnre final than Hattin. TF~ereafterfear of an alliance I~enveenthe G.t~saclersanri the Mongol inrsdcrs convinced the Ma~nlnksto dcstl-ov rhe Latin stales once and for all. But the fall of Acre in 3291 was not the cntl of the stnry. The hmcnian Kingdom of Cilicia survi\*ccl Cr>r alntost a centrity ~vllile the Crusaclcr ECingdnrn of Cyprus outlaster1 the h-liddlc Ages. Another Outremcr had meanwhile Exen created nroz~ntl the Aegean arid cventuaIly into the Rlack Sea following the Fourth Crusade of 1204. In fact Ourremer only survived hecause Europeans dominated the seas while its gradual colIapse usually resulted from insufficient manpower to hold fortified places. Nevertheless this fa11 still came as a zerrible shock to CI~rhistendorn.
1f 87 Muslims reconquer almost all the Kingdom ofJerusalem and other Cru,mder stares. 1189 Kingdom of Jerusalem begins counter-attack. 1I92 Richard I of England conquers Cyprus from Byzantines. 1204 Fourth Crusade captures Byantine capital of Constantinople (Istanbul); establishment of the tatin Empire of Romania. 1229-33 Civil war in Latin IGngdom oFCyprus. I244 hluslims (Khwarazmian freebooters) retake Jerusalem; defeat of Kingdom ofJerusalem at battle of La Forbie. 125658 Civil trar in Kingdom ofJerusalem (War of St Sabas). 126 l Byantines retake Constantinople (Istanbul) and much OF southern Greece. l!M Mamluks conquer htioch,Jaffi and other parts of the Crumder states. .C -. . 1271 Charles of Anjou, King of Naples and Sicily, recognized aq Kr~g'of Albania. 1277-78 Charles of 11n.jou buys I Crusaders and residents European knights had been taught to despise their h,luslim foes as cowards who fought from a dist;~nce;supposedly because they had so little blood in their veins that they feared getting hltrt. Such ludicrous propaganda clecreased in tlie 13th century as tlie Church, and tlie more educated knights, came to see their enemies as heretics rather than pagans. Moral doubts prompted by contact \\rith Islamic ci\ilization were also expressecl bv a certain Ricoldus around 1294 when lie wrote: 'We have been amazed that amongst the follo~\-ersof so perfidious a law, deecls of so great perfection are to be found.' R4eanr\lhiIe anti-Byzantine prejuclice increased; Orthodox Greeks being portrayed as devious, colv;irtlly and effete. Tliougli tlie appeal of Crusading was fading fast, many knights remained a warlike breed. As the southern French trou- badour Pierre de Dergerac sang ;u-ound 1204: I like to h~orthe rnttling Of ihr hozrberk (rgai~tstthr sniilr-Dozu A71i to hrclr the tinlzling and jingling of the hnrness Dells, Annales de Genes, late 12thlearly Tften I rush for~unrdclni see pou~poinfsnnd gn~nbrsons 13th century. (Bib. Nat., Ms. Lat. Tlzrol~mon tq/) of arm0tcr.r. 10134, Paris) The rustling of thr pennons Iifrs nty sj~irifs. BELOW LEFT Tho-masted merchant ship of the type which I know that IzatrO~rksand hekn~kand shirkis carried Crusaders and supplies llrill /lave thPir iq soon, to the eastern' Mediterranean. And horses and lances nnd szuords BELOW War-galley or perhaps a And good vassals from this time on. horse-transport tarida with its mast and sail removed. Tl~rfitct tll:~tlt~:~ri?* c:~rly IC:lii+i~~i;zu s;lilltx I1:ztl hcr.11strlrlir-1-s ill 11ii- I<(IIII:III AIIII~~I~~CQ;IIC-CI 1 lit- ~IIit$ rly cli~ss1tv11 icli :~ilop~~dti~t~~1 I ikt. 51 (irtrt-gc :!ntl St >l;~tlricr:IS thrkir parrcltl s:lilatu. rI'l~c.cr~lt of St C:rv>t-sr* ~v;~s si~liil;~rlyr1ico11ragec1 l~y 111~ I Ae~t'nni4;lnilr I~t'carnemeeting piaces for- pirates of all wigins esrepr lluqlilns. ;\!any of tl~nsciil\.nlivcr1 wcrc of kniglltlv nnk chile ~roc~pswhc, gar-"-isonctlli>l>c.ti;tn ;tor! Gcnnese ellclaves I~;CI-Cal~nost ~rltil*cly Itali;~~~ in origin, Ry tl~isrime, Iia~t~cvcr,rhc knight]!! elites oiItaly ancl of the Itali:ua c.ncla\*c*sill Or~t~-rr~~erwere very different rr-on1 those of most of Il'estel-n Europe, Here r\,arf;~rcU:IS srcn 3s a husines? where victory meant prof t ;~nddefr;~t lws, with little room for abstract ideas of glory. Tl~enreticallythe defence of the KingiInrn of Jerusalem \\.as the joint responsihiliry of :IIF C:hrE.iti;ln rulers hzit fro111 the mid-13th centurJ* on\i*;trclsthe 1t;lli;ln merchant rep~~hlicsexerciser1 a virr~~alprotectorate ovpr the Crusaclcr st;itcs, tlra~uingOutremer into the hitter rivalry of* Irenice and C;enoa, Rv the second half of the 13th century the Latin stiites ofJel-us;~lrrn,Tripoli and Antioch had, however, lost so much ter- ritory that they had to hc supplied by sea with every~hing,evcn Food. In remrn they solcl 3iuslin1 sIa\.es and Ituxury gootls in trxnsit from the Middle East, 11irli:t or China. THE KNIGHT IN OUTREMER ABOVE Paetlally defaced Patriarchal Cross from the keystone of an arch In the chapel Western feut1;ilism evol\.ccl in a sit~lationof manpower surplli~s,but the of Ww'aira castle in Jordan, probably cawed shortly before was fact opposite the case in the Crusader states. In the conquest of SaladFn" victory at the batt!e al western Syria and Palestine probablv Ied to a general fall in population, Hattin In 11 87. (Author's bh& just as happened when Spain, Portugal anrl Sicilv fell to Christian tograph) reconquest. As a result the knightly 6lite of Outremer was not only few The south-eastem comer of the in number but held fiefs with an inadequate number of peasants. Most fortified medieval city of Gibelet of the elite were also of modest origins. Of almost 70 identifiable ("OW Jubai"* the lordship in the County of Tripoli. seigneurial families the great majority came from France, wit11 a smaller (Author,s photograph) number from the German Empire, the Norman kingdonis, Italy, Cilician Armenia and Latin Cyprus. The acute shortage of manpower also led to a relaxation of the rules for knighthood to encourage pilgrims to settle. Such pilgrims came from as far afield as Iceland and Ethiopia. The Fourth Crusade led to another wave of settlement, though largely in the new Latin states around the Aegean. Knights 1\.11o lived permanently in Outremer called themselves chertnliers de la terre, or 'knights of the land'. Those of mixed origin descended from a European father and a Middle Eastern mother, were called poulnins or polnins by Westerners, possibly meaning colts or runts. Another characteristic of Outrerner, particularly in the 13th century, was the fact that most knights supported themselves with Jigs en be.~snnts, or 'money fiefs', rather than landed estates as in France; some drawing money from market tolls, industrial production or the sale of specific vegetables. A shortage of resident troops, combined with a relative abundance of cash, also led to a widespread use of mercenaries while the powerful Military Orders and urban communes also provided troops with knights. The nature of these 13thcentury forces was changing, with the rising power of rich Italian merchants and knightly families being seen as a threat to the existing French-speaking knightly 6lite. For example, a Genoese knight of the Gatiluxius family and his four sons arrived in 1251, along with their weapons, horses and some followers aboard a merchant ship and a galley. Detailed information about others survives in a legal document dating from St Louis IX's Crusade a year earlier. The good ship St Victor had 453 Crusaders on board, eight of the ten leading passengers being knights together with a total of 90 retainers. Amongst them was Oliver de Termes, a southern French Universal History of William of knight ~vhohat1 forliicl himself on the \\.rang side clt~ringthe ~\lbigcnsian Antiochl second half of the (:~IIS;ICIC.Once in Ot~trerncl:lio~\.evc~: Ile car~cclout a nc\v career ancl 13th century. (Bib. Apost., Ms. sose to commantl the Clite 'French Regiment' of kniglits and cross- Pal. Lat. 1963, Rome) ABOVE LEFT 'Crusader army', I~o\\.men.Other 1e;lclel-s also hrouglit troops to Outreiiier; Fi1;lngiel.i'~ showing a knight with an early so~lthcrnItalian canli-y, Philip of Nowra's mixed force and the X~lgeviii form of great-helm. (f. 31v) king of soutllern Italy's French, Provenqal :tntl Catalan cavalry. MIDDLE 'Crusader siege of Antioch.' If. 40r) RIGHT 'Bohemond entrusts Tancred with the government of Antioch and sails back to Italy.' In the upper register Bohemond gives Tancred his sword when handing over authority. (f.100r) Wall-painting in the Templar Church at Cressac, western France, mid-late 12th century. (Author's photographs) Top: 'Crusaders emerge from their castle.' Below: Paintings on the lower register at Cressac are in a different, perhaps southern French, style. Interior of the hall of the fortress Follo\ving. . ;I scl-ic.s of \l;lmlttk \.ictol.ic.s ill tlie' I;llc-l :it11 (.c'111111~\~.111;111\. and hospital at Aqua Bella ("ow 1i11l1ilic.st-c-.;~lizctl that tl1ct.c. \\.;IS no li~t~tt.c.ill S\.ri;l 01-I';~l(.stitlc. ;111tl so cn~i- Khirbat 'lqbala) just west of gl-;~tc.tl.0thc.l.s llctl \\.hen tllc fitl;~lcoll;~l,sc. c;~ti~c-,I)r~t otiI\. tliosc \\.it11 Jerusalem, mid-1 2th century. (Photograph D. Pringle) ~iio~ic~>.li;~tl this optio~~..