Page Z CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN January, 1957

La a are admitted to the Chicago Natural History Museum Grange, 111., frequent guests Founded by Marshall Field, 1893 exhibitor and winner. mysteries behind the scenes. Roosevelt Road and Lake Shore Drive, Chicago 5 March—Armchair Travel Season. Open- In photo, Dioramist Lee Ro- Telephone: WAbash 2-9410 ing of Spring Series of Ayer well is shown explaining one Film-Lectures on Saturday phase of Museum work to a THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES afternoons (continuing through group of visitors at last year's Lester Armour Henry P. Isham April). Photo shows Fred event. M. McBain Sewell L. Avery Hughston explorer who has November—America's Bountiful Wm. McCormick Blair William H. Mitchell Machetanz, Crops. Walther Buchen John T. Pirie, Jr. lectured here on the Far North. Special exhibit for Thanks- Walter J. Cummings Clarence B. Randall Joseph N. Field George A. Richardson An Autumn Series of travel giving: Food Plants of New Jr. John G. Searle Marshall Field, lectures is given on Saturday World Origin. Stanley Field Solomon A. Smith Samuel Insull, Jr. Louis Ware afternoons in October and No- December—The Holiday Season. A John P. Wilson vember. Concurrently with chipmunk hibernating—part OFFICERS both Spring and Autumn adult of a special exhibit in the Mu- Stanley Field President lectures the Raymond Foun- seum showing what animals First Vice-President Hughston M. McBain Second Vice-President dation presents free movies do in winter. N. Field Third Vice-President Joseph on for the Year other Solomon A. Smith Treasurer Saturday mornings Through many special Clifford C. Gregg Director and Secretary children. attractions will be presented. John R. Millar Assistant Secretary April—Blossom Time. Special exhibit: Attention is especially called Paintings of cultivated flow- to the Museum Journeys for THE BULLETIN ering plants by Miss Ethelynde Children presented by the EDITOR Smith of Altadena, California. Raymond Foundation in Jan- Clifford Gregg Director the Museum C of May—Artists of Tomorrow. Special ex- uary, March-April, July-Au- CONTRIBUTING EDITORS hibit: Drawings by students gust, October-November, and Paul S. Martin Chief Curator of Anthropology in classes conducted at this December. Theodor Just Chief Curator of Botany Sharat K. Roy Chief Curator of Geology Museum by the School of the And so the personnel of the Museum Austin L. Rand Curator of Zoology Chief Art Institute. Photo on cover extends wishes for a Happy New Year to all MANAGING EDITOR shows part of group-project of the thousands on its Membership Rolls. Harte Public Relations H. B. Counsel mural exhibited last year by ASSOCIATE EDITORS Junior School students. Helen A. MacMinn Jane Rockwell — June Gems and Jewelry. 7th Annual STAFF NOTES Amateur Competitive Exhibi- Members are requested to inform the Museum tion of Chicago Lapidary of Dr. Theodore Chief Curator of promptly changes of address. Club. Photo shows ring and Just, and Dr. Karl Curator necklace exhibited in the past. Botany, P.Schmidt, Emeritus of July—People of Pacific and Caribbean. Zoology, attended the meetings in December in of the THIS MONTH'S COVER— Ethnological portraits of Washington, D.C., ad hoc Committee on A HAPPY NEW YEAR! people in Indonesia and Systematic Biology on behalf of the National Science Central America, painted by sponsored ii AROUND THE CALENDAR" is a Foundation the American Institute of Miss Elisabeth Telling of by common term the calen- Sciences .... Dr. Julian A. Xl although Guilford, Conn. First show- Biological dars that most people are familiar with usual- Curator of the ing of this gift to the Museum. Steyermark, Phanerogamic come in or form. our lectured on his ex- ly square oblong On (A summer series of free Herbarium, recently a cover, however, we have 1957 calendar movies for children will be periences in exploring the "lost world" of that some Venezuela before the Dental actually goes around, depicting given on Thursday mornings Chicago of the events scheduled the at the Men's Garden Club of during year from July 11 to August 15 Society, Highland the Museum. Time so in and the Downers Grove Men's Garden spins fast, fact, inclusive.) Park, that the months one over the Club .... Dr. Robert H. Curator trip other, August—The Big Dig. Museum expedi- Denison, when to rest in our of Fossil attended the in and, brought montage tions will be at their height in Fishes, meetings of photographs of Museum seasonal activi- this season. Photo on cover December in New York of the Society of have ties, they been shifted out of their shows excavation by South- Vertebrate Paleontology and the Society order. the for the of Evolution .... Loren P. chronological Imposed by west Archaeological Expedi- Study necessities of this Curator of has returned pictorial composition, tion, which will be in its 23rd Woods, Fishes, scattering of dates also symbolizes the way season in 1957. Other Mu- after several weeks on a research project at the of events sometimes feels to those California institutions the mu- press seum expeditions will be work- including concerned with out seums of the of California carrying plans. ing in many parts of the University (Los Here is a key to what the pictures on the world. Angeles), Leland Stanford University, the cover represent: September—Their Biggest Classroom. Hancock Foundation, Scripps Institution, and January—Color on Wings. Special ex- Schools reopen this month for California Academy of Sciences. hibit: Venezuelan birds in children seen entering the Mu- Gift paintings by Kathleen Deery seum and millions of others, From Curator Gerhard de Phelps of Caracas. Through but all year round the Museum William J. Gerhard, Curator Emeritus, January 27. contributes to their education. Insects, has given the Museum his reprint February—Lenses on Nature. 12th Chi- During the school-year thous- library of approximately 2,300 papers on cago International Exhibition ands of organized groups ac- the Hemiptera-Homoptera or true bugs. of Nature Photography (Na- companied by teachers come This notable donation supplements the ture Camera Club of Chicago), from all over Middle West. collection of true bugs and library of sepa- February 2-24. Photo on October—Open House. Members' Night rate works on these insects that Mr. Gerhard cover by J. Musser Miller of occurs in this month, and our gave to the Museum several years ago. January, 1957 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page S

WOODPECKERS AS SOURCE several holes in a row under the eaves right TRIBUTE TO E. E. HAND, OF INSURANCE CLAIMS through the wall and the birds still had SHELL COLLECTOR no nest. By AUSTIN L. RAND By FRITZ HAAS to the birds CHIEF CURATOR OF ZOOLOGY As bringing their young back CURATOR OF LOWER INVERTEBRATES next year to the same house, that is contrary a call came to 1937 a man whose influence the telephone to woodpeckers' custom. When the young upon RECENTLYthe Museum's Division of Birds from scientific of the become full-grown and independent, some- IN exploration Chicago an insurance adjuster. An insured party region was never duly known and appreci- time in the summer, they usually scatter out. was trying to recover for woodpecker ated passed away in Beach, California. Many live solitary lives all winter, when they Long damage to his home. The adjuster had not almost after his death, chisel out sleeping homes for themselves. Now, twenty years yet seen the house, but from the account he has become newly In the spring each pair of woodpeckers he'd heard, it was badly damaged. The and inseparably as- stakes out a territory for itself from which insured in sociated with this party, anticipating difficulty it excludes others of its kind. collecting, was anxious to have woodpecker- city's scientific en- It is not only by chiseling out wood that damage for next "What deavors. coverage year. woodpeckers cause annoyance to house- were the chances of continuing damage next Edwin Ellsworth holders, but the tapping they do on houses the wanted to "Will the year?" adjuster know, sometimes disturbs timid folks. One Hand, distinguish- the parents and the young woodpeckers all ed man of whom I morning last spring a telephone call came come back and continue on the house write, was born in eating from a worried lady whose baby was being until it's wrecked?" on kept awake by the drumming of a wood- Centralia, Illinois, Naturally, insurance risks is June 3, 1862. He estimating pecker outside the window. She wasn't at out of our line but woodpecker habits are graduated from Shurt- all satisfied by my assurance that the spring- not; so we information. leff provided woodpecker time of which the was College, Upper mating, drumming Edwin E. Hand Woodpeckers, properly speaking, do not eat Alton, Illinois, and a part, would soon be over and that the became a teacher. woodpecker with a mate and young of his After serving as a school principal in Padu- own would soon be too busy raising a family cah, Kentucky, for some time, he came to to indulge in noisy tapping on her roof. Chicago where he taught, among other sub- FEARS HAVE LITTLE BASIS jects, natural history at Wendell Phillips and Park high schools. During this Trouble from spring drumming on and Hyde Chicago period, Mr. Hand became an ardent chiseling into houses must be very rare and student of malacology and collected in many damage slight. If we lived farther west, Chicago-area localities that since have been out on the edge of the prairie, the story swallowed by the ever-expanding city. He might be slightly different, but here about became a friend of James H. Ferriss of Chicago there are lots of trees for wood- Joliet, Illinois, whose fine shell collection peckers to work on. I wonder if most of the was turned over to Natural History concern we hear about in the Museum is not Chicago Museum some With Ferriss, over what damage woodpeckers may do years ago. Hand made extensive collecting trips in the rather than what they do cause. May it Joliet area as well as in the then almost not be the concern of newcomers from the unexplored western expanse of the United city to suburban and country areas over States. The fruits of these excursions are trespassers that they cannot control or order preserved in Hand's collection. Cartoon by Ruth Andris off and that they fear may cause damage? The people who do have trouble with In later life, Mr. Hand and his family a wood but rather feed by chiseling into wood woodpeckers are the people who have to moved to Long Beach, where new phase of his career in search of wood-boring insects. They also maintain electric light and telephone poles malacological began. Formerly excavate nest sites and sleeping places in in certain districts. I've heard of trouble he had restricted himself almost entirely to mol- solid wood, usually in a tree. from woodpeckers in Florida, in Wisconsin, the collecting of land and fresh-water turned and in Pennsylvania, but know of it best in lusks, but in California his interest FINE EXAMPLES OF PERSISTENCY alone in the Florida, where the rural electrification proj- to marine shells. Both and It is extremely improbable that any house ect has put lines of poles along scantily company of Herbert N. Lowe, also of Long collected these about Chicago would have insects enough wooded country and on the prairies. The Beach, Hand abundantly. in its walls to attract a woodpecker year stout poles evidently seem to the wood- A trip to Cuba with D. L. Emory of St. after year. Any chiseling into houses would peckers better for their homes than any of Petersburg, Florida, resulted in an ex- cellent of shells two short probably be for a nest or sleeping place. the nearby dead tree-trunks, and they collection and Woodpeckers have been known to drill holes chisel out their nest cavities in them. Only papers about them. through the walls of buildings, and a flicker a shell of wood is left around the to cavity ADDED FOREIGN SPECIMENS once made a hole through the wall of a barn support the pole and wires when the winds into the hay inside where it made its nest. blow and when linemen have to climb. The Not satisfied with his personal field- But most times a hole through a wall would cost of pole-replacement is sometimes con- collecting activities, Mr. Hand also began reveal a cavity quite unsuited for wood- siderable, but fortunately the research on to exchange shells with noted malacologists peckers' use. this problem has turned not to ways of all over the world, notably with Philippe However, you can't count on a bird not exterminating woodpeckers but to ways of Dautzenberg of Paris. He thus added doing something just because it's illogical. making the poles woodpecker-repellent. Up material from a wide range of foreign A pair of motmots, very distant relatives of to date the research has not produced an countries to his shell collection. He also the woodpeckers in Central America, drilled economically feasible answer, but it is still often bought shells that attracted his at- a hole through the mud wall of a house and going on. Perhaps it will provide a syn- tention, and as a result his collection is came out into the house. Undismayed, the thetic pole that woodpeckers can't use and especially rich in perfect specimens of the birds tried again and again until there were so will leave more tall trees in the forest. (Continued on page 7, column 1) -£%>

' ~ f • •"4* V *'<

1 >?A. iw#?AY .wy A*. ?** *AVa»a A'A\w>?A\ avj A*A \v.vA*A v.*/ A A \\\v A A vW/A '#i*S* Page 6 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN January, 1957

CLIMBING TO THE FLAMING CRATER OF IZALCO Tazieff and the entire group for a well-nigh achievement. By SHARAT KUMAR ROY unparalleled through one of the lesser fumarolic areas of CHIEF CURATOR OF GEOLOGY Very sincerely, El Salvador (base of volcano San Vicente). Sharat K. Roy ARTICLE in the New York RECENT Within a matter of seconds, notwithstanding Chief Curator of Geology the Times (December 8, 1956), under shoes and it was so burnt A socks, severely In connection with to climb attempts Volcano in Salvador my heading "Erupting that I had to be carried away. I, therefore, Izalco and my final success I wrote to the Filmed Up Close by Scientists," reminded believe that Tazieff and his five companions Director of the Museum from San Salvador in the of me of my participation climbing have accomplished a singular feat, all the on July 27, 1951: the same volcano six years ago and prompted more because the party climbed the volcano Since writing to you last I have made me to draft a letter to the editor as follows: after midnight in the darkness of a waning three attempts to climb the Izalco, each moon. I made ascent from last-quarter my time from a different direction with little Dear Sir: the northeast flank, N 10° E, shortly after success. Day before yesterday (Wednesday) to the paragraph of sunrise, in broad daylight, which gave me Referring opening I approached it from the southwest side "For the first time in the advantage of avoiding loose rocks and your report: memory, under the protection of an adventitious cone the active volcano of Izalco, in western fumaroles. The going, especially the last and reached 4,830', but that's all. Next has been scaled and its 100 meters, became so steep that I had to Salvador, flaming Sunday I shall make my last attempt from the NE side. I am leaving tomorrow morn- ing to spend the night at Las Brumas in a finca, which is about three miles from the base of the volcano, then start out to climb

at dawn. I doubt if I shall make it; it is a formidable task. If the volcano were quiet, I wouldn't be so doubtful. She is throwing up all sorts of obnoxious junk, two or three times an hour, and it is im- possible to predict where the debris will fall.

Sunday 9:30 -p.m. Well, Sir, I did it. Came back at about 6:15 p.m. and I have been talking to the fellows ever since. It's a grand and satis- fying feeling. I made a trial climb as soon as I got to Las Brumas at about 3:15 p.m.,

and I knew then that I would do it, but I was so tense that I did not have a wink of sleep. In retrospect, it is not as formid- able as I was given to understand, or as I myself thought it to be. I had a couple of bad moments, but that was to be expected and I was prepared for it. Only two real casualties: lost the barometer and my leather gloves that I inherited from Uncle VOLCAN IZALCO IN WESTERN EL SALVADOR Sam during my sojourn in Greenland, Dr. Nh.ir.it K. ascended this volcano, which is the most active in the Western Hemisphere, on 29, Roy July serving not in the Infantry, but the more 1951, by the route indicated above. On reaching the summit, he found two craters separated by a low wall. envied U.S.A.A.F.! One of the craters was dormant, the other active. The latter was a frightening, bottomless pit in which swirled masses of black clouds, burning gases, and liquid lava that rose and fell and spattered. I am really much too tired to write more about it. Actually, I did not have to scale it. I had all the essential data of the crater observed and photographed at close sit down with my back to the volcano and volcano. It's the mule in me that on range," I may take the liberty to say that push myself upward with my feet. It took kept me to have a into the crater. I scaled Izalco on July 29, 1951. The erup- me an hour and forty-five minutes to reach urging peep It's harder than ever. The tive activity of the volcano, at that time, the edge of the dormant crater. There I raining abandoned house at the finca where I was very much the same as it is today except stretched my neck over its rim and saw the slept last had numerous that there were fewer fumarolic areas around active crater to my right—a hissing, swirling night pigeons cooing from the eaves of the tile chickens and and below the crater-rim than today. This mass of black clouds tinged with flaming roof; in and out at will as a matter I know from personal experience. I have gases and spattering lava. It was a fright- pigs coming of rats their usual made numerous trips to Izalco since 1950. ening spectacle and I was terrified. I turned curiosity; having family and a dead was My last one was barely eight weeks ago, and went down by a shorter route, a gully- reunions; lastly, pup lying a of feet from hammock. I did October 19, 1956. From what I observed like cut filled with pyroclastics of varying couple my not know his state until All these then, I did not believe that it was physically size. Izalco erupted once when I had morning. in one which did not have possible to reach the crater, much less spend covered about a fourth of the distance and room, any window, but the door was either for ven- twenty minutes on its rim, as did Haroum twice during my descent, but I was far kept open or for the convenience of the Tazieff and his party. It appeared to me enough down then to enable me to avoid tilation, guests I have recounted. that the numerous steaming and glowing falling rocks except the ashes. just With kind cracks all around the northeast-northwest It was a challenge that I wanted to take. regards Most side of the crater and its approaches created I learned only a little, but I did see an active sincerely, Sharat a temperature condition that no living being crater, the condition of which changes at could withstand. frequent intervals. Once again I wish to P.S. Rand [Dr. Austin Rand, Chief Cu- Only three years ago, my right foot broke express my admiration and congratulate rator of Zoology] will be interested in the January, 1957 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 7

Izalco trip. We, rather I, used to pester BOYS AND GIRLS OF 4-H ON MUSEUM VISIT him about it. S.R. The Director was away on vacation when my letter arrived. I received the following answer from the Deputy Director: Muy Estimado Senor Doctor Roy: Your letter to Colonel Gregg arrived after he had left on vacation at the end of the month. However, I shall send it on to him at Maple Knoll Farm, where he will be until the seventeenth of August. The news of your spectacular climb is spreading. Rand was delighted to learn of your accomplish- ment. From my point of view, living at the finca you describe was a greater feat than

climbing Izalco! . . . Sincerely, John R. Millar Deputy Director

E. E. HAND-

(Continued from page 3) Japanese shell fauna that had become known to science in its fullness only in recent times through the efforts of that able and inde- fatigable collector, Yoichiro Hirase in Kyoto. Miss LaVerne Hand, daughter of our collector, recently wrote me that her father Above: Alighting from was "a family man and seemed never hap- buses that brought them than when arranging a group of shells pier to Museum for their for mounting in small boxes or watch cases." annual visit is the first Indeed, a great portion of his collection was group of approximately brilliantly arranged, the shells being dis- 300 girls, delegates from played so well that they were safe from all over the United States touch and yet all their interesting features and Canada to the Nation' as well as their intrinsic beauty were per- al 4-H Club Congress fectly visible. recently held in Chicago. After Mr. Hand's death on March 30, Right: A group of 4-H 1937, his daughter brought the collection boys and their leaders back to Chicago and stored it until, in the pause to study a mastodon spring of 1956, she planned to move to while touring the Museum Grant's Pass, Oregon. She then decided during their Chicago visit. that Chicago Natural History Museum was David Techter (extreme the most logical place to assure the useful- right), Assistant in Fossil ness of her father's shells. Thus, through Vertebrates, had charge of Miss Hand's perspicacity, this Museum has 600 4-H boys. come into possession of an extremely rich and important collection.

A BIG JOB vidual shells. Many of the species in the sequently was described as Oreohelix handi When the forty large boxes containing Hand collection were new to us, but even by Henry Augustus Pilsbry and Ferriss. the collection arrived in the Museum, a task those already represented in the Museum Specimens of this rare species are included of real magnitude began. The thousands are of special interest because of the locali- in the Museum's new acquisition. and thousands of individual lots had to be ties whence they came. This sketch indicates the scientific im- unpacked as cautiously as Miss Hand had Some of the Chicago-area localities in portance of the Hand collection. Chicago packed them. Each lot, when unwrapped, which Mr. Hand collected have changed to Natural History Museum is indeed indebted had to be transferred into the Museum's such an extent that now they are almost to Miss LaVerne Hand, who so wisely has standard types of boxes, vials, and other destitute of mollusk life. Therefore many made possible the use for research of her containers. Miss Hand had spent several of Hand's specimens possess historical value. father's valuable assemblage of shells. The weeks in preparing her father's collection The Joliet region is well covered by the Museum will make this treasured collection for transport, and now it took the Museum Hand collection, providing thus another available to laymen as well as to scientists. crew several months to process the treasures Illinois area that has been adequately In recognition of her notable gift, the Mu- for reference use. The contents of the forty studied with respect to its mollusk fauna. seum's Board of Trustees has elected Miss crates included some 6,500 lots of valuable While traveling in Colorado, Hand and Hand a Contributor—special Membership material, aggregating about 150,000 indi- Ferriss discovered a land snail that sub- classification for outstanding donors. Page 8 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN January, 1957

'PLEASE SEND INFORMATION Exhibit of Bird Paintings AUDUBON LECTURE SET ABOUT EVERYTHING' "Birds of Venezuela," the special exhibit FOR JANUARY 27 of 64 water-colors that opened December 24 When we published "A Scientist Ad- "Ranch and Range," at 2:30 p.m. on in Stanley Field Hall, will be continued monishes Teachers and Pupils" in the Sep- Sunday, January 27, will be the third of through January 27. The artist is Kathleen tember issue of the Bulletin we thought the current series of screen-tour lectures Deery de Phelps (Mrs. William H. de we were unique. We thought only of our- presented in the James Simpson Theatre of selves being deluged with questions such as the Museum by the Illinois Audubon "Please tell me all about animals" or Society. The lecturer is Albert J. Wool, "Please send me feathers (or bones) for my who owns and operates a ranch near San science project." We pointed out that Jose, California. The conservation of wild- much of the information requested could be life has been an abiding interest with Wool gotten out of dictionaries and encyclopedias from boyhood, when he established a sanc- and that the value of a science project was tuary for injured birds. For the past several in proportion to the effort put into it. years he has been producing motion pictures But we quickly found we were not alone in color about wild creatures. In his lecture with this problem. The General Biological at the Museum he will especially feature the Supply House in Chicago (Turtox) and the story of great birds of prey—golden eagles, Rochester Museum of Arts and Sciences, hawks, and the rare California condor, the Rochester, New York, asked for, and were last of which is a living relic of prehistoric granted, republication rights for the article. times now in danger of extinction. He The same thing was becoming a burden for shows many other birds and also mammals, them. presenting some interesting sidelights on Now we find in the December 17 issue of fraternization of ranch animals with in- Time that the increasing "letter-requesting- truders from the wilds. information" problem is rampant elsewhere. Some are just swamped with such letters from AMERICAN in children. The Massachusetts governor's JACANA Specialist Mineralogy One of the paintings by Kathleen Deery de Phelps. to Staff office in Boston averages ten such letters Appointed The bird depicted is seen on almost all the lagoons a the Chamber of Commerce day; Pittsburgh and marshes of Venezuela. Its long toes enable it The appointment of Albert William Fors- letters leaves of handles more than 1,000 a month; to walk on the floating aquatic plants. lev, of Chicago, to the staff of the Depart- the Chicago Association of Commerce and ment of Geology as Associate Curator of Industry gets 5,000 letters a month; the Phelps, Jr.). She resides in Caracas where Mineralogy and Petrology became effective Douglas Aircraft Company in Los Angeles her husband is connected with the Natural December 1. Mr. Forslev studied at both gets as many as 686 a week. Not only do History Museum. The exhibit is spon- the University of Illinois and the University they ask for simply "information" or such sored by the Creole Petroleum Corporation, of Chicago, receiving the degree of Master things as "everything [!] about your state," which published a handbook of South of Science from the latter. He has been but they ask for pieces of coal, or samples of American birds illustrated with Mrs. de teaching at the Utilities Engineering In- soil, or pictures and post cards. Some of the Phelps' paintings. In another exhibit at stitute and the Illinois Institute of Tech- information, Time says, could be gotten out the Museum large photographs of Venezue- nology. Formerly he was a geologist for of any World Almanac or even a telephone lan scenes supplement the paintings. a mining company. book. "What is happening?" is the cry. "Are children being taught to write letters NEW MEMBERS instead of how to look up information?" Staff Illustrator Appointed (November 15 to December 14) "What are U. S. teachers up to?" Miss Marion Pahl, formerly Artist in the Contributors While knowing that we have company in Department of Zoology, has been appointed Dr. Orlando Park, Miss Elisabeth Telling this problem may not be much consolation, Staff Illustrator and will work in association there is some hope in knowing that other Associate Members with Staff Artist E. John Pfiffner. As Ernest E. Miss Frances organizations have joined us in expressing Clarke, Hooper, a student at the School of the Art Institute Mrs. J. Jr. their concern over the same problem. Georgette Mehan, Edgar Uihlein, of Chicago, Miss Pahl earned her degrees Austin L. Rand Annual Members in fine arts and art education. She formerly Chief Curator of Zoology Dr. Herbert K. Abrams, Mrs. Orville T. taught art in schools of Lafayette, Indiana, R. G. Dr. Milton Barnett, Boyd, Braun, and Berwyn, Illinois, and worked in the Carl Robert M. Broutman, Buddington, Burnham Library of Architecture of the Nature Photo Deadline 14 W. Elwood H. Evans, January Philip Burge, Clyde Art Institute. B. Robert Jossel Only a few days remain for entries of Faverty, Funderburg, Gerber, Robert Glassburg, Donald M. photographs in the Twelfth Chicago Inter- Graham, Mrs. George B. Hamilton, James national Exhibition of Nature Photography Entomologists' Open House W. Hammond, Kenneth C. Heffron, D. A. to be held in the Museum 1-24. Division of Insects held February Hill, Sturtevant Hinman, Marshall M. The Museum's The deadline for receipt of entries, which Holleb, Robert K. Johnson, O. C. Lance, open house December 1 for members and should be sent directly to the Museum, is Ralph J. Lueders, Robert A. McClure, guests of the Chicago Entomological Society. January 14. The exhibit is sponsored by Charles A. Meyer, Don G. Miehls, Lee A short talk by Rupert L. Wenzel, Curator H. Harvard the Nature Camera Club of Chicago. Craig Newton, Henry Niemann, of Insects, on the scope and functions of R. Osmond, Victor H. Peterson, Frank G. Entries will be in two divisions—prints the Museum and of the division in particular Price, Frederick C. Pullman, Allan I. Rosh- and color slides. Entries in both divisions preceded conducted tours of the facilities kind, Walter L. Roth, Arthur V. Royds, must qualify under one of three subclassifi- and collections of the division. Associate Walter H. Seidel, Walter S. Snodell, Jr., cations: (1) Animal Life, (2) Plant Life, or Fred T. Sonne, Jack C. Staehle, Marvin N. Curator Henry S. Dybas and Dr. Harry G. (3) General (scenery, clouds, etc.). Medals Stone, Samuel G. Wagner, Lloyd Woodall, Nelson acted as tour hosts. Dybas was and ribbons will be awarded. George L. Wright elected vice-president of the society.

PRINTED BY CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM PRESS rt« .fv*% *n (*_**^ • ** C» ^^ a, gi r

1**3

* CHICAGO NATU RA[£*T££££C££JI HISTORY ?^ ^ jr« 2 MUSEUM &e4*,«*y 4957 Page 2 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN February, 1957

Sharat K. Chief Curator of THIS MONTH'S Chicago Natural History Museum Roy, Geology, COVER- to Founded by Marshall Field, 1893 continue volcanic studies that have been Seldom does a photographer Roosevelt Road and Lake Shore Drive, Chicago 5 under way for several years. Particular so animals in Telephone: WAbash 2-9410 attention will be paid this year to Costa capture many large a as in the Rica, a new region for Chief Curator Roy. single picture photo- graph entitled "Caribou Migrat- THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES Dr. Theodor Just, Chief Curator of will on an to the ing" that appears on our cover. Lester Armour Henry P. Isham Botany, go expedition The is Charles J. Sewell L. Avery Hughston M. McBain Gingko Petrified State Forest in the state photographer Wm. McCormick Blair William H. Mitchell Ott of McKinley Park, Alaska, Walther Buchen John T. Pirie, Jr. of Washington to collect fossil gingkos and B. Randall it Walter J. Cummings Clarence fossil woods for both research and exhibition who has submitted as an entry Joseph N. Field George A. Richardson in the 12th International Marshall Field, Jr. John G. Searle purposes. Chicago Stanley Field Solomon A. Smith Exhibition of Nature Photogra- Samuel Insull, Jr. Louis Ware George I. Quimby, Curator of North John P. Wilson held at the Museum American Archaeology and Ethnology, will phy being from 2 24 under OFFICERS continue his survey of the archaeology of February through the of the Nature Stanley Field President the western Great Lakes region, covering sponsorship Vice-President Hughston M. McBain First a from about B.C. to A.D. 1800. Camera Club of Chicago. The Walther Buchen Second Vice-President period 10,000 herds of caribou are Joseph N. Field Third Vice-President Dr. Robert H. Denison, Curator of Fossil wandering Solomon A. Smith Treasurer the most spectacular feature of Clifford C. Gregg Director and Secretary Fishes, and Bruce Erickson, Preparator of John R. Millar Assistant Secretary the wildlife of Alaska and north- Fossils, will collect Devonian fish-specimens in western New York. ern Canada. A herd in fall mi- gration may number thousands THE BULLETIN Dr. Eugene S. Richardson, Jr., Curator of Hersh- EDITOR of Fossil Invertebrates, will collect in Mon- individuals, says Philip kovitz, Curator of Mammals. It Clifford C. Gregg Director of the Museum tana in an area near Fort Peck. A particular is made of small CONTRIBUTING EDITORS objective will be specimens of Cretaceous up many groups traveling together over ancestral Paul S. Martin Chief Curator of Anthropology lobsters that lived about 100 million years Theodor Just Chief Curator of Botany routes in search of winter ago. William D. Assistant Cu- forage. Sharat K. Roy Chief Curator of Geology Turnbull, Austin L. Rand Chief Curator of Zoology rator of Fossil Mammals, and Orville L. MANAGING EDITOR Gilpin, Chief Preparator of Fossils, will H. B. Harte Public Relations Counsel resume collecting of Middle and Late Eocene in isolated was taken by his Scottish parents to their ASSOCIATE EDITORS specimens the Washakie of homeland where he was reared and schooled. Helen A. MacMinn Jane Rockwell Basin Wyoming. Rupert L. Wenzel, Curator of Insects, He worked in the mines in Scotland and will collect histerid beetles and make served in the British Army for many years Members are requested to inform the Museum studies in areas near before to America. promptly of changes of address. specialized Boulder, returning Colorado, the Big Horn Mountains of Wyo- ming, and the Bad Lands of the Dakotas. New of Guard EXPEDITIONS FOR 1957 Henry S. Dybas, Associate Curator of Captain Insects, will collect minute insects of the Frank Meinke was appointed Captain Sites of prehistoric American culture in Northwest Pacific Coast near Seattle, of the Guard at the Museum, effective a new area hitherto untouched by archae- Washington. January 1, filling the vacancy caused by ologists will be excavated this year by the Local field work will be conducted in the death of Captain David Dunsmuir. Museum's Archaeological Expedition to the Illinois by Dr. John W. Thieret, Curator of Mr. Meinke joined the guard force in 1948 Southwest, which will go into its 23rd Economic Botany, and in Illinois and and was promoted to Sergeant in 1952. season. As in all its the past operations, Indiana by Dr. Rainer Zangerl, Curator of will be under the of expedition leadership Fossil Reptiles. Dr. Paul S. Chief Curator of Martin, Kjell von Schneidern, Director of the NEW MEMBERS It will be the ex- Anthropology. largest Natural History Museum of the Universidad (December 17 to January 15) pedition to be undertaken by the Museum Nacional del Cauca, Popayan, Colombia, Associate Members in 1957. The excavations will be made in has accepted an assignment from Chicago W. S. Bodman, John Noble Campbell, east-central Arizona on the upper reaches Natural History Museum to collect mam- John S. Runnells, Miss Nina E. Schlatter of the Little Colorado River. Two con- mals in the Macarena Mountains of eastern Members sites will be — Sustaining trasting opened up one that Colombia. that has Zoological collecting Albert L. Miss Laura Brodie was at a about the Arenberg, occupied very early date, been under way in several fields for some time of and the other at an archae- Annual Members Christ, years past will be continued: D. S. Rabor, ologically late date, about a.d. 1350. The David L. Ader, Miss Lucinda Bellmar, Field Associate in the Philippines, and Dr. work of Hal A. Bergdahl, George W. Butler, Ara A. preliminary constructing base-camp Robert L. Field Associate in Fleming, Nepal, C. H. and reconnaissance Cambere, M. Duensing, Gordon buildings general over will both collect and Celestino Kali- birds, Ewen, C. Ronald Fairs, Joseph B. Fitzer, the area to locate the most favorable sites will collect in the nowski mammals Amazo- William C. French, Jr., Chester M. Gaudian, for the "digs" was done in the 1956 season. nian region of Peru. S. U. Greenberg, Ralph C. Herdrich, Walter Chief Curator Martin's principal associate, L. Howe, Charles E. Impey, Theo. Kauff- as for several will be Dr. John past seasons, DAVID man, Jr., Sidney D. Levin, Eli Lewis, Ralph B. Rinaldo, Assistant Curator of Archae- DUNSMUIR Michaels, D. Robert Pierson, Russell R. ology. Working with them will be a staff 1896-1956 Risdon, Edward P. Rubin, Arnold W. Ryan, of Mrs. Mary Sokol, Harold C. Steiner, other archaeologists and local aids re- David Dunsmuir, Captain of the Guard Casimir Pulaski Wronski cruited to assist in the digging. at the Museum, died on December 27 after Other expeditionary projects for 1957 in- an extended illness. He joined the Museum clude the following: guard force in 1944 and was promoted to Specimens of more than 100 families of An expedition to various countries in Sergeant in 1949 and to Captain in 1953. mollusks, arranged in their systematic order, Central America will be conducted by Dr. Born in Arona, Pennsylvania, in 1896, he are on exhibition in Hall M. February, 1957 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page S

