SUPPLEMENTARY FILE 2: REVIEW ON BREEDING INFORMATION

Andreas Lang, Matthias Dolek, Marina S. Lee, Anja Freese-Hager, Mathias Otto

Here, a short review on breeding information of larvae of is provided for super-families and families of Lepidoptera, also regarding the use of artificial diets. For testing Bt maize pollen effects, Lang et al.

(2019) recommend to use natural host plants for rearing lepidopteran larvae as this mimics the natural situation best, thus increasing the ecological relevance and validity of the test results. Nevertheless, using artificial diets might be reasonable in some cases, e.g. in order to standardize experimental conditions, to quickly screen a large number of different species, or to assess dose-response curves where this would not be feasible with host plant material. It is always helpful to attend general handbooks as a first step, e.g. Friedrich

(1986). However, nowadays most of the non-academic info on breeding and species of non- commercial interest is on the web, hence professional and non-academic websites should be consulted for advice, too (e.g., www.welt-der-schmetterlinge.de/, www.wwb.co.uk/).

PAPILIONOIDEA

Hesperiidae: Species of this family were rarely bred in the laboratory, but Morton (1979) reared several species on artificial diets. Hill et al. (1999) reared Hesperia comma on host plants in a greenhouse. Friedrich (1983) and

Wyniger (1974) give breeding information on this family in their handbooks.

Lycaenidae: Several species were reared on artificial diet (Fiedler pers. comm., Mark 1993, Mattoni et al. 2003,

Morton 1979, Wyniger 1974), and on host plants. Imagines were kept in cages outside or in climate chambers

(e.g. Fiedler pers. comm., Fischer pers. comm, Ballmer and Pratt 1989, Nicholls and Pullin 2003, Kim et al.

2011). First instar larvae do not accept artificial diet easily (Fiedler pers. comm.), and the diet needs to be humid enough as they usually feed on relatively water-rich plant parts, which facilitates mould formation.

Myrmecophilous species, particularly, pose a challenge, which can be overcome (e.g. Tartally 2004, Sielezniew and Stankiewicz 2007) with ant nests in the laboratory (technique after Wardlaw 1991).

Nymphalidae: Several species have been reared on artificial diets (Morton 1979, Wyniger 1974, Mark 1993,

Kramer et al. 2015, Yamanaka et al. 2014, Heigl 1979) and by traditional breeding on host plants (e.g. Felke

2003).

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Papilionidae: Few European species have been reared on artificial diets; notably Papilio machaon by Gardiner

(1978), Mark (1993), Morton (1979). More breeding information on this family are given by Lederer (1938) and

Wyniger (1974).

Pieridae: Species from this family have often been reared on artificial diets (Gardiner 1985, Gilbert and Raworth

2000, Hervet et al. 2016, Huang and Renwick 1997, Jones et al. 1982, Junnikkala 1966, 1969, Kono 1968, Lasota and Kok 1986, Mark 1993, Morton 1979, Narita et al. 2009, Sood et al 1994, Troetschler et al. 1985, Vanloon

1993, Watanabe and Ohura 1997, Wyniger 1974, Zhou et al 2009). Different diets used are given by David and

Gardiner (1965), Hasegawa et al. (2004), Kayser (2012), Morton (1979), Sato (1974), Turunen (1973, 1978),

Webb and Shelton (1988) and Wynger (1974) Several species were also reared by traditional breeding including successfully pairing imagines in cages (e.g. Bauerfeind and Fischer 2014, Chaput-Bardy et al. 2014, Freese

1999).

Riodinidae: Out of this family, there is only one species in Europe, which was reared on artificial diet by Morton

(1979).

BOMBICOIDEA

Aue (1933) and Lederer (1923) offer partly detailed descriptions of rearing conditions.

Brahmaeidae: this family includes Lemoniidae, some species were successfully reared by traditional breeding

( dumi, , Acanthobrahmaea europaea) (Bretschneider 1905/06, Krähe 105/06;

Fritzsche 1906, Hoffmann 1906, Fischer 1933/34, Guder 1935, Bilek 1967, Marschner 1972, Lingenhöle 1985).

Endromidae: Endromis versicolora was successfully reared. Aue (1933) and Wyniger (1974) give breeding information on this family in their handbooks.

Saturniidae: Several non-European species (silk production!) were reared on artificial diet (Hervet et al. 2016,

Khalaf 1979, Sukirno et al. 2013), traditional breeding was carried out with European species as well. Wyniger

(1974) gives breeding information on this family in his handbook.

Sphingidae: Several species were reared in a traditional way and some species were also reared on artificial diets (Hintze-Podufal 1976, Hervet et al. 2016, Hundsdoerfer et al. 2005, Wyniger 1974). According to Wyniger

(1974) a diet with some content of the preferred food plant is more likely accepted. Imagines may refuse food; larger cages and forced feeding may help.

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COSSOIDEA

Brachodidae, Castniidae: There is no information on these species-poor families.

Cossidae: Some species of this family were reared in a traditional way, also in the laboratory, especially Cossus cossus (Baronio et al. 1992, Pasqualini et al. 1985), in some cases with artificial diet (Gavioli and Baronio 1988,

Heigl 1979, De Viedma et al. 1986, Wyniger 1974). A technique was presented by Forschler and Nordin (1989) to breed Cossidae in the laboratory.