\I;III~ scttlc.tl it1 (;>.~I.IIs,sit~ct, tlic.\, 110 lo~ig(*~.l~;~tl co~i~ic-ctio~lsin il'c~stc*r~i EIII-OI)~., \\.l~ile otllc-1.s \~.c*tltto tlic~1,:11i11 stateb01' C;~-cc.cc%.'-1 lk\\, i11;ly c~.c~ili;~\.e: go11~to (:iIici;tti ;11.11ic.t1i;1.111 filct tl~c- nr~~libet-sof k~iights ill <:!.p~-its il~ct-t.;~sc.tltlt-;t~~t;ttic.;~ll~. ;IS (:I-IIS;I~~CI- fi)~.tltncsehlwd else\vhe~.c.,incliitli~lg /)olrltrit~s 01' 1i1isc.tl origi~i.scvc.1.;11 .-\r.meni;~il;incl 1I;lronite colonies tllotlgI1 not of' 1101)lc rank. 'I'lit- l.;rtiti states of'tlie Aegean \\.el-r.often short of t~.ool,s,sot1tlic.1.11 (;t-t~c.cc. Ilavitig I~eenconquerccl b!, a mcrc 100 knights ;ltitl ;1t.ot111tl300 sc.1-gc;r~lts..\lost c;tmc fi-on1 (:h;~lnpagne;111t1 R~irgttntl~;I;i~.gc.ly I~citig of' ~llitltllc01, Io\\.r-~. ~111king~loble origin \\.it11 a h;~ndfitlfi.0~1 tlic. grc.;it I,;~~-oni;~lI';~lllilic.s. The F~-;lnco-B~~~-g~~ntli;~~ikniglltly aristocl.;~c)i. of ..\~lie~~s\\.;IS tlic~~i \\.ipetl ottt 11y the conquering Catalans in IS 1 1. l'lic <:;II;I~LII~Stlic.~ilselvcs tlif'Serecl fi-on1 previous settlers, the rn;!jol-ity I~cinglight infiintry \\.it11 ;I sinall number of knights let1 by a Iiighl~.etlt~catctl Clitc ~chicliinc111tlc.tl tlie architect Ionnes Per;llta. He repail-ecl tlie dome of S;rnta Sofia ill (;onst;~ntinopIe follo\\~ingan earthquake ill 134i. 1le;11i\\.l1ile,;ill the I.;~ti~lstates of Ot~trerne~.s~tSfe~-etl the same tlt.sl>el-;~tesliortnge of' sill-- vi\.ing male of'cspring, r\.ith many settler Siiniilie~scI\.ing orlt completel!. ;ificr only two genel-ations. rlfter the Latin settlers in Greece lost tliost of tlie intc.t.ior to B\.zantine cor~nter-attackthey ilgain 1,ec;tnie all ul-1);111coastal Clite, n process reinforced the art-i\.al of Italiztn fitmilies ~vllog~-;ttltt;~ll!~ came to tlo~ilinatethe Frencli. In fact ul;lny of tlic.sc It;~li;l~iknights reg:irtletl their Greck fiefs as a form of linancial investment while the chiv;\lric society of the e;\rly 13th century gave way to one basetl tlpon tracle. Of' course not all nel\rcolncrs were l~usinessnlen, 800 French knights invading northern Greece on behalf of the Angevins in 1331. Nevertheless it was the Italians who hacl the greatest influen&. One way or another knights from a wriety of I>ackgrouncls servecl in the arrnies of the southern Balkans. The knights of the Aegean Crusacler states seem to have been more ~villingto assimilate existing Slav military Clites, ancl indeed to welcome Turkish settlers if they converted t6 C11risti;unit). than the larger Greek military elite known as ccrrl~o~ts.But as the years passed and the Crusaders' shortage of manpo\ver 1,ec;une acute, some nrrl~onswere knighted and given heredit;\ry fiefs despite remaining Orthodox Christians. To the north, in Epirus and Albania, the spreacl of. Latin Christianity lecl to the emergence of two rival commtmities, the Catholic A1l)onenses and the Orthodox Grnen'. During the 14th century the Albanian military Plite was also feuclalizecl, its forces included large numbers of light ci~valryapparently let1 by local 101-CIS with the often 'Christ before Pilate'; wall- unofficial status of knights. painting c. AD 1200 in the Italian mercantile outposts in Outre~nertcere largely clefencfecl by Hermitage of St Neophytos, troops of'It;~lianorigin, in sonle cases assisted 11y loc;~ls.hlost of the latter Enkleistra. Though made when Cyprus was ruled by western were Greek I~utin hlalta, Gozo and Pantelleria the inhal~itants.~cereof Crusaders, the arms and armour Arab origin and many were still Aluslini. hlalta, in fact, sel-ved as a base of Pilate's guards are in purely from \\.hich the Italian corsair Enrico Pescatore attempted to conquer Byzantine style. Crete at the start of the 13th century. Other pirates were also noble~nen,Rolancl of Pisa being kno~vn as 'The Knight of Thessaloniki'. hiore famous was Licario, a poor knight from Vicenza who fled the Venetian islancl of Euboea following an unsuccessf~lllove affair ancl entered Byzantine service in 1271. He then reconquered various Aegean islands for the Byzantine Emperor. Other pirate knights served Venice or Genoa, amongst the most successful being the Zaccaria brothers who controlled several ports along with the iital alum mines of the Anatolian coast, built a for- midable fleet and in 1304 seized the ~vealthy island of Chios in the name of Genoa. The Crimean peninsula in the Black Sea was, however, the jewel of Genoese Outremer. Most of these little Genoese outposts were governed by associ- ations of weal thy shipowners known as mnhonesi, some of knightly rank, who \con the support of local military Clites by allolving them a share in their huge profits. Amongst these mahon~siwere men of extraordinary geographical knowledge. Tedisio d'Orio of Kaffa in the Crimea was said to be interested in opening a trade route to China by travelling westwards, having learned what so many Arab geographers already knew - that the world was round a full 200 years before Christopher Columbus. ABOVE cr%e des c~variers(now Oi~cof the most notable ch;~ractcrinics of the knightly class of Hlan 81-Akrad) In western Syria Or~trcm~rin the 13th at~d1 Jrh centr~riesw;~s their r\+illingnrssto fight was too expenslva lor the secular authorIttes to garrtson Tor a remarkable c~rietyof Icaclcrs. The knights of Outrt*mcl; in hct, and sa was handed aver to the Fnnnerl a pool of hi~hlv.."expel-iencetl rncrccnarics frlr the C>\thnlic and Milbay Ordam. (AMhorh photo- Ortl~orloxChristian i-irrni~sni' the Xlidtllc East ant1 SO~I~II-~~S.~Europe. graph) The role of knights frotii O~ttrcmcrin Mtrdim armies ~~ast~ntttrall~ morc controversial. 11 large ntiml>c~*of trnops fi-orn tire L71instates in Syria ant1 Patrsrine, incllrrling some knights, wc-nt over to Islam follo~vingthe tiis- astl-oua hnrtle of I-lattin in 1187 atiri rherc wcrc also rererences to "Frankish' troops lighting for the Ayyzbids against rim! hfuslim rulers, some pl-ohably being lnercenaries Trc,n~ the L;rtin statcs. h Sew members nFthe €;ttin elite also stayed Sollorvir~g[he collapse of the Crusarler states, even holding fiefs uncler Slarnluk ov~rlordshipfor ;l decaclr or so, X rntlcl~p-eater nurnbcr of kni~htsfrom Outremer and elscrrh~ecer- tnirlly scsvcd in the Saljuq Turkish arniics in Anatofia, even having their own zn'ht, or leader, in the first half of the 13th century. Motiration and pay Religion wxs the main moti~atinnhehincl the f.:rusadcs and the Cht~rch 'Crudem massacre the Musllm tried to maintain st~chfanalicism by proclaiming Muslims to lx sztmmfl population of Antloch'; Universal rulJlnbitis - the 'most hlamtn\,nrtliy' people. Even though religious rnoti- History or Willlam ol. nm, Acre, vatim~ ha4 declined by the 13th century a knight cauId \sin great ad 1280-9t. The Ieadlng knights prestige by serving in the A by Ruteheuf in praise of carry owal shlelds ehrractsristlc I-loly Land. poem of many tmape dufing the Rnal GenFfrw cle Sergines, commanrler of the Frtncl~Regiment in Acre, years of the Crusader states. shows tile mixrut-e of religion and glory tvtrich motivated later 13th- {Bib. Caurenzlena, Ms. Rlut. UI. centllry knights: 10, LEOv, Florence) ntfm I ratrldfh isk l~llingoJ his grml r~almlsand rimlh, Ifis godheding n nd pod .rmse, if rrmlti be zmrkorn~I ~hink. HP hehi his livlord so dmr khnt h~ nmt riilh him lo nrwngP T;od shnmr Imond I~P~m, I':rlsi(~ hr nn'!! pnr rrthnl AP OTMS Cod, conccrncd, thc chiv;ili-ic Inrv of ni-TIISorlly scrvcd as ;I restraining pril~cil>lcif l>otI~sidvs ;qi-ccrl. C:onscq~~c~>tl\;conlhat ;ig;tinst IIO~I- C:hrisrians or- tla~l-~ol~lt.itlf'an11-y r)r in ;\rr.;~sn.11~1-c tlre ancient code nf vclltlutra took p~.ccciIruct:c)i.ri- tht- nr.wcr ct,t~cr.ptof chi\-alr!; cot~lda11 sic-tit I-I-is. 1-ic it illti 1 Donor figure end hi* horse an Icon of St NIcholns from the 3 ~-~ligio~n~envrl-; tllr oI(1 pr;~cticeof a llricst hlcssing a new knight's Church of St Nicholas tls Steyis, oilt roct it itt I I I p I to I ItKa+opetrla, Crusader Kingdom cIIII>II~$I~cvrrilloel?: r\t thy S;IIIIC: ti111e tli~r~II*c~.~* CIC;II- rlifft.1-c1lct.sin the Cyprus, rate 131h century. T~IS ;trtil~~dc-sof' l~orth Eut-011~~i11-1k11i~11ts ant1 rhrir sot~tE~~r-tl(II~c~~~zcI-- knight is in purely western ~;III~;III)COII~I tcr11;irts. FI'F~~~~\\-yi-c ~.cfl~'ctt*d i 11 O~tt-CIIIOI.\%,IICI-C equipment while fmnt-onty caparison of hls horse is in a t-~ortl~cr-11idc;~!s p~.r.clolnirl;laetlill earlier clecarlcq, soutllern ill Iatcl- Mediterranean style assoclated ?c>;~~+s. 11c.1 s SOII~II~*II-;II.~I?* tc)13k knighting cc~rr.i~~o~iics;~ndchi\.alric iclr.11~ with and Spain. 50 I I in a feudal array. 