Index

‘Abbasid dynasty 104, 110, 115, Abu Jahl 56 143–145, 158, 188, 218 Abu Lahab 27, 56 ‘Abd al-Basit ‘Abd al-Samid 131 Abul Ala Mawdudi 261 ‘Abd al-Hamid ibn Yahya 158 Abu’l-Fada’il ibn ‘Ali al-Jawzi 113 ‘Abd al-Malik ibn Hisham 28, 59 Abu’l-Hasan ‘Ali ibn Hudhayl 108 ‘Abduh, Muhammad 227, 229 Abu’l-Hasan Tahir ibn Ghalbun 107 ‘abdullah/‘ibadallah 51 Abu’l-Nadr 30 ‘Abdullah ibn al-‘Abbas 89, 186, 212, Abu ‘Ubayda al-Qasim ibn Sallam 136n 237, 254 Abyssinia 7, 9, 11, 14, 56 ‘Abdullah ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib 9, 16 ‘Ad 51 ‘Abdullah ibn ‘Ali 114 Adam 4, 16, 51, 197, 200, 209, 256 ‘Abdullah ibn Jud’an 15 Adhami, Abdullah 98 ‘Abdullah ibn Mas‘ud 90–91 adhan 149 ‘Abdullah ibn al-Zubayr 153 al-Afghani, Jamal al-Din 227 ablution 89, 163 Africa, West 118, 123, 127 Abou El Fadl, Khaled 214, 257 ahl al-kitab see People of the Book Abou Zayd, Nasr 233 106, 111, 113, Abraha 9, 15 144–145, 214, 224 Abraham 4–6, 11, 16, 25n, 38–40, 51, Ahmad ibn Sahl al-Ushnani 104 58, 148, 160, 199, 218 Ahmad ibn Shu‘ayb al-Nasa’i 91 Abrahamic 11, 38, 61, 55 ahruf 96, 99 abrogation () 217–218 ‘A’isha bint Abi Bakr 2, 18, 20, 30, Abu ‘Amr al-Shaybani 103 71–73, 164, 168, 201, 211–213 Abu Bakr 55, 73,COPYRIGHTED 74, 94–96, 185 alcohol see MATERIAL intoxicants Abu Dawud Sulaiman ibn Najah 108 Alhambra 154–155 Abu Dharr 187–189, 257 ‘Ali ibn Abi Talib 31, 76n, 100–101, 106 189–194, 212, 254

The Story of the Qur’ an: Its History and Place in Muslim Life, Second Edition. Ingrid Mattson. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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‘Ali ibn Shuja’ 115 aya/ayat (verses) 27, 44–45, 218, 221, ‘Ali Pasha, Muhammad 128 252 see also God 38, 40, 42, 46, 51, Ayn Jalut 115 154, 161, 166, 199, 231, 264 Azerbaijan 95 almsgiving see charity al-Azhar University 129, 131, 225 ‘Ammar ibn Yasir 58 Andalusia see also Spain 30, 101, 107, Badr, Battle of 65 111, 114, 119, 134, 150, 180n Baghdad 29, 104, 113–116, 144, 158, angels 5, 18–22, 34, 40, 80, 84–85, 88, 181n 91–92, 110 al-Baqir, Abu Ja‘far Muhammad ibn al-Ansar (“Helpers”) 27, 61 ‘Ali 259 al-Ansari, Abu Ayyub 178 al-Bara’ 90 anthropomorphism 42, 142, 147 baraka see blessing apostasy 231, 234 barzakh 176 ‘Aqaba, pledge of 60–61, 90 Basra 101, 103, 117 Arabia/Arabian Peninsula 1–4, 7, 9, batin 197 11, 13, 16, 32, 45, 50–51, 55, Bayezid I 116 75n, 91, 101–102, 147, 168, Bible 51, 193, 200, 229 178–179, 186, 189, 197, 200, Bilal ibn Rabah 55–56 205–206, 228, 235 biographical (tabaqat) literature 29, 117 language and script 6, 11, 23n, Black Stone 6, 17 28, 32, 34–38, 43–44, 51, 70, blessing 21, 23n, 36, 59, 64, 84, 114, 79–80, 85–88, 91–93, 102–103, 124, 154, 164, 184n 108, 110, 119–121, 123–124, Boyle, Helen 125–126 127, 141–142, 157, 158–160, brotherhood of believers 61, 69 194, 204–208 al-Bukhari 106 Arabs/Arab people 1, 6, 13, 16, 28, 36, Byzantines/Byzantium 