SATURDAY LECTURES seum; and Melvin A. Traylor, Jr., Assistant MUSEUM TO BRANCH OUT BEGIN MARCH 2 Curator of Birds at the Museum. IN PRIMITIVE ART Silver medals were awarded as first prizes "Monument Valley Adventure," a color in each section (animal, plant, and general) the appointment, effective Janu- film about an area in Arizona and lecture of each division—prints and slides. Many WITHary 1, of Phillip H. Lewis as Assistant and Utah that has become the nation's last Curator of Primitive Art, the Department of frontier and at the same time, because of Anthropology of Chicago Natural History uranium discoveries, the scene of its newest Museum has taken a logical step essential mineral boom, will be the opening feature to its status among departments of anthro- of the Museum's 107th series of free illus- pology of the great museums of the world. trated lectures for adults. There will be Throughout its history this Museum has a lecture each Saturday afternoon during been concerned with art in various ways. March and April in the James Simpson Many thousands of art objects are to be Theatre. All will begin at 2:30 o'clock. found among its ethnological and archae- The lectures are provided by the Edward E. ological collections from widespread areas Ayer Lecture Foundation Fund. of the world. A noted authority on primi- Francis R. Line of Pasadena, California, tive art, Miguel Covarrubias, Mexican will be the lecturer on the opening program artist and archaeologist, has long been scheduled for March 2. Noted both for his a Research Associate of the Department of camera work and as one of the most popular Anthropology. The late Dr. Berthold of travel lecturers, Line begins his story and Laufer, former Chief Curator of Anthro- film with the long trip into the frontier pology, was a world authority on Oriental country by the Kayenta stage that carries art, and his influence has left its mark upon mail and supplies from Flagstaff to the the ideas of the Department of Anthropology most remote post office in the United States, through many of his publications and in the 125 miles from any railroad. Thence Line acquisition of many Chinese and other proceeds to Monument Valley and the specimens for the Museum. This Museum largest Indian reservation in the country has long co-operated with other institutions A NATURE-PHOTO ENTRY (as big as West Virginia) where he observes in making loans from its collections for Portrait of a submitted Hanna and films the life of the Navahos, who young blue-jay, by exhibitions of art, primitive and otherwise. Barsam, of Fresno, California. number some 70,000. From Moab, Utah, EXHIBITS PLANNED Line's film documents the boom activities entries were awarded ribbons to signify now taking place in the world's second The establishment of a Division of honorable mention. Special prizes for the greatest uranium-producing field. Primitive Art means that this Museum has best examples of complementary colors and moved to claim for itself the position in of adjacent colors were also awarded by the anthropology and in art that it deserves Photographic Society of America. Names NATURE PHOTO EXHIBIT as a major repository of objects representing of all winners will be inscribed on a bronze man's creative efforts. This is perhaps the FEBRUARY 2-24 plaque contributed by Mrs. Myrtle R. first major natural-history museum in the is one of the International Walgreen, who Nature Camera TWELFTH Chicago world to set up a specialized division of Club's most active members. Reproductions THEExhibition of Nature Photography will this sort. of prize-winning pictures will appear in be held at the Museum from February 2 In the near future a series of exhibitions 24 a catalogue to be published by the club. through February under the auspices of will be prepared dealing with the nature of The winners were chosen after this Bulletin the Nature Camera Club of Chicago. art as found among primitive and other had to but will listed Entries received gone press, they be have been from both pro- peoples. Eventually attention will be given in the next issue. fessional and amateur photographers all to the areal distribution of art on a world- As in previous years, this exhibit con- over the world, and those selected as the wide basis. tinues to be the largest in the world devoted best will be displayed. Widespread interest in primitive art has — exclusively to nature photography. In fact, The exhibition is in two divisions prints been developing for the past fifty years and it is one of the largest photography exhibits and color transparencies. Each division has has increased recently. Many art museums in any category. All persons interested in three sections: Animal Life, Plant Life, and have been interested in the art of non- this field are urged to begin work even at General (Scenery, etc.). Nearly two hun- European peoples in addition to the art of this early date on photographs that would dred prints chosen from among those sub- Europe and America. The intensification be suitable for the 1958 event. mitted in the contest will be shown in of the activities of Chicago Natural History Stanley Field Hall. The accepted color Museum in this field has more significance slides will be projected on the screen of the Curatorial Appointment than mere competition for public attention. James Simpson Theatre at 2:30 p.m. on two Dr. G. Alan Solem has been appointed It marks a pioneering attempt to study art Sundays, February 10 and 17. The showing Assistant Curator of Lower Invertebrates scientifically. is free to the public and all interested persons effective January 1. Dr. Solem first became In art institutions art is dealt with from are welcome. associated with the Museum as a volunteer historical and aesthetic points of view, The judging of each of the thousands of assistant in 1944. His interest in the which means that the main emphasis is entries is a difficult and time-consuming invertebrates was stimulated by Dr. Fritz upon the objects of art per se and their task, which this year was entrusted to Haas, Curator of Lower Invertebrates, and occurrence in space and time. By far the a panel of five members: Russel Kriete, led Dr. Solem through undergraduate work greatest emphasis today in art museums is photographer; Dr. Jay Webb Lowell, phy- in zoology at Haverford College and a Ph.D. placed on presenting objects of art as sician and photographer; Barbara Palser, program at the University of Michigan. precious or, at least, interesting objects of of the University of Chicago's Department Dr. Solem is a specialist on land snails and enjoyment to the public. An anthropo- of Botany; Dr. Eugene S. Richardson, Jr., has published several papers relating to logical point of view from which to study Curator of Fossil Invertebrates at the Mu- their anatomy, ecology, and distribution. (Continued on page 5, column 1) Page !> CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN February, 1957 MUSEUM ASKED TO SETTLE WAGERS AND SOLVE PUZZLES By JANE ROCKWELL a on the tribe and the Dr. was unable to ASSOCIATE EDITOR good impression especially circumstances, Roy on his future father-in-law. Anthropology make an accurate count of the number of one of its most im- PERFORMING staff members have had requests for left- bees, but he estimates that between 50 and functions—enlightening and IN portant handed arrowheads and for assistance on 60 finally exited through hastily opened the —a museum is often educating public expeditions to California for Spanish gold windows. His visitor, fully as angry as the to furnish some called upon extraordinary and to Mount Ararat for the remainder of inhabitants of the shoebox, stormed out of and services. of these unusual goods Many Noah's ark. One inquirer wanted to know Dr. Roy's office and home to her husband, for assistance can be attributed to requests if the department would be interested in who, she said, was an incurable practical are and staff fads, many seasonal, many, purchasing the false teeth of famous joker. members are made with suspect, tongue-in- personages. The Division of Birds also is popular with cheek attitude. the years some Through Dr. Theodor Just, Chief Curator of bet-settlers, who often call to make such have become standard, such as requests Botany, tells of the time two boxes of candy inquiries as "Can any bird fly backward?" entreaties for dinosaur bones desperately arrived in his department as thanks for the "Are there any birds that can fly 100 miles needed for a collection of youngster's staff's aid in helping a young man to win per hour?" "What is the measurement of miscellany or telephoned appeals precious a prize on a quiz program. The program the smallest hummingbird egg and the to a troublesome word required in supply required that the contestant produce largest ostrich egg?" Sometimes the re- the crossword puzzle. daily a dandelion in midwinter. Since it was not quests are more involved. Emmet R. Blake, L. Wenzel, Curator of Insects, Rupert specified that the dandelion be alive, Curator of Birds, cited a morning recently recalls a recent telephone call obviously a specimen was sent on loan, to the young when a secretary, calling for her employer, coming from a tavern. A voice thickly man's delight—and profit. requested a complete list of the birds of the inquired, "Which can pull a heavier load, she The current do-it-yourself trend has world, which, said, was needed im- an ant or a beetle?" Similar requests often brought a flood of requests to the Depart- mediately. Told that this would be out of ment of Botany for information about the question, she sighed, saying she would call back in driftwood and cypress from people planning the afternoon when the list to make lamps and other furniture. From surely would be ready. Another person once called to ask does time to time, Dr. Just says, individuals "How an eagle sing?" was told that the send in single plant leaves to be identified, He sound was referred to as a scream. More followed in failing to realize that arrangement of leaves dialogue which is an important factor in identification. the questioner demanded an exact of the sound. Still not Heading the popular request list in the description satisfied, the caller asked Curator Blake to Department of Geology are rocks and persistent "scream like an At this the minerals. A steady stream of callers brings eagle." point curator felt his scientific to this in or telephones descriptions of specimens obligation member of the an end. to be identified. Some are convinced that public was nearing Some ask the of the Museum they have discovered meteorites, in whole persons help in moments of crisis. A bar- or in part, and are reluctant to be told distraught otherwise. Uranium "discoverers" also are calling in increasing numbers. A TROJAN HORSE VARIANT

Dr. Sharat K. Roy, Chief Curator of Geology, remembers an incident several years ago when a woman entered his office with a shoebox in which she said there was a fossil coral. When she opened the box come into Curator Wenzel's office, but they to show her prize to the chief curator, never fail to leave him slightly puzzled. a swarm of angry bees flew out. Due to Usually the caller is settling a bet or an argument and is in no mood to articulate which species of ant or beetle he has in mind, thus precluding any possibility of a correct answer. The Division of Insects can count on a good crop of seasonal calls too. In the spring, summer, and fall various insect nuisances are reported and proper punish- ment sought. Business houses and trans- portation companies call throughout the year for advice on preventing insects from entering shipments of food or merchandise.

AID SOUGHT IN ROMANCE

Entomologists aren't the only recipients of unusual requests. Several years ago a young Southwest Indian lad, planning to marry a girl from one of the Great Lakes tribes, requested a medicine bag from the Depart- tender called the Division of Birds one day ment of Anthropology so that he could make Cartoont by E. John Pdffner to report that a "fierce" bird was chasing February, 1957 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 5

his patrons. His hasty description seemed NUTMEG AND MACE: SPICES FROM SAME SOURCE to indicate that the bird was an American By JOHN W. THIERET bittern. In the background could be heard a male tree, after several years, begins to CURATOR OF ECONOMIC BOTANY screams and the crash of furniture and produce female flowers and eventually female. Male of glass. The Museum staff member handling IS SAFE TO SAY that but few persons becomes wholly trees, the call asked the bartender (who sounded IT—other than stamp collectors—know course, bear no fruit but must be present the like the burly variety) why he was unable anything about or have even heard of Gre- in numbers sufficient for pollination of to catch the bird, which, if it was an Ameri- nada. Some of them, upon seeing or hearing female trees. can bittern, was about a foot and one-half the name (pronounced gre-NAY-da), might The fruit of the nutmeg, not unlike "I high. The bartender answered frantically, mistakenly think of a Spanish city, the site a large apricot, is pendulous, globose to can't get near it! It bites!" of the Alhambra. Though unfamiliar with somewhat elongate, and pale to bright Grenada, most people are well acquainted yellow. When ripe it is a splendid sight. two to PRIMITIVE ART- with nutmeg and mace, the major It commences to split into halves and products of this small island, southernmost reveal its large solitary seed that soon drops (Continued from page 3) of the Windward group of the British West to the ground as the split widens. The art can be historical and can also take into Indies. The fertile mountain slopes of seed, about an inch long, is hard, glossy, account aesthetics, but its main emphasis Grenada are covered with groves of nutmeg and dark brown. Much of its surface is is scientific. Art, anthropologists think, covered by a leathery aril of a color vari- can be studied as an aspect of man's cultural ously described as red, purple-red, or crim- and social life. An anthropological point of son. This aril has aptly been likened to view does not deny the fact of widespread a headless octopus whose tentacles—quite aesthetic sensibilities among the peoples of the world—indeed, it seeks to relate the products of such aesthetic impulse, or art, to society, to culture, and to the psychology of individuals. The best place for such study to proceed is in an anthropological museum, where are to found the specimens for study and where the scientific and objective attitude of anthropologists can prevail. The results of such studies can then be presented to the public in a series of NUTMEG FRUITS exhibitions that will systematically explore Unopened specimen at right. Naturally-split fruit the relationships of art to society by show- at left showing the seed enveloped by the mace. The kernel of the seed is the of commerce. ing the actual objects of art in the context nutmeg These fresh specimens were recently sent to the of graphic analyses of these relationships. Museum by the Grenada Co-operative Nutmeg BACKGROUND FOR TASK Association of St. George's in Grenada. IN AND OUT Phillip H. Lewis brings to the new posi- trees and from these trees comes about 40 right: nutmeg seed enveloped by the mace. tion a of art and Top background anthropology. of Lower intact per cent of the world's supply of nutmeg and Left: seed after removal mace. right: His training and background include, in mace after its removal from the seed. mace. The fact that both these spices come addition to the Bachelor of Fine Arts degree from the same tree was not appreciated by Institute of (School of the Art Chicago, in this instance—are attached to a certain English absentee landlord who flattened, of association with artists and 1947), years the seed at its base owned a sizeable nutmeg plantation on only though they actual skills as an artist in his own right. Grenada. When he learned that mace from closely enwrap it to the top. The nutmeg In 1952 the of Master of Arts in degree of commerce is the kernel of the seed; mace his plantation was selling for about three anthropology was awarded him at the times as much as the nutmegs, he wrote to is the aril. University of Chicago. Currently he is his overseer on the island: "Don't bother working towards the Ph. D. degree at that TREES BEAR ALL YEAR with the trees more. Let's a dissertation based nutmeg any university, writing upon all round but additional mace." Nutmeg trees bear year art-form plant study of a specific being produced more at certain times. In Grenada, the heavily and used people of a living community The nutmeg tree, bearing euphonious by for example, the major crop is harvested in Melanesia. The field observations for name Myristica fragrans, is a native of the from September to February. Yields from this were made while on a Fulbright Moluccas, the fabled Spice Islands of eastern study different trees vary considerably. Certain to the Australian National Indonesia. It is a handsome, evergreen, scholarship trees in the East Indies have been reported in 1953-54, during which time somewhat bushy tree that can attain University to produce as many as 20,000 nutmegs Lewis and his wife lived in a New Ireland a height of 70 feet but, as known in cultiva- a year, but this is most exceptional. Good is from 20 to 35 feet village community for seven months. tion, usually only high. trees in full bearing usually yield from 1,000 Lewis has been with the Museum in Its leaves are glossy and resemble those of to 2,000 nutmegs annually. various capacities since 1949. He has the laurel, the bay leaves of commerce. At harvest time either the nutmeg fruits twice been the Museum Fellow in Anthro- When from five to ten years old, nutmeg are picked before they drop their seeds or pology and has worked as Museum assistant, trees begin to produce flowers, yellowish- the fruit is allowed to split and the seeds are performing various duties, including those green, inconspicuous, and rather similar in gathered from the ground. The mace is of keeper of the research collections and size and shape to those of the blueberry of removed, flattened so that it will pack with draftsman, designer, and preparator of the our northern woods. The flowers are uni- less breakage, and then dried. Soon it Cameroons King's House exhibit. sexual, that is, either male or female. becomes pale brownish-yellow to bright In 1955 he designed and installed a series Usually a tree bears flowers of only one kind, amber. of exhibits for the Henry Grout Historical though occasionally some trees are found Museum in Waterloo, Iowa. with flowers of both sexes. Sometimes Following removal of the mace, the seeds Page 6 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN February, 1957 are spread out in shallow trays to dry. general knowledge—and told of sea mon- present day. It is estimated that 10,000 After a few weeks of sunning, they are sters, flesh-eating birds, and other fearsome acres of the island are planted— to nutmeg shoveled into bags and stored in a well- creatures and awful dangers that had to be trees and that 35,000 —people about half of ventilated place. The kernel of a fresh faced by venturers into the distant lands Grenada's population are engaged in the nutmeg-seed nearly or entirely fills the seed whence came the spices. production of nutmeg and mace. coat. As drying proceeds, the kernel In a.d. 1158 nutmegs, under the name Nutmeg is used to flavor puddings, and shrinks somewhat and rattles when the seed nuces muscatorum, were traded in the city sauces, meats, vegetables, beverages, is shaken. of Genoa. And some thirty years later this baked goods; mace, the "pound-cake spice," is excellent for baked Just before the time for shipment, the spice, along with others, was used to perfume an seasoning goods, and fish and meat dishes. seeds are emptied from the bags, and women the streets of Rome as the Emperor Henry preserves, sauces, with wooden hammers crack the seed coats VI entered before his coronation. By the For similar purposes are used the almost oils distilled from the and remove the kernels — the nutmegs. end of the 12th century, nutmegs and mace identical essential the five from The nutmegs are then ready for export. were found even in northern Europe. In spices. During past years, four to five and one-half million of Some exporters, though, "lime" their nut- England a pound of mace cost almost four pounds and from to megs before shipment by dipping them in times as much as a sheep and half as much nutmeg 500,000 600,000 pounds of into the water in which slaked lime has been mixed. as a cow, and the supply was not great mace were imported annually United from Indonesia. This is done to obviate attacks of beetles enough to meet the demand! States Grenada and that can destroy the nutmegs or reduce their The value of each year's imports was in SOURCE OF WEALTH of the value considerably. It is said that this excess $1,000,000, attesting great popularity and wide use of these spices. custom of liming had its origin in the days The true origin of nutmegs and mace was when the Dutch had a nutmeg monopoly not discovered by Europeans until the 16th and, in an attempt to restrict production when the added the century, Portuguese STAFF NOTES to the Spice Islands, soaked their nutmegs Spice Islands to their many conquests in the in lime water to destroy germinative power East and obtained a monopoly in the trade before the nutmegs were exported. Actu- of the spices produced there. But the The story of what an ornithologist does ally, such precautions seem to have been empire of the Portuguese was destined soon was presented by Emmet R. Blake, Cu- unnecessary because the exposure of nut- to crumble, and one by one their strongholds rator of Birds, on the television program megs to the sun for a week or more—done fell to the Dutch. In 1605, men from "Adventure Time" over Station WBKB the —is said to during drying process destroy Portugal were driven from the Moluccas by (Channel 7) on January 15 ... . John W. their viability. the men from Holland, and the Dutch took Moyer, head of the Division of Motion over the spice monopoly. In their efforts to Pictures, presented his film and lecture, TRADED IN SIXTH CENTURY make their monopoly secure, they en- "Shikar in India," before audiences at The classic peoples knew nothing about deavored to limit Myrislica fragrans to two Orchestra Hall on January 19 and 22 under nutmeg and mace, for Myrislica fragrans of the islands, Amboina and Banda, and to the auspices of the Geographic Society of flourished only in the Spice Islands, from exterminate it elsewhere. For nearly two Chicago. He has recently filled numerous which no trade routes led to the western centuries they had almost complete control other lecture engagements, including one world. These spices may have been in of the mace, nutmeg, and clove trade. If before the Toledo Zoological Society .... commerce in ancient India, though, for prices fell too low, they burned immense Roland W. Force, Curator of Oceanic nutmeg is still known in that country by quantities of the spices stored in Amsterdam. Archaeology and Ethnology, presented a word derived from Sanskrit, the chief Wealth from the products of the Orient a paper on Micronesia in a symposium at annual in language of the India of antiquity. There poured into the Netherlands, and, in the the meeting December of the can be no doubt, however, that nutmegs resultant atmosphere of opulence and American Anthropological Association in California. there he were objects of trade in 6th-century India, leisure, intellectuality and the arts flourished Santa Monica, While in the of the Far and it was at this time that the spice may there as never before or since. participated organization Eastern Association .... Miss have reached the fringes of southeastern In 1769 the French succeeded in spiriting Prehistory A. Assistant to the Li- Europe. The nuces indicae—nuts of India away cloves and nutmeg plants from the Marjorle West, visited the libraries of the —mentioned by Aetius, writing at Con- Spice Islands to Mauritius, an island in the brarian, recently of Natural Sciences stantinople in the year 540, may have been Indian Ocean east of Madagascar. And in Philadelphia Academy and Princeton to discuss the nutmegs. However, it was not until the 1796 the British were successful in obtaining University loan and other matters 12th century that nutmeg and mace became Spice Islands nutmegs and in establishing interlibrary system .... Dr. Karl P. Curator familiar in Europe. The Arabians had by them on the island of Penang, off the Malay Schmidt, Emeritus of served then ventured far to the east and brought Peninsula. The Dutch monopoly had been Zoology, as visiting lecturer and consultant on careers back to Damascus, Beirut, and Constanti- broken. biological at Earlham College in January and gave nople cinnamon from the lush forests of An old saying tells us that nutmeg trees a public lecture on his explorations in Peru. Ceylon and, from India, nutmegs, mace, and must be able to "smell the sea" if they are cloves On January 17 he spoke on Israel's con- bought from Javanese merchants to do well. It is true that all the really servation problems before the Conservation who put into Indian ports with their precious successful plantations of Myristica fragrans Council in Chicago .... Loren P. Woods, cargoes from the Spice Islands. have been at no great distance from the Curator of Fishes, recently gave two lectures In the Arab cities the spices were sold to sea; most of them, indeed, are on islands. at Earlham College .... Dr. Julian A. Venetian traders who took them home to Perhaps realizing this, a certain Grenada Steyermark, Curator of the Phanerogamic add to the growing list of spices being used planter, in the middle of the 19th century, Herbarium, recently lectured on the "lost in Europe. But they did not take with them persuaded a Dutch sea-captain to part with world" of Venezuela before clubs in Wil- accurate knowledge of the origin of these a few nutmeg seeds from his cargo. From mette, Wheaton, and Riverside. products. Some thought that Arabia was these seeds grew fine trees that formed the the source; others repeated the fantastic beginning of a new industry on the island. tales fabricated by the Arabs—who, of By 1865 Grenada nutmegs reached world Trunks of several kinds of rubber trees, course, were none too anxious to have the markets in noticeable quantities and the methods of tapping, and principal varieties origin of these lucrative aromatics become industry has increased steadily to the of crude material are shown in Hall 28. February, 1957 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 7

environment. Except for a necessarily ATTENDANCE IN 1956 technical, though short, introduction to the Books TOTALS 1,101,512 classification of mammals, the text, which is simple and readable, focuses on the The number of visitors received at the in (All books reviewed in the Bulletin are more fascinating aspects of animal life. The Museum 1956 was 1,101,512. Of these, available in The Book Shop of the Museum. author knows well the mammals of the 972,029 were admitted free, including adults who Mail orders accompanied by remittance in- temperate and arctic zones, but his infor- came on the free days (Thursdays, cluding postage are promptly filled.) mation on animals and environmental con- Saturdays, and Sundays) and persons to admission is ditions of tropical latitudes lacks precision. whom free at all times (Mem- OF THE THEIR bers of the MAMMALS WORLD, This discrepancy largely reflects our present Museum, children, teachers, LIFE AND HABITS. Francois uniformed By state of knowledge. members of the armed forces, Bourliere. Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., New Those The book was printed in Paris, France, by etc.). who paid the 25-cent admission York. 223 including more than fee adults pages, E. Desfossfe—Neogravure. In artistry of charged on Mondays, Tuesdays, 200 in color) by numer- photographs (24 photography, naturalness of the subjects, Wednesdays, and Fridays numbered only ous contributors and 34 line-drawings by or less quality of engraving and printing, the 129,483, than 12 per cent. This was Barruel. Translated from the Paul volume is far superior to similar ones the thirtieth consecutive year in which at- French. Cloth, $12.50. entirely produced in the United States. tendance exceeded a million. The total Philip Hershkovitz attendance in 1956 showed a slight increase Most striking part of this book is its over the Curator of Mammals previous year, when attendance collection of some of the world's finest ex- had been 1,072,676. amples of modern animal-photography. As always, the Museum extended its The sixteen pages of color plates give AN ELEPHANTINE GOD benefits to hundreds of thousands of other astonishingly realistic and intimate glimpses OF WORLDLY WISDOM people besides those who actually entered of twenty-three kinds of mammals in natural its portals. The largest and most important habitats. These and nearly 200 additional group outside its walls to whom the Mu- in black and white record mam- photographs seum carries natural-history information mals caring for their young, cavorting on is composed of children who are repeatedly the feeding, flying, fighting, swim- plains, reached throughout each school year by resting, menacing, observing, ming, stealing, extension lecturers sent out with films and some other act of a vigorous or performing slides by the James Nelson and Anna Louise animal in its own territory. Raymond Foundation and by the constant these animals are more Indeed, readily circulation of traveling exhibits through are identified by the poses in which they the service of the N. W. Harris Public shown than they could be by the most School Extension. detailed descriptions in the text. Not only are the physical characters of the animals sharply defined in the pictures but also the Technical Publications attitude of the individual is meaningful. The following technical publications were The typically bold march of the lion across issued recently by the Museum: the African savannah in midday is contrast- Fieldiana: Zoology, Vol. 34, No. 36. Some ed with the equally characteristic nocturnal Amphibians from the Lowlands of North stealthiness of a tiger tiptoeing along a jungle Borneo. By Robert F. Inger. 1956. trail in Asia. The of a herd of picture 36 pages, 7 illustrations. 75c. hippopotamuses submerged in a transparent Fieldiana: Vol. No. 37. Notes pool in Kenya is a dramatic document in Zoology, 34, on a Collection of Fishes from Southeastern color of luxuriating idleness during the heat Venezuela. By Robert F. Inger. 1956. of an equatorial day; while the view of 16 pages, 3 illustrations. 30c. a herd of chamois on a steep snow-covered slope of the Swiss Alps illustrates how Fieldiana: Zoology, Vol. 34, No. 38. A New different animals can disport themselves Genus of Minute Fungus-Pore Beetles from Oregon (Coleoptera: Ptiliidae). 1956. with equal abandon in diverse habitats. By Henry S. Dybas. 8 pages, 3 illustra- The pages of this book make the reader feel tions. 20c. that he is hobnobbing with the mammals of Fieldiana: Vol. 45. the world. An elephant-like creature, Ganesa, is the Anthropology, Higgins Flat Pueblo, Western New Mexico. The text, consisting of about 60 full pages God of Wisdom and Prudence in the mythol- By Paul S. Martin, John B. Rinaldo, Elaine of the 225 in the book, is anticlimactic. ogy of India that has been carried over A. Bluhm, Hugh C. Cutler. 1956. 218 Bourliere to describe animals in into of the islands of Indonesia, attempts many pages, 85 illustrations. $4.50. terms of their respective habitats, but he notably Java. The wisdom Ganesa typifies Fieldiana: Zoology, Vol. 33, No. 5. On The fails to match the conviction and authority is not that pertaining to knowledge in the Status and Relations of Crocodylus Mindor- of the photographs; and he falls short of his broad sense but the worldly wisdom that ensis, Philippine Zoological Expedition, confident and masterful treatment of the results in financial success. He is therefore 191f6-i7. By Karl P. Schmidt. 1956. his earlier The the favored of same subjects in book, particularly god shopkeepers. 7 pages. 15c. Natural History of Mammals (Knopf). His elephant-head is supposed to represent Nevertheless, the text, in spite of its limita- sagacity. In his divine aspect he is the tions in space and substance (a mere list of ruler over the hosts of heaven. god has only an elephant-head, but in this the world's mammals would require more Exhibited in one of the Museum's halls sculpture he is entirely an elephant except pages than are in the book), gives a sub- of the Pacific (Hall G) is an ancient Java- for two human arms. One hand holds stantial basis for recognizing the fine bal- nese stone sculpture of Ganesa, shown in a vessel of water from which he draws with ances in the relationship of animals to their illustration above. In many portrayals the his trunk. Page 8 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN February, 1957 MOVIES FOR CHILDREN 'DO-IT-YOURSELF' REACHES GIFTS TO THE MUSEUM IN MARCH AND APRIL PINNACLE IN MUSEUM DURING PAST MONTH "If we can't it we'll make it" is one Nine free programs of motion pictures get Following is a list of principal gifts re- of the maxims followed in exhibits for children will be given in the James preparing ceived during the past month: Theatre of the Museum on in all departments of Chicago Natural Simpson Department of Anthropology: March and April. History Museum. By the use of many Saturday mornings during From: W. C. Biddle, Crystal River, Fla. techniques and the application of the diverse The title of the first program, on March 2, —3 Hopi basket plaques, areas in Arizona; to talents of many scientists, artists, and is "Europe—from Caveman Danny Mrs. Edward R. Finnegan, Chicago of technicians, facsimiles of the unobtainable — Rev. Kaye." This will comprise "The Story opium pipe, China; David Hamm, are that most could never —Moro musical in- Prehistoric Man," "Assignment, Children" produced eyes Mindanao, Philippines from the strument; Mrs. Edward C. Holmblad, (Danny Kaye), and an animated cartoon. distinguish original. — A recent was the Chicago embroidered cricket-box cover, All are to be given at 10:30 a.m. example reproduction programs embroidered stenciled silk of two of the massive square, piece, no tickets are required. Titles of the mysterious sculptured and China; Elisabeth Telling, Guilford, Conn. will be announced in stone heads found on Easter Island, where other eight programs —45 drawings, Indonesia and Central even the inhabitants the March Bulletin. Children are invited present-day Polynesian America parents or know nothing of their origin, age, or signifi- to attend alone, accompanied by Department of Botany: from cance. A pair now adorns the Hall of other adults, or in groups schools, clubs, From: T. P. Amidei, East Chicago, Ind.— Micronesia and Polynesia (Hall F). When and other centers. The programs are pre- cryptogam, Georgia; Karl E. Bartel, Blue the of decided sented under the auspices of the James Department Anthropology Island, 111. —Lialris novae-angliae; Holly that these heads were needed for — Nelson and Anna Louise Raymond Foun- completion Reed Bennett, Chicago 1,590 plant speci- of the exhibits in Hall F and was faced with Michi- dation. mens, Illinois, Wisconsin, Indiana, the impossibility of obtaining originals, gan, Montana; Illinois Natural History Survey, Urbana—2 photographs of Brous- OFFICERS ELECTED senetia MUSEUM papyrifera (paper mulberry) ; William Jewell — At the Annual Meeting of the Board of College, Liberty, Mo. 295 un- mounted and 57 mounted plants; S. B. Trustees held January 21, Hughston M. Penick and Co., New York—spice samples; McBain was elected First Vice-President of Dr. Karl P. Schmidt, Homewood, 111.— the Museum to fill the vacancy caused by 50 unmounted plant specimens; U. S. death of Marshall Field III. the recent Regional Soybean Laboratory, Urbana, 111. Mr. McBain had previously been Second —samples of 18 varieties of soybeans; U. S. Vice-President. Walther Buchen was elected National Museum, Washington, D. C.— Second Vice-President. 54 phanerogams and ferns, 3 cryptogams, All other officers were re-elected. Stanley Cuba of Field, the President, entered upon his forty- Department Geology: — ninth consecutive year in that office. The From: William Heston, Chicago skull of fossil other re-elected officers are: Joseph N. Field, mammal, shell of turtle, hand of South Third Vice-President; Solomon A. Smith, specimen limy coquina, Dakota; Chaplain Earl A. Keener, NewT York— Treasurer; Dr. Clifford C. Gregg, Director 4 fossil fishes, Greenland; Mrs. Walter and and John R. Millar, Assistant Secretary; Douglas, Chauncey, N. Y.—a specimen Secretary. of fossil cycad bud, Arizona; Wendell B. Swanson, Chicago— 105 fossil mammals, Two Contributors Elected turtle, East Australia; R. C. Thomas, Park Walter Boyer, the department's ceramic 111. —hematite Wisconsin The Museum has received a collection of Forest, boulder, restorer, was assigned to creating them on of more than 12,000 North American insects Department Zoology: the basis of and data photographs supplied From: Ralph W. Axtell, Austin, Tex.— as a gift from Dr. Orlando Park, Professor by archaeologists (illustration shows Boyer lizard; Laura Brodie, Chicago—32 turtles, of Biology at Northwestern University and at work on this task). Color and texture of South Carolina; Chicago Zoological Society, Research Associate in the Museum's Divi- the heads now in the hall are exact dupli- Brookfield, 111.—otter, South America; sion of Insects. The collection represents Michael — cations of the originals. Boyer, who joined Duever, Chicago rattlesnake; W. a valuable addition to research materials. E. Neb.—28 Dr. the Museum staff about a year ago, is Eigsti, Hastings, fleas; Miss Elisabeth Telling, of Guilford, Con- Arthur H. Greenhall, Port-of-Spain, Trini- a graduate of the School of the Art Institute necticut, has presented a notable collection dad—9 snakes; Raymond Grow, Gary, Ind. of Chicago and formerly was an instructor — of ethnological portraits of the peoples of 2 birds; Dr. Lindolpho Guimaraes, Brazil at Rockford (Illinois) College and at —14 U. S. and Indonesia and the peoples of most of the batflies, Brazil; Harry Hoog- Chicago's Wright Junior College. — 12 10 countries of Central America. straal, Cairo, Egypt birdskins, frogs, The techniques of preparing lifelike re- 44 lizards, 7 snakes, 2 turtles; E. R. Leach, In recognition of their gifts, Dr. Park productions from nature are the everyday Piedmont, Calif. —22 scarabaeid beetles; and Miss Telling have been elected by the — task of the laboratories of the Department David Mertz, Chicago 30 snakes, Ohio and Board of Trustees to the Museum's roll of Dr. Sherman of Botany because of the impossibility of Ontario; Minton, Indianapolis, Contributors. Ind.— 111 reptiles and amphibians, Texas; preserving flowering and fruiting plants in Dr. Orlando Park, Evanston, 111.-12,285 bloom. Likewise, in the Department of Dead insects (mostly beetles), mostly U.S., and Ornithologist Zimmer certain animals such as reptiles Zoology, 319 insects, Tennessee; Mrs. Austin L. Dr. John Todd Zimmer, former Assistant and even large nearly hairless mammals Rand, Chesterton, Ind.—four lots of inland Curator of Birds at this Museum (1922-30), like rhinos are reproduced by special tech- mollusks, Tennessee; Fraser Walsh, For- died on January 6 at his home in White niques because the original skins do not mosa—2 birdskins; William Gerhard, Chi- — on Plains, New York. For the past 26 years lend themselves to permanently life-simu- cago reprint library true bugs he had been on the staff of the American lating preparation. In the Department of Museum of Natural History, New York, and Geology's paleontological laboratories it is The Museum Library is available for in recent years was chairman of the Depart- often necessary to resort to restorations of reference, Monday through Friday, from ment of Birds. fossil creatures millions of years old. 9 a.m. to 4 P.M.