1% fief worth 1)00 to 1,000 lirsflnts a years was thought necessary to s1zppol.t a knight in the east, many being moncv fiefs. Yet knights could nor always rely on income frorn fefs or from employment as mercenaries, one report telling of an Italian who had to p;iutn his dagger; shield and armour, thoz~ghnotably not his m\,orcl: and horse, when he fell into debt. Meanir~hile,tile system of r~dormeant that the King of-lerusalern paid for Iasses of horses or military equipment when his knights scrvcd outsirk the Kingrlnm. Pay varied considerahlv across Outretner I~utin general a III(-IXX.II:II.!~ k11ig111~.c(x-i\.c(l t\vicc% 01. t111.c(. ti111c-s ;IS 11111e11;IS ;I CI.~SS~)~\\~III;\II.tllis ~.(-fl(*(.ti~igt I1(* k11igIlt.s s111)cl.iol.SI;IIIIS ;11i(I tlic cost of. llis ;II.II~S. ;Il~lllolll~;lll(l llol~s(~s.rl./l(~ 017Ill/~t/~/~of '\!i~0//l.S (113 ./oitt7-i/lo ( I 323-5) t~.i(%(lto fix tl~c-p;~y fi)r C;I\,;III.~i~i t11c I ,;~till I'~.i~icip;llit!~of. ;\~II;I~;I ;I[ SO0 lt?/)~~t/)(,t~,.v fi)r;I !,c;ir's sc.~.viccI>\. ;I knigllt ~.ccl-r~i!c.tlo\.c*~.sc;~s, (i00 /ty/)(>t/)rr(>,s if ~.cc~-~~itc(lloc;~ll>., \\,it11 400 ;111(l :300 /IY/)BI/)PI~~.S,IY'SI)C'CI~VC~~, fi)r sq~~ircs. I-1orsc.s \\,ere tlie most exl~cnsivcitem tllat ;I kniglit ncctlccl. They \\.ere ;\lso alnongst the ~iiost i11111ol.tii1itbooty, \vl~icliin tr1r11led to ;III i11Sr1sio11 of sul)c.~.ioloric.nt;~l equinc genes into Europc.;~~~ l~lootlstock.111 tlic (:r~rs;~clerst;~tcs, ;IS elsr~vlicrc. tlif'fc~~-cnthol-ses \\.rhrca~rsotl Sor tlil'fcrcnt pi~~-l>oses, fi.onl tles/t.ir~.~\.;~~-lio~.ses to tllc filicst Tr11.com;in tr;~\.cllinglio~.scs, ortlin;~~-y /)(tlp.q riding horses, 1.itling ~iir~lcs;IIICI .srtt~t/)/nsor pack-horses. <:oul-;~gc ;lntl st;~~llin;~\vcrc, ~vllat;I knight req11i1-etlof his \\.;~r-lio~.sc,tl~c innate aggression of stallions c~~~;~l>li~~gtIic*111 to ig11o1-c- s~~pcrfici;~l \\,o1111els r111tiI ;i I>;\trlc\\.;IS ovrr. Ol'co~lrsc.not ;I\\ ;~liim;\ls\\.we of top <111;1lit!,, rlic micl-I3tl~-cc1it111~yI 7i,ttt/)l(tt:v tlcsc~.il>i~iginf'c.1-iol- I~orscs;IS ~~rlll(-rs. stol)lx-~.s01- ~ll~-o\\.cl.s. I)(..v/t.in:v \\.c.~.conly ricltl(.n in I~;~ttlc.c\.cli tIic11 \\.;liking l)c,fi)~.cc-;~~itc~.i~ig into tlic fi1i;11cl1;11-gc. *l.~.otti~~g \V;IS so ~~~~co~i~fort;~l>lc~ fi)r ;II~;~~.rnor~lx~cl 1n;lli tli;~t it \\.;IS conil~~onlyr~sccl ;IS ;I form of' ~>~~llishnic~nt,\\.bile g;~lloping\\.ol~ltl Book of Psalms, Acre or Antioch, Ii;i\.c I)~.okcn111) tlic close-l);ickc.tl tnt~t-oi.~fi)~.n~;~tion on \\.liicli ;I knightly late 13th century. 'King David c11al.g~tlc.l,c.~itlctl tlpon fi)r its sl~ccess. plays his harp' and 'David \\~liel.c;~srlic L.;~tin sr;~tcsof ;\ege;i~l O11trenic.r I;~ckecltroops ~itlicr beheads Goliath'. King David than lio~.ses.tlic I,atin states of tht, I-Iol! 1,antl \\,cre not so Ihrtunate. plays an unusual instrument with Mere t1iel.c \\.;is 11ot only ;I shol-tagc. of I-cmor~ntsbr~t ;~lso ;lcute ~\.;~st;~gc a handle at the top. Several eastern musical influences ill 1);lttle since .\luslim lio~.se-21-cherstrietl to r~nliorsetheir formitl;tl~lc reached Western Europe via the/ foes. I'rices \.ariccl hugel!. ;tccortling to qrl;ility ancl a\.;iilal~ilit>..I\ gootl Crusader states. (Bib. Antoniana, st:~llion\\.as nol.mi~llyten timcs the \;due ofa Iiiarc, the bcst liorscs bcing Ms. C.12, f.lv, Padua) t~vicc!as cspcnsivc again ~\.liilctlic cost of ;I ~.c;lsonal>le\\r;~r-liorse \\.;IS ;1roi1ncl the same as a !.car's I-eve~luefro111 a normal fief. Contrary to popt~la~.opinion. (.lire h,lusli~nca\.alrymen probably rode larger horses than those of the average c:rusaclc~-.For this reason tlie hest ~\.:ir-horsesof 13th-century l\'estcrn Eilrol>e \\.ere raised in areas \\91iicli had close tratling links \\.it11 both Or~tremerand the hlr~slim\corlcl; for example Sicily and southern Italy, \\.here improving breeds ant1 espol-ting horses \\.ere major intlustries. The Latin states of the Aegean ant1 of the Holy 1,and both importetl great nrlmbers of animals as \\.ell ;IS high-usage items like horseshoes, the majority prohahly fi-orn so~rthern Italy. Along \\.ith cloctors ancl engineers ~vliiclithe Angevin rulers of this area sent easn\.arcl, there m;iy 1i;tve Ixen \.ets since soutliern Italy \\.as already proclr~cingsome of the earliest European I~ookson veterinary science. \VIiere feecling \\.as conccrnerl, the Crrlsacler states used \\.hatever \\.as a\,ailal)le. This \.arietl ;~ccor RELOW The ruins OF a lawe medievat rottress overla~king Filipl in northern Oreeco. Many isolated towers dating from the Zalin Crusader oeeupation am dotted across Greece, mostly In the sovlh, (Author's photograph) &."I (Bib. Munlc., Ms. 562, Dijon) tvc.a~.iugr;tl)t~~~.r.tl ~Tl2lillt~pII1: 'I3i1t the Ilc'ilrPI. 11le\-nppronclirrl tlir rnr11-r. Top: 'Story 01 Troy.' The guard an itnlike Frr-l~c-llii~cn~hc-!. .;rrn~t*rl, ti~ tl~y rn;~l-rl~ctl hu~-~-ictlly ant1 in rlir;- the lefl has one of the earliest ~i~iIt~1~~~~1rrn~dc.i111rl F rn t I illudratlans 0, basilad daqqer- - lf~pc.rltiieir- SII irltE~ ir-r-cg~~la~*I!:,rre ;~f~ei-hc In western art, (f.89~)Below: n1:lnllc.r r)t' S:lr-;lct.ns 111;lrl of Fr.erlcll." 'Wooden Worse taken into Tmy.' lnfo~-m;ilio~~hn1t1 I!IP lF~~\;JilltSEC~ ;llsc) 5ht8t\~3il~ht, . nn C!-rzsackr skills. Infantryin the loweWright 'Orner FOI r.s;ln~plr.;I 1;ltr. 13lthccnttir!. tr:~iniiliIH:IIIII;LI (Ie~criIws~lifri-i-ent are repmsentive of those tmops II.:IIS of' t~%iilx:I I:~IIw, atnt)ngsI !\+IiiclIIt'iIq ;1i1 i~~c~ivi(~~~alCII~IV~Cd01\7l Ihr who defended the Latln states in )t ;IS 1 Syrfa durrnn d-ades. 1t.1-I sick of 311 c q)p,~iet~t ki r\\n Tliv S\-ri;ll>;\lf ack'. Fr Icns nserE by ABOVE 'The Rand to Calvary," on a marble tympanum from Parnaca. Cyprus, nri 1200-50. Two soldters wear full mail- armour but no sureoals Ln a very rare piece of Crusatler art from the firs; half of the 13th century. (V & A Museum, Inv. 6.2-19R2, London: author's photograph) BELOW South-wcstern redoubt of Patras castle. The Tortmss is a mixture of Byznntlnc. Crusodcr, Venetian and Ottoman Turkish eonstrucl~on.(Photogmph A. Bon) wsorrthel-11I;l;~ncr. Olivcr ~msalso renowrtctl li~rthc care he took of his men and his willingl~ersIn retreat rr.ithor~tIcr-ling p,rzlilty nlmrit it. Ncn.t-I-thclcss the knigl~tsor O~~trc~merwere rrcqttentlv Ir~lrtl, ambtlsFlrrl anti n~~+rclunrlerlby 'tmth Mt~slim;tntl Rpnnlinc foes. In 129 1, men tllc Angel-in king c~f' r;sr~lthernltiily, C:li;~i.tes I?. wrote that ttlc M;lmluks rcmained 'mnre clcwr and more nclrnit 111;ln C:liristians in war'. SOCIETY AND CULTURE - -- - The Latin Glites retained an enormous senw of [heir awn superiority over the indigenous peoples, giving them confidence long aftc-1- tllcir military dr,ti~iriancehad hcen lost. Thnllgh thcl-e haci Iwcn an increase in class consc lot~~ness amongst the ari~rncnr?~of Outlrmer since 111e later 1911 ccetltury the declining ~vealthof many knights rnaclr it rlirficult for zhcm to marl-? n~~tsirlethe Cr~rs;~rletstarrs. C:onscquen~ly the Pnpe ~msoftct~ nskrcl for speci;~lt1inpens;lrion so thar hlnocl rrl:~ri\-csco~llrt ~vrrl. In~crnlarr-iagr nit11 Orttlorlox Clrt-isri;r~rswas resisted and irl sor~~u cases h;ln~lt=d.Pt~nislrments atso reflected this rigid class structure: rebel knights in Iknrrtian Ct.ete losing their fiefs ar~rlnnn-nahfe Latins tl~~ir assets, ~vhilcGweks lost iI hand or foot. Thr pl-imal-v role of the knighrs of Outrcmt-r reniaincrl military even rhor~ghtheir way of IEfc reflecrctl that of ~lrhaniseclItaIs rather than r~~r;ll France. I11 the Kingdom nf Jerl~salern the remaining ru~alfiefs were largelv hdd by a city- haserl aristocncy wllose representative gxthered rtavenues from village leadcrs much as hacl been rlnne hrfrjre the C:rzas;lrlers arrived. A similar ??tern prohahly operated in Latin Cyprus and, to ;1 Icsser exrcnr, Larin Greece. The castles and tnmors of O~ltrerner~riecf considerably, recent dctailcd archaco8ogical research having shown nlrac there \mr no such thing as a specifict?lty Crusader style castle. Here the {my of Iife retlectecl. that of solithern Europe. The cellars were the ABOVE RIGHT Knightly tombs In the Crussdar aMes were (Armmlun Church. NimFs). F: Sir Pkrm Lmlrwns, d. *o 130 generally marked with lnctesd ntaba rather than thrw-. (Arab Ahmet Masque, ffkosia). 6: Johan Tanourl, d. rrr 134 dlrnenmlonel atngfms; (Emaqhteh Mosque, Nicosia). H: Sit laq d'Brirun, earliy-mtd A-;R Members of the Luslgnun family, Ida 13th mtuy 14th century (Aya Sona Wosque, Nlcosla). I. Ths Prwwt af (Clrnassol Museum). C: Slr Aelmont Dodour, Ids f3thfemrly Cyprus, mld-14th eanluty (Emerghleh Mosque, Mlcosla). 14th centur)*.{Arab Ahmel Mosqua, Ntcosla). D: Raoul ds la J. Slr Phellpa de Mllmam, mld-14th cantury (Emerghleh Blanehegards, late 13thlearly 14th century (Aya Sona Mosque, Nlcwla). K Sibylla Crceon, d. Ae 1233,frorn the Mosque, Mlcorla) E: Sir Ballan Lsnbs~.d. *9 1357 Kozan area (Arch8eologicat Museum, Adana) ol'.\tI~r~i~.+\I iii-\t [II(*~tiili~;~rv i+klict- td' ill(* l'i-i~tt*il~:t!i~vtbI':\i.li:~~-:~ tt~~icl~~cl BELOW 'Tower of Babel', ~nfvers.41 story af ~i~liarnof tivt. ~IIi\t)E,uc.rl i~lor~~~t;tir~tc~l)c.;~utlt'q :tii(I sl~.r~~gl\'fi)i+~iiit.rl 111;111oi.