7, 149, 153 38, 47, 51, 61–62, 72, 91, 98, 102, 141, 158, 188, 193, 199, Cairo 116, 122–123, 127–129, 131, 177 205, 239, 240, 257 calligraphers and calligraphy see also Aramaic 38 Qur’an; mushaf, scribes 98, Arkoun, Mohammed 233 107–108, 126, 129, 137n, 148, Armenia 95 150–152 art 98, 108, 110, 148 Canaanite 64 asbab al-nuzul see occasions of charity see also zakat 3, 21, 51, 69–70, revelation 151, 193, 222, 263 al-Ash‘ari, Abu’l-Hasan 145 China 101, 118 Ash‘arites 146–147 Christians and Christianity 7, 11, 17, ‘Asim ibn Abi’l-Najud 84, 20, 41, 50, 56–57, 63, 66, 75n, 103–104, 117 96, 111, 114, 119–121, 123–124, Asma’ bint Yazid 22n 144, 148, 153, 155–159, 160, Ataturk 160 164, 178, 199–200, 228, 230, 234 ‘Aws ibn Samit 1 church 9, 62–63, 150

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Church of the Holy Sepulchre 115, 153 Donner, Fred 31–32, 75n colonialism, European 79, 124, 224, dreams 18–19 229–230 al-Du’ali, Abu’l-Aswad 102 community, Muslim (umma) 3–4, 11, 13, 22, 28, 31, 33, 53, 57, 61–62, Egypt 10, 102, 107, 109, 111, 114, 115, 64, 67–73, 90, 96, 151, 175, 117, 121, 128, 129, 132, 135, 185–186, 191, 204, 217, 219, 224, 160, 161, 177, 189, 199, 228, 233 227–228, 232, 248, 257, 262–263 eschatology 48, 135, 154 Companions (Sahaba) 21–22, 33, 43, ethics 141, 227 53, 60, 70, 74, 84, 88–90, 93–97, Ethiopians 7 100, 103, 105, 136n, 142, 168, Eve 200 178–179, 186–187, 188, 195, exegesis 185–188, 195–197, 204, 212, 199–201, 211–214, 224 214, 215, 222, 226, 232, consensus (ijma’ ) 131, 194, 200, 207, 238–239, 254, 256, 262 209, 223–225, 227, 236–237, 261 by tradition (bi’l-athar) 212 converts and conversion 13, 33, 53, esoteric 255 55–56, 58, 60, 76n, 90, 119, 124, literalism 189, 194–195, 197, 207, 134, 157, 158–160, 163–164, 213, 215, 228–229, 233 199, 217 role of reason see reason Cordoba 107 scientific 195, 229–230 Covenant (Constitution) of Shi‘ite 197, 209, 210 Medina 62, 93, 99 Sunni 197, 208–210, 217, 220, 222, createdness of the Qur’an see Qur’an, 223, 224, 225, 243n ontology 186, 195–197, 200–202, 212, creation (natural world) 3, 41–42, 215–216, 237–239, 254 44–45, 100, 142–143, 156, 162, ta’wil 195 172, 174, 249–250, 263 Crusaders 114 fasting 14, 70, 91, 101, 109, 110, 162, custom 1–3, 16, 46, 55, 117, 121, 123, 192, 211 227–228, 247 fiqh 215 fitra 260 Damascus 29, 79–80, 86, 102–104, freedom of religion 225, 231, 233–234 113–114, 116–117, 127, 129 al-Dani, Abu ‘Amr ‘Uthman ibn Gabriel 18, 19, 20, 21, 25n, 54, 80, 82, Sa‘id 107–108, 130 84, 85, 88, 110, 130, 134, 142 death (Islamic beliefs) 13, 46–47, 148, al-Ghazali, Abu Hamid 18, 75n, 135n, 168–180, 192 163, 222, 254, 255 dhikr see remembrance of God God, attributes 42–44, 75n, 145–146, Dihlawi, Shah Wali Allah 225 160, 167, 173, 206 disbelievers/unbelievers 41, 50, 51, 53, goddess 51, 75n 66, 191, 203 grammar 93, 102, 158, 194, 195, 215, 222 divorce 3 Granada 108, 119, 121, 154 Dome of the Rock 102, 115, 151–154 gratitude 50

