Delayed Recognition of the European Poplar Shoot Borer, Gypsonoma Aceriana (Duponchel) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in Canada

J. ENTOMOL. SOC. BRIT. COLUMBIA 106, DECEMBER 2009 61

Delayed recognition of the European poplar shoot borer, Gypsonoma aceriana (Duponchel) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in Canada

LELAND M . HUM BLE1,2, JEREM Y R. DEW AARD2,3 and M EGHAN QUINN1,4

ABSTRACT

The long-term presence of Gypsonoma aceriana (Duponchel) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Olethreutinae), a European shoot-boring pest of poplars, was discovered in British Co- lumbia during examination of cytochrome c oxidase I sequences of voucher specimens deposited in the Canadian Forest Service, Pacific Forestry Centre, arthropod reference collection. Originally identified as a species of Epiblema, G. aceriana was first recovered in BC in 1980, almost 20 years before it was reported in W ashington State. DNA barcodes from both larval and adult collections are demonstrated to be conspecific with an adult collection from Great Britain. Preliminary surveys of early and late instar larval feeding damage in southwestern British Columbia demonstrate that this shoot borer is established on southern Vancouver Island and throughout the lower mainland of the province. The eastern-most collections made to date include locations near Yale in the Fraser Canyon, from the lower Coquihalla River watershed and from Hope.

Key W ords: Gypsonoma aceriana, European poplar shoot borer, Populus spp., DNA barcoding, COI, nonindigenous species detection

INTRODUCTION Two species of shoot-boring Gypso- then spin hibernacula on the bark of stems noma (Tortricidae: Olethreutinae) that at- or branches and overwinter. In the spring, tack cottonwoods are known to occur in larvae emerge from the hibernacula and North America. The native cottonwood bore into the developing green shoots, pro- twig borer (CTB), G. haimbachii ducing silk tunnels covered with frass and (Kearfott), ranges across eastern North debris deposits at the entrances to their America (Morris 1967; Solomon 1995), feeding galleries. At maturity, larvae of while the introduced European poplar shoot both species leave the damaged shoots and borer (EPSB), G. aceriana (Duponchel) pupate in the leaf litter (Morris 1967; Solo- (Fig. 1) has been reported only from west- mon 1995; Miller and LaGasa 2001; La- ern W ashington State (Miller and LaGasa Gasa et al. 2001). 2001; LaGasa et al. 2001). Both species As frass and silk tubes similar to those exhibit similar life histories and damage in caused by late instar EPSB and CTB had cottonwoods. Early instar larvae feed as previously been noted on Populus species leaf miners from late summer through fall. in British Columbia (BC), we undertook to The second instar larvae of both species determine: 1) which of the species of Gyp-

1 Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Pacific Forestry Centre, 506 W est Burnside Road, Victoria, BC, Canada V8Z 1M5 2 University of British Columbia, Department of Forest Sciences, Forestry Sciences Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4 3 Royal British Columbia Museum, Entomology, 675 Belleville Street, Victoria, BC, Canada V8W 9W 2 4 Current address, Urban Forestry, Parks Recreation and Forestry, 355 Lesmill Road, Toronto, ON, Can- ada M3B 2W 8

62 J. ENTOMOL. SOC. BRIT. COLUMBIA 106, DECEMBER 2009

Figure 1. Adult male (dorsal view) of Gypsonoma aceriana (Duponchel). sonoma was present in BC; and, if either ranges of shoot-boring Gypsonoma spp. in was present, 2) the host and geographic the southwestern area of the province.

M ATERIALS AND M ETHODS Larval Rearings. During the spring of instar larvae. A more detailed survey was 2007, lateral and terminal new growth of conducted of the native and hybrid poplars black cottonwood, Populus balsamifera L. managed by the British Columbia Ministry ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) of Forests and Range at Kalamalka Re- Brayshaw, and Lombardy poplar, Populus search Station, Vernon, BC. All leaf mines nigra L. cv. 'italica', exhibiting feeding were dissected, and any larvae recovered damage characteristic of EPSB were col- were preserved in 95% ethanol. Between lected in the Greater Victoria area (Table 1) 2007 and 2009, additional sites were sur- and reared until mature larvae emerged and veyed for characteristic larval damage of dropped to the bottoms of the rearing tubes. Gypsonoma during other field activities. Mature larvae were collected and placed Locations of all sites positive or negative into clean tubes with a 2-cm-deep layer of for damage or life stages of Gypsonoma are lightly moistened peat moss and held at documented in Table 1 (positive collec- room temperature until adult emergence. tions) or Figure 2 (positive and negative Field Collections. In the fall of 2007, a sites). roadside survey of Populus species was Historical Collections. Voucher collec- conducted in southwestern BC, along High- tions and historical records of the Forest way (Hwy) 3 between Hope and Keremeos, Insect and Disease Survey held in the Cana- along Hwy 3b from Keremeos to the junc- dian Forest Service (CFS) Reference collection of Hwy 97, along Hwy 97 north to tion (PFCA) at the Pacific Forestry Centre Vernon, then west on Hwy 97 through (PFC), Victoria, BC, were examined for Falkland to the junction of Hwy 1, and then previous collections of Gypsonoma. west on Hwy 1 to Hope. Two branches M olecular and M orphological Identi- were cut from all sampled roadside trees (to fications. DNA was extracted from legs a maximum of five trees per location), and removed from pinned adult specimens of the undersides of all leaves were examined Gypsonoma or from preserved first or sec- for leaf mines constructed by first or second ond instar larvae extracted from leaf mines