- m,Aem, tsta-~athcentury. The !I~~I~w~,t~titi!111~ t*t~l:~l i~itt-i-it~r I\*:IS I (-i*o~~(lt~t=r(~II)v 111~ I3y/;11itit1v\. l:i~jtmr lab0ure~wear c~othssIn a i-~;r~~ip!rs01 :~rc-l~i~t*c t~~t-itl ilt-c-i~r:t~iott l't.0111 1 .:ifin ( ;i-t*c~~m~lio~\* lsl:i~ili(- mixture of weatern, Byrantlne I .i!11i~1*1 11a1i l{y/;1111 i!1tn i~llltbrkltv. xitggtq\liiig 1!i;1l ;i~.c~li![~Y-RS ~IIC~ ~it,~xi~ii\ end lslamlc styles while building \\.r-ll :I\ Ltiigl~r~fI{.c[ to (;l-c~.t t- I I 1 r111 1l~t-tltbcliiiir~~ (:i-~~~:~tlt.r- \t.htra\ ot techniques Include a typical Middle ,or making 3s i i:~i111tI I',tl<-\t ill[.. unbaked mud-btleks. (Bib. Itt 111~1.;11 IT k~~ixlir.;[i)lllltl tli;k! li\iilq ;~lllokl~,r~~tlltml-c ll;llltc ;III(I Munic., Ms. 582, Oijon, L9r) (~l~llll1l0tlt'l~~it1 tilt' I'I'OI~+IIV(I ~ilit'~ ( )ll t l.tmltlc-l.c;!ll~vrl 'itl~i;ll ~ll~0\14~lll<. I OII' :11t1it I, I 1;1~1. LJI-OIIII(YI Inv twigi 11. ~ukt~I.;I~c- [kt= t I,I<\. t,;~(.li '~~:i,i~b~~;tl'xi 011p !I;,\ iiic its OI\II ~XILI-CI~IS;I~III ;1,1<1 , I ! t 11111c !I \\ I~ibt- IIM* >~rt-t~i-l~l:~~~\l;trgc-lv ~.t~~i~;~ii~[-(l ~l~~r+c.\\*liicl~ 11;lcI c-uixtc.cl I'i~t. ct.t~~t~~.ic.\.2:111. t'x;tllll~l(' /rrllllr'(t 1~,1111.lli1l1~l' 8 1!11*lii11 II~~IIII~I~IIJI~,111t- ti~:it*k(~~s l~t~iiig ~~t~rl~;~tigrIIICI iltlcl [>lqllx~1~10~~1~~(1 ~t~vc~l~~~l.+Ik 1 >PC[> I)I li~c,ilc1it.t ~IICI~v;iy< td ~6~~~~11~~vitlithC ~I~III;IIT. TIir lrc,~nt.sor II.~.;IEt I]? fiirnilirs c\.rll in C:\~I%I~S t'ere~~il,lerltlitrsc (>rrllc llr~sfims.11;iving n sol-Lof' pri\;t~ch;rr c111 liw the ~t+tlt~~cntillk. I.irt lr is ~~IDICII ;iI>o~~t1101 tv8s in I ~III-CC~I~III-v,\cr~. t~tta ~.rrti;lrkahly rlrt;tilrtl dc BELOW 'Abraham' cawed wooden capital from Calabria or I Sicily, AD 1150-1 200. Like much art from southern Italy, this \\.ails and floor were covered in mari>le anl>v'in F 'I 1 I, lich oriental hlx-ics at~dminor aspects of eastern fashion Irere acloptcd dtiring 1 [he 13111 century. L~;lrgch;~rs wrrc r~sctl it1 high summer when, parattoxically, c!ot't~csseem to hnvc 't~cct~nlorc A serlea of windows In Chames it-estcrti than in ~vitltel-~r-l~en .Fur-t i ned eastern t~~atlrleswe1.e worn. Thc Cathedral podray leaders of St " where J4ilira1-yOrders rclr.h;lcIe Il~xlirio~riii!cms of costumr 3s a tllrr;lt to tll~ir most of them were captured. puritanical cnrle. incltcrletl hnts cf~nrrsrm Tliesr: poirtted called rn~nnlj~ies, Hem (A) a nobfemen baarlng the - calourrtl coifs. ~vhcsc;~sort1i11a1-y ones wcre i\+llire,and shoes caller1 .,, ,, Dreur loseshis swarrl - gdor/t?~.s;~snppnsetl ttr ~r'di~l;~r'ysnli~rx Othrl- prohibitions from particlilal- the onty flgure to do so. Same \cars inclutletl ;III embroidrrr't turha 11 callrrl a tnniIFon wrfinmrrk which Years ago an enam*&d swt'd- pornme' up In Damascus ~LIII~to the waist in l"l2, lor~~coats called Irnlptrs in E2R8, ;1 sltnrt cote and fs now In tha Metropolitan hnrdir coat with lacing points in 1300, and sandals calletl plntzmtrs in Musmm Art, New On 130'1. In 1295 Members of the Hospitallers hrerc,hcr~r-e\-er, prrmi ttecl to side (~1. . beam the blue and wear a white -IIP/ or nuraillipr form or headto\-ering\t*hicIl covers their gold arms of breux quartered ears. JIeanrvhile in Cyprus and Greece the Latin Elite took pains to dif- with the ermlne of Brittany. On {C) ferentiate iwelf from the Greek m;ljoriymwith 1a1t.s sr~pporting[hem in the other It has a Crusader's red cross on a green ground dec- this effort, status being d~o~vnhy wearing the syrnlmFs of kr~iglltliood, orated with vines. It Is almost clothaf~old,sptrrs, nvnrtl and a n\-cwcl-heIt. certainly the pommel of Count 'I$%ile the literaztlre nf O~ttrernernatunllv portrayed the Latin Peter's sword captud at el- military Olite in a Favot~wblelight, an interesting alternative exists in Mannurah, but what w8a the forgotten 8tory behind the sword medieval Arabic 1itrmture. Here popular stories nrock tlte \t7csternersss on the etalned-glass window? sn~pidand primitive, the Crusaders being comp;lrahle to the Red Indians portrayed in old cowboy movies. European cities are dcscrihcd as exciting dens of vice, gambling and drunkenness like rnetlievnl versions of LISj'egas. Ilkstel-n men were portrayed as dil.~ipofi~nt and prerniscuous hut also hnve and ssrrong, while western \rromenwere seen xa no use Tar anything? Religion rernainerl the main cliticie Ilenveen the military elites of Outrerner and those they ruled, though many Ltin settler fi~rnilicswere eventually ahsorkcl in to Qrthoclox C:F~ristian Ryl~ndncsocfe~. Hrfore that. I~cn\-ever,thc 13th-centclry Clites of Outremer rolltnvec1 the irlcas of 1';lrjs ;IS clnsrly :IS t11c.1~ C(UI]~.~,i!cmt+;~tb~t+(-. t*p;~!l-~~:~i~~ti~~gs ;IIIC~sot-i:~l c8vtmt~ts like tot~t-~~a~~l~nlli:ill l~rlp~ Other Chris tian states ,--I*. Main trade routes 'vlVenet ian (aGenoese 1 Ilcing wry pc~prili~~:Not ~tnriltl~c. 1-It11 rcnttlrlDclirl 1taIi:i~icli~!lc~~p- I~ri*ncl~ AS t11v I:III~LI;IK~* 01- tl~e i,litr in Latin I;rt*ccc. Tlw iclc:tl of.c<~t~r[l\~low also l~eg;~nti) appr;~r in ll3tl1qcnt11rv Zit~~~tl~t+r,C'~COIII+~I~C~I 13v 1;ttlirn and thcir 1ninstrc.1~.It !\.as 1~;1srtiIIIXJII r\~;il>- hlusliin collccpts ot' rotnntlcr, as ol)l)rrsetl to rile chd C;r;lr.rr+Kotn:~rirt~ipll;~sis on scs~i;llappctitr. Cm;Ir~nIlyit ch;znge:c.rl rltc ~\.clmct~ot' tl~c:knigl~tl~ rlasr T~.onr ~nlt~alhc*posscssic~ns ot. r'cl>iclcs Sor political a1lia11r.e~allnost into eqt~i~lsof theira mrnfnlk. Xlrat~rvhilr the irle;~ls of knightly I>elra\.io\~rcarlic to ilrclr~rlr tlre ~~lfl~~~ 'TII~.kriiglits (>I* Clutretncr I~TI.~alst, invcd\.etT in rnv;t~ingrnemv ter- I itoi-v 01- tr\.irlg IO :IIII!IIIT~I ~=~~IIIVnlirl*. I-lcl-c t11c 111ain 1-01t- of*ktligfitlv Hfstory of Outremer, French early 14th CQnfu~.[Bib. N-t., MS. Fr. 9081. Paris] TCP A man Is murdered while playEng backgammon, a game popular with the knightly Plifc, tf.1 SOr) fiP0VE Religious and fealty for- malttles, lncludtng the ceremonial handlng over of a glove by a ruler, (f.174) , Ruins of the norlh-castcrn lower I i , and inner w~ll01 the castle of Saranda Kolanes which rrlso included a sugar-processing plant. (Cyprus Ministry ot Antiquities photograph) BELOW A crude carving believed ti1% * iitli tiit v iiISI t I I 1 I 1 1 to possibly made by a local Greck or Latin 1)1.1irt ;~ticIhi~Fil\.clct-ortlrrbrl flt.ll ltt-111%t,rrr)~l~iltg ('0111111011 ill 111th I;ITC.I2111 artist dudrig the reign of Prince r.cqelllvv. I;i~.ct.p;n-ilir~~~~ I)cing rict.11 l'l.ot11 the- I;ttt- E :\I It r-c.~~tz~i.r.~II\\':II.I~'~. ,, of Aehala. ,,,, lIl~lItlIIl~lItl~Otl;l\~lOlt\illH~ubeollanneaS(klotes.pamrl, The fortified peninsula of Skopa figs ;11icl \\.ill(%(.o~~l(l Ile ~,t~~.cliasetl along the \\.;I!.. In winter tlic fi-i~gilewar- in Kotronas bay in southern galleys \\.el.c t;lkc.11 0111 of' the i\.atcr, pl;~cccltlnclcr covcr and gu;lrclccl by Greece, an ideal position for a ;I 1c)c;tI %~r~.iso~i.11 is also \\.o~.tli ~ioti~igtli;~t g;~~~cy-s~;~vcs ~;IcI~iot 11ec1i garrison depending on Italian t~setlsilicc tlic fi~llof tlie Koninn Eliipil-c. R!.z;lntinc ant1 llusli~nn;n.ies control of the sea. (Photograph A. Bon) ~~elll;li~ict~\.oll~~ltc'e~.s c~ccpt li)r tli~'II~I-SOI~;~~ SCI.\.;II~~S of sc~iior ol'licers tlil-ouglio~~ttlic \Iitltllc ;\gcas ;~~itlit \\.as 111~-I Iospit;~llcrsof Rliotlcs \\.lie ~~c.i~lt~-o(lt~ce(l~;~llc~~-sl;~vc~s or, ~iio~.c ;~cc~~r;~tel~-, 'galley-srrf's' to the \lctlitc.r-t.;~~ic;l~~. :\t sea c.rossl)o\vliicn fi)rmctl tlie 11i;iin tlcfe~ice \\,bile marines. iliclutling kknigllts. ;~ttc.mptetlto 11o;lrtl cnemy ~.esscls.R~iiglits were more i~nlx)~-t;t~itill tllo n;~\.;~llantlings \\.hicIi often invol\.ecl tntir1n.r. ;I spccialisetl Ilo~.se-transl~ortingg;~lle!. of' X~.;ll)origin ill ~\.hicIithe ;i~li~nalsstootl in stalls tlo~vnthe ccntrc of tlic vessel. By using its oars n lnritln co~lltlback on to ;I bc.acI1 ancl tlisgorgc its troops clirectl!. into battle like rnot1e1.n landing c~.;lft.\lcan\\.liile. Iiirger sl~ipsstootl offshore, unloacling tlieir cargoes of men, Iiorscs ancl supplies into sm;~llhoats. One ~nici-12thcentilry account clcscril)ccl silcli ;I clesccnt upon ;In cncm!. coast: 'First tlie archers tlise~n- I);II-ketl,e;~cli \\.it11 his l>o\\.I)ent, his quiver and bo\\,case Iii~ngingat his side, the kniglits cliseml,arking anti forming up on shore once tlie heach la.;seclu-c.' occasion all^, ft~llyarmotlretl kniglits attacked tlie eneliiy first, tliougli \vlictlicr [lie!. I-otlc out of tlieir sliips or led their Iiorscs into rllc sliallo\\.s ~.c:lii;~ins;I ~n!.ste~-yGiven the size of ~nedie\.alh4eclite1-rane;ln sliips it is more likrly to Iiave I~eenthe latter. Battle and it's aftermath ;\ltliougli filll-sc;~leI);~ttles for~iicd a minor part of warfare in Oi~tremel; they arc often tlcscl-il~ctlin tlctail. Leac1cl.s strengtlienecl the mol-alc of' tliosc i~ivolvctl\\.i~h 1,t.c-l~attle sl)ccclics. The k~iightsfi)~-met1 r~p l~cliintl tlieir tat,l-oi.s Ixtn~le~-s;l~ltl once figliting started they listeneel for the tt-t~nil)ctw\,liich\\-ere 11setl ro restore ortlc~; rally or s1rlnlnoli troops. \\'l~ctlicrknights 1ccl.e Iiiore Searlitl of close coml);lt with otlicl. ca~111.yor of' ;~rro\\.sis t~nk~io\\-n,1,111 the li,rrne~~)rol~;~l,l~ c:~~~sctl nlo1.c 1io1.1-ific Kiiiglirq \cc=rr tdtt'ii IISC'II 10 str~iigtl~etlroot Icon of SIGeorge. 