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graves 170, 174–180 hijri calendar 61, 109 guidance 4, 21, 32, 39, 40, 59, 60, 73, Hilf al-Fudul 14 88, 109, 126, 165, 185, 192, 193, historiography 31 224, 231, 242, 250, 253 Hodgson, Marshall 2 Hud 51, 58, 76n Hudaybiya 67 as source of law 69, 211–213, 220, 239 Hudhaifa ibn al-Yaman 95 authentication of 29–33, 54, 75n, Hulagu 115 98–99, 209, 214 hums 15 cited 1–2, 3–6, 14, 19, 21, 36–37, 54, Hunayn 27 56, 71–72, 74, 90–91, 164, 168, al-huruf al-muqatta‘a (disconnected 223, 239 letters) 206 definition 21 al-Husari 131 standardization 105–107 Hussein, Saddam 192 used to interpret the Qur’an 180, 195, 197, 199, 201–204, 214, Iblis (Satan) 54, 209, 255 227, 239, 254 Ibn ‘Abd al-Wahhab, Muhammad 168, hafiz 84, 85, 123, 124 178, 179 Hafs ibn Sulayman 82, 84, 104, 117, Ibn ‘Ajiba 197 118, 129 Ibn al-‘Arabi 197, 207, 208, 241 Hafsa bint ‘Umar 95 Ibn al-Jawzi, Abu’l-Faraj 111, 171 Hajar 4–6, 260 Ibn Bawwab 108 Hajj see pilgrimage Ibn Hisham 28, 59 Halima 16 Ibn Ishaq 19, 20, 28 (Hanafites) 106, 112 Ibn Jubayr, Muhammad 108, 111–114 (Hanbalites) 53, 104, 110, Ibn Khaldun 121 140, 143–144, 207 Ibn Mujahid 107 hanif (al-Hanafiyya) 11 Ibn Muqlah 107 Haram see sanctuary Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya 174, 183n Hasan ibn ‘Ali ibn Abi Talib 192 Ibn Sa῾d 29 healing 163–168 Ibn Taymiyya 54–55, 178 heart 5, 19, 37, 46, 53, 69, 118, 121, Ibn Umm Makhtum 90 128, 142, 147, 161, 163, 164, Ibrahim ibn ‘Abd al-Rahman 124 165, 171, 174, 199, 215, 216, idols/idolatry 6, 10, 11, 14, 18, 34, 39, 248, 252, 253, 262, 263 46, 47, 68 heaven see paradise ijaza 80, 81, 82–85, 104, 114, 116, 117, Hebrew 128, 130, 132, 134, 186, 224, 237 Bible 51 ijma’ see consensus language 38 ijtihad 210, 223, 225, 227, 261 prophets 3, 72 illness 165–168 hell 57, 92, 170 iltifat 44 hijra 22n, 61, 67, 73, 90 Indonesia 118, 131, 133, 135

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infanticide 15, 22, 40, 49 Khadija bint Khuwaylid 17, 20, 58–59, inheritance 61, 69, 235–237 60, 72 Inquisition, Spanish 119–121 Khan, Sayyid Ahmad 214 intercession (wasila) 54, 176–178 Khandaq, Battle of 65 intoxicants 213, 220 Khansa’ 13 Iqbal, Muhammad 225 khatib see also preacher 112 Iran, see also Persian Empire 28, 115 khatma 84 Iraq 95, 101, 144, 145, 158, 171 Khawarij 101, 191–194, 228, 247, 257 Ishaq ibn Ibrahim 144 Khawla bint Tha‘laba 1–3, 28, 72, 258 (meaning) 51, 157 khutba see sermons Isma‘il son of Abraham 4–6 kiswa 180n Isra’ wa Mi‘raj (Night journey and kitab 92, 93 ascent) 60 Kufa 101, 103, 104, 117 Isra’iliyyat 198–201, 214, 227 kufr 50 Istanbul 129, 178, 149 al-Kulayni 106 Izutsu, Toshihiko 50 al-Kurdi, Abu’l-Hasan Muhyi’l-Din 79–85, 91, 95, 100, 103, 104, 107, Ja‘far ibn Abi Talib 14, 56–57 108, 114–119, 130, 134, 135n, 186 jahiliyya 13–14, 228 al-Jazariyya 80, 117, 138–139n