PRINTED BY CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM PRESS natu RkJjuuettn

HISTORY fo/. 28 Jfo. 3 MUSEUM tSdabcA /

LIFE IN PALAU Special Exhibit—March 1-31 Page 2 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN March, 1957

Chicago Natural History Museum Mrs. Stowell's thoughts and proposals are THIS MONTH'S COVER- Founded by Marshall Field, 1893 primarily directed to the needs of an ideal Roosevelt Road and Lake Shore Drive, Chicago 5 small museum, and to the problems of A "psos era nyl6ik," "klas era Telephone: WAbash 2-9410 organizing a small museum in a community chei," and a "piskang," are three where none exists. The ideas expressed in of the artifacts Museum visitors THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES her book are nevertheless of interest to those will be seeing in Stanley Field Hall in and older institutions where the Lester Armour Henry P. Isham larger this month when "People of Sewell L. Avery Hughston M. McBain exhibition activities compose an educational a exhibit of ma- Wm. McCormick Blair William H. Mitchell Palau," special Walther Buchen John T. Pirie, Jr. institute that may quite conceal the under- terial collected from the Palau J. Cummings Clarence B. Randall Walter research and whose activities Joseph N. Field George A. Richardson lying museum, Islands in Micronesia, goes on Marshall Field, Jr. John G. Searle are within the framework of the advance- display. The words above are Stanley Field Solomon A. Smith Samuel Insull, Jr. Louis Ware ment of science as a whole, though sur- native names for the three illus- John P. Wilson prisingly interlocked with the problems of trated objects, which are a dance OFFICERS exhibition. Our interest in the smaller paddle, diving goggles and a fish Stanley Field President museums (for I speak for my colleagues) is spear. The cover design is the M. McBain First Vice-President Hughston one. small the Walther Buchen Second Vice-President a double A museum, given work of E. John Pfiffner, Staff Joseph N. Field Third Vice-President right director and the opportunity, may Artist, who it Solomon A. Smith Treasurer painted originally Clifford C. Gregg Director and Secretary pioneer in the exhibition field, experimenting for color television publicity for John R. Millar Assistant Secretary with new ideas and new techniques, and the Museum. For more informa- thus perform an invaluable service to the tion on the culture of the Pa- THE BULLETIN larger institution. On the other hand, the lauans, see page 3. EDITOR smaller museum may be dependent on Clifford C. Gregg Director of the Museum the resources and experience of the larger CONTRIBUTING EDITORS one, though still often to mutual advantage. Paul S. Martin Chief Curator of Anthropology Each of the sciences major may profit by that in Theodor Just Chief Curator of Botany History Museum," appeared the K. Roy Curator having a museum of its own, and such Sharat Chief of Geology February issue of Townsfolk magazine Austin L. Rand Chief Curator of Zoology museums have abundant special precedent, .... Dr. Julian A. Steyermark, Curator MANAGING EDITOR especially in Europe. In general, the art of the Phanerogamic Herbarium, recently H. B. Harte Public Relations Counsel the historical and the gallery, museum, lectured on "Wild Flowers" before the museum tend to their ASSOCIATE EDITORS anthropological pursue Kansas City Garden Club, the Highland Helen A. MacMinn Jane Rockwell when exists. independent ways opportunity Garden Club of Evanston, and on "Lost Even the natural museum be history may World of Venezuela" before the Yardstick limited to one or the other of the obser- of Illinois Members are requested to inform the Museum Garden Club Wheaton, .... vational natural sciences (geology, botany, promptly of changes of address. Rupert L. Wenzel, Curator of Insects, and zoology), though these are fruitful col- spoke on collecting and identifying insects laborators themselves in both ex- among for the Annual Pest Control Conference of hibition and research. The small museum, the 9th Naval District at Great Lakes, has no such to however, opportunity Illinois .... Mrs. Meta P. Howell, Li- Books nor can it collections specialize, develop brarian, and Mrs. M. Eileen Rocourt, for research. It must combine the purely Associate Librarian, attended the midwinter local interests in art and historical relics THE LIVING MUSEUM. By Alice conference in Chicago of the American Li- with local and with Millard Stowell. Vantage Press, Inc., special opportunities, brary Association .... Dr. Theodor Just, on service to the schools. Mrs. New York. 88 pages, no photographs. emphasis Chief Curator ot Botany, gave a seminar- Stowell should be drafted as and $2.50. organizer lecture on "Recent Advances in Paleo- first director by any where the community botany" for the Department of Biological Mrs. Stowell's enthusiasm for any and for the of a mu- opportunity development Science of Loyola University. all museums, and especially the small and seum arises. the new ones, is heartwarming even to an Karl P. Schmidt "old hand." She regards the mission of the Curator Emeritus of Zoology Daily Guide-Lectures museum in education and its role in the Free guide-lecture tours are offered daily growing problem of leisure-time activities, except Sundays under the title "Highlights as of great and urgent importance. She of the Exhibits." These tours are designed pursues this theme to the conclusion that STAFF NOTES to give a general idea of the entire Museum any community would profit by organizing and its scope of activities. They begin at and developing its own museum. 2 p.m. on and at Dr. Paul S. Martin, Chief Curator of Monday through Friday The tone of The Living Museum is set by and Dr. John 2:30 p.m. on Saturday. an admirable quotation from Aristotle: Anthropology, Rinaldo, tours the Assistant Curator of Archaeology, partici- Special on subjects within range "The glory, doubtless, of the heavenly pated in a meeting February 16-17 at of the Museum exhibits are available Mon- bodies fills us with more delight than the Illinois on "Affiliations of the days through Fridays for parties of ten or contemplation of these lowly things, but Carbondale, more advance the are . . heavens high and far off, and the Southwest with Mexico." . George I. persons by request. knowledge of celestial things that our senses Quimby, Curator of North American give us is scanty and dim. Living creatures, Archaeology and Ethnology, lectured on on the contrary, are at our door, and if we and Ceylon Museum Director Here so desire we may gain full and certain "Paleogeography Prehistoiic Archae- knowledge of each and all. We take ology of the Upper Great Lakes Region" Dr. P.E.P. Deraniyagala, Director of the in a statue's should not pleasure beauty; at a recent meeting of the Kennicott Club Natural History of Colombo, Ceylon, and then the living fill us with delight? And all held in the Museum .... Phillip H. Lewis, a State Department guest of the United the more if in the spirit of the love of Assistant Curator of Primitive is author knowledge we search for causes and bring Art, States, recently visited the Museum's to light evidences of meaning." of an article, "Primitive Art in a Natural Division of Amphibians and Reptiles. March, 1957 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page S PALAU EXHIBIT TRACES CHANGE IN A PACIFIC CULTURE By ROLAND W. FORCE The inhabitants a mild, cation involved as well the order that the CURATOR OF OCEANIC ARCHAEOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY enjoy tropical, oceanic climate in which mean rainfall worship of the native pantheon would cease. in the Western PALAU ISLANDS approximates 150 inches a year. The Finally it did and very little of aboriginal Pacific were home to wife and me THE my temperature is steadily high—around 82 religious lore remains. from December, 1954 to April, 1956, when The trade winds which degrees. strong WESTERN WORLD TREND we were engaged in research for the Tri- alternate with the southwest monsoon Missions attracted natives in or Institutional Pacific Program. We in- keep the high humidity from becoming greater lesser over the after the first vestigated three major problems: social inordinately oppressive. degree years one was established around 1885. Close on structure, political change, and emergent BY POLITICAL CONTROL UN the heels of salvation came the necessity to The Palaus are controlled today by the wear clothing of Western World style. The United States under United Nations trustee- grass skirt went the way of warfare and ship. The Caroline Islands (of which the religious belief. Today it is revived on only Palau Islands are a part), the Marianas very special ceremonial occasions when Islands, and the Marshall Islands form a new mother is feted in public. Similarly together what is known as the Trust Terri- the house style has changed as the old tory of the Pacific Islands. Formerly this thatched structures have given way to the territory was a Japanese-mandated territory corrugated iron-roofed house. China plates under the League of Nations. After World have replaced the gracefully shaped wooden War II United States military forces con- bowls and platters of the old days. trolled the area which is more widely known Some changes have been quite beneficial. as Micronesia. In a few years control was Health is better than it has ever been. transferred to civilian administrators under Infant mortality has been amazingly re- the United States Department of the In- duced by modern methods and trained terior. Today the islands are administered personnel. No one suffers from the dreaded by a relatively small staff that has its "yaws" thanks to penicillin. There are more headquarters in Guam. schools than there ever were during other Foreign administra- tions have come and gone in the islands of the Pacific. In 70 pa c i r i c years four great world COUNCIL HOUSE IN PALAU powers—have governed Such structures, called **abai," were used in earlier Palau Spain, Ger- times by the hereditary chiefs, who still meet in them many, Japan, and the for special occasions. Today they are also used for United States. The weddings, dances, and ceremonies. cycle of life goes on HAWAIIAN ISLANDS much the same no leadership. In addition, we did general matter who is in con- ethnography and assembled a representative trol. Women grow the JJ collection of material culture for Chicago family food in Natural History Museum. Portions of this swampy garden collection will form a special exhibit in patches in the low- Stanley Field Hall March 1-31. lands and in dry gar- In addition to photographs of Palauans dens on the hillsides. and their way of life, the exhibit will include The men go to the clothing, woven mats, and containers, fishing lagoons in search of gear, utensils, ornaments, weapons, native fish and crabs. money, and other items. Time has brought to be sure. Situated in the Western Carolines, the changes, No are heads of Palau group is located approximately 435 longer > enemy inhabitants of nautical miles due east of Mindanao in the «w ZEALAND neighboring villages & Philippines. The islands in this chain are taken as prizes of war. the most diversified topographically in all PINPOINTS IN THE PACIFIC The last intervillage of Micronesia. Included are volcanic high war was The Palaus are in the westernmost part of the Trust Territory of the fie fought during Islands. Relative size of the shown above in dotted is dem- islands, low coral atolls, raised coral atolls territory, outline, German rule around onstrated by superimposed outline map of the United States. Ocean area (phosphate), and both high and low single the turn of the cen- included consists of about 3.000.000 square miles. The Palau group is approxi- coral islands. They are encircled pro- 4,000 miles southwest of the Hawaiian Islands. tury, and only a few mately barrier and tectively by fringing reefs, reefs, old chiefs recall the shoal reefs. The chain itself is 125 miles event with some nostalgia. Casualties administrations. The United Nations' at- and 25 miles wide. Within the archi- long usually were not heavy; at most one or two titude toward development of self-govern- pelago that comprises the Palau Islands are lives were lost in a battle. Warfare brought ment means that Palauans are having more approximately 243 islands. The total land color and excitement into an otherwise and more to say about their own affairs. area of the Palaus is about 185 square miles. relatively drab existence. However, warfare One thing has not changed—betelnut- The population of some 7,500 persons is is not civilized, so the foreigners commanded chewing is still the national pastime. clustered on but eight of the islands. that it be stopped. The program of pacifi- The range of racial characteristics found Page i CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN March, 1957 in Palau runs the gamut. Skin color varies ed number of birds (megapodes, pigeons, yield to them in conversation, certain from light to dark brown with reddish ducks, etc.) that have been hunted in the postural and gestural recognitions are ac- tendencies; hair color is universally dark- past or are still hunted today. The primary corded them, and special terms are used to brown to black with a similar decidedly vegetable— food staples consist of wet-farmed address persons older than the speaker. By reddish pigmentation. Hair-form may be taro a root plant which is grown in—lowland, the same token a series of special terms also frizzly, wavy, or straight; lip-form ranges swampy, paddy-like enclosures cassava, is used when speaking, to relatives younger from slight to moderate eversion. Stature sweet potatoes, and a little corn along with than the speaker. In aboriginal times is relatively short and there is heavy mus- squashes and some dry taro grown in hillside age-grade societies were universal. Within cular development. While weight increases gardens. In addition there are various other each village was a series of societies or clubs auxiliary vegetables, for men and a corresponding series for fruits, nuts, and other women. The clubs were named and in the plants. Coconut palms men's case each group lived in a separate are plentiful and the club house. Women had no club houses. nuts are much utilized The men's clubs supplied warriors and the in Palauan diet. The village police. In case of trouble, such as protein staple is pro- murder, certain negative sanctions would vided by fish, eels and be directed by the chiefs of the village shellfish. toward the offender and the designated club Good taro and dry- would mete out justice. An offender's house garden land is limited would be destroyed along with his livestock on Palau and there are and his personal possessions. He might be relatively few sur- beaten and most certainly he was fined. pluses of produce. MONEY AND THE EXCHANGE SYSTEM Problems of storage and spoilage in a trop- One's family helped him buy a house or ical climate further a canoe by contributing bead money for the complicate the pro- specific purpose. If a young man wished to duction of surpluses. marry, his family provided a sum of money On the other hand, so that he might obtain a wife. Money there is no food short- payments were made to the wife's family Palauans at If SCHOOL ROOM: A HISTORY CLASS age. pride during marriage prescribed intervals. themselves on the fact the couple separated, the family of the wife The teacher's costume, despite appearances, is conventional for Palau. Some that there is no such was likewise compensated. In turn, the of the instruction in various subjects is given in English. While the American administration provides guidance as to curriculum and techniques, the actual thing as a hungry operation of the schools, and the teaching, is handled by the Palauans. Palauan. Reciprocal hospitality customs, with age in some individuals, obesity is not coupled with an extremely ramified and generally characteristic. The epicanthic extensive expansion of the kinship system, fold, or so-called Mongoloid eye-form so leave no person without the opportunity to characteristic of other Micronesian groups, secure food and drink wherever he may be. is not so pronounced in Palau. Certain KINSHIP EMPHASIZED individuals transported to the Philippines or Indonesia would correspond to the basic The primary unit of social organization racial types there. Others display charac- in Palau is the household. A cluster of from teristics which attest to Melanesian ante- five or six to as many as 20 or 30 households cedents. Still others possess the stature and make up a village. Today groups of the avoirdupois, straight hair, and skin color federated villages form political divisions ordinarily thought to characterize the known as municipalities. In former times Polynesians. Palau's geographical position federations were arranged along kinship and is such that it rests on the very threshold pseudo-kinship lines primarily for purposes of the Pacific and countless waves of migra- of defense and warfare. The analogy to the with tion must have ebbed and flowed through kinship system respect to village align- ments is carried to the extreme that certain this aperture to the further reaches of villages are considered "big brothers" of Oceania. What is undoubtedly a long other villages. history of racial admixture is attested to by Kinship is determined very broadly in- the folk tales of the Palauans which provide RESPECTED MATRIARCH his deed. One traces descent on his mother's Advanced is accorded in evidence of contact with Yap, the Philippine age great respect Palau, as well as his father's side. There is a ten- and women, especially when elders, have a voice in Islands, Woliae, and Melanesia. This named ex- dency for the maternal side of the family deciding policy. woman, Sebelau, hibits the old of arm tattooing. MEANS OF SUBSISTENCE to be emphasized over the paternal, but style residence is patrilocal. When a couple The traditional means of subsistence in food for the and marries, they go to live with the family of wife's family supplied man Palau has been the cultivation of root and survive with the the groom. However, the issue is further his wife. These practices other combined with the American crops exploitation complicated because a man may inherit land added feature that today currency of the reef and lagoon marine life. Only and titled rank from his mother. also is employed. a few domesticated animals such as pigs and Age-respect is a special feature of many Indigenous political organization was chickens are kept for food and their con- Pacific cultures and Palau is no exception. closely correlated with social organization. of sumption is confined almost exclusively to Elders are treated with great respect, be The senior male and female members ceremonial occasions. There is also a limit- they male or female. Younger people must (Continued on page 7, column S) March, 1957 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 5

ADULT LECTURE SERIES to the sea. Besides the seaway proper as CHILDREN'S PROGRAMS OPENS THIS MONTH currently under construction, Maahs takes ON SATURDAYS his audience on visits to Old Fort Niagara, If Free of motion for chil- TIME to travel. you can't get Montreal, Quebec, and the Gaspe Peninsula. programs pictures IT'Saway from desk and household ties, the dren will be presented each Saturday morn- 23 to Australia next best thing to actually going is to visit March —Stepping Stones ing in March and April at 10:30 in the James some of those far-off places by means of the Alfred M. Bailey Simpson Theatre of the Museum. Children films lectures offered on are invited to come either color and Saturday In his film and lecture, Dr. Bailey, individually, afternoons throughout March and April in Director of the Denver Museum of Natural accompanied by adults, or in groups from the Theatre of the Museum. and other centers. do James Simpson History, offers a pictorial account of the schools, clubs, They The spring series of free illustrated travel islands used as air bases en route to Aus- not need tickets. The programs are the of James Nelson and lectures is the 107th to be presented under tralia. There are four such isles in the spring offering the E. Lec- Anna Louise Foundation. the provisions of the Edward Ayer Pacific that have been of great importance Raymond in a reserved In addition to on two of the ture Foundation Fund. Seats in developing the air routes to Australia. films, pro- available to the who made the section of the Theatre are They are: Oahu in the Hawaiian group, with grams explorers pictures of the Museum. The lectures are will to tell their stories. Members its great International Airport; little Canton appear personally at 2:30. is the schedule for the season: given each Saturday afternoon, Island on the equator governed jointly by Following Dates, subjects, and titles follow: the United States and Great Britain; Viti March 2—Europe—From Cave Man to Levu, the large island of the Fiji group March 2—Monument Valley Adventure Danny Kaye Francis R. Line Also a cartoon

This is the of America's last frontier, story March 9—Animal Stories in Arizona and Utah. Line's film shows how SEATS Also a cartoon he penetrated the remote area by the old- RESERVED fashioned stage that carries mail and supplies FOR MEMBERS March 16—The Little Fugitive from Flagstaff to the most isolated post No tickets are necessary for ad- (The adventures of a small boy in a big office in this country, with the nearest rail- mission to these lectures. A sec- city) road 125 miles away. The life of the Navajo tion of the Theatre is allocated to some of whom dwell in the March 23— Stones to Australia Indians, 70,000 Members of the Museum, each of Stepping area on the largest of all reservations, is Alfred whom is entitled to two reserved (Narration by M. Bailey) recorded in films showing why the adverse seats. Requests for these seats of this such March 30—Country Children Go to living problems people pose should be made in advance by a Near Moab, Utah, Mr. Line Town problem. telephone (WAbash 2-9410) or in surveys the boom of activities currently Also a cartoon writing, and seats will be held in caused in the world's second by operations until 2:25 the Member's name April 6—Dumbo field for the production of uranium. greatest o'clock on the lecture day. — (Walt Disney's story of a baby circus- March 9 The New Egypt elephant) Willis Butler April 13—Families of the Far East A color-film and lecture as timely as Also a cartoon of Cale- today's newspaper will be presented by (a crown colony Britain) ; and New of France and Willis Butler, of Evanston, Illinois. Even donia, a colony formerly April 20—Animals at Night in Color President Nasser, a key figure in the Suez a penal settlement. All were of great stra- (Narration by Howard Cleaves) crisis, appears in the film. Butler tries to tegic importance in World War II. Each is give his audience a firmer basis for a real a colorful area. Oahu has its great city of April 27—Fairy Tales understanding of the Egypt of today. His Honolulu. Canton teems with bird life. Also a cartoon camera focuses on the daily life of a typical Viti Levu provides a tropical setting for an village family. He shows the drastic changes interesting people. New Caledonia has an wrought in the country's economy since the intriguing history. ceremonies and dances in lama monasteries. revolutionary government came into power The Sherpas referred to in Dyhrenfurth's March 30—Solo Kumbu—Land of the in 1952. There is a complete transit through title are natives of the Himalayas who, as Sherpas of Nepal the Suez Canal, and a visit to Aswan's high high-altitude porters, have played a vital dam site which has for some time been an Norman Dyhrenfurth role in many important expeditions. Solo issue in international affairs. Butler also One of the world's most famous moun- Khumbu is the Nepalese name for their shows a film of "the tourist's Egypt" with taineers, Norman Dyhrenfurth, in color- homeland. its pyramids, sphinxes, and other strange films and narrative, will tell the story of his April 6—Birth of a Mangrove Isle antiquities. 1955 International Himalayan Expedition W. to attempt the ascent of Lhotse, neighbor of Henry Briggs March 16—The St. Lawrence—Seaway Mount Everest. Lhotse is the world's fourth This film and lecture tells the story of the to the World. highest peak. Against formidable odds, ecology of one of the thousands of sub- LI. Col. Arnold Maahs Dyhrenfurth and his intrepid associates tropical islands, collectively known as the Another extremely timely presentation is climbed to within a scant quarter-mile of Mangrove Keys, that ring the southern Colonel Maahs' film and lecture on the the summit, but were turned back, after coasts of Florida. A mangrove is one of the waterway which is expected to make Chicago reaching an altitude of 26,600 feet, by failing few trees that can grow in salt water. The one of the most important of seaports. oxygen, raging storms, and unendurable film traces the natural planting of the seed Maahs has documented not only the eco- physical and mental exhaustion. In addi- through wind and wave action, and as the nomic factors involved, but also the human tion to the adventures and perils of the tree develops, the coming of various crea- interest story of the people and places along climb, the films show the daily life in high tures to make their homes on the island in the great St. Lawrence River as it stretches mountain villages, and some of the fantastic (Continued on page 7, column 1 ) Page 6 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN March, 1957

LIST OF WINNERS IN NATURE PHOTO CONTEST Color Slides: Animal-Life Section: S. G. Blakesley, Merced, Calif.; A. Calhoun, Huntington, N.Y.; W. L. Dennis, EIGHTY-TWO are the names of entrants who HUNDRED Following Decatur, 111.; Edward Dowling, Sharon Hill, Pa.; H. Lou B. J. New persons in nearly every state and terri- received silver medals and honorable- Gibson, Rochester, N.Y.; Kaston, SEVEN Britain, Conn.; Emil Kittel, Alton, 111.; John A. Krim- tory of the United States and several foreign mention awards: mel, Denver; W. G. Laird, Bowmanville, Ont., Canada; Robert Leatherman, San Bernardino, Calif.; S. D. countries entered a total of 3,262 photo- WINNERS MacDonald, Iowa City, Iowa; Andree Robinson, MEDAL M. G. Dave graphs in the Twelfth International Exhi- Tucson, Ariz.; Smith, Fresno, Calif.; Prints: Stager, Bloomfield, N.J.; H. A. Thornhill, Watertown, bition of held in the John E. Mrs. John Nature Photography Animal-Life Section: Bob Leatherman, San Ber- N.Y.; Walsh, Beverly, Mass.; Walsh, Beverly, Mass.; Leslie A. Campbell, Belcher- some- nardino, Calif.—Landing Gear Down Museum during February. Although town, Mass.; Louis Quitt, Buffalo, N.Y. Plant-Life Section: H. J. Ensenberger, Blooming- what smaller than the 1956 contest in total Plant-Life Section: Blanche H. Adams, Phoenix, ton, 111. —Solomon's Seal Dr. L. H. St. H. E. number of the Ariz.; Andrews, Joseph, Mich.; pictures submitted, photo- General Section: Harry Harpster, Salt Lake City, Berry, Wellesley, Mass.; H. L. Gebhardt, Erie, Pa.; Utah—November graphs received have improved in quality. Morning H. Lou Gibson, Rochester, N.Y.; G. Guiberson, Olympia, Wash.; Ferrel Hessing, St. Louis; Agnes M. More than two-thirds of those submitting Color Slides: Hoist, Phoenix, Ariz.; C. O. Horst, Dayton, Ohio; Animal-Life Section: Torrey Jackson, Marblehead, Mass.—Arctic Tern Plant-Life Section: F. C. Gebhardt, Erie, Pa.— Nature's Grill Work General Section: Henry Greenhood, Los Angeles —Cloud Shroud HONORABLE MENTIONS Chicago Area

Animal-Life Section: Ted Farrington, J. Musser Miller

Color Slides: Aninal-Life Section: Louise Broman, Ted Far- rington. Plant-Life Section: Carl Hall in, H. L. Marshall, John E. Osterman, Jr., Melvin A. Peterson, M. J. Schmidt General Section: J. Hendry, Charles Albee Howe, Blanch Kolarik, Mitzi Strasser SOLOMON'S SEAL Outside Chicago Area LANDING GEAR DOWN By H. J. Ensenberger, of Bloomington, Illinois. Prints: Bob of San California. Awarded first-prize silver medal in Plant-Life By Leatherman, Bernardino, Animal-Life Section: H. S. Barsam, Fresno, Calif.; Awarded first-prize silver medal in Animal-Life Section of Nature Photography Exhibition. Leslie A. Campbell, Belchertown, Mass.; H. Lou of Nature Exhibition. Gibson, Rochester, N.Y.; Wilfred E. Jossy, Bend, Ore.; Section Photography Francis A. Kingsberry, Ponca, Neb.; Bob Leatherman, pictures have entered this annual photo- San Bernardino, Calif.; Albert Matsick, Streator, 111.; F. S. G. Charles J. Ott, McKinley Park, Alaska; Nate Sock, J. Johnson, Minneapolis; Johnson, Hemet, contest one or more times A. G. Elven graphy previously. Providence, R.I.; William L. Van Allen, Bend, Ore.; Calif.; Juckins, Worcester, Mass.; Kellogg, Cmdr. J. L. methods which the Mme. Van den Bussche, Antwerp, Belgium; John Battle Creek, Mich.; Kenner, USN, Boston; The by pictures are Estelle Pitts- Whipple, Arlington, Tex. Marker, Oakland, Calif.; Betty Moore, graded by a panel of five judges are as burgh; Floyd Norgaard, Los Angeles; Glenn O. Porter, Plant-Life Section: Helen Albertson, Sioux City, Studio City, Calif.; Marian M. Rich, Melrose, Mass.; impersonal and unbiased as humanly pos- Iowa; George C. Bartholomees, Bonne Terre, Mo.; Andree Robinson, Tucson, Ariz.; Clark Sager, South Caryl R. Firth, Trappe, Md.; Rudolph G. Flores, Los R. E. East Mass.; sible. Neither the maker's name nor the Gate, Calif.; Schortmann, Hampton, Angeles; O. M. Hoist, Phoenix, Ariz.; Howard E. Foote, Walter F. Sullivan, San Francisco; H. D. Tefft, Jr., Gilbert R. titles he has given his pictures are revealed New York; Herman J. Krohn, Omaha; Denver; Claire Webster, Berkeley, Calif.; F. F. Wein- Lehmbeck, Harper Woods, Mich.; Howard Oberlin, ard, Urbana, 111.; R. S. Woods, Covins, Calif.; Rudolph to the judges. This is of interest because Canton, Ohio; M. G. Smith, Fresno, Calif. Zirngibl, Rochester, N.Y. the titles given to pictures by their makers General Section: Joseph Haugland, New York; General Section: Miss B. S. Ballard, Montara, Gilbert R. Lehmbeck, Harper Woods, Mich.; Bosworth Calif.; Harold D. Barney, Denver; H. S. Barsam, sometimes are as completely erroneous, Lemere, Carpinteria, Calif; Milan Pavic, Yugoslavia; Fresno, Calif.; John Bengel, Covina, Calif.; Dr. C. W. Palo San Norman Santa when a shield bug is called "beetle," or more Gertrude Pool, Alto, Calif.; Henry Ryffer, Biedel, Bremerton, Wash.; Giudici, Diego, Calif. Clara, Calif.; R. M. Greer, Joy, 111.; Bob Haugen, often fanciful and of no help in identifying Lynden, Wash.; K. W. Kishpaugh, Saratoga, Calif.; John A. Krimmel, Denver; Mrs. R. F. MacDougall, an unfamiliar or scene. object Westford, Mass.; L. F. Marks, Pittsburgh; D. C. Miller, San Otto Los This year, as in almost every year pre- Mateo, Calif.; Neuman, Angeles; Eugenia Norgaard, Los Angeles; Elizabeth B. Ransom, New vious, some photographs, given passing York; H. R. Schneider, Spencerport, N.Y.; Alice Stark, Toronto; T. P. Webster, Santa Barbara, Calif. scores by the judges, on later and closer examination proved to be pictures of SPECIAL MEDALS FOR COLOR SLIDES mounted birds, dead dry insects with miss- the America) (Awarded by Photographic— Society of ing parts, or formal arrangements of flowers Antoinette Stahl, Chicago —Lichen Bouquet that had won acceptance. In another John Benzel, Covina, Calif. Mountain Calm instance a photographer reversed a negative in so that the flow of lines was more printing Technical Publications pleasing to him. But in the process he had The following technical publications were endowed the land snails shown with a highly issued recently by the Museum: unorthodox left-hand spiral. The exhausting two-day judging of pic- Fieldiana: Zoology, Vol. 34, No. 39. A New tures resulted in the acceptance of 173 prints Snake of the Genus Tantilla from West and 818 color transparencies. These figures Texas. By Sherman A. Minton, Jr. 1956. 4 1 illustration. 15c. represent an unusually large proportion of pages, the total number submitted in each category Fieldiana: Zoology, Vol. 36, No. 2. The and are an indication of the generally better Distribution of Fishes Found Below a Depth quality of pictures entered in the exhibition. of 2,000 Meters. By Marion Grey. July Each year the Nature Camera Club of 30, 1956. 265 pages, 1 illustration. $4 of the shows Chicago, co-sponsor exhibit, NOVEMBER MORNING Fieldiana: Geology, Vol. 11, No. 8. A progress toward its objective: "To make the Review the Habitat of the Earliest Verte- By Harry Harpster, of Salt Lake City, Utah. of a better naturalist and the brates. Robert H. Denison. photographer Awarded first-prize silver medal in General Section By August naturalist a better photographer." of Nature Photography Exhibition. 9, 1956. 101 pages. $1.50 March, 1957 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 7