J. ENTOMOL. SOC. BRIT. COLUMBIA 106, DECEMBER 2009 63

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J. ENTOMOL. SOC. BRIT. COLUMBIA 106, DECEMBER 2009 65

Figure 2. Locations surveyed and distribution of Gypsonoma aceriana (Duponchel) in southwestern British Columbia. on Populus spp. (Table 1), and the barcode idrequest.php], was used to assign tentative region of the mitochondrial gene cyto- identifications for all sequences. Identifica- chrome c oxidase I (COI) was amplified tions were considered definitive if similar- and sequenced using established protocols ity scores of 100% were obtained. The bar- (Hajibabaei et al. 2005; Hebert et al. 2004; code-assigned determinations of adults Ivanova et al. 2006; deW aard et al. 2008). were confirmed morphologically through BOLD-IDS, the identification engine of the genitalic dissections. All specimens were Barcode of Life Database [see http:// deposited in the collection at the PFC, CFS, w w w . barcodinglife. org/v iew s/ Victoria, BC (PFCA).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The locations and hosts of all larval and tween 2006 and 2008. W ith the exception adult collections of Gypsonoma examined of one larva recovered from a leaf mine on in this study are documented in Table 1. W e black cottonwood in Victoria, all individu- reared four adult Gypsonoma from two lar- als collected were assigned to the species val collections on Populus species in the Gypsonoma aceriana (Duponchel) (Fig. 3) Greater Victoria area. COI barcode se- by the BOLD-IDS engine. A single larva of quences were obtained from four reared Batrachedra praeangusta (Haworth) recov- adults and 19 larvae recovered from various ered from an EPSB mine in the base of a Populus species in collections made be- leaf petiole in the spring of 2008 was also

66 J. ENTOMOL. SOC. BRIT. COLUMBIA 106, DECEMBER 2009

jflandry1036 G. salicicolana 08-JDW BC-0074 G. fasciolana

Dun-08-279 Dun-08-278 08-JDW BC-3679 08-JDW BC-3678 08-JDW BC-3677 08-JDW BC-3676 08-JDW BC-3675 08-JDW BC-3674 PFC-2006-0505 08-JDW BC-3673 08-JDW BC-3672 08-JDW BC-3671 08-JDW BC-3667 08-JDW BC-3666 G. aceriana 08-JDW BC-3665 British Columbia 08-JDW BC-3664 08-JDW BC-3663 08-JDW BC-3662 08-JDW BC-3661 08-JDW BC-3660 08-JDW BC-3659 08-JDW BC-3658 08-JDW BC-3657 08-JDW BC-3656 PFC-2006-1970 PFC-2006-0907 Dun-08-282 Dun-08-281 Dun-08-280 08-JDW BC-3669 G. aceriana 1% CGUKLB402-09 England

Figure 3. Taxon-ID tree of Gypsonoma aceriana (Duponchel) and congeners in British Co- lumbia (modified from the tree output option of the Barcode of Life Database Identification System). identified with BOLD-IDS. The neighbour- quences were derived from moths originally joining tree (based on Kimura-2-parameter identified as Epiblema sp. that had been distances (Kimura 1980) of COI sequences) reared from late instar larvae on P. b. that was generated by the BOLD-IDS en- trichocarpa in 2006, and an additional four gine also identified an additional nine COI sequences were obtained from moths cap- sequences from voucher specimens depos- tured in light traps on southern Vancouver ited in PFCA (barcoded by LMH in order to Island in 2007 (Table 1). BOLD-IDS indi- build reference libraries of COI sequences) cated a close match between the specimens as those of G. aceriana. Five of the se- barcoded from BC (Table 2) and a single