Labid 12 Jerusalem 60, 102, 114, 115, 142, 151, Lane, Edward William 121–123, 161 152, 153, 218 Laqani 115, 138n Jesus son of Mary 16, 28, 40, 41, 51, al-Lat 54, 56 56, 58, 115, 144, 148, 152, 155, lawh mahfudh (guarded tablets) 110 157, 164, 197, 198 Jews 7, 11, 41, 61, 62, 63, 65, 66, 67, madrasa see school 77n, 98, 119, 153, 160, 199, 200, al-Mahalli, Jalal al-Din 196 228, 230 30, 106 jihad see also war 23n, 220, 221 (Malikites) 106, 224 jinn 49, 158–159, 173n, 213 Mamluks 115, 117, 119, 128 Joseph, husband of Mary 199 al-Ma’mun 143–145 Joseph son of Jacob see Yusuf Marranos 119 Judaism 9, 65, 144, 149 marriage 1, 15, 17, 59, 69, 72, 199, 202, Judgment, Day of 44, 47–49, 51, 92, 236, 240, 241 154, 169, 176, 191, 194, martyr 55, 176 Jurhum 5 Marwa see Safa and Marwa al-Juwayni, Imam al-Haramayn 146 Mary, mother of Jesus 10, 40, 56–57, 144, 152, 157, 197, 198, 199, 243n kafir/un see disbelievers maslaha 223 Kamali, Mohammad Hashim 217, al-, Abu Mansur and the 222, 223 145, 146, 147, 173, Kebe, Lamen 123, 127 Mawlid 109

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Maymuna 89 biography see Sira Mecca 4–11, 13–17, 31, 33, 36, 38–39, birth and life before prophetic 41, 46–48, 51–69, 76n, 89, 91, call 7–18 101, 103, 108, 111, 114, 116, death 73–74 117, 132, 133, 147, 148, 153, experience of revelation 18–22 163, 167, 180n, 186, 202, 203, infallibility 54–55, 185 212, 218, 231, 232 marriages 17, 58–59, 72 Medina 1, 11, 29, 31, 33, 41, 52, 59, 61, succession to 185 62, 65, 66, 67, 69, 71, 73, 76n, teachings see Sunna 77n, 90, 93, 94, 96, 99, 101, 103, mujahid/un 64 117, 117, 132, 148, 150, 153, Mujahid ibn Jabir 254 186, 187, 189, 202–203, 212, al-Muqaddasi 153–154 218, 219, 224, 231, 232, 259 Muqatil ibn Sulayman 202–205 Mehmet II (Ottoman caliph) 118 muruwwa 12 metonymy 42, 196 Mus‘ab ibn ‘Umayr 90 mihna 104, 143–145 Musaylima 186 mihrab 112, 148, 150 mushaf 80, 85, 96–108, 110, 123–124, minaret 149–150 128–129, 132, 151, 156–157, Minshawi 131 161–164, 167 modernists 30, 75n, 164, 178, 183n, mushrik/un see polytheism/polytheists 201, 226–235 music 34, 110–111, 131 modernity 127, 222, 226–235 Muslim ibn Hajjaj 106 monastery 10, 17, 62 Mu‘tazilis 30, 143–146, 195, 209 Mongols 29, 115–116, 117 monotheism 11, 37, 55, 218 Al-Nahshali, Abu Muhammad 82, Moriscos 119–120, 124 104–105 Morocco 125, 225 namus 20 Moses 16, 20, 64, 73, 135n, 142, 155, 179 al-Nasa’i, Ahmad ibn Shu‘ayb 91 mosque 4, 27, 60–63, 73, 89, 95, 103, Negus of Abyssinia 7, 14, 56–57 110–114, 118, 121, 127, 132, Nigeria 125, 135, 134, 135n, 147–151, 153, 154, ninety-nine attributes of God 42 164, 179, 180, 201, 207, 212, Noah (Nuh) 51, 58, 160, 197, 199 219, 224, 225, 228, 247, 248 decoration of 102, 147–155 occasions of revelation 33, 54, 195, Kufa Grand 103 201–204, 213, 232, 239, 240, 242 Prophet’s mosque, Medina 61, 73, Orientalists 30 89, 95–96, 110, 132, 135n, 148, orphan 3, 12, 14, 16, 36, 47, 53, 192 150, 153, 212 Ottomans 116, 117, 118, 119, 128, 131, Umayyad (Damascus) 113, 114 160, 221, 227, 249 Motzki, Harald 98 Mu‘allaqat 13, 93, 147 Palestine 115, 201 Mu‘awiya 101, 187–192 paradise also heaven 25n, 33, 34, 39–42, Muhammad the Prophet 45, 48, 49, 57–60, 63, 73–74, 85,