ADULT LECTURES- unusual sequence shows the colorful flower PALAU- festival of Corpus Christi in Sitges where (Continued from page 5) (Continued from page b) one day each year the streets are carpeted of formation. these settlers certain lineages or clans process Among ankle-deep by literally millions of fresh possessing prestige are held titles which reflected their senior status egrets, herons, cormorants, ibises, spoon- flowers laid in intricate designs. Of interest and insects. in their respective The councils bills, snails, crabs, tree-frogs, is the work of girls of Majorca engaged in kin-groups. is increased in size of male chiefs had their female Over the years the island the elaborate handicraft of embroidering counterparts as storms a fine sand beach. and the voices of the women were heard in tropical pile up garments with pearls of every hue and color. Finally man, who at first shunned it as matters of policy. Power was distributed a disagreeable spot in the sea, comes to it along recognized hierarchical lines and certain as an island paradise. AUDUBON SCREEN-TOUR democratic features prevailed. For example, OF GREAT SMOKIES a paramount hereditary chief could be over- April 13—Adirondacks: the Forgotten ruled by the lesser-ranking chiefs on any Frontier The Illinois Audubon Society will present given issue. Most issues were discussed Kenneth Richter the fourth of its current series of screen-tour interminably prior to the establishing of lectures at 2:30 p.m. on March policy or implementation of action. Famed for his documentary films made in Sunday, 10, in the James Simpson Theatre of the Mu- Palauan culture has changed much many parts of the world, Kenneth Richter seum. C. Harrison the but the it is in this film and lecture comes home to record Orians, university pro- through years, changes fessor and former ranger-naturalist in the undergoing at present are the most exten- the story of his "dream house." He shows National Park Service, will show his color- sive thus far. The are and tells the trials and tribulations of finding young people today film "Great Smoky Skyland" and narrate motivated less and less to learn the old and restoring a 130-year-old farmhouse his adventures in the southern highlands customs. The of the Western World "which has nothing to recommend it except ways including the Great Smokies and adjoining are more appealing. The elders deplore this spectacular views and a good roof." As wilderness areas. The region is noted for its fact. They shake their heads and remark shown on the screen, this is a lot funnier spectacular wildlife including myriad flowers among themselves that times are indeed not than it was as an actual experience, he and trees, extremely varied birds, and many what they used to be. comments. The locality is near Split Rock, Youngsters, they say, kinds of mammals. Also of interest are the do not show the proper for their traditional boundary between the two great respect old-stock mountain folk who inhabit the elders, do not listen to the stories of the old northeastern Indian tribes, the Algonquin region, living in a state of civilization that days, and do not care about learning the and the Iroquois, which later became the has and crafts of old. Patau has its own boundary between England and France in many primitive aspects, retaining practical native crafts of their ancestors. Admission variety of delinquency. the New World. It is an area of magnificent is free. Members of the Audubon Society Some people attend school in scenery with mountains, forest, wilderness young high and Members of the Museum are entitled to Guam and Truk. Here learn lakes, and pleasant valleys. The wildlife, they subjects two seats in the reserved section of the which are different from what both on the wing and afoot, is abundant. vastly they Theatre upon presentation of their mem- would have learned at home a generation cards. Some individuals are trained as April 20—Animals at Night in Color bership ago. medical or nurses. Howard Cleaves practitioners, dentists, Others go to school in Hawaii to study A for taking nocturnal motion technique NEW MEMBERS advanced education and agriculture. Those of unsuspecting wild creatures in pictures (January 16 to February 14) who stay at home are learning new ways was wilderness places originated by Howard also. free Contributors Today elections are held. All Cleaves about twenty years ago. Cleaves, are over 26 Albert L. Mrs. Claire S. Aren- who years of age may vote for his Arenberg, a pioneer in film-making, began career their berg, Dr. J. Ernest Carman, Dr. Ernest own representatives. There is a in 1913 under the tutelage of Thomas A. Lundelius Palauan legislature which meets twice a year Edison. The film on this program has been Non-Resident Life Member for one-week sessions. In these sessions in preparation for the past eight years. George C. Ruhle elected congressmen, magistrates, and chiefs Cleaves found his cast of characters in many deliberate, debate, and formulate resolutions — Associate Members places the Florida Everglades, the Okefen- when the American John Kenneth M. which, approved by okee in the Mattamuskeet M. Connery, Fiske, Swamp Georgia, administration, become law. Palauans staff S. L. Goodfriend, Stanley A. Kaplan, W. E. Wild Life Refuge in North Carolina, the Thomas, Kenneth R. Turney their own police force, they own the major Wild Life the Horicon Savannah Refuge, trading store in the islands on a share- the Montezuma Marsh Sustaining Member Marsh in Wisconsin, holding basis which pays dividends of 20 in central New and the Great Mrs. Raymond Fisher York, Smoky cents on the dollar per annum, and they Mountains of Tennessee. the hun- Annual Members Among teach in schools they support themselves by dreds of animals in their activi- R. G. E. Paul E. caught night Antal, Arnold, Baker, taxes they levy. The clock cannot be turned his are Edward J. Arthur W. ties by camera Virginia deer, gray Bennan, Bergman, back—the Palau of old is lost. Dr. B. Dr. H. fox, black bear, muskrat, skunk, various George Bradburn, George Brodie, Morris S. Bromberg, Daniel K. snakes, many birds, fishes, frogs, and crabs. Chinlund, Stephen G. Cohn, Mrs. R. Taylor Spring Visiting Hours Begin Drake, George E. Driscoll, Steven J. Dulla, April 27—Spanish Interlude hours from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. will William E. Dunlap, Donald Erickson, Visiting Gerald Hooper Maurice D. Galleher, William L. Gillespie, go into effect at the Museum from March 1 Bernard J. E. Houston an extension of one hour The Spain you might see as a tourist as Grenrood, Harsha, through April 30, Victor Hartman, G. Hillis, Clarence John- the 4 o'clock time observed well as much of the country that few tourists beyond closing son, Loyd C. Johnson, Joseph J. Keen, the winter months. would ever be likely to penetrate, are both during Steven Michael Klee, Amos K. Knorr, in Gerald color films and presented Hooper's Charles Kuhn, Louis J. Lewis, M. F. Mc- lecture. If have visited Spain, the films you Carty, Paul D. McCurry, Norman Mesirow, W. Sergeant, Budd Sills, H. Ellsworth are sure to revive cherished memories of D. K. Morrison, Robert N. Mullin, Mrs. Sommer, Stanley M. Sorensen, D. Squire, Madrid, Seville, Granada, and Barcelona- Robert Preble, Jr., Howard C. Prince, Paul G. Vetter, James Witherell, A. E. P. C. Zeller Valencia, Avila, Salamanca, and Cadiz. An George S. Sandler, William Scott, Roy Wood, Joseph Page 8 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN March, 1957

SANDERLINGS DEVOUR another incident. One fellow in a row of JOURNEYS TO 'CAVE MEN' FISHERMEN'S BAIT fishermen pulled up his line to rebait its SET FOR MARCH, APRIL two hooks. He took two minnows from his By AUSTIN L. RAND laid them his used one to Boys and girls won't need the conven- CHIEF CURATOR OF ZOOLOGY bucket, by side, tional helmet bait the first hook, and then reached for the (well, almost) space to travel that steal bait from thousands of back in time second. It was gone. A sanderling had years during fishermen on the pier March and April at the Museum. To set SANDERLINGS Michigan City taken it, but not knowing this, the man another bit of data us to the some time provide helping glared at his next-door neighbor suspecting mood, perhaps imaginary how one animal starts boots would be in order when understand depending him of theft. But saying nothing he took Museum for food. are No. 9—"A With the Cave on another The sanderlings another bait from his bucket. This hap- Journey Hunt that each Men"— is offered to time small whitish sandpipers migrate pened several times before the man learned youngsters any Lake and feed hours A.M. to 5 autumn along Michigan along what had really happened. during visiting (9 P.M.). the beaches on all sorts of tiny animals, After their travel instructions Here we have a small sandpiper that picking up including washed-up fish. The birds are at either the north or south entrances of the ordinarily picks up small fish along the shore often very tame. The fishermen, with pole can and that is very tame. As soon as a third Museum, youngsters visit, among or rod, are after perch, and bait their hooks of the Stone of element is added—man making suitable others, people Age 250,000 a cave small fish available—the bird enters into years ago, Neanderthal family, and mammoths and wild boars. The a social feeding association with him. In artists, cave man hunt is one of a series of Museum Michigan City this habit must be com- offered to all and paratively new, for the city has been estab- Journeys boys girls the success- lished only about a hundred years. throughout year. Youngsters fully completing four journeys receive Some other birds wait on man for fish and special awards designating them as Museum fish scraps—notably gulls that flock about Travelers; those fulfilling the requirements places where fish are being cleaned and of eight journeys can become Museum fulmars that swarm about the trawlers that Adventurers with a special seal added to dress their catch at sea. Sandpipers ordi- their awards. narily do not do this, but the Michigan City A "Expedition Cave Man" will be incidents show that they may. This is special offered to Brownie Girl Scout another example of the wonderful acuity of Scouts, (junior and Bluebirds, Campfire birds in taking advantage of any new aspect members) (junior in March and On Saturday of their environment in getting food. This Girls) April. any during the next two months, is probably how the regular bird-animal morning Brownies and Bluebirds from the Chicago association, such as anis and cattle egrets area can attend the Museum's regular spring Cartoon by Ruth Andtis following cows for the sake of the insects series of children's movies at 10:30 a.m. they scare up, arose. Chance-encountered in the James Simpson Theatre. After they with tiny minnows that they bring alive in benefits were capitalized on, later were have seen the can their buckets. When fishing is slow they sit for sought out, and finally became usual program they begin own members of the hours, watching their bobbers and occasion- associations. In two species of oxpeckers expedition planned by staff of the Foundation. Written ally rebaiting. Sometimes when they leave, of Africa, which eat ticks from the cattle, Raymond activities to the many dead minnows are thrown on the pier. the birds have become completely dependent suggestions for follow-up on the animals for their food. will be distributed. For some years I've been aware that large expedition sanderlings were often on the pier, along with the fishermen, but only recently did I realize that the sanderlings were actually GIFTS RECEIVED BY THE MUSEUM DURING THE PAST MONTH waiting about and watching the fishermen. of Following is a list of principal gifts re- Department Geology: One day last fall I saw a sanderling eat ceived during the past month: From: Prof. J. Ernest Carman, Columbus, a tiny minnow that was lying beside a Ohio—1,000 specimens of lower Devonian fisherman, and I sat down to watch. The of Department Botany: fishes, invertebrates, plants; Claire and fisherman, seeing my interest, reached in — From: Holly Reed Bennet, Chicago—462 Albert Arenberg, Highland Park, 111. an his bait bucket for a minnow and tossed it E. plant specimens, Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana; Oriental pearl necklace; Roy Sturtevant, a few feet toward the The bird sanderling. Joshua Daston, Chicago—3 type photo- Chicago—2 Autunites, Redman, Maine; at once ran up and ate it. Another time graphs of Micropunlia; Jack Doran, Barring- Elmer B. Rowley, Glens Falls, N.Y.—col- of Labora- three sanderlings edged past a fisherman to ton, 111.—a Sagittaria latifolia, Wisconsin; lection minerals; Ozark Biological — Hot National Ark.— get a dozen or so dead minnows lying near Chester Hansen, Chicago 3 plant speci- tories, Springs Park, — a of him. One ate five minnows in quick suc- mens; A. J. Hermann, Chicago 2 hand specimen Pyrite (nodular) but the samples of wood, India; Kendall Laughlin, cession, others, perhaps replete, only of Chicago—12 Crataegus and Quercus, Illinois, Department Zoology: picked at them. Then something happened Indiana, Missouri; Dr. Ursula Levi, Santi- From: William J. Gerhard, Chicago— that illustrates how the activities of one ago, Chile—12 plant specimens; Morton 2,000 reprints on true bugs; Robert Bate- bird can influence another. One sanderling Aboretum, Lisle, 111.—74 seed samples; man, Toronto—a mammal; Fraser Walsh, a minnow and ran with it. — picked up Harold Nogle, Port Arthur, Tex.—4 plant— Formosa 2 birdskins;— Dr. Daniel Cohen, Another at once gave chase. The first bird specimens; Orville A. Oaks, Wilmette, 111. Stanford, Calif. 4 fish specimens,— Spain; dropped the minnow, which the second ate. 24 woods of Finland; Peter K. Ogle, Paoli, A. E. Ellis, Epsom, England a collection —3 of freshwater This competition took place despite there Pa. plant specimens and a seed sample; European clams, Europe; Santa Rosa Junior Santa Field, Coconut Grove, Fla.—3 being plenty of other minnows lying on the College, Rosa, Henry Calif.—20 Viola, western North America; snakes; A. J. Franzen, Chicago—3 pocket pier. Dr. Earl E. Sherff, Hastings, Mich.—13 gophers; W. C. Freihofer, Stanford, Calif.— I was talking this over with Raymond plant specimens; Dr. John W. Thieret, 29 fish specimens; General Biological Supply Grow, of Gary, who regularly watches birds Homewood, 111. — 141 plant specimens, Ill- House, Chicago—microscopic slides of pro- along the lakefront, and he told me of inois, Indiana, Michigan tozoans

PRINTED BY CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM PRESS NATU RkJjUUGIin HISTORY Vh/.28 JVo.4 MUSEUM tdfrat saw Page 2 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN April, 1957

Chicago Natural History Museum their place in nature are at least touched THIS MONTH'S COVER- Founded by Marshall Field, 1893 upon, and many are developed at consider- formidable at first Roosevelt Road and Lake Shore Drive, Chicago 5 able length. The and, unidentifiable creature on Telephone: WAbash 2-9410 The broad range of subjects that relate glance, our cover is none other than a to birds and the complexity of present-day Murex one of the most THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES research are suggested by the 24 chapter triremis, spectacular marine shells. Lester Armour Henry P. Isham headings. The origin of birds and their Hughston M. McBain Sewell L. Avery in classification and nomen- Shells have been used for orna- Wu. McCormick Blair William H. Mitchell place nature, mentation all Walther Buchen John T. Pirie, Jr. clature, adaptations, body structure, and by nearly societies, Walter J. Cummings Clarence B. Randall and in have Joseph N. Field George A. Richardson other physical attributes of birds are many regions they Searle Marshall Field, Jr. John G. discussed in There- been collected as art objects. Field Solomon A. Smith preliminary chapters. Stanley beautiful and rare Samuel Insull, Jr. Louis Ware after, much of the book is devoted to Particularly John P. Wilson have been sold at principles of distribution, ecology, ter- specimens of more than and the OFFICERS ritoriality, social behavior, flight, migration, prices $1,000, President shell on our cover sold for be- Stanley Field song, courtship, and mating habits. Less Vice-President Hughston M. McBain First tween $25 and $50 at Walther Buchen Second Vtce-Prest'denf fundamental, but also of interest, are the European Third Vice-President Joseph N. Field sections on bird and shell-auctions in the early days Solomon A. Smith Treasurer protection techniques of the 19th Clifford C. Gregg Director and Secretary of field study. Four appendixes include century. As always, John R. Millar Assistant Secretary a useful list of references and an excellent the law of supply and demand was and as collectors glossary. The book is copiously illustrated effective, learned to find THE BULLETIN with line drawings, diagrams, maps, and how living speci- EDITOR charts. mens the price dropped until C. Director the Museum today a can be Clifford Gregg of Development of the various topics is good specimen for about $3. Most CONTRIBUTING EDITORS uneven, perhaps in keeping with the author's purchased shallow-water of shells Paul S. Martin Chief Curator of Anthropology stated purpose of emphasizing those of wide species Theodor Just Chief Curator of Botany are inexpensive, but deep-sea Sharat K. Roy Chief Curator of Geology interest. Degrees of contemporary interest Austin L. Rand Chief Curator of Zoology forms are still rare. At a recent are not necessarily correlated with degrees shell auction in Philadelphia, MANAGING EDITOR of importance, and one harbors the suspicion Counsel several shells more than H. B. Harte Public Relations that the author tends to be unduly pre- brought $100 apiece. News of a new shell ASSOCIATE EDITORS occupied with topics dear to himself, some- collection received at the Helen A. MacMinn Jane Rockwell times at the expense of others no less just Museum and other facts about important. Specialists, particularly, are shells await on page 3. likely to be disappointed in some sections you Members are requested to inform the Museum of book and will detect errors both of promptly of changes of address. the omission and of commission. These are not easily recognized by the general reader and call for rigorous editing in the future. Fossil Hunters to Resume Books Greater selectivity in the suggested-reading sections that follow each chapter also would Project in Indiana have diminished the more conspicuous Field trips of the past several years to HISTORY OF BIRDS: defects of this book. NATURAL quarries in west-central Indiana for the A Guide to Leonard its Ornithology. By Nevertheless, despite shortcomings, Mecca (Indiana) paleontological research W. Wing. 539 pages, including numerous Natural Birds adds to a History of up very project were resumed in March by Dr. black-and-white illustrations. The Ronald creditable achievement in its field if one Rainer Zangerl, Curator of Fossil Reptiles, Press Co., New York. $6.75. accepts the view that no single book can be and Dr. Eugene S. Richardson, Jr., Curator all things to all people. Dr. Wing has Natural History of Birds follows by only of Fossil Invertebrates. Further exploratory succeeded in synthesizing an impressive one year the publication of George W. work will be undertaken in April and later array of information otherwise largely scat- Wallace's excellent Introduction to Orni- in the spring. Through the Mecca project tered through the literature. His book will thology. Each endeavors, with varying the scientists began reconstruction of the be invaluable to students of birds and general degrees of success, to summarize our present story of creatures that lived some 240- biologists who lack a well-rounded research knowledge of the biology of birds and to million years ago when a shallow sea spread library. the more active areas of current explore Emmet R. Blake over this part of Indiana. The new studies investigation. Emphasizing fundamental are for the of the conditions Curator of Birds purpose tracing —the why, and not merely the principles that prevailed in regions to the north and what and the how—both are a welcome south of the previously explored quarry from relief from the spate of "field guides," Expedition to Study which more than 62,000 fossils and fossil popular regional-works, and other relatively Active Volcanoes fragments were disinterred. superficial bird books that have appeared with almost wearisome regularity in recent Dr. Sharat K. Roy, Chief Curator of left in March on an to years. Geology, expedition Daily Guide-Lectures Wing's book, in the words of the author, study volcanoes in Guatemala, El Salvador, Free tours are offered was written for people interested in birds Costa Rica, and Nicaragua, a continuation guide-lecture daily under the title wherever found and was planned as a general of a series of expeditions conducted by except Sundays "Highlights of the Exhibits." These tours are reference and as a bird book to accompany Dr. Roy for several years. He will study designed of the a field book or field guide. The implication in particular two active volcanoes that have to give a general idea entire Museum of comprehensiveness within certain broad renewed their eruptive activity in the past and its scope of activities. They begin at limits is largely justified. All major as well month, Fuego in Guatemala and Izalco in 2 p.m. on Monday through Friday and at as many minor topics relating to birds and El Salvador. 2:30 p.m. on Saturday. April, 1957 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page S UNUSUAL PACIFIC SHELLS ADDED TO MUSEUM COLLECTIONS BY ALAN SOLEM a brown background. It is one of the poison- recreations available were swimming in the ASSISTANT CURATOR, LOWER INVERTEBRATES cone shells. Species of the genus Conus are lagoons, picking up shells on the beach, or has obtained a col- MUSEUM just equipped with long, barbed teeth and some actually hunting the living mollusk on the of shells and THElection made by Captain are known to have poison glands associated coral reefs. Attracted by the brilliant Mrs. when were Rudolph Rogers they with the teeth. The teeth are used like coloration and fantastic shapes, the GI's stationed in the Islands south of Ryukyu a lance and the poison injected into the open spent many hours looking for shells and and Mrs. were Japan. Captain Rogers wound. The nature of the poison is un- gathered quite extensive collections of the moved to and as subsequently Chicago, they known, but several human deaths have been common shallow-water species. are now transferred again they did not being caused by the sting of the poison-cone The natives of the islands soon learned wish to pack and carry their collection with shells. No American Conus is known to be that "GI Joe" had a lot of money and would them. The 1,000 specimens, many of them but some of the Florida poisonous, larger pay high prices for even the most common carefully cleaned and selected for their per- a and species may possess poison apparatus species. The resulting "economic exploita- fect condition, represent about 350 species. should be handled with extreme care. tion" of servicemen more than compensated Though many of the species were previously all of the Nearly specimens long-spined for the exploitation of the natives by the in Chicago Natural History Museum, the Murex triremis (Murex Perry, formerly shrewd Yankee traders of the 19th century. Rogers' specimens are exceptionally large, known as Murex have tenuispina Lamarck) The enormous monetary profits of the well or the for the but one received in this preserved, only examples spines broken, natives delayed the re-establishment of which we have data. collection is an almost perfect specimen. coconut plantations after the war because the natives had retired on their earnings from selling souvenirs to the Americans. Many shell collections brought back to the United States represent an investment of many hours in beachcombing and several hundred dollars in cash. Unfortu- nately, most of the specimens have little market value. Cowry shells that cost the soldier $1 to $3 each can be bought from wholesale shell-dealers for 50 cents a dozen. A very few shells are valuable, but the great majority have little or no commercial importance. Now, ten years after the end of World War II, many such shell collections are gathering dust in attics and basements and are of no further interest to their owners. Occasionally someone tries to sell one of these collections to the Museum for the same amount that he paid for it during the war, or more. Correspondence with shell dealers soon convinces him of the very small commercial value of shells. We then try to emphasize the scientific value of the material. Only since 1938 has this Museum BIZARRE SHELLS-RARE AND had an active Division of Lower Inverte- row, left to arc the and the amateur collectors because Top right, Argus Cowry Map Cowry, highly prized by brates. Under the curatorship of Dr. Fritz of their rarity, and the Court Cone, a deadly poisonous shell. At bottom left is the scorpion shell, a coral-reef Haas, nearly 700,000 shells and many other dweller, and the long-spined Murex, an enlarged version of which is on our cover. invertebrates have been obtained through field trips, purchases of specimens, and A few of the shells notable for their rarity The animal lives in shallow waters and the generous gifts from individuals. Compared or their bizarre shapes are shown in the spines probably serve as protection against with other mollusk accompanying illustration. The Map carnivorous enemies. leading collections, mostly started in the 1800's, ours is still Cowry (Cypraea mappa Linnaeus) ranges The Scorpion Shell (Pterocera scorpio relatively small and very few accessions fail from South Africa to Japan. The top of Linnaeus) is one of the most unusual coral- to contribute previously unrepresented the shell is mottled with brown markings reef dwellers. The young shells are quite species. which are said to resemble a map. The base different in appearance, since the long spines Scientific of animals demands not of the shell is either white or pink. The do not develop until the adult stage. The study one of a but Argus Cowry (Cypraea argus Linnaeus) nearest relatives of the scorpion shells are just specimen species many from localities. Shells of takes its name from the numerous brown the conches, members of the genus Strombus, examples many one in circles on the top of the shell. Argus was and the main ingredient of West Indian species may vary greatly size, color, at the same and different the figure in Greek mythology who had conch chowder. All these shells represent and shape place, forms of the same be found in 100 eyes. Both the Map and Argus cowries either the first or second specimen that species may the In order are highly prized by amateur collectors. Chicago Natural History Museum has from Africa, Solomons, and Japan. to we need several Although many obtain specimens, indivi- a precise locality. study variation, speci- mens from each of several different localities. dual shalls of either species with exact During World War II many American of the most locality data are exceedingly rare. servicemen found themselves on a coral The specimens even common The Court Cone (Conus aulicus Linnaeus) atoll in the middle of the Pacific Ocean with species, if accompanied by exact locality has a color pattern of white triangles on nothing to do "a'tall." Among the few (Continued on page 7, column 3) Page i CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN April, 1957 PARASITIC WITCHWEEDS THREATEN SOUTHERN CROPS By JOHN W. THIERET they were introduced, what species they this, the percentage of germination increases CURATOR OF ECONOMIC BOTANY represent, and how widely distributed they rapidly. Witchweed seeds seem to be able Carolina DOCTORS at North are in this country are questions not yet to retain viability in the soil for at least were last PLANTState College perplexed fully answered. A survey at the end of last 10 years. of summer while examining specimens year's growing season revealed what may be Seeds in soil not close to a host root do no evidence of stunted corn. They could find only a small part of the infestation: witch- not germinate, and neither will those ex- nematodes or fungi to account for the con- weeds were found on 112 farms in south- posed in the laboratory to favorable con- dition. However, a graduate student from eastern North Carolina and adjacent South ditions of moisture and temperature alone. the corn India noticed, among roots, por- Carolina. If, in addition to these conditions, the seeds stem-like tions of fleshy, white and purplish, are on or very close to a host root, they will KINDS AND DISTRIBUTION structures with small scale-like leaves. start to grow. Such contact or proximity, There are some 50 species in the genus however, is not necessary because experi- Striga, but only about 10 are of significance ments have shown that Striga seeds will as depredators of crops. The most wide- germinate when moistened with water in ranging of these is Striga asiatica, the mealie which the roots of certain plants—usually witchweed, that occurs over much of hosts—have been growing. This suggests tropical Africa and Asia where it is parasitic that germination is activated by a soluble upon numerous kinds of plants, mostly substance exuded from the root and ab- grasses, including some of the most im- sorbed by the seed. Experimental work portant crops such as sugar-cane, rice, corn, has fully confirmed this. various millets, and sorghum. Striga PARASITE ENTERS hermonthica is found mainly on the southern fringe of the Sahara, but it extends as far When germination takes place, the south as Tanganyika and attacks the same emerging rootlet grows toward the nearest grain crops as the mealie witchweed. Until host root. As soon as contact is made, the recently, the tobacco witchweed (S. gesneri- tip of the witchweed rootlet swells into oides) has not been considered of economic a bell-shaped structure that tends to clasp importance, but during the past 20 years the host root. Penetration by the parasite, this plant, found throughout most of Africa, aided by a substance that dissolves the cell the Cape Verde Islands, Arabia, and India, walls of the host tissue, is rapid and ends has become a serious pest on tobacco in in the establishment of a complete con- Rhodesia. Besides the mealie witchweed, nection between the food- and water-carry- India has two other species (S. densiflora ing systems of host and witchweed. and S. euphrasioides) that number sugar- Witchweed seedlings generally attack cane among their hosts. In Mauritius, only the young, rapidly developing roots of sugar-cane is damaged considerably by the host. On older roots they are seldom Photo by H. R. Ga: S. hirsuta, while in Queensland this im- found, and there they usually exhibit weak, WITCHWEEDS ATTACK CORN portant crop is attacked by more than one abnormal development. The only limit to Parasitic witchweeds at base of corn stalk in close species of witchweed. the number of seedlings that can attach association with roots of corn. themselves to the host seems to be that of LIFE HISTORY space available on the root. In an extreme These looked, he said, very much like under- Striga asiatica and S. hermonthica are the case 22 witchweed seedlings were observed ground parts of the parasitic witchweeds, two witchweeds that have been studied on J4 i ncn of corn root. species of Striga, found in many of the most thoroughly. The following remarks Not until four to six weeks after germina- warmer parts of the Old World. That this on life history concern this pair but may tion do witchweed shoots appear above the observation was indeed correct was demon- also be applied at least in major part to soil. During this time, however, the para- strated by further investigation. In a other economically important members of site has been developing branch roots that number of corn fields, an inconspicuous Striga. also are attracted to and penetrate roots of "different" plant bearing small pink flowers Witchweed seeds—about 1/800 of an the host. The young witchweed stem was found in places where corn was stunted. inch long—are produced in great numbers meanwhile grows slowly and becomes In areas of these same fields where the in capsules that ripen from the base of the greatly thickened—in comparison with the stranger was absent, corn was normal. stem upwards. Each capsule contains up to aerial shoots that will arise from it—and Study of the root systems of affected corn about 900 seeds. As a single plant is heavily stocked with food reserves in readi- plants showed that the white roots of the capable of producing some 50,000 seeds, it ness for emergence and flowering. During stranger were attached in many places to is easy to imagine the staggering number this underground period, the parasite is those of the corn. There could be no doubt developed in a field where flowering witch- entirely dependent upon the host for that the sickly appearance of the crop was weeds are so thick as to give the appearance nutritional and food reserve requirements. caused by attack of parasitic witchweeds of of a red carpet! The capsules open at It is in this time of total parasitism that the genus Striga (snapdragon family). maturity, and the seeds, spread by wind or greatest damage is done to the host. first witchweed shoots In North Carolina, then, for the first time water, eventually get buried in dust or crop Finally the appear the in the Western Hemisphere, these pests debris. Like the seeds of many other para- above ground. Up to this time parasite made their appearance.* How and when sites, they exhibit the phenomenon of has been a dirty white, but now the emergent delayed maturation; that is, for the most portions turn green. From this point on, part they are not ready to germinate im- the witchweed is only a so-called water * Members of a related of both Old genus Alectra, after but need a one that is able to manufacture and New World tropics, are sometimes called witch- mediately ripening resting parasite, weeds. Some African representatives are parasitic on period of variable duration. Few germinate through photosynthesis its own foods but is legumes, and A. brasiliensis attacks sugar-cane in tropical America. during the first year after shedding. After dependent upon the host for water and raw April, 1957 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 5

materials. Roots of witchweeds lack root neglect a small outbreak of witchweeds. By Trapping, therefore, to be really effective, is hairs, those structures through which, in the time the patch has grown large enough usually at the expense of at least one self-supporting plants, water and mineral to give concern, weeding has become a major yielding crop and is, as has been remarked, salts are taken in from the soil. operation. "only for the enlightened farmer with A fortnight after emergence, the witch- Control of witchweeds by means of capital able to leave land unproductive for weed begins to flower. About a month "trap-cropping" is based upon two con- a considerable time, and who does not have first have to raise a later, the seed-pods ripened and siderations. First, in order to destroy crop every year or starve." begun to shed their contents. The witch- Plants used as trap-crops for mealie witch- weed life-span is about three to four months; weed include corn, teff, and, most often when all seed is mature or when the host recommended, Sudan grass. Cowpeas, crop is harvested, the parasite dies. Witch- pigeon peas, and velvet beans can be used weeds are strictly annual plants; that is, to trap tobacco witchweed. they depend upon seed to carry them from CLEANING CROPS one growing season to the next. In spite of the fact that certain species of EFFECT ON THE HOST plants excrete from their roots the "factor" The results of parasitism by witchweeds that induces the germination of witchweed can be serious indeed. Corn, sorghum, seeds, these plants either are not attacked sugar-cane, and other plants attacked are by the parasites or act only as quite un- stunted, often yellowish, and show signs of satisfactory hosts, supplying not even wilting even when there is ample water in enough nourishment to bring the witchweeds the soil. The sickly appearance is due to to maturity. These "cleaning crops," as the fact that the parasite robs the host of they are called, are able to clean the soil of food and water. Since as many as 500 witchweed by causing germination of the witchweeds may be attached to the root seed and then, by not serving as satisfactory system of a single corn plant, we can under- hosts, effectively preventing replacement of stand why the host looks anything but the seed. In the case of Striga hermonthica, healthy and why it may not yield at all. cleaning crops include peanuts, cowpeas, There is evidence, also, that the parasite and hyacinth beans. The Striga plants that may have a toxic effect on its host. develop on the roots of these species are In sugar-cane fields, areas of witchweed small, manifestly ill-nourished, and grow infestation are often more or less circular in only about ]4 of an inch above ground. shape, with a diameter of several yards. The parasitism, though not highly successful Damage, that varies according to the in- in its effect on the witchweeds, causes tensity of attack, may be almost imper- a reduction in yield of the cleaning crops. Phoio by K. Wilson Jones ceptible or may result in death of many Sunn hemp and alfalfa are able to cause canes. Rice, though most often grown SUDAN WITCHWEEDS germination of Striga hermonthica seeds under swamp conditions where witchweeds Witchweeds in a field of bulrush millet, showing though these species seem not to be para- extreme of the host cannot survive, is sometimes raised as stunting plant. sitized at all. In Portuguese East Africa, a rain-watered crop on slopes of hills as in the extension of cotton cultivation is being the Malabar coast of Madras. Here it is Striga seeds it is necessary to cause them to urged because cotton has been found to be a common sight to see, in rice fields, many germinate, and, second, witchweeds are an effective cleaning crop against Striga patches with few or no plants surviving or unable to survive after the death of their asiatica by which it is not parasitized. with sickly plants that contribute practi- host. Trap-cropping, extensively practiced GERMINATION-FACTOR cally nothing to the yield. In drought years, in southern Africa, involves sowing of seeds entire fields of sorghum may be destroyed of a suitable host crop on S(n'(/a-infested Very probably the best hope in the battle by witchweeds. In other years, if the entire land. The host is allowed to grow about against witchweeds lies in the cheap syn- crop is not ruined, its yield may be con- six weeks. During this time many witch- thesis of the "germination-factor." This siderably affected in quantity and quality. weed seedlings have begun their develop- stimulant has been isolated, and its bio- Similar devastation by witchweeds could be ment. At the end of the sixth week, the chemical nature has been investigated. described for their other cultivated hosts. host is plowed in, as a green manure, to kill Perhaps one day its synthesis will be possible We in the New World can see such devasta- both it and the parasite. Then a crop can and not prohibitive in cost. Then witch- tion in fields in the Carolinas where corn is be sown in time to produce a yield. This weed control will be achieved by the ap- greatly retarded or killed by the alien crop, the yield of which will be reduced plication of the stimulant to the land before predators. In some Old World areas, because of late sowing, should be much a crop is sown. Witchweed seeds would witchweeds are considered the most ruinous freer of Striga. One trap-crop cannot be then germinate and, of course, die in the pests of corn. expected to do a complete job because (1) absence of any host roots. A number of methods are used to eliminate seeds of some witchweeds require the vari- With indifferent success several chemical witchweeds from infested areas. The most able "after-ripening" period and (2) the sprays—including copper sulphate, sodium primitive cultural-control—an elegant term roots of one trap cannot reach and stimulate chlorate, and sulphuric acid—have been for weeding—is quite effective if carried out germination of all witchweed seeds in the used in attempts to destroy witchweeds. diligently in the initial stages of infestation soil. Naturally, then, the percentage of Some of these effectively kill emergent but is not practicable on a large scale witchweeds eradicated would be much portions of the parasite, while others score because of the work involved. Shoots can greater if two traps were grown in quick a double hit, killing both parasite and host. come up any time over a two- or even three- succession and if both were plowed under With the advent of hormone-type herbi- month period of the growing season, and so at the end of six weeks. Better yet are two cides, the prospects for spraying-control of weeding must continue all this time to years of double trap-cropping—the growing witchweeds have improved. Experimental insure that no seed is developed. Un- of four traps during two seasons—that can work with these herbicides has been more