J. ENTOMOL. SOC. BRIT. COLUMBIA 106, DECEMBER 2009 67 reference specimen from Great Britain (Fig. America was first reported by Miller and 3). Genitalic dissection of FIDS 80-0271-01 LaGasa (2001) after a single male of EPSB confirmed the identification of the adult was recovered near the port area of Seattle, moths as G. aceriana. W A, in 1998 and single males were de- A re-examination of the Olethreutinae tected at two additional locations in 1999. housed in PFCA led to the discovery of Subsequent surveys by LaGasa et al. (2001) three additional pinned adults and three demonstrated that EPSB was widely distrib- freeze-dried larvae pinned in association uted in western W ashington State. Voucher with damaged shoots bearing the frass- specimens (adults and freeze-dried larvae covered entrance tubes characteristic of with associated damage) misidentified as EPSB. The adults had been submitted to the Epiblema sp. (Tortricidae: Olethreutinae) Canadian National Collection in Ottawa in deposited in PFCA demonstrate that EPSB 1981 (Lot. No. 81-42) for determination was already present in southwestern BC by and were identified as —probably Epiblema 1980, almost 20 years before the species sp.“. That report noted that individuals of was first recorded in W ashington State. the other sex (males) were required for a As all but one late instar larvae recov- definitive identification. A search of the ered from mines in petioles and new shoots historical Forest Insect and Disease Survey in the spring, as well as all early instar lar- records (1949œ1995) for all collections vae recovered from mines on the underside identified as Epiblema sp. on Populus spe- of leaves in the fall, exhibited COI se- cies in BC produced five records, including quences identical to those of reared adults the 1980 and 1981 collections (FIDS 1980- of G. aceriana, we feel confident that our 0271-01 and 1981-0384-01) that were con- visual survey records can be used to de- firmed to be G. aceriana in this study. No velop the first map of occurrences of EPSB voucher specimens could be located for the in BC (Fig. 2). The full extent of ESPB remaining three collections; however, a distribution is yet unknown. It has been series of damage photographs from one recovered on southeastern Vancouver Is- collection from the Cariboo (FIDS 1992-9- land from Victoria to Nanaimo, throughout 0083-01, Horse Lake, BC, 51.607º, - the Fraser River valley, and as far inland as 121.205º, 2-vi-1992, 6 larvae, D. W hite) Yale in the Fraser Canyon and Carolin document larvae identified as Epiblema Mines Road along the Coquihalla Highway boring in new shoots of P.b. trichocarpa. (Fig. 2). To date, evidence of damage The absence of a dark prothoracic shield caused by Gypsonoma sp. has not been (present in G. aceriana) in the larval im- found east of these locations. Although it is ages from Horse Lake provides conclusive possible that low-level populations of EPSB evidence that the damage was not caused by may be present at some sites examined in EPSB. Damage similar to that noted at the fall 2007 survey, we feel that the initial Horse Lake was collected again in 1994 data are representative of EPSB distribution (FIDS 1994-9-0668-01, Blue Lead Cr, E in those areas surveyed, as there was also end of Quesnel Lake, 52.625º, -120.375º, no evidence of the more conspicuous de- 23-vi-1994, P. b. trichocarpa, damage only, bris-covered silken tubes constructed by the R. Erickson). As this collection is in close later instar larvae at the entrance to larval proximity to the previous collection, we feeding tunnels that persist into the fall and suggest that it is unlikely to have been winter (LaGasa et al. 2001). The results of caused by EPSB. The final record (FIDS this survey could be confirmed using phero- 1991-9-0718-01, Saanichton, CPFP Seed mones identified by Booij and Voerman Orchard, 30-v-1991, 48.600º, -123.440º, (1984). damaged shoots of Populus sp.) also con- Miller and LaGasa (2001) note that sisted of damage only, and thus cannot be similarities between the poplar floras of conclusively attributed to EPSB. Europe and North America, as well as the The occurrence of G. aceriana in North wide distribution of EPSB and its status as

68 J. ENTOMOL. SOC. BRIT. COLUMBIA 106, DECEMBER 2009

Table 2. Field collection numbers, Barcode of Life Database Sample ID and Process ID registration numbers, GenBank accession numbers, and life stage sampled for COI sequences of all individuals successfully barcoded. Unless otherwise noted, all barcoded specimens are Gypsonoma aceriana. Voucher specimens are deposited in the reference collection (PFCA) at Natural Re- sources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Victoria, British Columbia.