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92, 100, 105, 109–110, 134, 142, preaching/preachers 101, 111–112, 149–152, 154, 156, 160, 166, 169, 117, 127, 187–188, 194, 202, 172, 174, 181n, 191, 200, 251 214, 248–249, 256 patriarchy 2, 16, 239–241 prophecy 18, 32 peace 61, 62, 65, 67, 69, 101, 193, 235 prophets (before Muhammad) 2–3, 16, People of the Book 40, 41, 66, 152, 51, 54–55, 58, 60, 63–64, 66, 72, 154, 187, 200, 218 76n, 141–142, 160, 172, 179, persecution 14, 33, 53–63, 119 186, 195, 197–201, 205, 243n Persia/Persian Empire 7, 11, 93 prostitution 15 Persian language 141, 158 punishment 56–58, 72, 125, 144, Persians 7, 157, 159 187, 223 Pharaoh 16 purity, ritual 128, 161, 168, 182n pilgrimage 9, 10, 15, 21, 38, 46, 52, 60, 108, 111, 114, 116, 132, 148, al-Qadi, Wadad 158 162, 178, 211, 212 Qalun 117–118 poetry 11, 12, 35, 37, 44, 45, 99, 141, qari’/qurra’ (see also Qur’an, 205, 215, 238, 231 reciter) 95, 101, 112, 117, 148 political authority/power 7, 11, 17, 29, qasida 11 32–33, 61, 67–68, 79, 102, qibla 148, 218 104–105, 115, 119, 128, 143, qira’at 81, 84–86, 96–100, 103–104, 145, 158, 185, 187–189, 193, 107, 110, 114–118, 129 224–225, 256, 259 Qur’an polygamy 72 compilation 93, 96, 98–99, 110, 151 polytheism/polytheists 39, 41, 51, 192, etymology 20–21 202–204, 218–219 memorization 79–81, 84–85, 87–93, poor/poverty 4, 14, 15, 19, 21, 38, 51, 95–96, 111–112, 115–118, 124, 55, 113, 179, 215, 216 127–128, 130–131, 134, 151, possession (by evil spirits, see also 166, 230 jinn) 34, 165–167, 183n certification see ijaza prayer 51, 101, 250 examination 80–81, 84, 124 at night 53 mushaf see above congregational 61, 69, 118, 132, decoration 104, 108, 148, 150, 133, 207, 152, 181n Eid 109 epigraphy 98 five daily (salat) 14, 21, 53, 70, 109, materials used 92, 108 151, 162, 211, 218 orthography 129–130 funeral 174–177 printing 86, 107, 127–130, recitation of the Qur’an during 20, 132, 134 89, 97, 110, 126, 148, 158 reverence for 128, 157, 161, 163 Ramadan prayers (tarawih) 110, 116 sale of 157 supplication (du‘a) 84, 85, 128, scribes 93–95, 104, 128–130 167, 168 translation of 80, 85, 103, 120, in the Qur’an 3, 5, 65, 70, 192 127, 132, 141–142

