Poster Print Size: Natural Selection and Recombination History of Change Color Theme: This poster template is 36” high by -1 from Companion Animals This template is designed to use the * ^ ^ * * ^ 48” wide. It can be used to print any Jordan D. Zehr , Holly C McQueary , Laura Goodman , Stephen D Shank , Sergei L Kosakovsky Pond , Michael J. Stanhope built-in color themes in the newer *Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia PA poster with a 3:4 aspect ratio. ^Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca NY versions of PowerPoint.

Selection Intensity To change the color theme, select Placeholders: Abstract Alphacoronavirus Phylogeny ● Companion animals (dogs, cats, horses) are known to harbor the Design tab, then select the The various elements included in (CoVs1). We focus here on the molecular evolution of Colors drop-down list. this poster are ones we often see in the spike protein of feline CoV (FCOV1) from the Alphacoronavirus-1 group, a subclade within the Alphacoronavirus medical, research, and scientific genus. posters. Feel free to edit, move, ● There are known highly pathogenic forms of both Feline and , where a viral infection initially FCOV1 vs add, and delete items, or change the layout to suit your needs. Always presents as a benign gastrointestinal infection and later acquires functional changes that allow the to gain in-host tissue FIPV1 check with your conference tropism. In the case of FCOV1 this involves macrophage infection, resulting in Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus (FIPV1), with lethal organizer for specific requirements. consequences. Figure 3: Sites identified by Contrast-FEL ● There is a gap in knowledge regarding what evolutionary changes as having significantly different selection Image Quality: are associated with the lethal phenotypes pressure at each site between the benign ● We hypothesize that by examining signatures of selection that are (FCOV1) and lethal (FIPV1) biotypes are You can place digital photos or logo Figure 1: A phylogenetic tree of CoVs within the Alphacoronavirus-1 clade. The results discordant (selected in one phenotype but not in another) between mapped onto an FIPV1 spike protein. The presented here focus on the Alphacoronavirus-1 subset that includes subtype 1 of the four subdomains (RBM, FP, HR1, and HR2) art in your poster file by selecting the two phenotypes we can gain an understanding of the changes FCOV clade. are highlighted. The more red the site, the the Insert, Picture command, or by in the spike protein that are associated with each phenotype. higher the putative positive selection calculated at that site. using standard copy & paste. For The default color theme for this Conclusion Viral Cell Membrane Fusion best results, all graphic elements template is “Office”, so you can should be at least 150-200 pixels ● There is evidence for a recombinant history involving FCOV1-FIPV1 sequences (14 breakpoints detected by GARD2 using 38 always return to that after trying per inch in their final printed size. FCOV1-FIPV1 sequences). Figure 2: A. Model of membrane fusion mediated by 5 some of the alternatives. For instance, a 1600 x 1200 pixel ● Comparing site-specific discordant selection (using Contrast-FEL3) coronavirus (CoV) spike (S) protein . First, the S1 between the two clinically diagnosed phenotypes of lethal (FIPV) subunit binds to the host cell receptor. Second, the S1 and S2 subdomains separate, and the fusion peptide photo will usually look fine up to and endemic, benign feline CoV we identified significant Printing Your Poster: (FP) is inserted into the target cell membrane, 8“-10” wide on your printed poster. differences in site specific selection pressure at various sites across bringing the virus and host membrane into close Once your poster file is ready, visit the spike protein, including putative positive section within the contact. This initiates a series of conformational To preview the print quality of Receptor Binding Domain (B), fusion peptide (FP), heptad repeat 1 changes: HR1 connected to the host cell membrane www.genigraphics.com to order a images, select a magnification of (HR1), and heptad repeat 2 (HR2) domains of FIPV1 Spike. and HR2 connected to the virus membrane fold back on one another, pulling the host membrane and viral high-quality, affordable poster print. ● These four domains are critical to virus receptor binding and fusion 100% when previewing your poster. membrane together forming a fusion pore through Every order receives a free design pore information suggesting that these sites may represent in-host which the viral nucleic acid is transmitted. B is a This will give you a good idea of adaptive molecular evolution, important for tissue tropism and the subdomain gene map of CoV spike (S) from Feline review and we can deliver as fast as what it will look like in print. If you development of FIPV disease. Infectious Peritonitis Virus (FIPV)4. next business day within the US and

Future Directions are laying out a large poster and Canada. using half-scale dimensions, be sure ● Analyses are ongoing to evaluate selection history of Spike in the other Alpha-1 subclade, that includes dog, cat and pig , in an Genigraphics® has been producing to preview your graphics at 200% to attempt to evaluate adaptive changes associated with formation of output from PowerPoint® longer pantropic Canine CoV. see them at their final printed size. ● This project will extend to incorporate a wide range of wildlife than anyone in the industry; dating Please note that graphics from samples from many different taxa to provide insight as to which back to when we helped Microsoft® animal(s) could harbor CoVs with the greatest risk of spillover. websites (such as the logo on your design the PowerPoint® software.

Acknowledgements References hospital's or university's home page) Contact I am eternally grateful to Michael Stanhope and Sergei Pond for their 1. Stout, A. E., Andre, N. M., Jaimes, J. A., Millet, J. K., & Whittaker, G, R. (2020). Coronaviruses in cats and other companion animals: Where does SARS-COV-2/COVID-19 fit?. Veterinary Microbology. Lab mentorship and stewardship of this project. Without their efforts, this could not 2. Kosakovsky Pond, S. L., Posada, D., Gravenor, M. B., Woelk, C. H., & Frost, S. D. (2006). GARD: a genetic algorithm for recombination detection. Bioinformatics, 22(24), 3096-3098. will only be 72dpi and not suitable Jordan Zehr have been possible. Additionally I want to extend my gratitude to the rest of the 3. Kosakovsky Pond, S. L., Wisotsky, S. R., Escalante, A., Magalis, B. R., & Weaver, S. (2021). Contrast-FEL—a test for differences in selective pressures at individual sites among clades and sets of branches. Molecular US and Canada: 1-800-790-4001 ACME Lab. Alexander Lucaci for his ever invaluable insight and perseverance. [email protected] for printing. Stephen Shank for providing new perspectives on science. Hannah Kim for her Biology and Evolution, 38(3), 1184-1198. Department of Biology thoughtful advice. Additional thanks to the Temple College of Science and 4. Yang, T. J., Chang, Y. C., Ko, T. P., Draczkowski, P., Chien, Y. C., Chang, Y. C., ... & Hsu, S. T. D. (2020). Cryo-EM analysis of a spike protein reveals a unique structure and camouflaging glycans. Email: [email protected] Temple University Technology (CST) for providing a research community which fosters this kind of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(3), 1438-1446. collaborative work and the Institute for Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine Github github.com/jzehr 5. Xia, S., Xu, W., Wang, Q., Want, C., Hua, C., Li, W., … & Jian, S. (2018). Peptide-based membrane fusion inhibitors targeting HCoV-229E spike protein HR1 and HR2 domains. International journal of molecular sciences, [This sidebar area does not print.] (iGEM), for creating a home for cutting-edge thinking on molecular evolution 19(2), 487. [This sidebar area does not print.] and phylogenetics.