13th century, At!ici-s. AI=lirl BELOW Fragment of an Aldrevmdini-style anarncllcd glass beaker found in London. from Oulremer or Venice, late 13thlearly 74th cen!urles. It illustrates a horseman with s H~;IG sijniI;ii~l\.s~I-II(.~ hv ii~*i-int.sIiit* ~iti~t-s.11i5 I~ol+rt*1kr1 l<*ss!li,111 1.;. ;II III~. lance, a large shield and plumes I -iiI loI oil I-I 1 1-111 I I I i ,,,. clnv, 1551190.1982. rSle Arrenal Blble, Aem, late 13th century, perhaps the most Byzantine-Influenced manuncrlpt from the Crusader states. (Ms. Am. 621 1, Bib. de I'Arsenal, Parfs) 1 F-Tr 'The Army of Hololwrnes.' (1.330) Er:;liT 'Pharoahqsarmy In the Rod Sea.' tr.2931 TOP The Mafn chapel OICme dea Chevaliers was mriglnally dec- orated with wall palntings. fragments of which suwlue. (Syrian Dept. of d~tiquitle8pho- tograph) APOE Small donor figure in a walk-pakntlng from Crac des Chevaliers. His clothtng appears to be looser than that normally worn in Eumpe. (Archaeolagkcal Museum, fartus; Syrian Dept. 01 Antlquitles pho- tograph) 1 c-i,~ot~t-;Is is p;~i~~trtlon IIIP - 1 ------I .;llielct, :lltel [llc pcirncln ntl ' '. - - . .I L--. -- - - . .. - - - -- _ _.- - _ - -. ,---A th<*!;itlclt-iltlitl. ;113rl ;il~v;rvh Ir;lt.r them %c/rbil.ca2 rlofc. I,? ~otl.' Jesus being presented et the I att. I 21 Il-c.t~l1!ill-1 lC*IlPi 1~1-1>Ill c )ttl l.~-~lkt-t+~tl~ll ;is t<41.5 (:?14~li/q ;1!50 Temple.Vhe arms & armaur ~itt~t~iiij~~:b (/~ttvti~# !$.;I\ Byzantine and t~r(*k-;~i+~itot~~*~vliirl~ p~.td~;tl~lyquil~rcl. 11. likr tl~e might mflett the N~F~~~~~used 111:liI ~!~ 11l:lit 111~rttr+(*\.:I I)i.ii~~ii~~~c!\\.:t~-l~;~t. c,II~I.:I<~ 01. htr~tii't~'~~'ii1*1v Litr~il'r (11'1>!;11<.- Lafo medieval strcet in the old ifit 1 I. I r I t~r/tir ;I 11tI 1 ill I 1. Arab quafler of Jaws, St.\.r.itrcr-i~ ti..^^..; t.1rt.i ;I XI ti.\ iviilg IIIC'~t.t311:11.\ (.(11111.:1<1 ~ti'ili:ti1(1s;I gorl(Z main port tor Jerusalem, !i;lr Iii )I r..qoorI ;11-111o111-!tit(\ t'illlrl- /#lrl:r'~rti 4.1 Irur rrtvsir r 01- rorxr:i~rii~($[' (Author's photograph) lc;~tllc~.n1.1iio11r pc~.sistc'tl Iongc.1. tl~anit tlitl in the coltlcr nol-tl1. Oncc ;~g;~inSIII-viving It;lli:~~i tloc- ABOVE 'Soldiers of Nimrud', rlmcnts provitl~ tIct;~ilctl infi)rli~;ltion\vllicIl \vo~~ltlalso ;lpl1l\. to UniversalHistoryofWilliamof .. ' we, Acre c. ad '286. lheman in OI~III.I I I-t-II ~ofssiolII~III~ s tI front may be wearing the Middle to l1;1\.c;I s~~cltllc.I1ol.scs ~11-1110111-. /)~~IIZI,I.~(I~IIor (I.S~(>~;~/I~II1ii;liI l)otlv-;~1-11lo111-, Eastern prototype of the European I loos o I 1 i I I 7 I/I/I. /I/I 1 ~ri~1 It coat-of-plates. (British Lib., Ms. /llIlll 7 1:lOlt-0f;ltt. 11111 i 1 Ofit111 .rl1/1ltIl Add. 15268, f.?Ir, London) /c~l:q'(~~~t01. /(//)I)/~I~c~~IvI(III~/)/IIII~ t!.pc. Tllc, Iiglltc~. ;lrnls ;~lso1m1)111;11- in Xcgcnn 0rltrelnc.1- ;1rc mirrorctl in tlic ~nilit;ll-y tl-e;ltisc \\.~-ittcliI)? T11cotlol.c I-';tlc;~ologus: 'I~idcctlin tlic mattc.1- of' mot~ntctlsoltliers ... each \\.it11 I~isiu-mo11r ant1 equipn1elit, he slioultl I1;ivc t\\.o sm;~llhorses like those of the (;I-ceks ;11icl thc TIII-ks,that is to say gcltlings. or at least two mares. ;lnrl that he be armetl to match tlie strength of'liis 1101-scs.That is to sa). \\.it11 tlouhlct, hrrlr/)l*~;~c.orl ant1 gorgcret, ctlil-ass ant1 ~OS~~II~IJSOII, chapel tle fer, s~\.ortlof one Lye or another at his sitle. greaves and rlriss~sand his lance and sliielrl. Xncl if he ~\.ishesto have great horses, that is to say destricrs in Latin style, let him be armed \\.it11 heal?. armour suitable for that purpose .... And in this connection let their surcoats he provided with a I~adgelike that on their banners, ensigns ant1 tlie pennonsof their lances to make a good show of their people, and this I \\.auld also apply to mountetl lesser people of the said districts. k'assals ant1 knights should have three horses, a destriel; a good p;~lfreyancl a gootl packhorse to carry their necessary equipment. Barons and those of higher rank shoulcl each have at least five horses \\,it11 their harness, and each should have a good squire The largely 13th-century Klz 10 kvtbp !ii!11 ~c~i11~~~111vhv lii% sk!tb, :111d IICI~IC~(I[' ~!IVIII \11otiI(~ sp;~i(~ Kales! fortress on an islet rmsprnscfor ill hc;lring I~irll~t.lf't\~c~llit lui.11~ to Itis hcrtlcbtlr ;Itnil prcllil. :~lllt o~~osit@the fortified Port of Le Itis is il 1.- Goure (now Uorlkos) an the coast SU~'[-;I~-It~o~~i. II;L~ I wrii IVOI-11Ix-rir:t~ 11 III;I~I ;IIICI III;IV 11 it\-r I~t.ci1 or ClfIcla. (Author's photograph) ;IIII,;I~? (ti' ICIt ill flit* c.iti~lvcl;w*. -1-IIL. q~~il~t.clttIbv~r~tt ;IIICI ~trtit/~~t>~t S~BII-:II.ITIO~II. pix~l~:~I~l~t-c:~~-!?ccI I I stifkntvl :and padrtetl. 'Tllr 1-1~11rciitrir?. nE~os:l\rV ~VC~IZV~'L~SCr~1'1hc %I~ot.t- ~lc~vc~llrft tt/wrprr \VOI+~I t\+itI~~.igi(l :~r+ati-~i~Sc~~ict*s, '1'11~ /J~IIF~I~+~~IIII ~-r~it;tii~s a rli!.;tci-?; tlioi~gl~tt~v ~r-ill 01' R;~t-~c-llalIr~.s;~tlrt~r of 13olo~t~l i\-11o r tic.(! c~u LEFT Icon of St George and the :lt - Young Man of Mltylene, posstbly C:rl~.i;ulr D;~lr~iert:lI !! lCl-20 stntril: made at Lydda in the Krngdorn at ''1;) 11ir IHospi~;~l(~f I!I~ C;rrt11;1n5, ~v1~~1-vIIP ~\*i~ti<~ [(I I)[# l~iti-it*cl~IIP Jerusalem, mid 13th centuv. Icfi 2111 his iIrt1tS ;1t1<1 ;~I-IIIO~I~-:1t1<1 his p:~nc-rri:~~t~tvirl~ (t11v ICIIIX slrt~vt~;III(I Although the salnt wears unre- coif.' alistic pseudo-Ramm armour he C tl~v~~~1wi11g 'l:~ct~il lwI~i~~(l' ;~r(-oriIing 10 SOIIW r-hnrlrrbrrr rlt, gtortr. ;t11i1 sitili(*~i~ti~+~li;~\-i~jg ;t rlrr- I -!r I ii11 (:I-trrrrrlr f;ytfr. .rllt- (.'I,IJ~IJ/I- (.'yrh ;II\(I ~~i-ovicI(-si~irt~i-l-s!i~~~ Illllt 1 11111111 ItI 3 I I i~tItt it1 titt L t pt-t ll>;lt>lv lllt~llp]M.I- I-i!ll (11' ;I ll:lr-l4>pp<-d xl-t,:il l~t-lti~lc //rr~tl>tr~t~tt/<)I. ]lf~~~l~oirpircc-s t)[' ~-1tt111. L\ lit~lc-txtt*~- J~III~I ~I'~t1-c-y ~KIS ~1~~~1ilx-c1 wt-;ii-i~ig;I l~ts;~ctjc,k lt*;~~lit~ it1 his l~cl~tic~t\\.t~ilr (111 111~FiS111 ( :i.~~<;~tl(*.111 its Iitllv clr.\.c.lt qlc:tl lt>i.t11 [l~t-gr.rh;tt Irt.lilr 1i';t~rrsc.~.\~etl for. tlw A~ii;rl~tt!.i.lilr. it1 t~clthI<~ir-i~pc. ;~niP C>rrt~-c-~nc~; !.r~ it.; c-al-l! Itistnt-T I-c-maitin o1>~11ri...\~~rtrl~c,l. I~tc- E '1111-cc.rlt t1r-y (:~.r~s;ttlcI:vc.lr Ijorrn kno~\,rr;IS tlie 1.r (.'Jlr'iwJjr~.1111 Ct"prr' ~o(~'iillto (Ji.(n~~111111-(I rlcti~il.I-Ivi-C- 11i(a stl.nllgt-st pil-t or "rtir-li ;111 PIMII~~\.;lc 1l1t' %t~tl~l~ii~(,I- rtlnir~rt: I~c-~~r-;l~li\\.l~irll t\+carc. r/~lnrk~hbn~r. ~x+i-li;~~nrllcs l.i\.t.tc.tl ~~lq~c~i-I-~III.rllrrl th(. ~/i,tt~s!~wl111-otrcting the hrr. -i'!IrW ~l~'!lIlt4~~SI~II11:l~l ;I 11i15ilI t$'lliclI llli$lt ?kn\V I~:IVP rt~rill~d111~~ ~cY1 1x11- of' ~IIc* /h~~strrfl.11111s ;I IIIFII/~~II~~~vliicl~ IGIS l>rr>hlIAy :I cl~i~?-strap. .,\IICII11t.r 11~111~~t i 11 !A- (Y~tq~ttfi~ruti C~LVIP :dso iiic-li~dt-rl tt~/liA~.tl~is r:~re 1r1-111 ~ic~ssif~lvi.e[i-i-l-i t(1 I'?( slits irl I lrr L~re-cnvcringI>;ll;'r or thy III*!IT~~I.A-\ti :~ltt-gorir;~l~vxt IS-ri11c-11 Iw k~rIt~!StlsSi~rr i~i 1 ISi, IIIC yc*itr oS Sitl:tclii~'~gI.ViIt ~.iitorvitt kii~b~i~i.\1:11rcI thar thr I*;TP~T'~IOII 111~-sc grritt Iit~lr~i'ir'r~i'r-t'c-ct 4 l itmrB\'c-s. ~II~II;I kmrrtrrr ri ~?iriCw;1111io~t CPI*I;IIIII\, t*volvi~~g 1 1 I 0 1 llt1 t 1 I.1 1 c RIGHT Cawlngs over the church I I 1 I t I I I I i 1';I I I 1 Pomh of Decant MonasteWm i I I I ~iiiI c v 1 I f'I tr*' 1327-35; Kosovo reeion- Yugoslavia. In the constal or 1E11t 1;rtc. I .?t l~-cc.nlli~!. ~'c.li.rc~l~ct.\ to ;I Ir~~t~mrti iii\~i').~ liroh;~lllv 111c-;lrlt 0111~ Alba-nian me militaly Ii;niiq :I ~~ivc~ttsrlmc~ral>lr vi5oi- \IICI~ ;IS t!lrlvc rli'tllt- t.al+Iy 1.lth rr-nfi~ry. ,gutpment reflects southem 1 tlf1 11~1I 1 Illf 1111i 1 1 Italian Influence. (Authai's Guest-hall, dam and perhaps sugar-processing mill beneath Montfort castle in northern Palestine. (D. Pringle) BELOW Exterior of the hall and remains of a dam across the Wadi al-Qarn. RIGHT Interior of the great hall at first-floor level. 1iottc.r cli~li:~tcs.L.arge /nbolncc~i~r~~~cl11g11r~tr shieltls \\.it11 anglccl col-ne1.s al>pc;\rctl in Italian art ant1 tli;~t of' 01111.crner\\.liilc Li.;~g~ncntsof ;In ;illnost ~.cct;~ng~l;~~sliiclcl Ii;lve ;ilso heen fi)untl in 14tli- ccnttlry T;irno\.o in 1311lgari;t.GclieraIIy speaking, Iio\\.c.\.c.~;tlic sliic.ltls of tlic I:3tli-ccntt1r!. I Iriq .~~(Z~IIIPtt~~/ttliwd tt 11 ~ot~fr/b~!(t~,+!~i~t :l rrrl hr rnr t-trff ill Iril J~c~tzrl11. 