fortunately, a farmer will all too often almost completely eliminate the parasite. (Continued on page 8, column 1 ) 1957 Page 6 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN April, — 'Easily Tamed—Harmless' the upper front covering of the body the carapace—loosened and lifted. Then the WANT A PET? TRY skin split down the sides of the abdomen. A TARANTULA! Finally the legs were slowly pulled out, a joint at a time, and as the third joint came By LILLIAN A. ROSS out she turned back on her side, lying thus ASSOCIATE, INSECTS until the skin has been completely shed HIGH on the list of STAND including the lining of her stomach and feared man and SPIDERScreatures by among esophagus. The covering of the fangs also them none are considered more frightful was shed. She rolled and stretched for so-called tarantulas. are the than the They some time after that, finally turning over on some at- "giants" among spiders, species her back, where she lay for four hours, until Tarantulas taining a length of 3M inches. the new covering had hardened. All the and that are armed with long powerful fangs hairs and spines of the body-covering were with which can kill eject venom they shed with the old skin, but a complete set lizards and even small frogs and birds, appeared on the new cuticle. whence comes the name "bird-spiders." Tarantulas do not eat for several days a Brazilian fe- Dr. Willis Gertsch reports before and after they molt, and they refuse male that measured 9}4 inches (with legs to eat in cold weather. In their natural and almost 3 ounces. extended) weighed habitat, they remain in their burrows, which North American tarantulas are much Our they sometimes cover. If Hortense is left less than an ounce smaller, usually weighing in her cage in a cold place she refuses food, and about 2 inches in length. measuring HORTENSE SITS FOR HER PORTRAIT but if she is placed in a warm room she will They are found in this country only in the tarantula seldom Writer Lillian Ross has had tarantula as a "pet" for eat readily. The female southwestern states between the Mississippi eight years. These spiders are known to live as long emerges from her burrow or dwelling-place and south of as This one came from Arkansas. River and the Pacific Coast, thirty years. under a rock except in search of food, for the line from the Missouri border a extending shelter gives her warmth and protection California. Their of life to central length with the amount of food the animal con- from her numerous enemies. The male, too, of other for greatly exceeds that spiders, sumes and its consequent growth. The remains secluded until he reaches maturity, have been in as specimens kept captivity spiders found in our Chicago area do not when he may be seen roaming around the as 30 are crea- long years. They lethargic molt after they reach maturity, but the countryside in search of a mate. The male in of tures, seldom moving except quest tarantulas, whose life span is much longer, dies soon after mating, but the female adult food. Their venom is not to man dangerous shed the cuticle about once a year through- often lives for many years. She builds her bad In in spite of their very reputation. out their lives. The length of time con- cocoon deep in the burrow, or beneath the are tamed and make fine fact, they easily sumed in the molt varies considerably. rock; first she weaves a silken sheet on which and harmless utterly pets! They do not eat for several days before the she lays her eggs; then she covers them with A female tarantula from northern Texas event and are even more sluggish than usual. another sheet and fastens the edges together. was given to me by the Lincoln Park Zoo Hortense molted last April, beginning at The number of eggs in a cocoon averages about eight years ago. She has been named eight o'clock in the evening and finishing the about 800. The young spiderlings emerge Hortense by one of my friends. She will sit process at 3:30 the next morning. She lay in about six weeks and remain for some time placidly on my hand, occasionally moving on her side in the sand for about two hours in the burrow. Then each one hunts or digs a leg to adjust herself more comfortably. after which she turned so that her back was a tiny burrow for itself in which it remains She likes cockroaches for dinner, although uppermost and remained motionless in that until it reaches maturity—a period of ten she will eat a bit of chopped-up beefsteak position for some time. Her legs then began years. or a meal-worm if nothing better is at hand. to move sidewise, from front to back, and Few of the young reach maturity, for She pounces on a cockroach with lightning their enemies are many. They are often speed, lifting herself on her back three pairs parasitized by flies which develop as maggots of legs and bringing her front pair of legs and emerge in the spring leaving the taran- and her fangs upward. Then she lunges tulas dead. Rodents, too, often dig into the forward and down, inserting both fangs in burrow in search of food, and birds, lizards, her victim. The action is so rapid that the and snakes commonly feed on the young as muscle movements can scarcely be followed. they emerge from the mother's care in search One fang is usually inserted on the under- of a home for themselves. side of the cockroach where the skin is soft DEADLY ENEMY and the other is thrust in the suture just behind the head. Then the venom is The most spectacular enemies of these— ejected. Hortense stands quietly until the spiders are the so-called— tarantula-hawks poison has taken effect, and then the meal the Pepsis wasps huge, iridescent-blue begins. Spiders cannot chew food; they creatures that lay their eggs only in the crush it and then reduce it to a viscous state bodies of tarantulas. The wasp hovers over by pouring over it a glandular fluid, after the spider, which raises itself for combat. which they ingest it by means of a sucking Then the wasp inserts its sting on the under- stomach, which expands and draws in the side of the spider's body. The spider food. A tarantula consumes a cockroach struggles violently and the wasp stings it in about an hour, leaving only a small mass NEW WARDROBE again on the under-side. Soon the tarantula of hard material. Hortense stops occasion- Tarantula molts periodically, shedding entire skin is paralyzed but it does not die. It is hauled in one Discarded skin is here shown in back- ally to rest during the meal. piece. to a hole in the ground and a single egg is period varies according to climatic ground. Molting the hole is sealed off their skin as laid on its abdomen. Then All spiders slough they and dietary conditions, but normally averages once food for the in ten to twelve months. and the spider is left to provide outgrow it, the number of molts varying April, 1957 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 7 larva of the wasp. The helpless creature LECTURES ON SATURDAYS PACIFIC SHELLS- may live for months, unable to move. CONTINUE IN APRIL (Continued from page 3) Several factors are probably responsible for the tarantula's inability to defend itself The spring series of free illustrated lec- data, can provide data for research on against this enemy which is so much smaller tures for adults on science and travel will geographic variation. than itself. One is its poor eyesight, for its continue on Saturday afternoons during Many authorities believe that specimens tiny cluster of eight eyes can do little more April. The lectures, which are provided by from a minimum of seventy-five scattered than discern the difference between daylight the Edward E. Ayer Lecture Foundation localities are needed to study adequately and darkness. Another is the position of its Fund, are given in the James Simpson the distribution and variation of marine — defense— p.m. fangs its only weapon of which Theatre of the Museum at 2:30 No shells. Since more than 45,000 species of lie parallel with the long axis of the body. tickets are required for admission. A section marine shells have been described, even the In order to strike at an enemy it must raise of the Theatre is reserved for Members of largest collections can use additional material the Museum, each of whom is entitled to with good locality data. One of the best for reserved two reserved seats. Tickets ways for museums to obtain shells is to gain seats may be obtained by Members at the the co-operation of people such as Captain Theatre on the day of the lecture by pre- and Mrs. Rogers, who, after receiving much will senting their membership cards. Seats personal pleasure from their collection, be held for Members until 2:25 o'clock, when allow it to be permanently housed in a mu- the reserved section is opened to the general seum and utilized for scientific studies. public. Following are the dates, subjects, and speakers: MOVIES FOR CHILDREN ON APRIL SATURDAYS April 6—Birth of a Mangrove Isle Four more programs of free motion- Henry W. Briggs pictures for children will be presented on Saturday mornings during April in the April 13—Adirondacks: The Forgotten James Theatre of Frontier Simpson the Museum. The programs begin at 10:30 a.m. Kenneth Richter Children are invited to come either in- dividually, accompanied by adults, or in April 20—Animals at Night in Color groups from schools, clubs, and other Howard Cleaves centers. They do not need tickets. The programs are the spring offering of the April 27—Spanish Interlude James Nelson and Anna Louise Raymond Gerald Hooper Foundation.

Following is the schedule:

AUDUBON SCREEN-TOUR April 6—Dumbo OF JERSEY BEAUTY (Walt Disney's story of a baby circus- elephant) If you regard New Jersey simply as 13—Families of the a place you travel through speedily on your April Far East way between New York and somewhere Also a cartoon see its Cartoon Marion Paht else and if you nothing beyond by 20—Animals at in Color industrialization, you should hear George April Night Regensburg, who will present his screen-tour (Narration by Howard Cleaves) its body on its back legs and strike forward in color, "Little-Known New Jersey," in the and down. But in that instant the wasp Tales Theatre on April 27—Fairy beneath the tarantula and James Simpson Sunday, April slips upraised Also a cartoon 28, at 2:30 p.m. inserts its sting. takes his audience far beyond During a recent visit to Cuba, I collected Regensburg the densely populated urban areas of the large numbers of tarantulas, aided and GIFTS TO THE MUSEUM state to see beautiful country regions, en- supervised by some young Cuban boys who and historical places dating Following is a list of the principal gifts knew well the ways of the local fauna. They trancing wildlife, back to the American Revolution. He will received during the past month: would tie bits of finely cut beefsteak on the show you rare orchids, ocean beaches, of end of a string and lower it into one of the Department Anthropology: streams and lakes, meadows and dunes. — burrows in the dry and sandy soil. Up From: Lewis Long, Harrison, Ark. who was born in New Jersey, 2 boxes of Dr. Mat- would come the tarantula, clinging tightly Regensburg, potsherds, Afghanistan; has assiduously devoted himself to nature thew Taubenhaus, Chicago—photos of rub- to its prize and refusing to relinquish its there ever since the age of seven. bings of 5 of the 6 Chargers of T'ang T'ai- I turned it over in hand. study hold even when my China When not lecturing or making his films, he Tsung, I should add that even there, where taran- he teaches at Trenton. of tulas are so common, they have a very bad Department Botany: — This is the lecture in the 1956-57 From: Richard W. Russow, Chicago reputation, and when I handled them so closing of wood series the Illinois Audubon handsample lignum-vitae freely the boys were horrified. But they presented by Admission is free. Members of of also found it amusing, because one morning Society. Department Geology: and Members — I found a tarantula in a harness of yarn the Illinois Audubon Society From: Miss Frances Glover, Chicago of the Museum are entitled to two seats in dust, Burma; Byron C. Marshall, Hot carefully tied to my doorknob, while several ruby — of the corner the reserved section of the Theatre upon Springs National Park, Ark. aggregate pairs of brown eyes peered around of their cards. quartz crystals to see my reaction! presentation membership Page 8 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN April, 1957

WITCHWEEDS- note that a particular sorghum strain may be resistant to one species of witchweed STAFF NOTES (Continued from page 5) and not to another closely related species. two courses. The used in — versi- or less along first, Some species of sorghum Sorghum Dr. Clifford C. Gregg, Director of the has resulted in control of for —are unaffected Rhodesia, good color, example quite by Museum, recently made a guest appearance asialica on corn. aerial growth of Striga witchweeds. These, in spite of hybridization on "Adventure Time" over television station The hormone weed-killer—sold commerci- difficulties to be im- involved, may prove WBKB, local affiliate of the ABC network under the name of ally in Rhodesia "Striga- portant in the breeding of resistant varieties Dr. Paul S. Martin, Chief Curator tox"—is as the first witchweed of applied just grain sorghum. of Anthropology, presented a paper at the flowers in a These use of a natural of a or appear given plot. The enemy plant Conference on Archaeological Identification flowers are and flower formation animal to effect control of the is destroyed, pest pest and the Cooperation of Specialists in Related the shoots is inhibited. Three known as control. That witch- by sprayed biological Disciplines, sponsored by the National Re- a second takes care of be combated this means has weeks later, spraying weeds can by search Council. Dr. Donald Collier, Cu- that have from the further shoots emerged been suggested by some students of the rator of South American Archaeology and soil and commenced to flower. A third In the larval of problem. India, stages Ethnology, and George I. Quimby, Curator about four weeks after the observed to feed spraying, second, certain insects have been of North American Archaeology and Eth- the devastation of the of Grubs of a leaf completes parasites. upon species Striga. nology, also attended the meeting held in of this of lies in The efficacy type spraying beetle seemed especially promising because, March at the University of Chicago. Cu- formation of seed. The main in their attack on preventing Striga asiatica, they spared rator Quimby recently made a study-trip to drawback of such control measures aimed of the "no parts it, including stem, leaves, the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor in at destruction of the of the emergent parts and the pods." connection with the Great Lakes project is that much has been done parasite damage Early detection of witchweeds in a newly Roland W. Force, Curator of Oceanic to the host even before the witchweeds invaded such as the is area, Carolinas, very Archaeology and Ethnology, also visited above the soil. because control measures can be appear important that university, where he inspected the The second of control method using aimed at a few type more easily and successfully Guthe collection of Philippine archaeological hormone weedkiller was developed in the isolated outbreaks than at a weed of general materials .... Phillip H. Lewis, Assistant Sudan and is aimed at the in what distribution. to the foothold parasite With regard Curator of Primitive Art, and Curator Force are its most vulnerable stages, in the New let presumably now gained by Striga World, attended a program at Northwestern Uni- that is, not before it appears above the us that state and federal authorities only hope versity commemorating the formation of the also before it is able to inflict much it soil but cast publicity upon the weed and what can new state of Ghana in Africa .... Dr. Karl on the host. In the local damage experimental do, and that they and agriculturists P. Schmidt, Curator Emeritus of Zoology, hormone weed-killer was to eliminate or at least to work, applied make every effort attended meetings of the Committee for to the soil after sowing the of this most directly shortly prevent spread potentially Bio-Systematics of the National Science a —two weeks afterward to be crop appears troublesome foreigner. Foundation in Washington, D.C., last time. This method seems to the optimum month. Dr. Schmidt also spoke before three effects: the immediate have (1) killing members of the Illinois Committee of the and 'Flower Portraits' Show of young, just-germinated just-attached Association of Commerce and On Exhibit in Chicago a of unknown April Striga seedlings; (2) period Industry on "Keys to Three Kingdoms," duration which residues in the "Flower Portraits," a collection of water- during spray an evaluation of the organization and prob- soil either kill the seeds or colors Miss Ethelynde Smith of Altadena, germinating by lems of natural-history museums .... Mrs. inhibit their and will be an especially appropriate germination; (3) damage California, Else Burmeister, Librarian of the Mil- to which were exhibit to usher in the spring season. The well-grown Striga seedlings waukee Public Museum, recently visited attached before took and which on at the spraying place paintings, go display the Museum where she discussed general in spite of treatment, may survive to Museum on April 5, will be on exhibition which, library matters with Mrs. Meta P. Howell, fruits. It has been 28. form flowers and sug- through April Museum Librarian. gested that a combination of the two Miss Smith, whose widely acclaimed hormone weed-killer methods—one aimed watercolors of California flowers were ex- at emergent shoots as they begin to flower, hibited at the Museum in March, 1949, will Annual Members at the Museum this the other at the young seedlings and germi- be represented year Harold W. Alenduff, Clifford Bolgard, nating seeds—might "give, for the first with an entirely different selection of George V. Campbell, Julien Collins, Walter time, a method of eradication of Striga paintings. Last month her flowers in R. Daggett, Carl Devoe, Kent W. Duncan, B. which would pay for itself each year as it watercolor were on exhibition at the William H. Fehrs, Dr. Albert Gerbie, Robert J. James Grosboll, progressed." Rochester Museum of Arts and Sciences in Greenebaum, Laurin H. Healy, Anders E. Hjerstedt, The breeding of varieties of crop plants Rochester, New York. The artist's work John K. Howard, J. W. Hummel, George resistant to attack by witchweeds is an has been shown extensively in museums and Isaacs, John M. Maxwell, Frank D. Mc- obvious not and rapidly at- galleries on the east and west coasts. though easily Cally, Raymond K. Merrill, D. Daniel to be exhibited include such well- tained solution to the problem posed by Paintings Michel, Raymond E. Miller, Benjamin F. the parasites. Rice growers in Sumatra known flowering plants as tulips, peonies, Morrison, Carroll Dean Murphy, Jr., believe some rice varieties are more resistant rhododendrons, and lilies as well as lesser- Henry Perlman, Jack A. Quigley, M. R. than others. Breeding work has been done known plants. Reitman, Richard Revnes, Harper Richards, K. Milton D. with maize and sorghum, although in the Douglas Ridley, Royer, Louis E. Andrew Sage, V. R. Savin, former no resistant strains have so far been Rudin, NEW MEMBERS Dr. Nathan Schlessinger, Leon N. Skan, or In on the found developed. sorghum, P. Ernst (February 15 to March 15) Mrs. Mike Tarantino, M. Venema, the is different. Here other hand, story Dieter Von Meerwall-Srutek, A. T. Wenner, among the numerous strains exists great Associate Members Mrs. Gibson Winter Koleh- variation in degree of susceptibility. Some, Herbert S. Greenwald, Waino M. A. Miner such as variety "Radar" bred in South mainen, Wesley can be Africa, are highly resistant, though not Sustaining Members An exhibit of boas and pythons Hall. completely immune. It is interesting to Gilbert R. Calkins, William B. Smeeth seen in Albert W. Harris

PRINTED BY CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM PRESS CHICAGO NATURALffuuetin HISTORY To/. 28 JVo. 5 MUSEUM 4957 /

Smtxasr- '*&»" Page 2 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN May, 1957

Sometimes this method is THIS MONTH'S Chicago Natural History Museum chronos, time). COVER- Founded by Marshall Field, 1893 called lexicostatistic dating (from lexical, to the The on this Roosevelt Road and Lake Shore Drive, Chicago 5 pertaining words, and statistics, charming painting Telephone: WAbash 2-9410 science of collecting data and the use of these month's cover entitled "Friendly data as a basis for induction). Hippo" is the creation of Janet THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES Before explaining glottochronology I Lipner, 10, of Chicago, who is one should like to clear a common miscon- of the students in the Lester Armour Henry P. Isham away represented McBain Sewell L. Avery Hughston M. ception concerning the nature of all lan- School of the Art Institute's ex- Wm. McCormick Blair William H. Mitchell Walther Buchen John T. Pirie, Jr. guages, written and unwritten. hibit of drawings and paintings at Clarence B. Randall Walter J. Cummings The teachers of the Museum this month. Janet's Joseph N. Field George A. Richardson opinions expressed by Marshall Field, Jr. John G. Searle grammar to the contrary notwithstanding, work, executed in tempera and Stanley Field Solomon A. Smith Samuel Insull, Jr. Louis Ware all languages, including English, are con- crayon, was inspired by the John P. Wilson stantly changing. Nothing—no govern- hippopotamus exhibit in Hall 22 OFFICERS mental body nor parliamentary rulings— (Habitat Groups of African Mam- Stanley Field President can stop this process unless the language mals)—after that her lively im- Hughston M. McBain Ft'rs* Vice-President Walther Buchen Second Vice-President dies out or becomes fossilized, as in Church agination did the rest. N. Field Third Vice-President Joseph Latin. What is slang and in bad repute Solomon A. Smith Treasurer Clifford C. Gregg Director and Secretary today may become the elegant expression John R. Millar Assistant Secretary of tomorrow. We may feel that our lan- guage is fixed and unchangeable; but actu- of the word before or after the verb. THE BULLETIN ally the changes of the future are, in a sense, 3. A under certain conditions EDITOR already prefigured by obscure tendencies in tendency the Museum for to to t to A;-sound to Clifford C. Gregg Director of present speech. p change /, th, h, d to /. CONTRIBUTING EDITORS These changes—whether of words, sounds, and Paul S. Martin Chief Curator of Anthropology grammatical elements, or accents—are called Latin Theodor Just Chief Curator of Botany Sharat K. Roy Chief Curator of Geology drift. "All languages move down time in Austin L. Rand Chief Curator of Zoology a current of their own making," and this MANAGING EDITOR changing pattern is molded by invisible, H. B. Harte Public Relations Counsel impersonal, nonconscious influences. Drift ASSOCIATE EDITORS is the life of language. Abundant evidence Helen A. MacMinn Jane Rockwell makes it evident that drift has a certain constant direction. Once a language moves far enough away from set standards and Members are requested to inform the Museum new then it transforms promptly of changes of address. develops features, itself into a language very different from the "parent" tongue and becomes in effect a new language. In brief, language varies GLOTTOCHRONOLOGY : DATING BY WORDS in space and time, just as do customs, artifacts, and architecture. By PAUL S. MARTIN chief curator of anthropology LENGTHY PEDIGREE

ANTHROPOLOGISTS are interested in The pedigree of English, for example, XXthe reconstruction of the cycles of cul- shows that it is a descendant of the Ger- ture growths and of man's organic history, manic languages (Gothic, the Scandinavian or evolution. Without some method of languages, Saxon, Frisian, etc.). Further dating, much of our work would be blocked. research has shown that the Germanic Lacking dates, we cannot make comparisons languages are distantly related to Celtic, of changes in culture, cannot date artifacts Greek, Armenian, Iranian, Slavic, and or the beginnings of agriculture or of in- Baltic languages and that all of these belong ventions, and cannot show inception of such to a more distant "parent" language called traits as architecture, writing, and working the Indo-European. of metals or the rate and direction of their A few very simplified examples of drift diffusion. In other words, measuring time as it has affected English will clarify this is very important for us. concept: Several methods of dating are being used. 1. A steady reduction of the old Indo- Some of the major ones are (1) dating of European system of case endings or in- strata by geological means, (2) dating of flections, such as in the Latin word for gate: bones by fluorine process, (3) stratigraphy, porta, portae, portae, portam, porta. Today, or the position of layers of cultural debris, in English, we have few case endings but (4) pollen-analysis, (5) dendrochronology, say, instead, the gate, of the gate, to the gale, or the science of dating by means of tree-ring etc., although we still say "I gave him the patterns (mostly used in Southwestern book," him being an old dative form for United States), and (6) the carbon-14 to him. method, or the radiocarbon method (de- 2. An increasing importance of word- scribed in the January, 1951, Bulletin by order to determine what is subject and what Dr. Donald Collier, Curator of South Ameri- is object, for example: "The man sees the can Archaeology and Ethnology). And there dog." In olden days, the case ending was is now a new method called glottochronology more important than word-order. Case (from glottis, part of the pharynx, and feeling is determined largely by the position May, 1957 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN PageS SEASONAL CHANGES AND ACTIVITIES OF LAKE FISHES By LOREN P. WOODS In the the the various insures a CURATOR OF FISHES very early spring temperature algae good food-supply at the surface of the water or just under the for the hatchling fishes of most species EACH in the and YEAR, spring ice is close to 32° F. As we measure the whose first food consists of tiny crustaceans. a occurs TWICEearly December, phenomenon temperatures downward they become slight- The spring turnover and subsequent warm- on a scale in Lake This is grand Michigan. ly warmer until near the bottom the tem- ing also touches off the migrations of many the semiannual circulation or turnover. perature is about 39 degrees. The colder species toward the areas where they sub- This occurrence, of far greater importance but lighter water is on top of the heavier sequently spawn. than the first spring robin or the first autumn but warmer water. unheralded but EARLY SPAWNERS snowfall, passes not un- When the ice melts and the surface water noticed the of by great majority Chicagoans. begins to warm toward 39 degrees it be- There are approximately 100 species of We notice it because of more chlori- heavily comes heavier and sinks through the colder fishes living in Lake Michigan and each nated water and we notice it especially in but lighter water just beneath it, which in month finds one or several of these spawn- the when our lake water from the spring tap turn rises to the surface where it is warmed ing. The earliest is a fresh-water codfish, is turbid or more than usual even tastes to 39 degrees before sinking. This process the burbot (Lota). This species is known slightly fishy. The new filtration plants, continues until the whole lake becomes the to spawn in February and March. Some- however, have greatly alleviated the effects same temperature and therefore the same times burbots enter streams to spawn. on our drinking water resulting from the density. Once the lake water reaches the Because of the low temperature of the water the eggs have a long incubation period and the young may not appear for five or more weeks.

The sculpins (Cottidae), of which there are four species in the lake, are believed also to spawn in the very early spring (March) but nothing more definite is known of them in Lake Michigan. More completely known are the spawning runs of the sea lamprey and the smelt.

SEA LAMPREY

Sea lamprey spawning-runs begin as soon as the temperature of the stream waters is above 40° F., but very few migrate before temperatures reach 50°, usually in late March and early April. As the temperature rises the number of migrating lampreys also increases. The migration occurs almost entirely at night, the lampreys moving up- stream until a suitable spawning area of shallow riffles with a bottom of gravel and sand is reached. The distance traveled upstream may be as much as 50 miles but is usually much less (fewer than 20 miles). ELECTRIC WEIR FOR LAMPREYS Spawning activity begins when temperatures are 52-53° F., but the maximum spawning Above is an electrically-charged weir blocking river mouth to prevent migration of lampreys upstream. At occurs at of 58-60°. right center is a trap made of netting for suckers, rainbow trout, and northern pike. activity temperatures After spawning, the adult lampreys die and are washed downstream where unusual turbidity produced by the tremen- same temperature throughout, currents they rapidly and dous change that takes place in the lake caused by the winds stir the waters until decay disintegrate. when its waters give up heat in the autumn they are mixed from surface to bottom. The eggs hatch in 10 to 12 days and the months or absorb it during the rare warm This complete circulation is called spring larval lampreys leave the nest 8 to 10 days still days of early spring. turnover. later. These larvae are carried downstream off their riffle where, when the current This seasonal period of circulation is of The effect of the spring turnover on plant slackens, they burrow into the soft mud and such profound importance to the plants and and animal life is significant. During the debris that usually collect in such areas of animals, large and small, living in the lake previous year as plants and animals died and quieter water. Here they live for the next that their periods of greatest and least sank into the colder and relatively stagnant five years feeding on microscopic organisms activity follow the same rhythm. parts of the lake, there was a gradual re- sucked from the water passing the mouths It is common knowledge that water is moval of organic materials from the warmer of their burrows. the fifth of the water. of During year they different from most other liquids in that it parts A great deal this develop eyes, horny teeth, and the enlarged reaches its point of greatest density at nutriment is returned into circulation by fins of in the the fall but it is not used to adults, and early spring they 39.2° F. and then becomes lighter, no longer turnover, any until the emerge from the mud, drift downstream, sinking as it is further cooled until it solidifies great extent following spring when and enter the lake where they become para- at around 32° F. This property accounts warming temperatures bring increased ac- sitic and feed on the blood of fishes. for water freezing at the surface first (and tivity. The development of several kinds only at the surface) when in a large mass, of small planktonic algae (diatoms, desmids) Spawning-migrations of smelt occur at as in a lake, rather than becoming a solid followed by an increase in minute crus- about the same temperature and therefore chunk of ice from top to bottom. taceans (daphnia, copepods) that feed upon at the same time of year as those of the sea Page If CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN May, 1957 lamprey. Smelt also migrate at night, and lized by the 15 to 20 males that follow the so large numbers of smelt and lampreys enter female as she deposits her eggs. the streams together, but the lampreys The nursery grounds of the young perch proceed farther upstream, the smelt usually are shallow bays and weedy areas among going only a few hundred yards. A sand pilings or close to piers. Schools of tiny and gravel bottom is preferred for spawning perch numbering in the millions can be seen by both smelt and lamprey but, because in late July or August just before dusk the smelt do not require a riffle or down- along the seawalls of Grant Park. stream mud-bottom pool, the two forms Probably the most numerous of all fishes utilize different geographical parts of the in Lake Michigan is the emerald shiner is fish stream. Another difference that smelt (Notropis atherinoides) , the most com- leave the streams the morning following monly used as a bait minnow by the lake- their spawning (see Bulletin, March 1954) front fishermen. Its swarms outnumber the combined population of all other species in the lake. During December and January of each year the emerald shiners congregate in protected bays and in the mouths of rivers. In the spring huge unbroken schools can be seen along the promontories and Photo courtesy Iowa State Conservation Commission breakwaters, moving just beneath the sur- EARLY SPAWNER face. The school may stream by for several hours or all day. The green bodies, with Burbot, a fresh-water codfish, spawns in February and March. purple iridescent stripes down the middle of the back, flash past and are replaced by more bodies in an stream several but the migrating lampreys die there. unending feet wide and as as it is to see Moving inshore along with the smelt, which deep possible The schools later break into they resemble, are the trout perch (Percop- (2 feet). up spawning groups of 50 to 300 individuals sis). They enter streams either in the day and these small move around the or night and gather in quiet water behind groups lake. and occurs obstructions such as boulders. They spawn open Pairing spawning in mid-water June or in turbid water over a rocky bottom. The during July. alewife, a recent invader in Lake Michigan, THERMAL STRATIFICATION has spawning habits similar to the smelt, As the of the surface water but its spawning run begins a week or two temperature after that of the smelt has ended. rises above 39 degrees during hot late-spring these surface waters are no the Entering the streams with the migrating days, longer same as the colder waters and smelt and lampreys are large numbers of density deeper therefore do not mix white suckers that migrate to distant head- readily. Gradually a stratification is about with waters beyond even the lamprey grounds, as brought waters in the do the rainbow trout from the lake. Still warmer lighter upper layers. Below this is a narrow vertical distance another lake fish entering streams in the where the of the water falls early spring for the purpose of spawning temperature and below this a mass of water that is the northern pike (Esox) that may begin sharply is still 39 (see diagram). the end its migration as early as March 1, even degrees By before the ice leaves the streams. These fish move to very shallow waters near the EPILIMNION (CIRCULATING) stream source and, at the time of floods, leave the stream channels and spawn over ~u the flooded swamps and bottom lands. Many of the lake species do not normally leave the lake to spawn, as do the half- dozen species just discussed. PERCH