Sesiidae: Only few European species were reared in the laboratory (Sesia apiformis on artificial diet: De Viedma et al. 1986; Synanthedon vespiformis: De Viedma et al. 1986, Levi-Zada et al. 2011; Synathedon tipuliformis

:Singh 1980; Paranthrene tabaniformis: De Viedma et al. 1986, Moraal 1989). Forschler and Nordin (1989) present a technique to breed Sesiidae in laboratory. Marquardt (1967) and Predota (1903) describe traditional breeding of Sesiidae, and Wyniger (1974) gives breeding information on this family in his handbook.

DREPANOIDEA

Cimeliidae: There is no information on this species-poor family.

Drepanidae: Aue (1933) and Wyniger (1974) consider this species-poor family in their handbooks. Michel

(1934) reports on traditional breeding of Thetea or.

GEOMETROIDEA

Geometridae: There is a number of publications on traditional breeding, some species were also reared in the laboratory (Briese and Milner 1986, Grant and Clarke 1999, Heliovaara et al. 1989, Klemola et al. 2008, Ozbek and Calmasur 2010, Pernek et al 2013, Pohnert et al. 1999, Price et al. 2003, Ruuhola et al. 2001, Sandre et al.

2013, Sterling and Costen 2011, Tammaru et al. 2001 und Wyniger 1974). Only few European species have been reared on artificial diet, which in some cases was originally developed for Noctuidae (Dass and Parshad

1984, Wysoki and Scheepens 1990, Hervet et al. 2016, Heigl 1979). According to Wyniger (1974), caterpillars of

Geometridea accept the diet only if a place to sit on (e.g. disc of paper) is offered.

Uraniidae: There is no information on this family with only one species in Europe.

HEPIALOIDEA

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Hepialidae: There are only few reports on breeding European species. Friedrich (1977) reports on experiences with Hepialus humuli, Wyniger (1974) describes traditional breeding of Hepialus sylvina and Hepialus humili.

Some non-European species were reared in laboratory, also on artificial diet (e.g. Singh 1980).

LASIOCAMPOIDEA

Lasiocampidae: Lasiocampidae were repeatedly reared in a traditional way and in laboratory (Calvo and Molina

2010, Jung and Lunderstaedt 2000, Ozbek and Coruh 2012, Ruf et al. 2001, Specht et al. 2004), in some cases also on artificial diet (Wyniger 1974).

NOCTUOIDEA

Erebidae: This family includes the former families Arctiidae and Lymantriidae as sub-families, all reports on breeding of this family derive from these two groups. Especially pest species have been reared repeatedly, also on artificial diet (: Hyphantria cunea, Gomi and Takeda 1990, Gomi et al. 2005, Yearian et al. 1966,

Zhong-Qi and Yong-An 2007; Lymantriinae: Lymantria dispar, Doane and McManus 1981, Leonard and Doane

1966, Bell et al. 1978, 1981). Nevertheless, many species of Arctiinae and Lymantriinae have been reared in laboratory on artificial diet (Bergomaz and Boppré 1986, Hervet et al. 2016, Fischer et al. 1991, Poitout and

Bues 1974 Grosser 1981, Krasnoff and Roelofs 1989, Ojala et al. 2005, Wyniger 1974 Grijpma et al. 1987, Keena et al. 2010, Kopper et al. 2002), and more with traditional breeding, especially Arctia ssp. and Pericallia ssp.

(Arctiinae) as well as Lymantria ssp. und Orgyia ssp. (Lymantriinae). Breeding Setina ssp. (Arctiinae), which feed on lichens, is often considered as difficult, but may be performed without problems on artificial diet (Cerny

1991).

Euteliidae: There is no information on this species-poor family.

Noctuidae: There are many reports on traditional breeding, intensive studies in laboratory deal with pest species (Charpentier 1979, Singh and Moore 1985) and non-pest species (e.g. Leverton 2013, De Viedma et al.

1986). Large numbers of species are listed by Bergomaz and Boppré (1986), Dass and Parshad (1984), Fischer et al. (1991), Hansen and Zethner (1979), Hervet et al. (2016), Khalaf 1979, Poitout and Bues (1974), Shorey and

Hale (1965), Singh (1980) and Wyniger (1974). They can usually be reared on artificial diet.

Nolidae: Only reports on breeding one south-European species (Earias insulana) in the laboratory were found

(Megahed et al. 1972 and Ibargutxi et al. 2006 on artificial diet).

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Notodontidae: This family includes the former family Thaumetopoeidae. Thaumetopoea pityocampa is regularly reared in laboratory, as it is considered a pest species (Androic 1956, Berardi et al. 2015, Castagneyrol et al. 2014). Wyniger (1974) mentions several species that may be reared on artificial diet. Acceptance is better if it contains some ground food plant. Some further species were reared in a traditional way.

ZYGAENOIDEA

Epipyropidae, , Somabrachyidae: There is no information on these species-poor families.

Limcodidae: A species-poor family, for Heterogenea asella is a report on traditional breeding available (Foltin

1967).

Zygaenidae: There are only few publications on breeding members of this family, only some species of Zygaena were reared in a traditional way (Bovey 1941, Buntebarth 1996, 1998, Henell 2013, Zagrobelny et al. 2007,

2014), and three species of the genus with variable success on artificial diet (Mark 1993). Wyniger (1974) and

Friedrich (1986) consider this family in their handbooks.

References: see reference lists in the main text and in “Supplementary File 1: Reference list: breeding

Lepidoptera”.

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