11111~ Ili.irltirlp rrttr h it ~tdrrrlnnrE ~isljI~(r,~t/orr rr rtrl 111 \ /if#// i17f'Pi'1~~11 /h,4/f/lui/ 118 8?'t, l'f~t1; \ d'ftI!l iPt't,yttti11~ If1Vh' /MI 1 l~lfl~l. Interior of the north wall of the Crusader castle of Andmusa, Greece. (Photograph A. Don) Unnamed ear~glrnid-l4th-century eliigy in Salerno Cathedral with several pieces ol highly dec- orated hardened leather amour. (Author's photaqraphl 'The Bytantlnes attack ShayzarN, Hrstory of Outmmer, northern Italy, c. AD 1291-95. This picture represents Byzantlnns using Hems of equipment as yet rare In western Europe but possibly used in Outremer, such as separate mail gauntlets, mwcl spurs and bamboo lances. (Bib. Nat,, Ms. Fr. 2G31,1.205r, Paris) eSicgeof Shayrar'. Unlwersal History of William of JLre, Aen. c, AD 7284. The soldiers on the right itiustrnle the light f.rt(lt \fr;rrv.c Irk rrr rrr liittrrf*/J rtnitl~tt I~ISI~K./IYI~I rill, t,trt. equipment including mud ()HI' 11111 11 11)it't'l '~/iit!illt/~#,ri<.I//f,*. (4 tl /,t/l,.l. !Jll,,, (t~~OfI~~~~ /m4f1t. 1;rtl rut! wr(r~~ttihrr !d(r:ot~vrf iv~th(1 kt,(/ r~~tzt~JIIV~~,(~ ;v~ilt Iv<~i~r*\. THE PLATES shoes. 4 Var~ous ~ltvIc$ of stiff l~rrth~rboots. S Wnoc!$'rl paltms tvorn over boots or shncs wh~nwaikrnq rn w~t wealher. 6 Shrrl worn over tl~ebrecctles and dvcors!rd v21'h ernbrofrlrrtd nlntprcnt. Front-slit tunic wor.1 A: ARMS AND RRMYIOU;R, C, AD i*PO strlps of 7 ov-r shrrt. I3 AlZernatrve sldp-slrt tunlc. 9 F,?sh~onabl~long sleevra of f The LnPtn statfis h;1(1 not yet rievclo~~eddlszt17ctIve nsoecls tn tmc w~thcuffs folded b;rk to show lrri~ilqmaterial. 10 Detait therr amis, drlnour and coqtLtmP Wrrh the poss~bleerccpteon of fahrrc ru~ttrt1~ralJrc rosette pa!tern. 11 Fullor form of tunlr: or of 3 crottl around this 1ii3n's helrn~the coirld have corn? from shirt known as n hh.?ii:. somr-t~msof ~ICJI RI!~and deco*:twj nny\vh~reirt W~sternEurope. 2a Segmented and IrnrnwI rvilh em'bro~dory.12 Shorl tunic with t?w!mvnq3ntly lono 3111 spangmtl~lrnwrth 3 broad nasal. 2b H~lmelfrom b~nenlh. sl~eves.13 S~mplefomr nf superluntc to be worn ovt~an show~t~glenflier Ilnrnq. 2c Sec:lon Ihrough ti~lrnetand Irn~nq. ord~narytllnlc. 14 G*arnache of heavy woollen matwnt, sewn show~nqpartla1 pndd~ng3a h?all co~lw~th vpnta~l unlaced :a partlnlly LIPlbe s~desto leave wlde armholes and broad :Inp- show soft leattwr l~rllnq3nd I~mgsystem. 311 S~deof colt w~lh ltke lapels f 5 Gart5erorps rv~athpr:3roof hoodnd garrnr n! of ventn~lIn plnce. ~r:d!cal~ngpaddlncl between cod and ski~ll.4a hea~y\voollen fabric. 1Ga Plain wh~teIrnen coif tler?n'h Ot~lltedprnbesnn 4b Sfrrp of prlnt~tlEayptlan cotton fzbrlc rid cktil. 16b Small slrnple form of hood. 16c Later form c.t ticod sPwn around lower ~dqeof larn/>esor~5 Mitten of rn:>lt wtth shod hrrpip at hack. ldd Butbond fc>rrnof hoot! wltl~ hauberk, sliov~tr~qsl~t leather palm. 6 Example of rat? long 26e Hood with 'd;larrf?d' edge: here o??y on l;lt!~+'enrly 73th-centirry weqtern European Iabrtc such as trrtptps. worn ton of !tie h~ad h~ldrn piace by a padded arouM would bc used for ordlrrarj garments 7a Qi~rltedmall-l~ned and Ifrrprpe the head. 16f Dark felt hat with elongrltecl br~mat front. 16g chausses worn over plarn woullcn hose and colton breeches. Dark felt hat w~thi~pturned brrm ~II?at front back, wo~ri A srrnple kntft? or dagger has hypoth~ticallybeen thrust riito and ovpr hod with a st~ortIrripir>e, l6h Soft. I~ght-colourdctf.th the rlght leq 7b Soft 1~nthersoles benaa!h f~etof chattsses hat over a corf. 16i Broad-brrmmeri straw hat worn over %aGtlded prick-spur seen from outslde of lo<>t.8b Top we7:< of worn a co~f.16j Dark felt w~thdecorated llning turned up strap aird buckle securlng th~spur. 9 Decorated outer and bcr~t plan- tnner s~~riacesof th~ rnet~l[lc chape of sword-scabb;l:d. around the edqe: worn aver a co~l. 10a Outer face of a leather-covered, qesso-embossed D: BATTLE OF NICOSIA, CYPRUS, q229 wooden scabbard. 10b Inner face ot scabbard, 11 Optall of Uurrnq the crv~lwar butwr.en an Imperial army from Italy sent pattern on sc;~hl~ard.12a Rawhde sword-belt showrnq the by Frderick II and Ibr*f~nforces from the Kirlgdorn wf way ~tstwo elementsate attached to a scabbard. 12b Oeta~led Jerusalem. a close-comb- t m~lkr?took plnce ot~n rt*cer?lly slde ~IPWof heft and scabbard showrng the way In which the plough~dfi~ld, hut there was so much dust that the ou!come two elern~nt?are tied to one another. 13a E~Fdediron sword- was unclear for some t~me.Durlnq the frghttnq a Lombard hilt. t3b Sidp vlrfw of pornmet ,ind grip. showrnq lnelnq of kniqht rn the Imperial army was kili~dby John of Pctrrft Feather covered grrp 13c Sectron lhrough grbp showlng Iron because he was not wearrllg a nevt !om 01 helmet w~thn tanq at centre, two p1.3c~sof wood around tang and teather face-cover~ngmask or v~sor. coverlng of grrp 13d End of arfded Iron qurtfons In the form of a srmpl!f~edbeast's head 13e Top view and section through qu~llons.131 Tznq of sword-hiade wtth hilt removed, showlng t~pbeaten to secure hilt. 14a Outside of herald~callypa~nted leather-covered wooden shleld w~thfluted iron bass. 14b Secllon across shreld, i4c lnsrd~of shie2d. 14d Detail of rivet to secure enarm4.s and gu~gestraps. 14e Vertetil profile of sh~eld.15 Lance-head. B: CONUQIS TRAtNlNG C. AD 1200 A conrnrs exerclslnq outs~dethe walls of a Crusader c~tyin Palestrne. The unrt consrsts of 20 lo 24 men. two mnks deep. wlth the r~dersso close that thelr legs touch. The second ram is iess than a horse's leno!h behind the first and has 11s :Inces a~medbetween the nders rn front. They are canknng, not gal- loping or trotttng. C: MALE COSTUME, MID-13T H CENTURY laThe main figure has the baggy wh~tel~rren breeches worn benealh all other garments and t~gh:onedby a draw-str~ng.I b Herns of the breeches could be laced up high. as shown hew. or much lower. 2a Woollen hose, cut on the bias, are worn over Ihe br~echesand are tred to the waistband of the breeches. 2b A later system of securlng The hose used a button on the front of the breeches. 2c Another system added St Theodore, Clliciiln krmenian, possibly 14th century. a leather stmp to the too of the hose. 2d Cloth garters were Dcsplts strong Crusader influence on the rnilllaty Cllts of sornet~mesdecorated WII~brass medallions and strap-ends C G: SUGAR FACTORY-FIEF IN THE KINGDOM OF JERUSALEM, C. AD 1280 Many fiefs in Outremer raised money from industry or commerce rather than agriculture as in Western Europe. Amongst the richest were money-fiefs which included sugar- processing factories. This technology had been copied from the Islamic peoples of the Middle East but, unlike their Muslim neighbours, the Latin elite of Outremer often used slave labour to turn the huge stone presses. Such slaves included captured Muslim women. H: HORSE HARNESS, EARLY 13TH/MID-14TH C 1 A destrier or war-horse saddled for war or tournament. 2 A destrier with the style of one-piece horse armour used in Outremer and other parts of the Middle East. 3a Basic wooden frame of a war-saddle. 3b War-saddle complete with padded leather seat, painted leather covering, doubled girth. breast-strap and stirrups. 3c-e Front, rear and sectional side views of bronze stirrup. 3f Alternative method of securing a Pack-horse on a late 13th-14th-century wall painting in the war-saddle with the breast-strap around the rear of the Refectory of the Monastery of Osios Loukas, Greece, made cantle. 39 Alternative arrangement of girths, plus padded when the monastery lay within the Crusader Duchy of squabs on the front of the saddle to protect rider while Athens. Such pack animals would have been used by all jousting. 4a Heavy form of curb bit, plus bridle. 4b Top view armies in the region. (Author's photograph) of the mouth-piece. 5 Iron horse-shoe. 6 Fully armoured destrier war-horw wlth iwo s~tsof relns; one of leather- Upper and lower views of a gauntlet for the left hand. cnn- covered chain for use In battle, one of ord~natyleather straps. sistlng of iron plates on a lenther glove vr~thnn adr:i?k n~l 7 Qestrier w~lha later form of war-saddle in whlch the seat buff-lmther protec!ion around the wrist. I0 ErnL>roif!r~rl~d curved up ~nto!he amons of the cantle, these In turn design, largely of gold thread, acmss chest and hack c 1 the wrappinq araund the r~d~r'sbuttocks and upper thighs rathPr surcoat. 1 Ia Leg armour consisring of mall cI~~u*;;-s,cfo,nud than hrps. This type of saddle was starting to appear in the iron poleyns, qu~ltedcuisses with 3 fringe of ma11 ntuur~dtrlc mid-141th century but became more wrdespread later. 8 Early tower edqe. an addilional sheet of hardened lenlhcr to style of deep-seated war-saddle. 9 Later style of war-saddle. protect the thlqhs, and h~ghlydecorated tisrrl~n~dTcnfhcr 10 Underneath and s~devrews of a horseshoe for a large greaves. Itb Outside of the riqht Iqwilh full ?en11nrnes.s or;d destrier, showinq nails beaten over outside the hoof. spur. llcOutside of right leg with cuisse and add~tronalpi-ce 11 Charnt'ron head-protection for a destrier, with the outer of hardened th~ghprotectton rernovd. f 2 G~lr!