The abundant yellow perch {Perca flavescens) is the fish most anglers are seeking when fishing along the lake shore during the summer. Normally living in shallow waters and open bays, the perch make their spawn- ing runs close to shore in late April or early May when the water temperature is 44- 54° F. The perch eggs are embedded in long flattened gelatinous ribbons. The spawning female seeks aquatic vegetation, submerged brush, logs, or pilings where the sticky egg- ribbon is attached. Very often the eggs are plastered all over the commercial fisher- men's submerged nets. The eggs are ferti- May, 1957 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 5 MUSEUM INTERPRETED IN ART STUDENTS' SHOW ANNUAL SCIENCE FAIR AT MUSEUM MAY 18 Natural-history exhibits as interpreted by Fratello, Miss Ethel Spears, and Joseph S. individual artists from eight-year-olds to Young. Chicago-area students with a scientific adults will be presented in the annual show The aim of the Art Institute classes at turn of mind, from grades 6 through 12, of drawings and paintings by students from the Museum is to encourage the student to will gather in Stanley Field Hall to exhibit the School of the Art Institute of Chicago. express his impressions of the exhibits he their accomplishments when the annual sees, not merely to Chicago Area Science Fair is held Saturday, represent them as May 18, at the Museum. accurately as possible. The show, which will be open from 9 A.M. Animals are the most to 5 p.m., is sponsored by the Chicago popular subject- Teachers Science Association and is quite matter, especially with distinct from the Chicago Public Schools the younger students. Student Science Fair, which was held in The younger students April and was limited to students in the also seem impressed Chicago public schools. All students in with museum atmos- public, private, and parochial schools or phere and the people members of youth organizations within who come to see the a 35-mile radius of the city are eligible to exhibits. Besides enter. Prizes and awards will be made at quality of form, de- each grade-level from 6 through 9 and in sign, and color, viewers subject-areas from grades 10 through 12. will discover in the show a generous amount of sincerity, STAFF NOTES warmth, and humor. "Most of stu- my Dr. Theodor Just, Chief Curator of dents make research Botany, attended the Conference of Editors drawings in a realistic of Biological Journals held last month in manner while in the New Orleans under the auspices of the Museum and later con- American Institute of Biological Sciences vert the material into and the National Science Foundation .... many different dimen- Dr. Rainer Zangerl, Curator of Fossil sions, techniques, and Reptiles, and Dr. Eugene S. Richardson, media," says Miss Jr., Curator of Fossil Invertebrates, spent Ethel Spears whose a week last month on a field trip in Mecca, adult class is repre- Indiana .... Loren P. Woods, Curator of sented in the show. Fishes, spoke on conservation last month "These research draw- before the students of Hyde Park High ings may be the inspi- School .... Henry S. Dybas, Associate ration for illustrations, Curator of Insects, recently presented posters, textile pat- •KANGAROO CONVENTION' a paper on the periodical cicada before the terns, wallpaper de- This striking pastel and India-ink drawing, shown this month at the Museum North Central Branch of the Entomological with other work students of the School of the Art is signs, serigraphs, ce- by Institute, by Clyde Ball, Society of America in Des Moines, Iowa. of Crown Point, Indiana. ramic sculpture, pot- tery, enameling on NEW MEMBERS The exhibit will be held from May 3 through metal, collage, easel paintings, and murals." (March 16 to April 15) May 31 in Stanley Field Hall and in the Over the years, these classes have sent North Corridor on the Ground Floor of forth many students who have achieved Associate Members Elliott W. Lewen- Chicago Natural History Museum. notable professional careers. Donnelley, Sigmund dowski, George Lill II, J. W. O'Neill, The exhibition this year, which is the Seymour Oppenheimer largest held since the student shows began Hours Extended at the Museum in 1946, will feature 82 works Visiting Annual Members Dr. Mrs. Sarah Wood executed in nearly all media by the students for Summer Season Joseph Ackerman, Addington, Joseph Allworthy, Frederick W. in the Junior School (which includes elemen- Effective May 1 and continuing through Auert, Lyle W. Bartelson, Arthur L. Berry, tary and high-school students) and in the 2 (Labor Day) visiting hours at September J. L. Bradshaw, Jr., Arthur Bridge, W. D. adult professional day-school. Judges for are extended one hour. the Museum by Bryson, William T. Burgmeier, J. R. Chap- this show were Gustaf year's Dalstrom, The Museum will be open daily, including line, George Chaznow, Lester A. Delano, Artist in the Department of Anthropology, Sundays and holidays, from 9 a.m. to 6 p.m. Max Fishman, John Gannon, Robert K. William and Marion Pahl, Staff Illustrator, who At the end of this period, hours will revert Gannaway, Maurice Glockner, M. chose the works to be exhibited from to 9 A.M.-5 P.M. Hardt II, Michael Hunt, Floyd E. Jessen, William J. La S. drawings and paintings first selected by L. S. Larson, Velle, George Robert W. Mrs. Esther M. instructors from the School of the Art Lavin, Mackie, Mathewson, William McLeod, Charles Institute who have conducted classes at the The Museum's collections from ancient Paveza, Blair A. Phillips, Jr., George J. Museum during the past year. are: China in George T. and Frances Gaylord They Rapp, Mrs. Helen L. Rogal, Fred H. Schildt, Miss Barbara J. Smith Hall 24) include an especially Aubin, Harry Breen, (Hall John C. Speh, Mrs. Albert F. Sperry, Robert of Han Mrs. Berta Caul, Herbert B. Forman, Miss noteworthy representation pottery, L. Squire, C. B. Stateler, Roy E. Sturtevant, Marion Lukens, Miss Dolores Nelson, Sung pottery and porcelain, and Buddhistic Dr. Sol Tax, Mrs. Wilbur R. Voigt, Joseph Mrs. Dorothy Novotny, Jasper M. San and Taoist sculpture. M. Weil, William M. Witter Page 6 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN May, 1957

PREHISTORIC HUNTERS- walruses. As will be shown subsequently, cover and the period encompassing radio- UPPER GREAT LAKES the deer, elk, and caribou were present in carbon-dated mastodon remains. The in- the region after the mastodons had left it. formation available suggests a functional By GEORGE I. QUIMBY dominance CURATOR OF NORTH AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY As the animals moved into the upper relationship involving spruce-fir in forest AND ETHNOLOGY Great Lakes area so did people, the Indians. cover, mastodons, and fluted points. In the western United States the same kind 18,000 YEARS AGO the climate First came the paleo-Indians who used fluted of fluted is associated with the ABOUTof the whole world was much colder points of chipped stone for spearing large point hunting of mammoths. than now and the upper or western Great animals such as mastodons. Next came the hunters with of The who used various kinds Lakes region was buried under masses of ice their lanceolate blades paleo-Indians hundreds and hundreds of feet thick. This Yumoid style and the paleo-Indians who of lanceolate points and the paleo-Indians who worked the northern was the climax of the Wisconsin glaciation, worked the quartzite quarries in the quartzite quarries of the area. the were in the sometime after the end of the last of the great continental glaciers. northern part Then came region the Lake and before the end Although the climate may have become Old Copper Indians who made many of their Algonquin stage tools and of and hunted the of the transition from Lake Algonquin to slightly warmer and the ice may have weapons copper Lake In terms of shrunk an estimated 10 per cent, no large elk and barren-ground caribou. And finally Chippewa-Stanley stage. this would be from about 7000 B.C. to climatic change occurred until at least there appeared the late archaic Indian years about 5000 B.C. or later. This was 13,000 years ago. After this time the cli- hunters with their wood-cutting tools of slightly a time of and mate became increasingly warmer and the ground stone. declining spruce-fir increasing Of the first the who in the forests of the area. glaciers eventually melted, raising the comers, paleo-Indians pine Although are at three world's sea-level about 200 feet. used the fluted points, we have no direct there least well-excavated sites evidence other than surface finds of fluted of this there is no available informa- This glacial retreat in the upper Great period, tion animals hunted. Lakes area began about 11,000 B.C. or concerning specific Western Indians simi- shortly before. At first the retreat was slow Contemporary using lar lanceolate hunted the bison both and interrupted by temporary advances of points of extinct. the ice front. But after about 8500 B.C. modern type and types now There is a of informa- deglaciation or retreat of the ice was very reasonable amount tion the Indians who rapid. And by 5000 B.C. the basins of the concerning Old Copper in the 5000 B.C. upper Great Lakes were entirely free of ice. lived region between about and about 3000 B.C. or 2500 B.C. First of LIFE EMERGES all, the locations of many of the Old Copper As the ice retreated northward, plants, finds as well as some of their sites indicate shrubs, and trees moved into the region. that they are later than Lake Algonquin and This process is aptly described by the late earlier than Lake Nipissing. Moreover, this Frere Marie-Victorin, who wrote as follows: "And now we imagine the aggressive types of the so-called Canadian spruce forest coming up north, striding over moraines and ice-polished slopes, surrounding the nunataks and invading those secluded rock- gardens of the past. Indeed a great bio- this onward logical picture, march, spread MIDDLEWESTERN WEAPONS, B.C. on the geological time-scale! In America, Weapons like these Middlewestem fluted points of at least, there was no frowning Macbeth on chipped stone have been found in the upper Great the wall to watch Birnam woods coming up Lakes region. They belong to a period from about B.C. to 7000 B.C. to Dunsinane. But nevertheless on and on 10,000 came the 'moving groves.' actual sites "First came those ever ready pioneers: points. No dwelling have been in the the black spruce and the white spruce, and found and excavated upper Great Lakes area. the distribution of the balsam fir, and the larch, and later the However, the finds excellent stately pines. Then followed the aspens and fluted-point provides an the the alders viburnums. And clue to their age. Fluted points (Clovis birches, and OLD COPPER CULTURE ARTIFACTS never found north of the sugar maple took possession of the well- style) have been the Representative of the Old Copper culture (4500 drained moraines the and Port Huron Moraine and never on the alongside valleys, B.C. to 3000 B.C.) in the upper Great Lakes region lakeward side of the beach de- the hemlock fought its way among the Algonquin are top row, left to right, a crescent-shaped knife deciduous trees. Meanwhile had come the posits. This distribution suggests that the and a wedge, and bottom row, two spearpoints. fluted could not been in the area wiry grasses and the coarse sedges, the point have late times had legions of goldenrods and asters, and the before very Cary and gone stratigraphic chronology is confirmed by hundreds after hundreds of herbaceous or out of use by the end of the Lake Algonquin actual radiocarbon dates on one Old Copper shrubby plants." stage. In terms of radiocarbon-dated events burial site. As the northward and geochronology, this period seems to vegetation spread DOGS ON SCENE lasted or B.C. following the retreating glaciers, the animals have from about 11,000 10,000 is the forest reached spread northward following the vegetation. to about 7000 B.C. This dating in general During this period pine agreement with data from actual excavation its climax in southwest Michigan and oak- ELEPHANTINE CREATURES of fluted-point sites outside of the Great chestnut and grasses began to increase. First came the mammoths and mastodons, Lakes area. Some animals associated with this period particularly the latter, and apparently and/or the Old Copper culture were barren- SPRUCE-FIR DOMINANCE with them were giant beaver, deer, elk, and ground and woodland species of caribou, elk, caribou. In the Lake Huron basin there The period of fluted points is also the deer, and buffalo, and perhaps horses of seem to have been whales and perhaps period of spruce-fir dominance in the forest a type now extinct. What is probably the May, 1957 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 7 first appearance of the dog occurs in this Greek, Rumanian, and in Chinese, ancient period. (a.d. 950) and modern. The late Archaic culture more or less After several trials and many complicated coincident with Nipissing and early post- mathematical-statistical manipulations lin- Nipissing times, about 2800 B.C. to 800 B.C., guists have worked out a provisional rate is known largely from scattered finds in the of decay of words, or morphemes (shortest upper Great Lakes area and from detailed meaningful unit, such as anti- or is), per excavations of sites in adjacent regions. The 1,000 years. This is called a chronology for Indian bearers of this culture lived by lexical history or retention index or glotto- hunting, as did their predecessors in the chronology. region. What is distinctive about them is Since Dr. Swadesh's first articles appeared, their use of ground and polished-stone tools several anthropologists have used his sug- and weapons and their emphasis upon wood- gested methods for placing an approximate working tools such as axes, gouges, and date on various linguistic emigrations or adzes. This woodworking assemblage seems separations. Before illustrating this process to correlate with the development and I should say that since the anthropological climax of the oak-hickory forest in the upper linguists who use lexicostatistic dating are Great Lakes region. The climate of this prudent folk and wish to be conservative in period was the warmest since preglacial or their time estimates, they use an "index of interglacial times and, with the termination retention" that takes into account possible of the Nipissing and early post-Nipissing overlapping of cognates (father, vater, pater) as it is stage, the climate was essentially and allows for a generous margin of possible today. errors of various types. It seems reasonable, however, to believe If one knows the number of cognates in north- that as the ecological zones moved two concurrently existing languages, one ward some of the Indian hunters adjusted might use a table such as this to determine to life in these zones moved northward too. the length of time that has passed since the Indian hunters of the Thus the recent pine two languages split from a common source. and spruce forests of northern Canada represent a mode of life under conditions similar to those in the Lake somewhat Time expressed in thousands of years ago. thousand-year Michigan region units

DATING BY WORDS- (Continued from page 2) such as all, and, animal, ear, to eat, eye, far, fat, foot, heart, I, to kill, mouth, skin of a person, sleep, tongue, tooth, water, woman. Then he compared these words with the Old English versions (about a.d. 950). By taking into account normal phonetic changes, he found that the agreement between old and modern English words was 85 per cent. The elapsed time between Old and Modern English was 1,000 years. That is to say, there was a "retention index" of 85 per cent in modern English when compared to Old English of a.d. 950. Therefore, Swadesh— actually discovered the rate of change i.e., quantified the assumed rate of change. Thus, the percentage of retained vocabu- lary gives an index of the time that has elapsed since the separation. Anthro- pologists have gone on to make similar comparisons and studies of other languages where historical materials are abundant and go back as far as 4,000 or 5,000 years. Crucial cases were chosen in linguistic fam- ilies in which there occurred ancient and sometimes now extinct languages preserved in written form, such as in the Semitic- Hamitic family (ancient Egyptian, Coptic, modern Hebrew and ancient Hebrew, in which most of the Dead Sea Scrolls were written; modern and ancient Arabic), in the Indo-European languages such as Classical Latin, Italian, Spanish, French, English, Page 8 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN May, 1957

SEASONED TRAVELERS snake hunting in the New Jersey Pine GIFTS TO THE MUSEUM Barrens have a nostalgic charm to me over is a list of the and above the intrinsic interest of a vivid Following principal gifts received during the past month: description of one of the most ecologically distinctive areas in the United States. Department of Anthropology: G. K. Noble and I had tramped those sands From: Evett D. Hester, Jeffersonville, Ind.— ceramic Mrs. and bogs years before Carl Kauffeld's Philippine collection; Webster London—African mask association with the American Museum and Plass, headdress, Baoule, Ivory Coast, West the Jersey Barrens began. Other chapters Africa; Mrs. C. L. Schmidt, Chicago— have to for I have great regional appeal me, clothing, Chungking, China; Clyde A. hunted snakes on the Ajo Road in Arizona Schultz, Chicago—collection of archae- and have camped in the Huachucas. Thus ological specimens; Sidney A. Teller, I envy the author his snake-hunting ex- Chicago—2 San Bias Indian appliqued D. R. Cham- perience in areas where I have not been— textiles, Panama;— Thurow, such as Florida and South Carolina. paign, 111. 86 African ethnological speci- mens, Baoule, Ivory Coast, West Africa The sport of snake catching is not without of its element of real danger. This lifts it into Department Botany: From: Holly Reed Bennett, Chicago— Janet Mangold, 8, of Chicago, accepts an a level of excitement and of challenge to 799 unmounted plant specimens, Wisconsin, award from John R. Millar, Deputy one's competence in dealing with venomous Indiana, Illinois; Missouri Botanical Garden, Director, honoring her as a Museum Ad- snakes. It is not without direct relation, St. Louis—100 ferns, Peru; Simon Segal, and to scientific as one learns more venturer while other qualifiers, Boyce also, studies, Chesterton, Ind—Lycopodium obscurum; Carol Brunson, 8 and 9, of Chicago, and and more about the rich snake-fauna of Earl E. Sherff, Hastings, Mich.—5 photo- Konrad Banasak, 12, of Whiting, Indiana, North America or sees in vivid life a creature graphic prints, 3 negatives await their turns. The four received their known from a dead museum previously only Department of Geology: I snake certificates in recognition of their successful token. came to appreciate hunting From: Mrs. Walter Douglass, Chauncey, completion of eight Museum Journeys, or as having something of the quality of big- New York—3 silicified tree-ferns, Septarian make-believe travels through the Museum. game hunting (with a greater element of concretion; Mrs. H. Healy, Chicago— mineral and rock Nineteen other boys and girls received Mu- personal danger and without its destructive- specimens, Victoria, Australia; Ronald E. Peters, — seum Traveler Certificates honoring them ness) in association with J. E. Johnson, Jr., Chicago fossil stem of a tree-fern for four Journeys successfully completed at of Waco, Texas, whose career was ended by the time the Adventurer awards were made, the bite of a rattlesnake. Snakes and Snake Department of Zoology: — March 30. Hunting gives excellent expression to this From: Glen E. Haas, Madison, Wis. 11 fleas, 22 adult and immature ticks; Harry The Museum Traveler program, inaugu- aspect of the snake-hunter's outdoor ex- Hoogstraal, Cairo, Egypt—19 bat ticks; rated for children two is under perience. Ed Johnson would have recom- years ago, Hermano Niceforo Maria, Bogota, Colombia direction of the Foundation. mended one addition to Kauffeld's list of the Raymond —4 turtles; Pacific Salmon Investigations— namely a small To complete the Journeys boys and girls, snake-hunting equipment, 2 fishes; Mrs. J. S. Rogers, Chicago—a crowbar. The small crowbar he following an instruction sheet that routes supplied sea-turtle, Riu Kiu Islands; Miss Lillian with on a memorable occasion was an — lizards them on their trip through the Museum's me A. Ross, Chicago a frog, 6 and unbendable steel driveshaft from a Ford a snake, Cayman Islands; Raymond E. halls, must answer correctly questions about — it was the small one because it was Stadelman, Colombia a caecilian, 4 frogs, exhibits they have seen on their travels. car; than his own. 6 lizards, 27 snakes; Dr. Norman Wilimov- The next Museum Journey, "Birds," will be a half-inch shorter sky, Stanford, Calif.—123 fish specimens, held during July and August. Journeys are Kauffeld's book includes much informa- Alaska; A. E. Ellis, Epsom, England— to all and at time tion about North American some available boys girls any snakes, fresh-water clams, Europe; Ray Grow, Gary, during Museum visiting hours. hitherto unpublished. It has the great merit Ind.—a bat; David Kistner, Chicago—423 of cautioning against unnecessary collecting, beetles, 861 butterflies, 1,392 moths, 216 with the plea that unless a specimen cap- miscellaneous insects, United States tured is to find a place in a zoological garden, or in a museum or is to be collection, given Director's Annual Report Books care in one's proper private possession, To Be Distributed it should be released. The notable increase in the use of Chicago SNAKES AND SNAKE HUNTING. By This is a book of literary merit, with Natural History Museum as a classroom Carl Kauffeld. Hanover House, New a vivid of experience that quality personal of 14 adjunct by groups elementary-school York. 266 pages, photographs. $3.95. has an appeal to the great fraternity of pupils and students from high schools, herpetologists, which includes the boy who Snakes and Snake Hunting is the best colleges, and universities is stressed as keeps a snake in a box as well as the museum account in popular language of the emo- a major development in the Annual Report curator. tional aspects of an interest in snakes by of the Director to the Board of Trustees Karl P. Schmidt which the somewhat extraordinary sport of for 1956. Curator Emeritus snake hunting and snake collecting is lifted of Zoology The Report, copies of which will be sent out of the ordinary and brought into direct, to every Museum Member in the next few if somewhat loose, relation with the science weeks, is a volume of 155 pages with Guide-Lectures of herpetology. It is difficult for this Daily 24 illustrations. In addition to the progress reviewer to be objective or critical about Free guide-lecture tours are offered daily of the Museum's educational activities, the either the author or his subject. Carl except Sundays under the title "Highlights Report presents detailed accounts of ex- Kauffeld and I belong to a select and strictly of the Exhibits." These tours are designed peditions, scientific research conducted in limited group of herpetologists, composed to give a general idea of the entire Museum the various departments, additions to the of the ex-assistants of the late Gladwyn and its scope of activities. They begin at exhibits, accessions, the work of the Library, Kingsley Noble (I am the senior member). 2 P.M. on Monday through Friday and at maintenance of the building, and the For this reason the author's accounts of 2:30 P.M. on Saturday. institution's finances.

PRINTED BY CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM PRESS HISTORY yi>/. ss jYo. 6 MUSEUM gune 1957

tf$mm Page 2 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN June, 1957

the of If THIS MONTH'S Chicago Natural History Museum parts the dinosaurs. dinosaurs COVER- Founded by Marshall Field, 1893 were still living some of the people would Stanley Field Hall, the vast and Roosevelt Road and Lake Shore Drive, Chicago 5 be dead. I wish we could have stayed there imposing central exhibition hall Telephone: WAbash 2-9410 much longer." into which the Museum's two Some sound advice from a young Win- main entrances open, offers many THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES netka, Illinois resident: camera angles of interest to Lester Armour Henry P. Isham "Thank you for showing us those animals. latest Sewell L. Avery Hughston M. McBain photographers. The view Blair William H. Mitchell Wm. McCormick They looked like real. The baby deers were of this hall, which extends the Walther Buchen John T. Pirie, Jr. cute. Museums are fun to Walter J. Cummings Clarence B. Randall very very go to, height of the building, appears on N. Field George A. Richardson Joseph but you should be quiet." cover to the Marshall Field, Jr. John G. Searle our show changed Stanley Field Solomon A. Smith And last, a personal note from a youngster look since the addition of the Samuel Insull, Jr. Louis Ware John P. Wilson in La Grange, Illinois: skeleton of the giant dinosaur The cover OFFICERS "I had a very nice time with you Monday. Gorgosaurus. picture made the Museum's staff Stanley Field President I liked the things I saw. I hope you didn't was by Hughston M. McBain First Vice-President camera men, John Bayalis and Walther Buchen Second Vice-President get too tired, and got home in time to eat V. Holdren. Joseph N. Field Third Vice-President dinner. I would like to visit you again. Homer Solomon A. Smith Treasurer Clifford C. Gregg Director and Secretary Thank you again for taking us through the John R. Millar Assistant Secretary Museum."

THE BULLETIN lege, Alpine, Texas .... Dr. G. Alan EDITOR Solem, Assistant Curator of Lower In- STAFF NOTES Clifford C. Gregg Director of the Museum vertebrates, has been elected an associate CONTRIBUTING EDITORS member of the Natural Science Foundation Paul S. Martin Chief Curator of Anthropology Dr. Clifford C. Gregg, Director, was of Philadelphia, an organization devoted to Theodor Just Curator of Botany Chief a at the on research on Pacific mollusca. Sharat K. Roy Chief Curator of Geology speaker meeting "Co-operative Austin L. Rand Chief Curator of Zoology Education and the Impending Crisis" held MANAGING EDITOR May 23 and 24 at Dayton, Ohio, by the BOOK H. B. Harte Public Relations Counsel Thomas Alva Edison Foundation. Before REVIEW ASSOCIATE EDITORS he sails for Europe in June as a delegate to BOY'S BOOK OF FROGS, TOADS, AND Helen A. MacMinn Jane Rockwell the World Council of YMCA's, Dr. Gregg SALAMANDERS. By Percy A. Morris. will deliver the address commencement at 240 pages, 75 photographs. The Ronald of on the University Houston (Texas) June 4 Press New York. $4. Members are requested to inform the Museum Co., and at Aurora on June 17 promptly of changes of address. (Illinois) College After a brief .... George I. Quimby, Curator of North very introductory chapter of and American Archaeology and Ethnology, was on the general biology amphibians one on and the book DESCRIBE elected president of the Society for American collecting preserving, YOUNGSTERS Archaeology at its annual meeting held in discusses in sequence salamanders, toads, the author calls "true REACTIONS TO MUSEUM conjunction with the Central States Anthro- tree frogs, and what Association at the of frogs" of the United States. Within chap- Throughout the year the Raymond pological University in on ters each species is treated separately and Foundation receives a steady stream of Wisconsin, Madison, May. Papers the life and habits are scientific subjects were presented by Dr. history, habitat, pre- letters from youngsters who have visited the as far as known. of the Donald Collier, Curator of South American sented Photographs Museum with organized groups and have and Roland W. animals and, in some cases, their habitats had the tour services of one of the seven Archaeology Ethnology, Curator of Oceanic and are sprinkled throughout the book. Foundation lecturers. As a result Force, Archaeology Raymond this book has Ethnology, and Phillip H. Lewis, Assistant Unfortunately many defects, of these letters there is, in Stanley Field Curator of Primitive Art. Dr. John B. beginning with the title. In the first place Hall, an interesting corner where letters from Rinaldo, Assistant Curator of Archaeology, only North American species are included, boys and girls are posted from time to time from all of those. Thus the in- and Allen S. Liss, Assistant in Anthro- and far for the enjoyment of the public. terested reader not be able to pology, attended the meetings. On May 17 young might of here For the entertainment our readers, little or toad Mr. Lewis spoke on "An Anthropological learn anything about the frog are a few observations of the young critics Point of View of Primitive Art" before an he had captured on his vacation because the from letters now on display: was not included. even audience at the Art Institute of Chicago. species Or, worse, From a little in Indiana: boy Gary, Mr. Liss attended the meeting of the Illinois he might be led into a false identification. "I that was nice of the book is rather thought everyone really Archaeological Survey in Springfield .... The language mature, to let our class come to the Museum. I liked Dr. Karl P. Schmidt, Curator Emeritus so that any youngster able to read it would and dinasaurs and that also to read several the mummies bones, of Zoology, Dr. Robert F. Inger, Curator be able vastly superior whale. I never saw a real whale before and books on the same now available in of Amphibians and Reptiles, D. Dwight subject I beleave I went thair Book couldn't my eyes! Davis, Curator of Anatomy, Loren P. the Museum Shop. before. I seen more this time thain last. number of incorrect statements Woods, Curator of Fishes, and A. Stanley A suggest Well I better get to work now." Rand, temporary assistant in Mammals, that the author failed to use good general references. For the author A wise observation from a Chicago girl: attended the recent meetings of the Ameri- example, says that the hellbender and are the "The things you showed us were very can Society of Ichthyologists and Herpe- mudpuppy American salamanders. Actually, interesting. When we saw the cavemen tologists in New Orleans. Dr. Schmidt largest the siren and the three-toed Ara- I thought that was so interesting. The first presented a paper at the meeting of the greater are The caveman was the most interesting one of all. National Academy of Sciences in Washing- phiuma larger. photographs range in from mediocre to It showed how we think they looked. Dino- ton, D.C., and under assignment from the quality poor. saurs are another thing I thought was very American Institute of Biological Sciences he Robert F. Inger interesting. I wish that you could have all served as visiting lecturer at Sul Ross Col- Curator of Amphibians and Reptiles June, 1957 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN PageS

TOOLS OF SURVEYORS and studying the differences in lithology SOUTHWEST EXPEDITION AID SHALE STUDY (rock composition) and fossils. We have BREAKS NEW TRAILS done some of this in the recent years of By EUGENE S. RICHARDSON, Jr. By PAUL S. MARTIN studying the quarry problem and are con- CURATOR OF FOSSIL INVERTEBRATES CHIEF CURATOR OF ANTHROPOLOGY tinuing that part of the program this season. HAVE TOLD, in past issues of the We attempted at first to follow the standard of the 1957 Southwest WEBulletin, of some of the discoveries practice of correlating beds exposed in near- MEMBERSArchaeological Expedition look for- of Coal Age fossils in and near the Mecca by places by comparing the elevations above ward to the present season with high hope Quarry (named for an Indiana town nearby) sea level at which we find the outcrops. and eagerness. Digging is to be done in an excavated by the Department of Geology. Because the Pennsylvanian (Coal Age) rocks area that has been "surveyed" by archae- On this site Dr. Rainer Zangerl, Curator of appear to be very nearly level in most ex- ologists but in which little or no systematic Fossil Reptiles, and I have found more than posures, it is a handy assumption that they excavation has ever been carried on. 65,000 fossils and fossil fragments, whose actually are level and that therefore, if The area to be worked lies in a triangle position and orientation we have charted a certain bed appears on the surface of the that is approximately bounded by Springer- on a large number of scale draw- ville, Show Low, and St. Johns, ings of the quarry. We have Arizona, and includes the head- told, too, how we spent several waters of the Little Colorado weeks in the Mississippi River River in east-central Arizona. delta country exploring the flo- The base camp is near the town lant terrain in search of a modern of Vernon. Dr. John B. Rinaldo, counterpart of the living condi- Assistant Curator of Archae- tions of the animals of 240 million ology, will accompany me on the years ago that became the Mecca expedition, Roland Strassburger, fossils. But that is not the end of Winnetka, Illinois, is expedi- of the Mecca story. tion photographer, and other For that matter, it will take personnel will join the expedition several years of study to come to in the field. the end of the research opened SUMMARY OF PAST RESEARCH up in that one small quarry of 20 square meters. There are Before explaining why this area many primitive vertebrate fossils was chosen for continuing our of completely unknown types research a brief summary of what that must be assiduously pre- we accomplished in New Mexico pared and studied and described. during the fifteen seasons we There are also many problems worked there will place our concerned with the geographic present tasks and queries in extent of the living conditions clearer perspective. that gave rise to the black shales We found that the Mogollon and the many well-preserved fos- Indians had inhabited the Pine sils that we have recovered. It Lawn Reserve area in New Mexi- is that group of problems that co continuously for about 3,800 us the 1957 field B.C. to a.d. or occupies in NATURE PROVIDES GAUGE years (2500 1300) season. perhaps even longer. At first Museum scientist studies a vertical-wail exposure of the rocks lying above the As explained in a Bulletin they depended more on wild Mecca quarry shales. Only in such vertical exposures can the true thicknesses article for subsistence than on (November, 1956) Penn- of these beds of rock be determined. This one is in the wall of a fire-clay pit of plants sylvanian living conditions at the the Clay City Pipe Company near Montezuma, Indiana. corn and beans, but later this quarry site were such as could situation was reversed. They only occur in a narrowly circumscribed area. ground at 550 feet above sea level in one lived in earliest times in caves or flimsy It was not a broad open sea with uniform creek valley, it will also appear at 550 feet shelters, cooked in baskets, hunted with environment extending over hundreds of above sea level in the next valley, a half a throwing stick and spears, and used tools square miles; it was not a broad swamp mile away. But actually this is not so, as that were serviceable but rough. Later covering several states; nor was it a shoreline detailed mapping soon shows. they built pit-houses and surface pueblos, hundreds or thousands of miles long with Since proper correlation of beds is funda- made pottery and cooked in it, improved uniform environment for life all along the mental to tracing the rocks formed at the their techniques of basket making, weaving, strand. Rather, these peculiar animals same time, we have in several instances and producing tools of bone and stone. lived in a restricted basin of shallow water, made detailed maps, using standard sur- In short, we have traced the development probably cut off from the open sea by a series veyors' instruments, as a guide in tracing of a civilization from an early primitive of bars or shallows, yet sufficiently open to it the exposures. At the same time, these level to a more advanced one. Every phase so that marine shellfish could get in. The maps show us the sequences of rock types of Mogollon life showed progress and im- surface of the water was probably covered exposed in the several gullies and hillsides provement. with a thick mat of floating that we have mapped. Using the assump- vegetation UNEXPLAINED EVACUATION whose rapid decay provided the organic tion that the beds are fairly flat-lying, at matter that gives the black shale its color. least over short distances, we were at first But, suddenly, at about a.d. 1300, these satisfied to determine the elevations of the people abandoned a forested mountainous CHECKING IN FIELD successive beds seen in a given gully and area, a region that today seems attractive Having proposed to ourselves this rough then to arrive at the thickness of a bed by to us, at least, and moved out. Why they outline of the ancient local geography, we subtracting the elevation of its bottom from moved on is unknown and what became of had to check it in the field. That meant the elevation of its top. However, as we them is uncertain. But we know that some examining nearby outcrops of the same rocks (Continued on page 4, column 1) of our Pine Lawn Mogollon Indians moved Page i CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN June, 1957 north and west into the country drained by derived in that way by the other geologists have ever made mud pies you will recognize the Little Colorado River in Arizona. who have worked in the area. that mud holds a great deal of water; when The area in Arizona in which we shall However, all was not negative, for we the mud dries out it shrinks and cracks—it conduct research for the next several gained some positive results as well. Why, occupies a much smaller space. Sand seasons was chosen because it was the one we asked ourselves, do the thicknesses and castles, on the other hand, don't shrink, that was most likely to yield answers to elevations vary so much? Elevations may though they may fall apart because there is some of our questions: (1) What happened vary because of a bed having been wrinkled nothing to stick the grains of sand together to the Mogollon Indians of the Pine Lawn by compressional earth forces. We know when they dry out. that there has been some of this area after they moved to a different region? activity Now, if the sea bottom on top of the sort in Indiana and Illinois. (2) Did these people make a successful ad- Indeed, early Staunton B had been covered with a layer in in a creek bed near justment in their new homeland? (3) Did May, West Union, of plain mud in one place and a combination we found a small fold in the they remain there or did they pass out of Indiana, pinched of mud layers and sand layers a half mile rocks rather intense existence completely? (4) If they did not Pennsylvanian showing away, forming a level bottom, the mud in perish, what eventually became of them local compression of the earth's crust. But the first spot would lose more volume in and can they be identified with any known the structural movement of the rocks thus turning to rock than the mud and sand in the indicated is contemporary group of Indians such as the a later feature than the rocks second spot, with the result that the coal Hopi or the Zuni Indians? (5) Were the themselves; unless structural deformation is deposited on top of this surface would severe it doesn't affect the thickness of Mogollon Indians the first settlers of the very develop a sag. Then, when the coal was area drained by the Little Colorado River submerged again, there would be a relatively or, if not, who preceded them and what is deep pool in one place and a shallow one in their history? another. Conditions such as we have postu- These are but a few of the questions that lated for the deposition of the quarry shale are going through our minds as we start our would be met, the animals living in the deep westward trek. If we obtain even a partial pool would be partially cut off from the open answer to any one of them, we shall be sea, and oceanic waves would not disturb fortunate indeed; for archaeological prob- the isolated pool. lems are easy to formulate but sometimes It is still necessary for us to put this difficult or impossible to solve. I think it hypothesis to further tests in the field before is easy to see that these problems give we are entirely satisfied with it. It is just impetus and zest to the expedition. Further, one of the facets of the problem of the black- we shall be working in a district that is, in shale fossils, but one whose place in the total an archaeological sense, virtually untouched. picture is as important as any.