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Qur’an (cont'd) remembrance of God (dhikr) 48, 64, travel with 133, 158 69–70, 165, 207, 253 Uthmanic 96, 97, 99–100 resurrection 47–48, 170, 174, 176 ontological status 104, 142–145, revelation see Qur’an, revelation 147, 155 rhetoric 188, 190, 192, 194–195, 206, 222 recitation 19–20, 34–35, 37–38, Rida, Rashid 227 42–43, 45, 53, 56, 74, 80–81, , Jalal al-Din 250–251 84–91, 93, 95–97, 99–104, 107–119, 122, 124, 126, sacrifice, animal 10, 21n 129–134, 135n Safa and Marwa 5, 9, 212–213 ceremonial 112 Safavids 227 group 113 Sahaba see Companions recording 130, 131–133 saints 155, 178 recitations see qira’at saj’ 35 reciter/s see also qurra’ 80–81, 84, salafi/salafiyya 179, 227–229 86, 88, 95–96, 101, 103–104, Salahuddin (Saladin) 114 110–114, 116–117, 130–133, Salih the Arabian prophet 51, 58 138n Saljuks 116 revelation 2–3, 4, 9, 13, 17–18, 20, sanctuary 4–7, 9–10, 13, 16, 147, 150 22, 25n, 27–28, 31–34, 36, 43, Sarah 4 47, 53–54, 63–64, 67–68, 72–74, Satan see Iblis 87–88, 90, 91, 93, 99–100, 130 54 tajwid 80–81, 84–85, 87, 108, 110, Saudi Arabia 132, 147, 159, 179 117, 129–132, 134, 138n, 141, sayyid 256 186, 206 scholars (‘’) 7, 18, 21, 28–31, talismanic power 148 33–35, 41, 50–52, 54–55, 66, Quraysh, tribe of 7, 9–11, 13–19, 33, 80–81, 84–86, 91, 96–99, 36, 47, 56, 57–59, 61–62, 65–68, 101–102, 104–108, 110–120, 125, 88, 93, 96, 148, 179, 202, 212, 128–131, 134–135, 143–147, 151, 216, 219 157, 163–164, 166–167, 171, 174, al-Qurtubi 216 176, 178–180, 186, 193–197, al-Qushayri 197 199–200, 202–210, 212, 214–225, Qutb, Sayyid 228, 261 229–241, 243n, 247–250, 253, 256–257, 259, 261–262, 264n rabb al-‘izza 85 schools for teaching Qur’an 79, 87, Rahman, Fazlur 49, 232–233, 240, 261 109, 118, 121–123, 125–127, Ramadan, month of 21, 88, 109–111, 130, 179 114, 116, 122 female participation 79–85, al-Razi 198 122–123 reason 39–40, 45, 145, 163, 195, pedagogy 124, 125, 127, 130 208–211, 214, 220, 222–223, schools, theological and legal 226, 234, 157 () 30, 105–107, 145, analogical 220 147, 164, 173, 175, 183n, 195,

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202, 207, 210, 223–225, 248, Sudais, Sheikh 132 254–255, 261–262 Sudan 129 al-Madrasa al-Fadiliyya 114 42, 197, 209, 227, 230, 251, science 183n, 195–196, 229–231, 249 260–256 scripture, definition and comparative al-Sulami, Abu ‘Abd al-Rahman 197 study 66, 86, 92, 100, 172, Sumayya 55, 58 191–193, 195, 197, 199–200, Sunna see also hadith 21, 22, 150, 153, 218, 260 163, 166, 168, 177, 179, 183n, seal of the prophet 17, 84, 186 190, 195, 197, 207, 209, Sells, Michael 49 210–215, 217, 220, 222, 228, sermons 89, 112–113, 141 229, 234, 239, 242, 253, 260 servitude to God 50–51 Sunnis 29, 30, 31, 105, 106, 131, 132, sexuality 71 145, 146, 197, 208, 209, 210, al-Shafi‘i, Muhammad ibn Idris 106, 217, 220, 222, 223, 224, 225, 211, 214, 220 243n, 248, 254, 256 Shah Jahan 154 suras shahada 21, 158 length 35, 43 Shaltut, Mahmud (Shaykh Meccan and/or Medinan 51, 53, 56, al-Azhar) 225 57, 76n shari‘a 215, 225, 232, 233, 236, 256 number in Qur’an 27 al-Shatibi, Abu Qasim ibn Firruh 82, order in Qur’an 27, 95–97 84, 108, 114 titles (names) of 104 al-Shatibi, Abu Ishaq 222 al-Suyuti, Jalal al-Din 196 al-Shatibiyya 115–117 synagogues 62 Shi‘ites 30–31, 76n, 99–100, 