~rliron spur of decorative layer removed to show a hypothetical recon- revolv~nqrowel type. 133 Eltltlock dagger In its sh~ath.13h struction of the iron frame, sheets of hardened leather. Side view of baflock dagger aul of sheath. t3c Side view of semi-domed Iron eye-piece and thick qu~lledI~nrnq. 12a-c veyvet-covered wooden sheath: gilded chape and brnnze Vx~oustyw of 14th-century stirrups. 13 Elaborate form ot mounts with enamelled coat-of-arms and knottd cod to Iron curb-b~twrth leather bndle removed. 74 S~mpleiron belt. 14a Sword and scabbard w~thsectional vicws of blade snaffle bit w~thcheek-p~eces. and g~lded Iron qu~ltons. 14b Velvet-covered woodcrr scabbard with enamelled coat-of-arms on the gilded mount. I: TOURHAMEHT ON ISTHMUS OF CORIHTH, 14c: New Italian grip method of holding sward wrth the fore- AD 1302 ftnger over one qurllon. 15a Front of double-cuwcd shicld The tournament on the Isthmus of Corinth in the spring of with a lance rest. 15b Hor~zontalsection through :he shlnld 1302 was an elaborate affair with knights and squires coming showing normal curvature around arm and body. 15c Vcr:rcnl from all over hatln Greece. Amongst those who attended were section through the shield showing forward thrusting cur- sewn champions dress& in green taffeta covered in golden vature. 15d interior of shreld. scales. wh~lethe ladies of Greece 'rafned influence' upon the combatants. When the young Duke of Athens met the older K: THE NAVAL LhNblNG AT SMYRNA IN Ab 4344 and more experienced Master W~lllarn Boucharl tn slngle The attack on Srnyrna (now Izmlr) was ann of Inr? most combat, a sp~kedcrest on the chamfron of Bouchart's horse ambitious and successful navaE assaults in the Tater Middle pierced the duke's horse, throwlng the duke Ze the ground. Aqes. It was also cam& out in the face of fierce Turkish resistance on the beaches. The Crusader knights and other 3: ARMS AND ARMOUR, C. dD 1340 troops emerged from their ships fully aimed, the vessel? 1 The early and m~d-1Jiticentury was one of the most dec- almost certainly being specialized horse-transporting g~tleys orative penods in the history of European arrnour. particularly with entry pons In the stern. when grfded hardened leather protect~onswere used. This tlgure IS based on varrous sourc~sfrom the Kingdom of Cyprus. the Angevin realm in southern Italy. Gmeand the south-western Balkans. 2 Cewel~t&eclose-fitting helmet worn beneath a mall coif and a large visored basctet. 3a-b Side and rear views of the mail coif showing tightening strap around the head, lactng up the back and the outline of the collar of a padded tlppet and gambeson worn beneath. 4 Front of the visored basctnet w~thvisor lawered. The cockerel shaped crest would be made from woad, leather and gesso. 5 Gambeson cans~sttngof two layers of whlte linen with thick qu~ttmgbetween. The lower sleeves and skirt are not padded. 6 Mall hawbergeon, or short-sleeved hauberk. 7 Tippet with thick qujlted lining to stop chaffing. 8a Coat-of-plates recon- structed from a mid-1 4th century example found In The rums of the Genoese trading outpost of Arov on the Btack Sea. Here the amour is shown opened with its red velvet covering removed to show the iron plates rivet& to a soft leather backing, 8b The back of the armour opened and la~dflat wlth its velvet covering removd. 8c The front of the annour closed. as when worn, with ~tsvelvet outer surface in place. The coat-of-plates was held in place by substantial leather straps plus an iron pin and leather loop on the left shoulder. The removable ptn through two iron loops on the chest form a fastening point for guard-chains leading to sword and dagger. 9a Hardend leather, partially gilded rerebrace for the upper right arm. 9b Vambmce for the lower right arm made of Iran splints between layers of leather. plus laces on the outside of the elbow to attach a disc-shaped besegew. 9c-d COLLECTIONS Basically there is nothing to collect from the Crusader states. BibliothPque Munlcipale, Dijon, France: 'Universal History of Occasionally a fragment of pottery suppcs&ly dating from William of Tyra' (Ms. 562) the Crusader period turns up in a M~ddleor Near Eastern Bibliotheque Nationate, Parrs, France: 'Universal History of bazaar but otherwise surviving artefacts are so rare that even William of Tyre' (Ms.Fr. 9084;& Ms. Fr. 201 25) the wealthlest collectors are trustrated. The following is a !!st Bibliothwue Royale, Brussels, Eelglum: 'Faits des of the most important museums and libraries containing Romalns' [Ms. 10212) rnaterlal connected with 13th-l dth-century Outremer: British Library. London. Erlgland: 'Histoire Universelle' (Ms. Add. 15268) ARMS AH0 AAMOUR Matenadaran Library, Yerevan. Armenia: 'Armenian Gaspels Art Museum Ph~ladelphra,USA: Cypriot sword from (Ms. 97 8. Ms. 6288, Ms. 7651) Alexandria Arsenal State Public Library. St Petersburg. Russia: 'History of bskeri Museum, Istanbul. Turkey: Cypriot swords from Outrmer' (Ms. Fr. Fol. v.lV.5) Alexandta Arsenal Vatican Library, Rome: 'Universal History of Willlam of Tym' Metropolltan Museum of Art, Flew York, USA: Crusader (Ms. Pal. bt. 1963) sword pommel, weapons fragments from Monffort Castle WALL PAtHflNGS Royal Annouries, Tower of London, England: Cyptiot sword Archaeologrcal Museum, Tartus, Syria from ~fexandriaAmend Chapel of Castle d Crac des Chevalier [Hisn al Akrad), Syna Chapel of Marqab Castle. Syrva CdRYlNDS Church of Panagia Phorbiatissa, Asinou, Cyprus Arab Ahmet Mosque. Nicosia, Cyprus: effigial slabs Chucch of St Nicholas tis Steyrs. N~cosia.Cyprus Archaeological Museum. Adana, Turkey: efigial slab Church, Qar'a, Syna krchaeoloqlcal Museum, L~massol,Cyprus: efligial slabs Monastery (abandoned] of Mar Musa, Nebeq. Syria Archaeological Museum. Tarsus, Turkey: Carving of wem'or Monastery ot Kalopaneyiotis. Cyprus sarnt from Armenran church Monastery of Mar Charbe!. Ma'ad, Lebanon Armenian Church. Ntcosia, Cyprus: effigial slabs Monastery of Mar Phocas, Ami'un. Lebanon Aya Sotla Mosque. Nicosra, Cyprus: efltgral dabs Monastery of Mar Sa'ba. Eddeh, Lebanon Cathedral. Farnagusta. Cyprus: efigial dab Monastery of Mar Tadms. Bahdeidat. Lebanon Church of St John Vladimi~,Elbasan, Albania: coat-of-ams of Charles Thopia Emerghieh Mosque. Nicosia. Cyprus: efigial slabs Sera11Mosque. Nicosia, Cyprus: effigial slabs Wctoria & Albert Museum. London. England: marble lympanum from Larnaca Yilanl rkale. Turkey: cawing over castie gate caws AHD SEALS Biblloth6que Nat~onale,Cabinet dss Medailfes, Paris, France ICONS Byzant~neMuseum, Athens. Greece Mwseum of the Archbishop Makarios Foundation, Nicosia, Cyprus St Catherine's Monastery, Sinar, Egypt MAHUSCRIPTS Bibl~otecaAntoniam. Padua, Italy: 'bkof Psalms' (Ms. C.12) B~bl~otecaMedicea-Lawrenziana, Florence, Italy: 'History of Outcomer' (Ms. Plut. LXl.10) BibliothQue de I'Arsenal. Paris. France: 'Arsenal Bible' (Ms. Ars. 521 1) Biblioth&que Municipale. Boulogne. France: 'History of Outremer' (Ms.742) AbuIaRa, D.S.H., edit.. Commerce and Conquest in the Kedar, B.Z., The Franks in the Levant, 17th lo 14th Cenlvn'rs Mediterranean. 1 100-1500 (London 1993) (London 1099) Airaldi, G.,& B.Z. Kdar. edits., I Cornuni llaliani nel Regno Kedar, B.Z. et a!., edits.. Oufremec Stvdies ~IIthe Cnrsadinc~ Cmiato di G8msaleme (Genoa 7 986) Kingdom of Janrsalern Presented to Joshua Pr~wcr Arben. B., 8. Ham~ltanR 0.Jacoby, ed~ts.,Latins and Greeks (Jerusalem 1982) m the Easlem Meditemnean after 1204 (London 1989) Lowe. A., The Catalan Vengeance (London R Boston i972) Atiya, A.S., The Crusade in the Later Middle Ages (London Luttrell, A., Latin Gr~ece.the Hospitall~rsand Ilre Crusade: 1938) 129 1- 1400 (London 1982) Balard, M.. La MP~Noire et la Romanie Gfinoise (XIIIeXVe Marshall, C.J., 'The French Regiment in the Latin East. 1254- sikles) {London 1989) 91 ', Journal of Medieval Hi~tory.XV (19891,pp.301-7 Ben-Am). A,, Social Change in 8 Hostil~Environment: The Marshall, C.J., 'The Use of the Charge in Battles in the East, Cnrsaden' Kingdom of Jerusalem (Princeton 1 9139) 1 192-1291 '. Historjcal Research. UIII (19001, pp.771-F Bennett. M.. la Wgle du Temple as a mrlrtary manual. or Marshall, C.J., Wadare in the Latrn Ea-ct, 1792-1291 how to deliver a cavalry charqe', In C. Harper-RIII, et al., (Cambridga 1992) ed~ts.,Strrdtes m Medieval History Presenicd to R. Allen Mayer, H.E.. Kings and Cords in the Latin Kingdom of Brown (Woodbridge 1989), pp.7-19 Jenrsa!em (London 1994) Benvenlstl, M., me Crusaders m the Holy Sand (Jerusalem Mtller, W., The Latrns m the Levant: A History of Frankish 1970) Greece (12114-1566) (London 1908) Boase, T.S.R.. edit.. The Cilician Ktngdom of Armenia (New Nicholson. H., 'Knights and Lovers: The Military Orders in the York R Edinburgh 1978) Romantic Literature of !'le Thirtrcnth Centrrsy', in M. Bon. A,, La #or& Franque (Par~s1969) Barber, edit., She Mi!itary Orders: F~ghtingfor the Faith and Brundaga. J A., She Crusades. Holy War end Canon Law Caring for the S,ck (Aldershot 1994), pp.340-5 (London 1991) Pascu, S.. edit., Cot/aquto Ramena-!lahano 'I Grnavesi nrt Chambeflayne, T.J., Lacrimae Nicossienses: Recueil Mar Nem durante r secoh Xlll e XIV' (Buchawst 77-28 d'inscripiions fundmies (Paris 1894) Marro 1975) {Bucharest 1977) Charanis. P.. 