SHALE STUDY- AWARD FOR BOOKMAKING (Continued from page S) WON BY MUSEUM accumulated more and more information WADING FOR SCIENCE At the Eighth Annual Exhibition of from more and more gullies, we found Chicago and Midwestern Bookmaking held Dr. Rainer Zangerl, Curator of Fossil Reptiles, notable discrepancies in both elevations and adjusting the plane table used in surveying an by the Chicago Book Clinic, Chicago thicknesses derived in this way. Further, Indiana creek valley. Because of dense vegetation, Natural History Museum was presented lines of can be found often we found the same discrepancies in studying sight by working right a Certificate of Award in recognition of its in the water of streams. old reports of this area, some published soon entry The King's Day, by Mrs. Webster after the Civil War. We wanted to be able Plass of New York and London (Bulletin, to of these beds of rock. Is it that there were use many reports because they possible October 1956 and November 1956). The similar differences in were based on exposures that are now, in elevation during the award, recognizing the high standards of covered soil- Coal itself? if what would many cases, by building, by Age And, so, design, printing, binding, publishing intent, or in stream cause such a slides, by changes courses. Yet, thing? and reader appeal, is particularly gratifying as we have studied the rocks and the old in view of the fact that the competition have with had to POSSIBLE EXPLANATIONS reports, we regret discard included entries from commercial publishers much information that looked at first as The answer seems to be that there prob- and carefully planned advertising brochures it would be and we have though useful, come ably were local differences in elevation while from many outstanding commercial organi- to realize that elevations of beds and also the rocks were being deposited. This is zations. The design, planning, and super- thicknesses have a local only significance. a necessary consequence of some of the rock vision of the publication were accomplished This was well illustrated for us in April types found in the sections. For example, by Helen A. MacMinn, Associate Editor of of this year, when, in surveying a small creek in two nearby creeks we find the interval Miscellaneous Publications on the staff of valley near Mecca, we found the quarry between "Staunton B" and the quarry this Museum, who received a similar award shales exposed at three places on the sides of shales differing by as much as ten feet. from the Chicago Book Clinic in recog- the valley and at a fourth in the bed of the Now, this may be merely an apparent nition of her contribution to the excellence stream. The elevations at these four points, difference due to the difficulty inherent in of the publication. All phases of the work, though the outcrops lay within a radius of measuring thicknesses by subtracting el- including the photography, were done by a few hundred feet, differed by as much as evations. But the rocks occupying this the Museum organization with the exception 15 feet. Obviously, then, we could not use interval supply an alternative explanation of the photoengraving by Jahn and Oilier any one of those elevations in computing that seems very attractive. The thinner Engraving Company. The booklet was the thickness of beds lying between the interval is occupied entirely by soft shales; prepared for presentation to all guests of the quarry shales and another bed, the "Staun- the thicker interval is in part occupied by Museum on Members' Night in October of ton B," exposed in the lower course of the sandstone. Now, shale is formed by the 1956, and since that time has been on sale stream half a mile away. Obviously, also, squeezing and hardening of a clay mud, and with other popular publications of the we could not rely on any other thicknesses sandstone is formed from a wet sand. If you Museum.—C.C.G. June, 1957 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 5 OBSERVATIONS ON LAKE MICHIGAN FISHES AT CHICAGO By LOREN P. WOODS of animals. Snails (Goniobasis) may live large (3 to 5 inches) log perch. These CURATOR OF FISHES here after being washed in from deeper beautifully shaped, zebra-patterned fish REACHES of the shores waters but they are probably not permanent skipped rapidly from one to another rocky Michi- EXTENSIVEalong the southern part of Lake residents. Lake trout formerly spawned on prominence with a smooth darting motion. the gan consist of sandy beaches. Here rocky reefs off Lincoln Park. The light yellow of their backs and sides waves constantly shift and sort the sand at matched the color of the rocks, and their MAN-MADE REEFS shallow depths^depositing it, transporting narrow black bands actually made them it a little distance, and redepositing it. The Jetties, breakwaters, and sea-walls with inconspicuous until they settled on the sand is ground to incredible fineness, and their extensive protective foundations of rocks. Log perch are members of the sub- because it is mixed with silt it resembles large rocks have created a vast series of family of darters in the perch family. These artificial reefs along the city waterfront and darters are small (1 to 3 inches over-all greatly increased the living space for many length with the exception of the log perch). reef-dwelling forms, of which the most con- They have a fusiform body and enlarged spicuous are crayfish and log perch. pectoral fins, but they do not have a swim Almost no investigations have been made bladder and are thus heavier than water. of the biology of either the natural or arti- As soon as they stop swimming, they quickly ficial reefs here, probably because they are sink to the bottom where they brace them- rather inaccessible, relatively barren, and selves by their pectoral fins. Most kinds of not very interesting. darters are stream fishes living in the swift One day last summer when I was swim- waters in the rapids of streams of our area. ming off the sea-wall near the Planetarium Log perch, although adapted to large swift the water was unusually calm and clear. streams, are also at home in the strong ROCK BASS Although it was late afternoon, visibility currents that may move along the face of was good to 15 feet. By diving with face a promontory sea-wall. They are quite An inhabitant primarily of rocky areas in lakes and of streams with clear cool water, this fish is a special mask and swim fins I made observations favorite of young anglers. the pilings and rocks on the bottom. On the surface a school of whirligig beetles swam mud. It does not act like mud, however aimlessly, as they might on any quiet pond,

(that is, it does not pack firmly), and so it is scattering with every nearby disturbance. possible for the deep-reaching waves of The wooden pilings were covered with short storms to stir the bottom in water at least golden-green threads of algae that moved LOG PERCH 25 feet deep. This is one of the reasons why with the slight motion of the water. Among One of the most common of the darters, and the the cribs where Chicago's drinking water is the pilings and algae were hundreds of small largest, attaining a length of 8 inches, this 6sh has are located two to five miles off- 2 or 3 inches long, too small gathered yearling perch, the appearance of an elongated perch. shore in depths of 32 to 37 feet. The sand to be interested in the shiners baiting the may remain close to the bottom, but the hooks of the fishermen lining the promon- active during the winter and not torpid as turbulence of the waves draws the silt up tory. Although none of these perch were many fishes are. Their food is small crus- where it remains in suspension, the seen ate occasional making feeding, they probably taceans and insect larvae. water cloudy for several days after storms sidekickers (amphipods) and other small Diving in other places along the lake front and waves subside. invertebrates that live in the tangle of or at other times of the year would certainly Such a habitat of shifting sand is an ex- filamentous algae. add to these sketchy observations, but so far tremely difficult place to live. The smother- Several medium-sized rock bass, probably I have not had the opportunity to repeat ing effect of sand plus poor light resulting 6 or 7 inches long, were hiding in the spaces the experience under such favorable con- from the frequently turbid waters are very between the Around them was an pilings. ditions. unfavorable conditions for both plants and area clear of small perch. Neither perch animals and few can maintain themselves nor rock bass appeared to be frightened by here. So, generally speaking, the vast areas me; but if they were approached, they Museum Auditor Elected of sandy beaches extending considerable quickly swam just out of reach and returned Miss Marion K. Hoffmann was elected offshore are barren "deserts." I distances as soon as passed. Auditor of the Museum at a meeting of the A careful search has revealed nothing large Trustees on 22. Miss Hoff- CRAYFISH ON GUARD Board of May to be seen on beaches in enough living depths mann joined the staff as Bookkeeper in 1952, of less than 5 feet. schools of The bottom here close to the wall is about Occasionally and since early 1956 has been Acting 12 feet below the surface and consists small fishes (perch) may visit during periods mostly Auditor. of calm, and occasional snails or plants such of angular rocks 1 to 2 feet in diameter. as Elodea or Myriophyllum are drifted in, The exposed surfaces of the rocks were It's So in but there exists no permanent flora or fauna. clean, probably kept this way by the strong Simple Philippines is conducted with The majority of kinds of plants and currents of waves deflected by the wall. The marriage ceremony the Batak tribe of animals live a pelagic existence in the upper Between the angular rocks were crevices of little fuss or bother by makes a small open lake-waters well off the bottom, in the various widths and lengths. In many were the Philippines. The groom it to the of his quieter waters of the lagoons, or on the wedged bottles, bottle caps, and beer cans, gift and presents parents rocky reefs where they are raised above the and among them, living here in great intended bride. Then the betrothed couple a married and eat from constantly shifting sands. There are abundance, were large crayfish. They did sit down with couple smoke the same and several natural rocky outcrops along the not retreat as did the other animals, but the same dish, — cigar, shores of the Chicago area. Bottom- when my hand passed above one it would thus become Mr. and Mrs. it's as simple facts about the living plants and animals are the most rear up in its most threatening manner with as that. Other Philippine abundant where the rocky substrate permits its pincers spread, ready to do battle. Islanders are illustrated in Hall A (Peoples attachment of algae and the holdfast organs On the smooth rock surfaces were a few of Melanesia and the Philippines). Page 6 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN June, 1957 DATING THE PAST-UPPER GREAT LAKES AREA

By GEORGE I. QUIMBY the analysis of plant pollen that falls to the CUBATOR OF NORTH AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY earth or into lakes and ponds and is pre- served in layers of soil or sediment. Quanti- ATTEMPTING to reconstruct the tative analysis of the fossil pollen by layer prehistoric Indian mode of life and the IN in peat or soil deposits enables the paly- changing environments of the past 13,000 nologist to reconstruct the vegetation that in the Upper Great Lakes region years was growing in the area at the time the a chronological framework in which to place pollen was deposited in each layer. A suc- events in their proper sequence is necessary. cession of such layers with fossil pollen will Fortunately such a chronological framework show the succession of vegetation over a long can be constructed from the data of Pleisto- period of time. Thus the palynologist can cene geology, pollen analysis, and radio- provide a relative chronology of flora and, carbon dating. by inference, of climate for the region. For instance, an excellent geological clock BY FLORA of relative time is provided by the strati- SEQUENCE of related to graphic sequence phenomena The generalized sequence of flora in the retreat of the continental the advance and Upper Great Lakes during the past twelve Such as moraines and glaciers. phenomena or thirteen thousand years is first a forest other surface features produced by glaci- composed mainly of spruce and fir; next outlets of lakes ation, fossil beaches, glacial a forest composed principally of pine; then the ice front at various ponded by positions, a forest dominated by oak and pine; then old lake-beds, and old drainage-systems, an oak-hickory forest coeval with the maxi- when stratigraphically ordered, produce mum expansion of grasslands; and finally of events a relative chronology geological a forest in which oak and pine are dominant. be correlated with that can archaeological The climate inferred from these stages of events. flora is as follows: first a period much colder Another method of dating the past is by than the present, next a period of increasing

Calendar of Geological Events and Radiocarbon Dates for the Upper Great Lakes Region

Estimates Advances and Retreats of Lake Stages and Elevations Forest from radio- Glacial Ice of Water-planes above Sea Succession carbon dates Level

11,000 B.C. Late Cary. Ice retreats from Glenwood Stage of Lake Chi- Spruce-fir Lake Border moraines to cago. 640 feet above sea Port Huron moraine and level (corresponding stage 10,000 B.C. northward in Huron basin)

Two Creeks Inlersladial. Ice Bowmanville Low Water Spruce-fir retreats to position north of Stage. Water planes at very 9000 B.C. Mackinac Straits low level

Valders Glacial Advance. Ice Calumet Stage of Lake Chi- Spruce-fir advances to maximum posi- cago. 620 feet above sea tion of Valders red drift level (corresponding stage in 8500 B.C. Huron basin)

Valders Retreat. Glacial ice Toleston Stage. Glacial lakes Spruce-fir retreats northward probably at 580 feet above 8000 B.C. sea level

Valders Retreat. Glacial ice Glacial Lake Algonquin Stage. Spruce-fir 7000 B.C. retreats northward 605 feet above sea level

Valders Retreat. Ice retreats Post-Algonquin Stages. Fall- Spruce-pine in Ontario, Canada ing water-levels: Wyebridge —515 feet, Penetang—475 feet, Cedar Point—455 feet, Payette—415 feet, probable 6000 B.C. June, 1957 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 7 poses is the lack of proved correlations be- SOME BIRDS ARE GOOD PARENTS; SOME AREN'T! tween events in these two lake basins before By AUSTIN L. RAND of other it is and be the Lake Algonquin stage. This is a critical CHIEF CURATOR OF ZOOLOGY gulls, attacked, may problem that has not yet been solved. killed, according to Dr. John Emlen of the MUSEUM ZOOLOGIST does not There are at least three major theories of University of Wisconsin. THErestrict his studies to data he can get the correlation of pre-Algonquin stage geo- Young grebes that can swim and dive from preserved specimens but he uses in- after are logical events in the Lake Michigan and immediately hatching commonly formation on the habits of the animals too. Lake Huron basins. Until new field evidence carried on the backs of their parents. If he is he find that Sometimes and /or more radiocarbon dates become studying evolution, may the young remain snugly under from the structure and habits the the available, all these correlations remain conclusions parents' wings during dives of the often dovetail primarily different interpretations of es- nicely. But as some struc- sentially the same data. The correlation just used in this article is based upon a theory tures defy explanation from a "useful" by Dr. Jack L. Hough, geologist at the point of so do some University of Illinois, which was published view, in 1956. habits. The somewhat complicated outline of The plumage of a loon is a stratified geological events and radiocarbon splendid coat for dates presented here provides the basis for waterproof a kind of broad calendar to which can be this swimming and an- related the prehistoric Indian cultures and diving bird; yet their changing environments in the Upper hingas and cormorants dive Great Lakes region. swim and though Undoubtedly this calendar will be modi- their plumage is not and Cartoon by Ruth Andtis fied and refined by the discovery of new waterproof they data. But even in its tentative form it is have to come ashore a useful tool for the prehistorian and paleo- periodically to dry out, The partly-webbed old birds. This is standard practice when feet of are useful for the are small. But as the geographer interested in the Upper Great phalaropes swimming; young young grow Lakes. yet man-o'-war birds with partly-webbed larger and still try to ride on the parents' feet rarely light on the water. The king bird backs, the parents rebel. No longer will they RARE FOSSIL SHARK that protects its nest by driving away crows tolerate the bulky youngsters climbing on and hawks may attack such inoffensive birds them. The are repelled the IN INDIANA young by FOUND as upland plovers and green herons even pecking of the parents and this results in the Through the generosity of Dr. Maurice L. after the nesting season is past. Evidently death of some of the young, according to Richardson, of Lansing, Michigan, the Mu- a bird can be generally fitted to its environ- J. Munro, wildlife expert of British Co- seum is on the trail of a large fossil shark ment even though in certain traits of be- lumbia. that is more than 15 feet The tail of havior and details of structure it may be long. EATEN BY PARENTS the big fish has already been recovered for maladjusted. To point this up I shall the Museum. The animal lived in the Penn- outline several aspects of parental care. A still more strange fate overtakes some ruse of the killdeer— of the Antarctic. sylvanian period, about 240 million years The broken-wing young skuas The skua ahead of a man and him hatches her two and the ago. flopping leading— eggs, young develop For many years Dr. Richardson has been away from her nest or young seems like young gulls, beginning to wander as making contributions to the Museum, and a wonderful bit of behavior to help the young they grow up. It has been reported that the accumulation of these has resulted in escape enemies, and the survival of the off- if the parent returns to her nest and broods the establishment of the Maurice L. spring is a fundamental step in enabling the only one of her chicks, the other, moving Richardson Paleontological Fund. This species to continue. But before we marvel about nearby, may be killed and eaten by for fund has enabled the financing of a field trip at how well nature provides her children, her. Dr. R. C. Murphy, an authority on to a quarry near Bloomingdale, Indiana, to let us look further. First, the noisy solici- oceanic birds, explains this habit of the skua excavate the skeleton of the big shark, tude of a bird about the nest or young may in terms of a confusion in psychological which was discovered buried in the rock. actually guide an enemy to it, like the "hot" drives. Once one of the young is brooded, Assigned to this task are Dr. Rainer Zangerl, or "cold" of a childhood game. Also let us the parent's brooding drive is satisfied, and the other of the Curator of Fossil Reptiles, Dr. Eugene S. look at end spectrum where the other chick moving about in front of the the cause the death Richardson, Jr., Curator of Fossil Inverte- parents may deliberately adult rouses its feeding drive, never far or the of their brates, Orville L. Gilpin, Chief Preparator of their young young group. below the surface in these rapacious rela- of and Bruce tives of the Fossils, Erickson, Preparator. HIGH JUVENILE MORTALITY gulls. In these birds we can see a range in In a ring-billed gull colony in Upper Guide-Lectures parental care, from ostentatious anxiety, Daily Michigan numbering 850 pairs, about half which may defeat its purpose and indicate Free guide-lecture tours are offered daily the young birds were killed by adult birds the location of the nest or young to an except Sundays under the title "Highlights striking blows with their bills. The social enemy, to an occasional animosity, whose of the Exhibits." These tours are designed structure of the colony and the character- expression may cause the death of the young. to give a general idea of the entire Museum istics of the young contributed to this Yet each of the species survives whether and its scope of activities. They begin at heavy mortality. The nests are closely because of or in of this phase of the 2 P.M. on Monday through Friday and at spaced, and each pair defends the territory spite behavior of One lesson is clear: 2:30 p.m. on Saturday. around its nest against the others. The parents. We must not assume that a bit of Special tours on subjects within the range young, downy when hatched, stay in the special bird behavior—and the same to of the Museum exhibits are available Mon- nest at first, while the adult flies away for applies structure—is beneficial. days through Fridays for parties of ten or food. But soon the young bird is walking a special Perhaps more persons by advance request. about, and when it intrudes into the territory the species survives in spite of it. Page 8 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN June, 1957

GEM SHOW TO OPEN chon-cut gems, faceted gems, individual The Seventh Annual Amateur Hand- jewelry pieces, jewelry sets, gem collections, polished slabs, enameled jewelry, etc. crafted Gem and Jewelry Competitive Ex- exhibit that awarded the Dalzell hibition, under the auspices of the Chicago The was Lapidary Club, will be held at the Museum Trophy for the best in the show is a group of six faceted of different from June 1 through June 30. The show synthetic gems the of Albert L. will display in Stanley Field Hall the award- shapes and sizes, work winning work of "rockhounds" of Chicago Malik, of Chicago, who also won the Presi- and suburbs within a 50-mile radius. dents' Trophy for outstanding lapidary Scores of amateur lapidary and jewelry work in the advanced division with his entry craftsmen, including both members and non- of a faceted synthetic golden sapphire. The members of the Chicago Lapidary Club, Councilmen's Trophy for outstanding in the advanced division was participated in the contest. Trophies and jewelry ribbons were awarded to approximately 60 awarded to J. Lester Cunningham, of for his of a set of the entries, representing the work of more Chicago, entry jade pendant than 50 contestants. All who enter the in a yellow-gold dragon design. The competition are required to do their own Juergens Gold Medal for the outstanding a novice to cutting and polishing of gems and slabs of lapidary achievement by went of for a faceted gem material, and those who make jewelry Earl Christensen, Chicago, must design and fashion the gold and silver amethyst, brilliant-cut. The Milhening mountings they use. Gold Medal Award for the outstanding The exhibits are divided into two basic achievement in jewelry creation by a novice classifications—the work of novices and that was given to Robert E. Brown, of Chicago, of advanced craftsmen. Both classifications whose exhibit is a bolo tie-pull in mosaic, have ten specialized-craft divisions: cabo- with turquoise and coral center.

SCIENTISTS OF TOMORROW HAVE THEIR DAY AT MUSEUM

Jl /•^j £ i : \ *- I CHICAGOjOi/

HISTORY vu*8 . 7 MUSEUM $ufy 4957

"PEASANTS AND PRINCES" Special Exhibit of Portraits July I — September 2 Page 2 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN July, 1957

Chicago Natural History Museum to be taken into account when any general- THIS MONTH'S COVER- Founded by Marshall Field, 1893 ization is made about birds. It's a piece of A of a Shan tribesman Roosevelt Road and Lake Shore Drive, Chicago 5 work, an accomplishment, that is as per- portrait Telephone: WAbash 2-9410 manent as anything one can do in this of Chieng Mai in northern Thai- world. Chicago Natural History Museum's land adorns our cover. This collections have two new drawing is one of 45 by Elisabeth THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES Philippine yielded birds of species rank in addition to 16 new Telling that form a special ex- Lester Armour Henry P. Isham Sewell L. Avery Hughston M. McBain birds of subspecies rank. In 1952 Dr. D. S. hibit, "Peasants and Princes: Wm. McCormick Blair William H. Mitchell Field I Portraits of Human in Walther Buchen John T. Pirie, Jr. Rabor, Museum Associate, and Types Walter J. Cummings Clarence B. Randall named a babbling thrush from Negros Indonesia and Central America.'' Joseph N. Field George A. Richardson Marshall Field, Jr. John G. Searle Island and in 1951 Dr. Charles Vaurie The exhibit will be on view in Stanley Field Solomon A. Smith described a brown from our Stanley Field Hall from 1 Samuel Insull, Jr. Louis Ware tiny flycatcher July John P. Wilson collection when he was monographing this through Labor Day (see story on OFFICERS puzzling group. page 7). Stanley Field President Hughston M. McBain First Vice-President DISTINCTIONS OFTEN DIFFICULT Walther Buchen Second Vice-President Joseph N. Field Third Vice-President More often than not, in the world of Solomon A. Smith Treasurer are clear-cut. Clifford C. Gregg Director and Secretary biology, things not Psycholo- R. Millar Assistant Secretary Most of the new kinds of birds being John gists argue about responses and drives; described are anatomists debate about whether a struc- nowadays plainly subspecies, paler or darker or or or ture represents one or two muscles and about brighter larger THE BULLETIN longer-billed than their relatives. As its homology; and taxonomists consider the long EDITOR as new populations are discovered and classification of animals, as to which of the being Clifford C Gregg Director of the Museum range extensions made, some of these fourteen to thirty-four major groups of popu- CONTRIBUTING EDITORS lations can be expected to be animals called phyla should be recognized conspicuously Paul S. Martin Curator Chief of Anthropology different, like the three new races of the THEODOR Just Chief Curator of Botany and whether an isolated population is ShARAT K. Roy Curator tree I Chief of Geology a or plain-headed creeper described and Austin L. Rand Chief Curator of Zoology species subspecies. the one described Dr. F. Salomonsen in The Philippines with its more than 7,000 by MANAGING EDITOR that extended its to islands and islets is a wonderful to Copenhagen range H. B. Harte Public Relations Counsel place Luzon, Negros, and Other find series of isolated populations whose Zamboanga. ASSOCIATE EDITORS subspecies are found when adequate series status as species or subspecies can be argued. Helen A. MacMinn Jane Rockwell are available from within the known In each series some populations may be range of the species, as when I described two new conspicuously different, with contrasting races of the brown thicket flycatcher and Members are requested to inform the Museum characters such as a white vs. a black rump, of of address. one of the thick head. promptly changes red vs. orange neck, streaked vs. barred yellow-bellied breast, white vs. dark outer tail feathers. A FERTILE FIELD Though these are local variations on a com- Bird work in the is still in the NEW PHILIPPINE BIRDS mon theme, the differences between subspeci- Philippines as the recent discoveries fic are often more obvious than are exploration stage, By AUSTIN L. RAND groups indicate. Since 1946 five new birds have CHD3F CURATOR OF ZOOLOGY the external characters that separate species. been described as the Being island populations the subspecies are species: babbling JUST NAMED four new the brown and the separated spatially and so we will never thrush, pigmy flycatcher, HAVINGPhilippine birds, a brief survey seems mentioned and know if they would integrate if they met, long-billed creeper above, timely. To know the kinds of animals there also a fruit and a red-headed the final criterion of a subspecies. Some green pigeon are and where they live is an important part, Of new there workers would consider the little red-headed flowerpecker. subspecies and perhaps the basic one, of our job in the must be two score. In addition to the work owl I described as a subspecies from Negros Museum's Department of Zoology. done Dr. Rabor and that in as a species; I consider the long-billed tree by Chicago, museum is the where this scientists in various of the world have A only place creeper recently described from Luzon as parts kind of the kinds of described them. active have work, inventorying a species to be really a subspecies. The Especially can have in been Dr. Salomonsen in Dr. S. animals, continuity. Only red-headed flowerpecker that I have just Denmark, museums are as are books D. at Dr. Vaurie and Tom specimens filed, described as a subspecies from Western Ripley Yale, for Gilliard in H. in in a library, future reference and further Mindanaeo is intermediate between what New York, Deignan The named and Dr. C. Manuel in Manila. interpretation. specimens earlier seemed two species; so I put them Washington, housed and serve as Natural Museum has there, reported on, all in one. In many cases there is no objec- Chicago History types standards which new material can of 17 of the new forms. The scientists against tive test. The best we can do is to accept many be Such insure that in different well illustrate compared. comparisons the consensus of the majority of informed working places when students in whatever field use the the international of our workers in the field. aspect — work, striving name of an animal they can be sure they On the other hand we can sometimes toward a common goal in this case an are all about the same animal. of the birds of the talking demonstrate that two forms are species. inventory Philippines. The thrill of adding something new to our When Dr. Rabor and I described a new In 1946 we had only a few scattered knowledge is one of the highlights of dis- leaf warbler and reviewed its relatives we specimens of Philippine birds, obtained by covering and naming a new species of bird. found that a gray-throated and a yellow- exchange. Then we had a full-scale ex- It means you have added one to the 9,000 throated form that had been considered pedition—Harry Hoogstraal, Museum Field or so kinds of birds that are known. It's subspecies actually lived in the same area Associate, made our basic collections from comparable to the work of the explorer who without integrating, the final test for species. the main islands: Luzon in the north, puts a mountain or a river on the map. In reviewing the large brown fruit pigeons Mindanao in the south, and Palawan that You know that as long as birds are studied we found the same thing; two alleged "sub- lies toward Borneo to the west. Since then the species you added will be on the list and species" living together, proving they were we have been fortunate in having a working that its range, make-up, and habits will have two species. (Continued on page 6, column S) July, 1957 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 3 SOME GOURMET RECIPES FROM EXPLORERS' COOK BOOKS By JANE ROCKWELL China. For a for the or electric timers. An staff ASSOCIATE EDITOR serving four, ingredi- anthropology ents are: member who has attended many such feasts we all feel a little bored with AT TIMES Yi lb. skinless shark fins assures us that the pig emerges very well the food that confronts us. We XX daily 3 rice bowls of chicken soup done but very juicy and tender. Huge yearn for new foods, prepared in new ways. V% T salt portions of the meat along with sweet The interest of Americans in increasing 2 ounces cooked ham potatoes, taro, and bananas are served on exotic foods is in the strikingly apparent Warm the chicken soup, then add salt. banana leaves to the waiting guests seated of constantly expanding numbers foreign Soak the shark fins in warm water for 10 on the beach. When the meal is over the restaurants in our and even in our cities, minutes to soften. Then add the fins to the refuse is disposed of in the sea (a strong small towns and the villages, inviting soup and cook 10 minutes. Sprinkle minced undertow instantly carries it away). The venturesome to new explore gastronomic ham on top of the brew and serve. sea also serves as a giant finger bowl and the beach sand as effective napkins. In minutes SEAL AND WALRUS SOUP all evidence of any feasting is gone. If you're of an adventurous nature, an And now for dessert. A favorite in Palau alternate second course might be Seal and in the Caroline Islands is Soursop Ice Cream. Walrus Soup. The preparation of this Soursop is a large fruit of the American Eskimo favorite is extremely simple. Merely tropics now grown in tropical areas the boil water, blood, and blubber together with chunks of walrus and seal meat—and serve? And now, on to the main course. Here are several suggestions. From South America there's iguana (a reptile which can be roasted, fried, or boiled), sauted crocodile tail, roasted armadillo, or roasted paca (the latter a tender rodent considered by a staff member to be one of the tastiest of meats) and, from China, sashimi, which is raw tuna dipped in a mixture of soy sauce, mustard Cartoon by Marion Pjhl powder, and lime juice. Before sampling the latter a curator advises gallons of water delights. The gourmet is no longer shocked near at hand. Cartoon Marion Pahl by an overwhelming prevalence of quick- by A REAL NUMBER' lunch and greasy-spoon establishments. 'PRODUCTION world around. It is a relative of the custard- The following recipes and food suggestions If you're one who believes in elaborate apple. The ingredients needed for Soursop were from Museum staff of main course gathered mainly preparation your you might Ice Cream are: members who have encountered them in follow the example of the inhabitants of Vi T gelatin their travels to all of the New Ireland in the South Pacific when expeditionary parts pre- 2 T cold water world. Some of these culinary experiences paring mumu, or baked pig. Mumu is eaten 14 cup boiling water have proved delightful; others are recalled only at feast time and often it is served to 1 cup soursop juice by the consumers with a wince or a shudder. as many as a thousand persons. For a very 1 cup sugar The reader can judge for himself which is small feast, one wild pig is caught, suffocated, 1 cup whipped cream which. In any case, all of the persons who and cleaned. After the legs are removed at Soak gelatin in cold water and pour into sampled these foods survived to describe the shoulder joint, the rest of the animal is boiling water until dissolved. Add soursop them. washed and then singed. juice and sugar. Cool. Fold in whipped A delicacy recently imported from Mex- An outdoor oven is built with tiers of cream and freeze as you would ice cream. ico and gaining some popularity in certain rocks. While the cooks are waiting for the BANANA SPLIT INDONESIENNE parts of this country is fried grasshoppers. rocks to heat to the proper grilling tem- Fried grasshopper fans also might like to perature, the time is passed by toasting From Indonesia comes another dessert the flavor of fried of the and limbs as sample umbrella ants, some organs appetizers suggestion, Jakarta Delight. For this re- a favorite snack in or as a reward to the fire- South America, they and hard-working freshing treat you'll need: could omit a step in its preparation and builders. When the rocks are very hot they 6 bananas the of in leaves emulate Iroquois Indians northern are wrapped banana and placed 1 cup orange juice New York and eat them raw. Fried worms inside the pig through a flap provided for 1 cup brown sugar are considered a delicate appetizer in that purpose. Then the entire pig is /2x cup grated coconut in worms are utilized in various in banana and other leaves and Mexico; fact, wrapped >£ cup dry bread crumbs or with vines. and taro gastronomical ways. They appear whole bound Sweet potatoes (or cake crumbs) in form in bottles of also are in leaves powdered mescal, (a starchy root) wrapped % tsp. nutmeg a distilled made from the and around the on hot rocks and liquor agave plant, placed pig % tsp. cinnamon are as for more of rocks and leaves. and they used a flavoring agent covered with layers Place split bananas in buttered baking staff is no soups and stews. In Mexico, a member Beach sand then added so that steam dish. Mix orange juice and sugar and pour tells us, grasshoppers are often fried to can escape. After that, all is covered with over bananas. Mix together crumbs, coco- in oil chili one can the five- a crisp and pepper and are burlap sacking and ignore nut, and spices and sprinkle over top. Bake deliciously nut-like in flavor. foot-high oven for several hours. for 20 minutes. Serves 6. Now that some appetizers have been The process begins at sunup, and when Mangoes are fast becoming a favorite suggested, a second course might be recom- the sun begins to wane, dinner is ready. The fruit in the United States. But North mended such as Shark's Fin Soup, eaten in cooks need not worry about heat regulation (Continued on page 6, column 1) Page 4 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Juhj, 1 957 THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF ENVIRONMENT, GREAT LAKES AREA By GEORGE I. QUIMBY Lake Huron south of the ice but the ice-free. So were of the CURATOR OF NORTH AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY front, parts Superior AND ETHNOLOGY Lake Superior basin was entirely covered by basin because Lake Agassiz drained east- ice. West and northwest of the Lake ward into it at this time and was consider- CULTURES, especially Superior basin was a tremendous glacial ably lowered if not temporarily dry. The PRIMITIVEthose of hunting peoples, are much more lake. Lake Agassiz, as this now-extinct ice east of the Huron basin had retreated dependent upon the physical qualities of lake is of western in a direction environment than are the urban cultures called, occupied parts northerly opening low outlets, one of which drained to the Lake Ontario of civilized peoples. Other factors being basin and another that drained via the equal, the physical environment not only This is the third in a series articles Ottawa River to a marine in limits the culture of hunting peoples but of embayment the St. Lawrence River The may even determine the forms that the in which Curator George I. Quimby is upper valley. western Great culture will take. tracing the history of the Indians who Lakes, by draining through inhabited our own Great Lakes these newly opened outlets were consider- During most of the past 12,000 years the region ably lowered some hundreds of upper Great Lakes area was the homeland from the earliest times and the factors (probably that the course feet) beneath their previous levels. The of a succession of primitive hunting-cultures changed of their lives one to another. greatly reduced lakes in the and manifesting traditions of the Paleo-Indian from period The pre- Michigan vious articles in the Huron basins comprise the Bowmanville and Archaic stages. appeared May and Bulletins. low-water stage. These primitive Indian cultures must have June During the Bowmanville stage much more been closely tied to their environments land would have been available for Paleo- through the interaction of habitat and Indian occupancy than heretofore because culture. Yet late glacial and postglacial Minnesota, eastern North Dakota, and most the lowered former geological data as well as climatic informa- of Manitoba. water-planes exposed lake-bottoms. tion derived from analysis of fossil pollen The ice-free portions of the land in the The of all the Great indicate that these Upper Great Lakes en- Upper Great Lakes region were covered by drainage Upper Lakes at this period was eastward to an arm vironments were constantly changing. forests of spruce and fir possibly separated of the ocean in the St. Lawrence With these changes and differences in from the glacial front by a narrow strip of Valley. Lake drained to the environment there must have been cor- tundra. The climate of this period was Agassiz Superior basin, which in turn drained either to the responding differences and changes in the certainly much colder and probably wetter Michigan or Huron basins. The basin cultures. Thus in order to arrive at any than now. Michigan drained to the Huron basin and the Huron reasonable understanding of the cultural The animals living in the ice-free portions basin drained to the ocean one of archaeology of the Upper Great Lakes of the land included mammoths, mastodons, through the outlets, at North region it is first desirable to know the giant beavers, deer, elk, and barren-ground probably Bay. The land was covered a forest in which archaeology of the physical environment. caribou. Sea mammals inhabiting the by and fir were dominant. Other trees glacial lakes ponded by the ice were whales spruce OUTLINE BY PERIODS known to have been were of several species and walruses. present tamarack, pine, oak, ash, linden, and cedar. In the following sections the archaeology Two Creeks Interstadial (10,000 B.C. to The climate seems to have been cooler of environment will be briefly presented in 9000 B.C.). With the retreat of the Cary ice and probably moister than that of the terms of the geoehronological periods out- present time. lined in a previous article (Bulletin, June, The animals in the included 1957). living region mastodons, giant beavers, deer, elk, and Late Cary (11,000 B.C. to 10,000 B.C.). barren-ground caribou. Sea mammals were During Latest Cary, a period beginning whales and walruses, which, in small num- some time after 1 1 ,000 B.C. and ending about bers, may have entered the Lake Huron basin from the ocean by way of the Ottawa River and the North Bay channel. Valders Glacial Advance (9000 B.C. to 8500 B.C.). The Bowmanville low-water