105–106, Syria 7, 11, 17, 79, 93, 95, 114, 135n, 197, 209–210, 255–256, 259–260 150, 155, 160, 187, 188, 201, 230 shirk 176 shrines 9, 178–180 al-Tabari, Abu Ja‘far Muhammad 144, Shuraim 132 196, 200 Sibawayh 158 tafsir see Qur’an, exegesis, tafsir al-Sijistani, ‘Abdullah 156 Taha, Mahmoud 231–233 Sira 28–33, 53, 56–57, 61–62, 65–67, 93 tahannuth 19 slander 72–73 al-Tahawi, Abu Ja‘far 146 slavery 16, 50, 123–124, 134, 193, 202, Taj Mahal 154, 179 233, 239, 260, 262, 265n tawhid 37, 144 soul 48–49, 63, 154, 168–169, 174 ta’wil see Qur’an; exegesis, ta’wil Spain, also Andalusia 101, 107, 111, terrorism 193 114, 119, 120, 123–124, 132, 134 Thamud 51 Spirit, “Trustworthy” 40, 57, 84, 142, theology 3, 31, 37, 38, 41, 43, 44, 55, 152, 198 105, 115, 134, 142–147, 168, state, formation and theory of 61–68, 171–173, 178, 195, 200, 210, 110, 145, 187–188, 191, 219, 215, 224, 230, 233, 261 221, 233, 249 Timur (Tamerlane) 116–117

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Torah 63, 199, 218, 235 wine see intoxicants trade 4, 7, 11, 13–15, 17, 36, 65, 101, 118 women tribes 5, 7, 9, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 46, 47, compared to men 179 61, 66, 69, 70, 100, 205 elderly 28 Trinity 41 fight for justice 1–4, 259 Turkey 149, 160 in the Isra’iliyat 200–201, 214 Turkish language 141, 158, 160, 183n, in the Qur’an 2, 57, 63, 69 193 inclusion in the mosque 228 al-Turtushi, Abu Bakr 111 inheritance 235–237 Tustari 197 partners with men 70 patriarchal marriage 237–242 Ubayy ibn Ka‘b 82, 90 poetry 12, 13 Uhud, Battle of 65, 77n public leaders 22n, 235 ‘Ukaz 13 purity laws and customs 164 Ulfah, Hajja Maria 133 Qur’an calligraphers 107 ‘Umar ibn al-Khattab 21, 53, 74, 90, 95, Qur’an reciters 79–84, 132–133 110, 153, 163, 164, 185, 212, 217 slander of 14, 72–73 ‘Umar ibn Shabba 29 spiritual equality with men 70 ‘Umar ibn ‘Ubaydallah 30 veiling 71 Umm Ayman 74 wet-nursing 16–17 Umm Hisham 89, 135n wudu see ablution Umma (see also community) 214 Ummayad dynasty 102, 104, 150, 153, Yahya ibn Yahya al-Laythi 30 158, 159, 188, 257 Yamama, Battle of 93–95 ‘Uthman ibn ‘Affan 82, 95, 96, 100, Yasir 58 101, 114, 187, 188, 189 Yathrib 4, 8, 11, 22n, 33, 60–62 al-‘Uzza 51, 54, 56 Yemen 7, 11, 57, 98, 103, 117, 125 Yusuf (Joseph son of Jacob) 16, 58, 72, Valencia 108, 114, 160, 259 veiling 71 zakat see charity Wahhabis 168, 178, 179 al-Zamakhshari 195 al-Walid al-Mughira 36–37 Zamzam 4–6, 9, 116, 167 al-Walid ibn Marwan 150 Zayd ibn Thabit 82, 95–96, 100 Wansbrough, John 98 Zayn ibn al-Hasan al- war 62–68, 192, 221 Baghdadi 114 Waraqa ibn Nawful 20 Zaynab bint Mu’ayqib 259 Warsh 117, 118, 129 zihar 1–3, 28 water 4–6, 10, 45, 116, 154, 163, 167, Zirr ibn Hubaysh al-Asadi 103 169, 170, 224, 260 ziyara 175–179 wealth 12, 42, 49, 52, 56, 63, 64, 179, Zoroastrianism 11 187, 188, 235, 236, 237, 263 al-Zuhri 105

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