'Piracy in the Aegean during the reign of Micharl Prawer, J., Crusader lnstilufions (Oxford 1980) Vll l Palaeologus'. Annuaim de l'lnst~tutde Philolog~eet Prawer. J.. 'Crusader Cities'. in H.A. Misk~minet al.. cd~ts.. d'historre orien!ales et slaves X (19501, pp.127-36 The Med;eval C:ty (New Haven 1977). pp.179-99 Chehab, M.H., 'Tyr a I'epoque des Croisades'. special Pryor. J.H.. Geography, Technology and WRC studies in the volume of Bullettn du Musk de Beyrouth. MXI (1 979) maritime history of the h4edrterranean 649- F571 Ducetlier. A.. La Facade Mantime d~ I'Albanie au Moyen Age: (Cambridge 1988) Duraao et Valone du Xle au XVe sikle e~essalon~ki1981) Pryor, J.H.. 'In Subsidium Terrae Sanctae: Exports of food- Edbury. PW., The Ktngo'om of Cyprus and the Cnrsades stuffs and war material from the Kingdom of Sicily to :he 1191-1374 (Carnbr~dge1991) Kingdom of Jerusalem, 1265-1 284'. As~anand African Eydoux, H-P.. L'architecture rnilitaire des Francs en Orient'. in Stvdi~s,XXll (198B), pp.127-46 J.P. Babelon, edit., Le Chfiteau en France (Paris 1986). Rie hard. J.. Le Comte de Tripoli sous la Dynastie Toufousains pp.61-77 (Paris 1945) Fedden. R. 8 J. Thornson. Crusader Castles (London 1977) Richard. J., Cmisades et Etats Lafins d'Orient (London 1992) Geanakoplos, D.J., 'Greco-Latin Relations on the Eve of the Richard. S., Crors6s. missinnaires et voyageurs (London Byzantine Restoration: The Battle of Pelagonia - I259', 1983) Dumbadon Oaks Papers. Vll (1 953). pp.99-141 Richard. J.. me Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem (Oxford 1 979) Holt, P.M., edit.. The Eastern Medrterranean Lands A the Riley-Smith, J.. The Feudal Mobility and flre Krngdom of Period ofthe Crusades (VVamnstw 7977) Jerusalem 7 1 44- 12 77 (London 1973) Housley, N., The Cater Crusades. 1274- 1580; From Lyons to Thiriet. F.. La Romanie Vgnifienne au Moyem Age (Paris 1955) Alcazar (Oxford 1992) Hyland, A,. The Medieval Warhome from Bytantiurn fa fhs Crusades (SZroud 1994) Jacoby, D.. Recherches sur la MedilemnnBe Oxientafe du Xlle au XVe S~ecle[London 19791 Jacaby, D., Sociefe et Oemographie B Byzance et en Romanie Latrne (Landan 1975) Jacoby, D.. Studres on the Crusader States and on Venetian Expansion (London 1989) GLOSSARY LF F 1 klleg~ryof the Church, wall painting by Andrea di Bonaiuto in the Church 01 Santa Maria Navella. Florence, c.1365. The prlgrims in the front row. merchants and knight in the rn~ddIsand noblemen at the rear right, could have been seen throughout Italian-dominated Outrcmcr by the mid 14th century. (Author's photograph) CORAZINIIS: SPP r~t~r;lss CORAZZA: SPP ril:I'?SS CORELLUS: SPQ Clllf~?$$ COUTEAIJ: rlirrq~r COUTER: ;lllllOllI IR~P!~O~V COUVERYURES: Inbrlr: cnvrwnq for Ilorqr COUVERTVRES DE FER: mall horsc- ;1rnlour ArLmfs: shoulder-prcces solely ID? GAPICAS FERREIS: 1~ C)rmOUf couvEn7unEs DE PLATES: plnl~rlhorse- heraldic drsplay cnuans: boots or qreaves nrrnntlr AKETON: ~ultedsoft-amour or~qinally CAFloEtkBnE: probably the ttppcr rlm C~UPE~IAM:ser7 cnlprcrc of cotlon of n flat-toppetl grPat helm CRUPIERE; 2llTIOPIT rP;lr 6f ht)~~ nncnorrs: ex-By7anl~nem~l~tary khte rn cn~aatsa~:horsecloth covorlnq all or cum-nour~r~:h:~rd~ncd l*nther Lahn Grme most of the an~rnnl cvlenss: plated body-arnlorlr ASGERGVM: see hauberk EAPELLO OE FFRRO: See war-hat CUlRrE: body arn~ot~rof huH Imther AVENTAIL mad attached to the rlrn of a CAPIRONE DE FERRO: see cotf cuias~s:nrmour for thiqhs and knees cervef~ereor basclnet helmet CAPPELUM DE ACCIAR~: see war-hat CULTELLUM OE FERRO: C~:IO~PT snccium see basc~net CEACLE: tower rlm of helmet CUR~C~~JS:see CUI~SS BACILLETUM: set? basctn~t CFAVELI~RE: light hemrspherical h~lrn~t DESTRIER: war-horse BADEUIRE: see baselard CEHVELLIERE: Set? Cel~e!lf?te DUBBING: kn~ght~nqcerpmony RAID: government's rntl~taryrepresen- CHAMFRON: armour lor head of horse ECHELLE S: squadrons tat~ve CHANSON DE GESTE: warlike poem ECU: shield snRtJaTn: early rneanrng probably of or song ENARMES: holding straps of shield cod or aventatl CHAPEL OE FEU: See war-hat EPAVLIERE: see espalibre saRnEnta: mail coif cnaTELnlN: commander of a castle ESPALI~AE: shoulder armour snRauTn: deep form of bascinet pro- CHAUSSES: mall stocknngs FALDIS SPONTONEM: armour for tectrng much of the lace cnmnuen&: raid a bdonlen BASCWE-~: lrght helmet also covering CHICANE: eaRy form of polo In Rance FENESTRAL: part of helmet protecting s~desand rear of head CMWAIN: neck and shoulder protection face ehsciNmo: see bascrnet CLIPEUM: ~hl~!d FEARO GAMBEA~AS: leq armotlr sasELnRe: dagger with dtstinctive H- COAT-OF-PLATES: seqmented body FIEF: piece ol land or other economic shaped hilt amour attached to a leather or ent~tysupporting a knight snvw: see bai!i fabrrc base FtnesolE: see fi'anborant snzEulr=iE: see baselard COIF: flexible head-protection FUNBOIANT: piece of cloth on helmet aEsnc;Ews: d~scsprotecting elbow COLERIAM: armour for neck and FLAHCHI~RE: amour lor front and side ~OHORDE~S:ind~vidual ]Qust!ng shoulders af horse. BRAS DE FEU: early form of upper arm C~MMAI~~ANCE~:heraldic emblems GAMBERUOLIS: kg arITl0Uc protecl~on cou~tx~e~E:second rank~ngroyal GAMBESON: f0m of §~f?-amlo~r BRIGAHDINE: flex~bleform of cuirass mil~taryofficer of state GENELUCRE: probably knee protection consist~ngof very small plates CDHROIS: cavalry formatIan GONFANONIER: standard-bearer UORO~E:see gorgeettes OSBERGUM: See hauberk ABOVE The fortress at Moncastro En aoaaCfims: neck protection PAIR OF CUIRASSES: see currass the Ukraine [also known as Getatea ooeet~n:see gorgbrettes PAIR OF PLATES: see coat-of-ptates Alba, bk Klrrnan and now called GORGFERE : see gorgeretres WLFAFY: ridjng horse not used in Bllh~mdDnIstmvsbkvi) WAS ll~tbuilt GORGIERE DE PLATE: scale-lined battle by the Genoese to guad the estuary avsntail or neck protection FANCERIA: form of hauberk of the DnEster river. it IS seen hem in OMPER: wooden disc round haft of PANCERIAM, panstere. pnnzeria. a 13thlcsntury Auasian print. (Klcv lance PANZEUIAM: see pancerra Historical Museum photogmph) ORU\T HELM: heavy helmet covering PAVISES: large infantry shield entire head PERPUNTO CROSSO ET COHSCIALIBUS eREnns: lower FERREIS: qIJllfC!d aWtOU? with Iron armour for leq SVAULDER: see espali&re lin~ngprobably ofscales GVIGE: supporting neck-strap of shield SQUIRE: knight's servant, or member HALIBERGEON: Shod-sleeved mail ~mncbreast-strap of horse- of nobil~tybeneath knight (mean~ng armour harness varies) PIZAINE: targer, perhaps semi-riqid nnueERK: marl shirt of tunic srtvnm: see chausses helmet fixed form of aventail heaume h v~slhre: with or STOCCH~: larget dagger or short movable face protect~on P~ATES: see coar-of-plaies stabbing sword plates de alemayne: see coat-of- INDULGENCE: certificate given by the SUMPTER: pack-horse plates Church, forgiving sins in return for SURCOA~:garment worn over amour POITRAL: See peyk3/ specified penance TABOUCCIWM: Earge form al shield JUPEnU ~'ARMER: WLNN: knee-prot~tion form 0f padded TABOUCC+UM ANGLUM: shiefd with POUMIMS: name glven to kn~ghtof armaur fmm the Turco-Arabic angled corners rnlxed European and Middle jubbah quiltad armaur TA~OWM: rarge form of shield Eastern parentage UMERIAS: early form of cuirass TALWAZ: largest form of shield wuusuiv~mnew kn~ghtor 'learner' LAMEMIAS VEL CORACZAS: S&? coat-of- raao~:kite-shaped shield OUINTAINE: WVO!VIH~target used In plales TARGIAM: Set? fafQe UMI~RES: tra~ningwith lance early form of cuirass TAAIDA: specialized hwse-transporting ULNCERM: lance WIRE*: probably buff leather body- galley of Arab origin U~N:metal loy simllar to brass armour Tnvomcelo: see tabolaceium REREBRACE: armour for upper arm LORAIN: d~orathvemetalltc plaques TESTERlAU: head amour for horse on horse-harness RESTOR: system whexeby the King of mouenooum: poet and singer MAW ONES^: Jerusalem replacd value of horses assocation of ship-owners, UEUI~RE: possib1y eye slits in the merchants and/or knights gav- or rnrlitary equipment lost when face-covering part of a helmet knights served outside Ihe erning Genoese coIonial outposts VAMBRIICE: armour for lower arm Kingdom rn,wsrRE: summit of helmet ~ENTA~Lflap of mail on coif to HANICIS CIROTECAS DE FERRO: am WEATONS: arrnoured shoes protect chin SCHlNEFtlkS: S@t? greaves defences VOLET: decorative 'veil' tied around SCUTO: see scutum MAR~CHAL:rulwhs third-ranking mtlitaty hefrnet scvtu~:shield off~clal WAR-HAR brirnmd helmet MENTONAC prabably a chm-strap SCUCCHA~: senior mrlitary government MESERICORDE: dagger ofl~cial M~RENS: see muffIers SOLERt3S: See sabatons MUFFLERS: mail protection for hands SOVOSBER~ANI: probably a form of NASAL: nose-protecting extension of early cuirass helmet SPATAM: SWOT^ Notes sur les planehes en eaule~~r A1 I:', [W~,<~IFY~;-9bm',- .?.I ra:1.1 :'.lml!~rr IlW rmnm 2r .-@I segmpnfC el I:<;+:+ 2b l~r.,..,? 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