Field Collection BOLD Sample ID BOLD Process ID GenBank Life Stage Number Accession No. DUN-06-0043-01 Dun-08-278 DUNLP278-08 GQ845373 adult DUN-06-0043-01 Dun-08-279 DUNLP279-08 GQ845374 adult DUN-06-0043-01 Dun-08-280 DUNLP280-08 GQ845375 adult DUN-06-0043-01 Dun-08-281 DUNLP281-08 GQ845376 adult DUN-06-0043-01 Dun-08-282 DUNLP282-08 GQ845377 adult HUM-07-0382 08-JDW BC-3656 LBCG3656-09 GQ845378 larva HUM-07-0382 08-JDW BC-3657 LBCG3657-09 GQ845379 larva HUM-07-0382 08-JDW BC-3658 LBCG3658-09 GQ845380 larva HUM-07-0382 08-JDW BC-3659 LBCG3659-09 GQ845381 larva HUM-07-0382 08-JDW BC-3660 LBCG3660-09 GQ845382 larva HUM-07-0382 08-JDW BC-3661 LBCG3661-09 GQ845383 larva HUM-07-0382 08-JDW BC-3662 LBCG3662-09 GQ845384 larva HUM-07-0382 08-JDW BC-3663 LBCG3663-09 GQ845385 larva HUM-07-0382 08-JDW BC-3664 LBCG3664-09 GQ845386 larva HUM-07-0382 08-JDW BC-3665 LBCG3665-09 GQ845387 larva HUM-07-0382 08-JDW BC-3666 LBCG3666-09 GQ845388 larva HUM-07-0382 08-JDW BC-3667 LBCG3667-09 GQ845389 larva HUM-07-0384 08-JDW BC-3672 LBCG3672-09 GQ845390 larva HUM-07-0383 08-JDW BC-3673 LBCG3673-09 GQ845391 larva HUM-07-0383 08-JDW BC-3674 LBCG3674-09 GQ845392 larva HUM-07-0383 08-JDW BC-3675 LBCG3675-09 GQ845393 larva HUM-08-0260 08-JDW BC-3669 LBCG3669-09 GQ845394 larva HUM-08-0260 08-JDW BC-3671 LBCG3671-09 GQ845395 larva HUM-07-0136 08-JDW BC-3676 LBCG3676-09 GQ845397 adult HUM-07-0144-A 08-JDW BC-3677 LBCG3677-09 GQ845398 adult HUM-07-0144-B 08-JDW BC-3678 LBCG3678-09 GQ845399 adult HUM-07-0144-D 08-JDW BC-3679 LBCG3679-09 GQ845400 adult PFC-2006-0505 PFC-2006-0505 LPVIA333-08 GQ845401 adult PFC-2006-0907 PFC-2006-0907 LPVIA665-08 GQ845402 adult PFC-2006-1970 PFC-2006-1970 LPVIB549-08 GQ845403 adult PFC-2006-1971 PFC-2006-1971 LPVIB550-08 GQ845404 adult HUM-08-0260 08-JDW BC-3670 LBCG3670-09 GQ845396 larva1 1 Larva of Batrachedra praeangusta (Lepidoptera: Momphidae) recovered from frass and debris covered silk tunnel at the base of a leaf petiole

J. ENTOMOL. SOC. BRIT. COLUMBIA 106, DECEMBER 2009 69 a pest in Europe, suggest that this shoot- native poplars has not been evaluated in borer could still become a significant pest North America; however, in Belgium, Hey- of poplars in North America. Because of its mans et al. (1983) found that clones of P. lengthy presence in western North America, trichocarpa and P. trichocarpa X deltoides the pathway by which EPSB was intro- hybrids were more susceptible to EPSB duced will never be determined. In BC, G. damage than were P. deltoides X nigra aceriana has been recorded from native clones, with the earliest flushing clones black cottonwood, as well as two intro- sustaining the heaviest damage. The cryptic duced poplars, European white poplar nature of the hibernacula of overwintering (Populus alba L.) and Lombardy poplar, second instar larvae makes detection of this that are widely planted as ornamentals or pest in horticultural or forest nursery stock windbreaks in southwestern BC. The detec- very difficult. Prevention of continued tion of EPSB in native poplars beyond ur- spread of EPSB through movement of live ban forests (see Table 1, collection HUM- plants or planting stock will require con- 09-0365) suggests that natural spread has certed efforts of the horticultural and forest already occurred. The impact of EPSB on silvicultural sectors.

ACKNOW LEDGEM ENTS

Funding was provided by an NSERC the CFS Invasive Alien Species program. Graduate Scholarship (to JRD), the Cana- The assistance of Dr. Jim Corrigan, BC dian Barcode of Life Network from Ge- Ministry of Forests and Range during sur- nome Canada through the Ontario Genom- veys of poplars at Kalamalka Research Sta- ics Institute, NSERC (to LMH), and other tion is gratefully acknowledged and Gurp sponsors listed at www.BOLNET.ca. Field Thandi, Natural Resources Canada, PFC is collections were supported by funding from thanked for producing the distribution map.

REFERENCES

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