10,000 B.C. to 9000 B.C.

to a position north of the Straits of Macki- Fa nac the Huron and Michigan basins were

STAGE BY STAGE 11,000 B.C. to 10,000 B.C. The changes described in Curator Quimby's article are traced in chronological order on the seven of the Great Lakes 10,000 B.C., glacial ice covered most of maps Upper area. The lakes are indicated by wavy lines, Ontario, much of northern Michigan, and coniferous forest by triangular tree-symbols, a of northeastern part Wisconsin. deciduous forest by rounded tree-symbols, Large glacial lakes with water planes and grassland by short lines. Gustaf Dalstrom much higher than those of the present Maps by occupied the basins of Lake Michigan and July, 1957 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 5

glacier. Once again the ice pushed south- 605 feet above present sea level and dis- Terminal Glacial (6000 B.C. to 3000 B.C.). ward over the forests, filling the Lake charging at Chicago and Port Huron. By the beginning of this period the ice front Superior basin, crossing the Straits of Just before the Lake Algonquin stage the had retreated to a point near Cochrane, Mackinac to cover northern Michigan and ice had retreated from northeastern Wis- Ontario. Between the ice front and the parts of northeastern Wisconsin, and block- consin allowing Later Lake Oshkosh, a small height of land there was a tremendous ing the outlets to the sea east of the Huron glacial lake, to drain to extinction and from glacial lake called Ojibwa-Barlow. It lay basin. the western half of the Superior basin The water levels in the ice-free parts of allowing Lake Agassiz to drain eastward lake basins dammed by the glacier rose to again. high levels. The water plane in the Lake During the time of Lake Algonquin the Michigan basin, for instance, rose to 620 ice extended from north of Lake Agassiz to feet above present sea level. Lake Agassiz the eastern half of the Superior basin, across with its low eastern outlet blocked by ice in the northeastern part of the Huron basin, the Lake Superior basin rose to its old and as far south as the Kirkfield outlet east beach-levels and drained southward to the of Georgian Bay. Mississippi River. The land areas were still covered with On and on came the Valders ice loaded forests in which spruce and fir were domi- with red clay and rock debris picked up in nant and the climate was still cooler and the Lake Superior region. In the Lake moister than at present. The forest-dwell- Michigan basin the ice reached as far south ing animals included mastodons, deer, elk, as the present-day sites of Milwaukee, barren-ground caribou, and probably giant Wisconsin, and Muskegon, Michigan. beavers. Whales probably still lived in the 6000 B.C. to 3000 B.C. Shortly after reaching its maximum waters of the Lake Huron basin. the Valders ice sheet to re- spread began Late Valders Retreat (7000 B.C. to 6000 east of Lake and north of the Lake treat The features Agassiz rapidly. depositional B.C.). About 7000 B.C. or shortly before, Huron basin and drained southward either left by the melting ice are all relatively thin into the Huron basin or into the Ottawa and indicative of a rapid retreat. But the River. deposits left by the Valders ice are all easily Lake Agassiz, still a glacial lake but recognizable because of their red coloring. probably somewhat reduced in size, drained The ice-free portions of the land still eastward into the Superior basin. maintained a forest dominated by spruce The Superior, Huron, and Michigan and fir trees, and this forest seems to have basins had extraordinary low water-levels. extended right up to the ice margins. The Lake Stanley in the Huron basin had a water climate was still cool and moist, but it was plane about 180 feet above present sea level. getting progressively warmer. This was 400 feet beneath the modern level The inventory of animal life was the same of Lake Huron. Lake Chippewa in the as the previous period. Mastodons were basin had a water plane of 230 still abundant and a few whales at least Michigan feet and was 350 feet below the level of were in the waters of the Huron basin. modern Lake Michigan. Lake Chippewa Valders Retreat (8500 B.C. to 7000 B.C.). drained to Lake a As the Valders ice retreated the Huron and Stanley through long 7000 B.C. to 6000 B.C. river that passed through the present Straits of Mackinac. Lake Stanley drained to the the Valders ice retreated from the Kirkfield ocean via the North Bay outlet and the outlet east of Georgian Bay and the waters Ottawa River. Lake Superior, lowered in of Michigan and Huron basins drained level some hundreds of feet, drained at least eastward at successive falling levels. First to the level of the sill in the St. Mary's River came the Wyebridge stage at 515 feet above and may have drained lower through north- present sea level, next the Penetang at 475 eastern outlets to Lake Ojibwa-Barlow. feet, then the Cedar Point stage at 475 feet, By about the middle of this period the ice followed by the Payette level at 415 feet, front in the vicinity of Cochrane, Ontario, and finally lower stages not yet studied. retreated allowing Lake Ojibwa-Barlow to During this period the ice retreated from drain northward and become extinct shortly the North Bay outlet and from the north- thereafter. eastern part of the Lake Superior basin. The forest-cover of the land surrounding Lake Agassiz, still a large glacial lake, the lakes was changing in response to an drained eastward into the Superior basin. increasingly warmer and drier climate. 8500 B.C. to 7000 B.C. Northeast of Lake Superior a new glacial During the first half of the period pines lake was forming between the height of land achieved dominance of the forest from the ice front. Minnesota to southern as the Michigan basins were joined across the ice and Michigan zone northward. With front, first at a level of 620 feet, then at In this period the composition of the spruce-fir migrated the dominance of came an increase in 580 feet, and finally at 605 feet above the forests was changing. Spruce and fir were pine the of in present sea level. The 580-foot level may waning while pine was expanding. expansion grasslands, particularly the western of the area and between represent an oscillation of ice blocking the Animal life in the southern half of the parts Lake and the basin. Kirkfield outlet east of the Huron basin. region was changing too. The mastodons Agassiz Superior the In any event, the longest part of this seg- were disappearing, either becoming extinct In the latter half of the period pine to the ex- ment of the Valders retreat is the Lake or moving northward. Among the animals dominance began to give way forest with oak and Algonquin stage, a glacial lake in the Huron remaining were the deer, elk, and barren- pansion of hardwood 1 and Michigan basins with a water plane ground caribou and probably whales. (Continued on page 7, column ) Page 6 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN July, 1957

EXOTIC RECIPES- Period: Southwest and Southern China." PHILIPPINE BIRDS- Dr. Bluhm's degree was conferred by the (Continued from page 3) (Continued from page 2) University of Chicago. Her thesis is entitled Americans usually sample only the domestic "Prehistoric Settlement Patterns in the arrangement with Dr. Rabor, who teaches wild most of the in Silliman Uni- fruit, which is quite fibrous. The Southwest." Dr. Bluhm has resigned from biology year But in vacation he's in the mango, we are assured, is an exceptional the Museum staff in order to engage in versity. periods accustomed to its field as much as We him treat when one becomes special work with the Illinois Archaeological possible. help finance his and he sends us slightly turpentine-like flavor. An ex- Survey for the University of Illinois. expeditions tremely juicy fruit, one zoologist advises collections. He's explored Negros inten- that the best place to eat wild mangoes is in sively, and I was privileged to be in the the bathtub! Green-mango sauce known as MUSEUM REPRESENTATIVE field with him in 1953-54 there and on chutney is highly recommended too. Man- AT AFRICAN MEETINGS nearby Siquijor. He's also covered Bohol, goes that are still hard and just beginning another of the central islands, and both the Research Associate in to turn in color should be selected, then Rudyerd Boulton, lowlands and the highlands of Zamboanga the Division of will the peeled, and cut across the fibers. Next, boil Birds, represent Peninsula, the westernmost part of Min- Museum at the Pan African the pieces in sugar as you would apple Ornithological danao. The Zamboanga Peninsula proves sauce. Congress to be held at Livingstone, Northern to be so different from the rest of Mindanao from 15 to 22 and at the If you feel reluctant to try any of the food Rhodesia, July that it well could be a separate island. of the International Committee for preparations suggested above, it is well to meeting This year's collection from there, from remember that food habits vary sharply Bird Protection to be held at Bulawayo, Mount Malindang, contains rarities and on 8. throughout the world and even in our own Southern Rhodesia, July novelties I haven't seen equaled in a col- country where the eating habits of persons After these meetings Mr. Boulton plans lection since I was studying birds in the in one state would shock those of another to spend several weeks in Angola, where he snow mountains of New Guinea. It was state. In the United States we consider will continue his long-time interest in col- from this collection that the —four new birds eating animal entrails (a common practice lecting material on the birds of Angola, I've just described came a nuthatch, in many countries) repulsive and yet we paying particular attention to the ecological a creeper, a flowerpecker, and a sunbird. forget that the casings of hot dogs (a food aspect of the bird life. He expects to travel MANY TASKS REMAIN which is almost synonymous with America) extensively over the great network of roads are made from that very material. that the Portuguese have established and The number of new forms described from As we learn more about and from people that now reach many parts of the country the Philippines in the past ten years, two of other countries and cultures our pre- previously difficult of access. This will take or three score, indicates the recent progress paration and consumption of food should him from the borders of the Congo forest that has been made in itemizing Philippine become more interesting and should provide to the Mossamedes Desert. birds. But these published descriptions of more fun, too. new birds are available to only a few specialists. They must be combined into checklists, handbooks, and manuals to be Americanization Classes STAFF NOTES generally available. The Philippines have 'Graduated' at Museum had their share of them. That of R. C. At ceremonies held in James Simpson Dr. Robert H. Denison, Curator of McGregor of Manila, published in 1909; Theatre of the Museum on June 11, ap- Fossil Fishes, is on a field trip in the vicinity that of M. Hachisuka, started in the early proximately 1,200 "new Americans" as of Silver Creek, New York, to collect fossil 1930's but not finished; and that of J. selected delegates of more than 4,000 specimens in late Devonian black shales. Delacour and E. Mayr, published in 1946. "graduates" received diplomas and certifi- On the earlier part of the trip he was ac- But as each gets out of date, a new one is cates for completing courses that prepare companied by Dr. Rainer Zangerl, Curator needed adding new data and utilizing new them for life in their adopted homeland. of Fossil Reptiles .... Dr. Everett C. concepts. I am incorporating the new data The occasion was the annual "commence- Olson, Research Associate in Fossil Verte- into a new "List of Philippine Birds." It ment" exercise held for many years in the brates at the Museum, was recently ap- was written by 1953, but the flood of new Museum by the Division of Americanization pointed chairman of the Department of material makes many additions necessary, of the Chicago Public Schools. Those Geology at the University of Chicago .... and I can't call a halt until after I've "graduated" were adults of all ages who had Dr. Julian A. Steyermark, Curator of the finished working out the magnificent 1956 come to the United States from many lands, Phanerogamic Herbarium, attended the collection from Mount Malindang made by some as refugees from totalitarian rule. recent annual meeting of the Missouri Dr. Rabor. Those who had completed advanced courses Chapter of Nature Conservancy at the Such inventories as checklists and manuals received diplomas; others received certifi- University of Missouri, where he spoke on are needed for every group of animals and cates of for their progress accomplishments "Plant Extinction Threats in Missouri." for every part of the earth, if we're to know to date. He was also principal speaker at the con- what is on it. Some areas such as Europe vention of the Federated Garden Clubs of and the United States have so many resident Missouri at Poplar Bluff .... Philip Hersh- naturalists animals that in Two Museum Anthropologists studying general kovitz, Curator of Mammals, Luis de la our Department of Zoology directs its in- Awarded Ph.D. Degrees Torre, Associate in the Division of Mam- terests to other lesser known areas. Through In June two members of the staff of the mals, and Sophie Andris, Osteologist, a combination of circumstances we got of were awarded Department Anthropology attended the recent annual meeting of the a good start in Philippine birds, and our the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. They American Society of Mammalogists in labors have been fruitful. are M. Kenneth Starr, Curator of Asiatic Lawrence, Kansas. Archaeology and Ethnology, and Miss Elaine Bluhm, Assistant in Archaeology. Exhibits showing rocks and tracing the Dr. Starr's degree was bestowed by Yale Primitive tribes of the Andaman and geologic history of the Chicago region have University. The title of his thesis is "Some Nicobar islands in the Bay of Bengal are been installed on the walls of the corridor Regional Ceramic Groups of the Chou represented by a collection in Hall L. between Halls 34 and 35. July, 1957 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 7 CHARACTER SKETCHES BY A WORLD = ROAMING ARTIST << "T)EASANTS AND PRINCES: Por- \_ traits of Human Types in Indonesia and Central America" is the title of a special exhibit in Stanley Field Hall of the Museum ^*^ from July 1 through Labor Day (September 2). It is a collection of 45 charming pastel drawings by Elisabeth Telling of some of the interesting personalities she has en- countered in many years of travel. Miss Telling, a native of Chicago, has lived in recent years (when not roaming to far-off places) near Guilford, Connecticut. With a fine eye for detail, Miss Telling records the characters and moods of her subjects as well as their physical traits. From an anthropologist's point of view her drawings are accurate representations of the peoples of the countries she has visited, but they are also interesting as studies of indi- vidual human beings and noteworthy as artistic creations. Among persons of various classes and ethnic groups portrayed in this series of her drawings are a Balinese princess, temple dancers of Bali, Java, and Thailand, a prince regent of Java, and a medicine man of a Guatemalan Indian tribe.

The collection is a gift to the Museum JAVANESE DANCER GUATEMALAN INDIAN from Miss Telling, in recognition of which Portrait by Elisabeth Telling Portrait by Elisabeth Telling the Trustees elected her a Contributor.

GREAT LAKES AREA- was being manifested in a peculiar way. down-cutting of their outlets. For a time The land, which had been compressed by between 1000 B.C. and 500 B.C. the levels in (Continued from page 5) the tremendous weight of the ice, had been the Huron and Michigan basins were stabi- chestnut, and the grasslands increased still rising rapidly for less than 3,000 years. In lized with a water plane at 596 feet above more their encroachments into the forests. places this rise amounted to about 400 feet, present sea level. This is the Algoma stage. By the end of this period the climate was suggesting a rate of upwarping greater than Around 1000 B.C. there was an abnormally hotter and drier than that of today. one foot every ten years. The upwarping cold period but it did not last for many years. Except perhaps in the far north, the raised the North Bay outlet thus causing The northern lands continued to rise, but mastodons were gone from the region. But the waters of the upper Great Lakes to rise at a much slower rate than previously. The deer, elk, barren-ground caribou and whales to levels controlled by outlets at Chicago upwarping since Nipissing times is about were among the animals still dwelling in the and Port Huron, and for the first time the 80 to 100 feet in some places. area. There is some evidence suggesting waters of the Huron, Superior, and Michigan After the Algoma stage the upper Great the presence of horses, now extinct, and basins were merged into one great lake. Lakes took on their modern appearance and bison in the western parts of the region This was the Nipissing stage with a water the flora and fauna were essentially as they during part of this period. Dogs of several plane 605 feet above present sea level. were at the time of the arrival of European kinds made their first appearance in associ- South of the unwarped areas the high explorers. ation with primitive Indian cultures. waters of Lake Nipissing reached the levels This outline of the archaeology of the Early Post-Glacial (3000B.C. tolOOOB.C). they had attained 5,000 years earlier. Many Upper Great Lakes environment gives some Although the glacier had retreated from the places that had long been dry land were once indication of the great variability from one upper Great Lakes area, its former presence again under water, and in the north large period to another. It shows quite con- areas were under water for the first time clusively that it is a mistake to consider since the ice had left. environment a constant when studying pre- During the Nipissing times the forests historic Indian cultures of the Upper Great dominated by oak and hickory achieved Lakes. their maximum extension northward. This also was the period of the greatest expansion Curator Force Honored of the grasslands. It was also the time of the hottest and driest climate known in Roland W. Force, Curator of Oceanic North America during the last 20,000 years. Archaeology and Ethnology, has been Deer and elk were among the animals living honored by appointment as a member of in the region during Nipissing times. Whales the Standing Committee on Museums and may have lasted until Nipissing times be- Pacific Research of the Pacific Science cause whale remains have been found en- Association. Meetings of the association closed in a Nipissing beach in Michigan. are held only every four or five years. The Post-Glacial (1000 B.C. to 500 B.C.). The next meeting will be in Bangkok, Thailand, 3000 B.C. to 1000 B.C. waters of Lake Nipissing were lowered by November 18-December 9 this year. Page 8 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN July, 1957

SIX SUMMER MOVIES Boys and girls who answer correctly the SUMMER LECTURE-TOURS FOR CHILDREN questions in this Journey's instructions GIVEN TWICE DAILY (obtained at the north or south entrance of On six Thursday mornings during July the Museum) and complete three other During July and August, guide-lecture and free of color motion- tours of Museum exhibits will be offered in August, programs Journeys are eligible to become Museum will be in the James both the and the afternoons of pictures presented Travelers and receive a special award from mornings Theatre of the Museum under the Simpson Dr. Clifford C. Gregg, Director of the Mu- weekdays, Mondays through Fridays in- of the James Nelson and Anna clusive. will auspices seum. Those who fulfill the requirements There be no tours on Saturdays Louise Foundation. There will and or on the Raymond for eight Journeys can become Museum Sundays July 4, but Museum of each the first will be be two showings program, Adventurers, and another seal is added to open during regular visiting hours, at 10 and the second at 11 or 11:15 (see their award. 9 a.m. to 6 p.m. on those days. will be on below). The first program July Members of YMCA summer day-camps Except on Thursdays, the morning tours the last on 15. No tickets are will be devoted to the exhibits in one 11, August can pick up mythical Eskimo garb, kayaks, needed. Children come ac- of the All may alone, harpoons, and dog sleds and set out on an department Museum. afternoon or other or in tours also the companied by parents adults, imaginary Eskimo seal-hunt after seeing the (and tour on Thursday are the dates will be in organized groups. Following movie "Angotee," the story of an Eskimo morning) comprehensive scope, and titles: exhibits in all de- child. This project for YMCA groups begins including outstanding this month and continues through the sum- partments. Tours are conducted by lec- July 11 —Dumbo (10 and 11:15 a.m.) turers of the staff. mer. Groups are limited to 70 persons and Raymond Foundation Disney's story of a baby circus-elephant reservations should be made at least one Below is the schedule that will be followed (repeated by request) in and week in advance. Instructions, including weekly July August: about to be found on the July 18—Water Birds (10 and 11 a.m.) questions things Mondays: 11 A.M.—People and Places seal-hunt and suggestions for other camp One of Disney's "True-Life Adventure" 2 p.m.—Highlights of the Exhibits movies programs, are available. Edith Fleming, 11 a.m.—The World of Plants Raymond Foundation lecturer, is in charge Tuesdays: Also a cartoon — of this program. 2 p.m. Highlights of the Exhibits July 25—The Living Desert Wednesdays: 11 a.m.— The Earth's Story and 11:15 — (10 a.m.) GIFTS TO THE MUSEUM 2 p.m. Highlights of the Exhibits One of Disney's "True-Life Adventure" Thursdays: 11 a.m. and 2 p.m.—Highlights movies. Following is a list of the principal gifts of the Exhibits received during the past month: August 1—Curious Adventures of Fridays: 11 a.m.—The Animal Kingdom Mr. Wonderbird and 11:15 Department of Anthropology: (10 a.m.) 2 p.m.—Highlights of the Exhibits From: Philip Pinsof, Wilmette, 111 — A tale in animated-cartoon style fairy 4 Japanese and Chinese objects; Robert McKenzie Ore.—stone August 8—The Alaskan Eskimo Trier, Bridge, figure, NEW MEMBERS Borabora Island, Polynesia; Mrs. Carl F. (10 and 11 a.m.) 16 to June von Gunten, Wheaton, 111.—tapa cloth (May 14) One of Disney's "People and Places" "poncho" and sample of bark cloth, Tahiti Contributors movies Reed Dr. Clifford C. Department of Botany: Holly Bennett, P. Dr. Paul S. Also a cartoon From: Holly Reed Bennett, Chicago— Gregg, Henry Isham, Martin, William H. Pinsof 344 unmounted plant specimens, Michigan; Mitchell, Philip August 15—Heidi and Peter Dr. Henry Field, Coconut Grove, Fla.— Associate Members (10 and 11:15 a.m.) 3 marine algae and a bladderwort; Regional James B. Blaine, W. T. Chester, Mrs. Sequel to the well-known story of a little Plant Introduction Station, Ames, Iowa Helen James Douglass, Meyer Field, Miss —seeds of var. saeeharatum girl who lived high in the Swiss Alps Sorghum vulgare Anne Fleischman, Dr. Paul H. Holinger, L. John M. Weaver of Richard Smith, Seats may be reserved for Museum Mem- Department Geology: From: Mrs. Walter Douglas, Chauncey, Sustaining Members bers and their children until the hour of the N.Y.—specimen of petrified wood, Arizona; John KcKinlay, Jr., W. S. Kinkead program. Adult leaders of groups are re- A. R. Hotchkiss, Evanston, 111.—mineral to remain seated with their Annual Members quested groups specimens, Minnesota; Roy Sturtevant, Dr. Robert A. Arnold, Mrs. George W. during the entire program. — of dendritic Chicago specimen sandstone, Mrs. Fred G. Lester Arkansas Blossom, Jr., Brunner, Coe, John W. Corrington, Thomas H. COOL ADVENTURES Department of Zoology: Coulter, Dr. Alberto de la Torre, Winston From: Karl Bartel, Blue Island, III — Elting, Lawrence R. Fisher, Thomas F. FOR CHILDREN 16 gall-wasps; Gary Billingsley, Alpine, Tex. Geraghty, Jr., Joseph M. Greeley, Robert —a fairy shrimp; W. E. Eigsti, Hastings, Bruce Harris, A. Two activities ideal for scorching summer Raymond Heinekamp, Nebraska—3 lots of ectoparasites, Nebraska Alvin B. Hollander, Dr. Helen Holt, John days, "Around the World on Wings" and an and Florida; Rodolfo Escalente, Monte- W. Huck, E. G. Jacobs, Mrs. J. M. Johnson, "Eskimo Seal Hunt," will be featured this video, Uruguay—a birdskin; U. S. Fish and R. M. Kemp, Henry Warner Kennedy, summer for children at the Museum. Wildlife Service, Seattle, Wash.—5 fishes, M. L. Kilmnick, Mrs. John Andrews King, "Around the World on Wings" (Museum Pacific Ocean; U. S. Fish and Wildlife Dr. Michael J. Kutza, Bernard F. Lee, Journey No. 10) is offered to all bays and Service, Pascagoula, Miss.—collection of Mrs. W. Scott Linn, Joseph M. McNulty, lots Mrs. Carl girls any day during July and August. On invertebrates, Gulf of Mexico, and 36 Martin Mendelsohn, Meyer, and Pacific T. D. P. this Journey the travelers go to many parts of fishes, Atlantic oceans; Harry John Moss, Harry Perkins, Joseph —a 41 bird- Mrs. Francis of the world to see birds such as the crowned Hoogstraal, Cairo, Egypt bat, Renald, Stanley Rickcords, skins; of Illinois, Urbana—a blind Charles S. Roberts, Dr. Earl B. Sanborn, cranes of the Nile marshes and the emperor University cavefish, Indiana; University of Michigan, Benjamin G. Sanders, Nathan Shefferman, penguins of Antarctica and then come home Ann Arbor—5 lots of land-snails, New Alfred B. Solomon, George R. Steiner, Lynn to see the resident birds of the Chicago Hebrides; Dr. Cornelius B. Philip, Hamilton, Stewart, Phelps Hoyt Swift, Harold Wein- area. No. 10 was Journey planned by Mont.—6 Tabanid flies, Malaya, Man- stein, David M. Wilson, Dr. Leonard F. Ellen Miller, of the Raymond Foundation. churia, Philippines Yntema, Russell A. Zimmermann

PRINTED BY CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM PRESS chicagqjO /£ mS NATU KkXljUUeTHj 1

> HISTORY M ^ ,Ai>. s ' MUSEUM J^mt 495? Page 2 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN August, 1957

Chicago Natural History Museum a month of good weather, and at the schools THIS MONTH'S COVER- Founded by Marshall Field, 1893 it is the time for study-reviews and field Mecca Quarry, the source of the Roosevelt Road and Lake Shore Drive, Chicago 5 trips. Coal Age black shale that is the Telephone: WAbash 2-9410 Fridays are the outstanding days for core of the Mecca Project of the visits by groups, and this year, on Friday, Department of Geology, is shown THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES May 17, the Museum received the phe- here as seen from the hillside nomenal of 89 school the Lester Armour Henry P. Isham number groups, above it at the time the last of the Sewell L. Avery Hughston M. McBain all-time record. More than 4,100 indi- Wm. McCormick Blair William H. Mitchell shale was being loaded into trucks Walther Buchen John T. Pirie, Jr. viduals were included in this day's groups. Walter J. Cummings Clarence B. Randall for transportation to the Mu- Joseph N. Field George A. Richardson However, this total number of students was John G. Searle seum. In the quarry are (left to Marshall Field, Jr. exceeded on a Saturday (May 4) when 4,329 Stanley Field Solomon A. Smith right) Dr. Rainer Zangerl, Cu- Samuel Insull, Jr. Louis Ware individuals arrived, although the number John P. Wilson rator of Fossil Reptiles, William of groups (37) was smaller. Most of this D. Turnbull, Assistant Curator of OFFICERS welcome invasion by young folks came to Fossil Mammals, and Peter Gar- Stanley Field President the city on three special trains. Such Hughston M. McBain First Vice-President rison, student-worker from An- Walther Buchen Second Vice-President trainloads of Museum-bound students are Third Vice-President tioch College. The scientific im- Joseph N. Field frequent, especially on Saturdays. Solomon A. Smith Treasurer portance of the fossil sharks from Clifford C. Gregg Director and Secretary Many of these students and their ac- John R. Millar Assistant Secretary this quarry and other localities in companying teachers know in advance what Parke and Vermillion counties, they want to see and how to go about it. Indiana, is explained on page 3 by THE BULLETIN Many others need and request the assistance Dr. Eugene S. Richardson, Jr., EDITOR of the seven guide-lecturers on the staff of Curator of Fossil Invertebrates. Clifford C. Gregg Director of the Museum the James Nelson and Anna Louise Ray- CONTRIBUTING EDITORS mond Foundation for Public School and Paul S. Martin Chief Curator of Anthropology Children's Lectures. This educational di- Theodor Just Curator of Botany Chief vision of the Museum kinds of Sharat K. Roy Chief Curator of Geology plans many Austin L. Rand Chief Curator of Zoology tours and programs to assist school groups MANAGING EDITOR as they study the exhibits. During the We wish to give one message to school H. B. Harte Public Relations Counsel three and one-half spring months of 1957 authorities and teachers and to students themselves: We welcome all these ASSOCIATE EDITORS the Raymond Foundation gave assistance groups that come in the but we should like Helen A. MacMinn Jane Rockwell to 1,014 groups comprising 37,078 students, spring, in addition to entertaining 6,532 children to have them spread out through a greater at nine Saturday-morning motion-picture part of the year. If students and teachers Members are requested to inform the Museum programs in the James Simpson Theatre. will plan their visits for the less-busy months, promptly of changes of address. they will gain much more from their trips to the Museum and will certainly enjoy them more. The months from September MUSEUM'S SPRING COMES through February are wonderful times for EARLIER EVERY YEAR Museum visits. By MIRIAM WOOD CHIEF, RAYMOND FOUNDATION HOUSECLEANING REVEALS To this Museum, as to most others, spring RARE TAPA CLOTH means throngs of school children and stu- dents coming by buses, cars, trains, and While sorting through some of the con- afoot. Some come only a few city blocks tents of her attic recently, Mrs. Carl von to reach the Museum; others travel here Gunten of Wheaton, Illinois, came across from cities, towns, villages, and farms hun- an interesting article of clothing that had dreds of miles distant. They range in age been occupying a place in her home for many from five years up to students of high schools years. Made of tapa cloth (inner bark of a and colleges. All these groups have one tree that has been soaked and pounded until thing in common—a curiosity about the thin and pliable) the garment came into world around them. And what better place Mrs. von Gunten's family when a distant could there be to satisfy this than the Mu- English relative (born in 1765) acquired it seum? in his travels. The which is LEARN TO LIVE, LIVE TO LEARN garment, a with a cord sash, was brought to These crowds used to come mainly in the Typical of Raymond Foundation activities is the poncho Mrs. von month of May, but in recent years the special school-program "Scientific Hobbies.** America in the early 1900's by Shown here are students, under the father after he had settled a spring influx has been starting in March and sixth-grade Gunten's family of Lecturer of new guidance Maryl Andre, learning is in the continuing through the middle of June. estate. Now the garment Mu- pursuits to fill their summer-vacation time— in this this students to seum's anthropological collections, a gift During year's season, came case, shell-collecting. Above them an octopus Chicago Natural History Museum from spreads its tentacles. from Mrs. von Gunten. twenty-six states and from Alaska, Puerto Roland W. Force, Curator of Oceanic Rico, and Canada. There were 2,302 groups These numbers are impressive, but they Archaeology and Ethnology, estimates that totaling 105,050 students during the three do not tell the whole story. Basically we the tapa cloth, which is in excellent con- and one-half month period. More came in are more interested in the results that no dition, is about 150 years old. Its fragile March than ever before, but further in- statistics can reveal—how much the Mu- leaf-design suggests that it might have come creases all through the period kept May at seum's efforts contribute to a broader edu- from eastern Polynesia, although the gar- the top as the month with the largest cation for the children participating in these ment's style and sash are not typical of numbers of students. May is usually activities. clothing worn in that area. August, 1957 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 3 RARE 250-MILLION-YEAR-OLD SHARKS FOUND IN INDIANA

By EUGENE S. RICHARDSON, Jr. in a gully behind the farm of Mr. and Mrs. hole that we had laid out for it, turned and CURATOR OF FOSSIL INVERTEBRATES Kenneth Cloyd. We duly noted the ex- ducked under the side wall. IS NOT OFTEN that a cartoon our other data and then had posure among Returning to the Museum, we spent a day situation comes to life to plague us, but IT a look for some fossils, since this was the X-raying the new additions to the monster. perhaps we brought it on ourselves. Two same black shale whose extent and fauna we A pair of fins was clearly visible, as was the we were fortunate in having years ago have been studying for several years. To vertebral column and the base of a skull. a talented young cartoonist, Robin Roth- our a of shale about great surprise, piece But two possible explanations offered them- man, working with us in the Department a foot in a small stream at the square, lying selves. If the fins were the pelvic, or rear, of Geology as an assistant under the foot of a sylvan waterfall, split very readily fins, and if the skull belonged to a partly- Antioch College work-and-study program. a along major bedding plane, revealing digested meal in the shark's stomach, we a of fossil sharkskin the entire patch covering had penetrated only half-way along the surface and of obviously forming part creature's length. If the fins were the a area of skin into the larger extending pectorals and the skull was part of the shark blocks of shale. formerly adjoining itself, we had most of what was available, the hind-quarters having been removed AN UNPRECEDENTED FIND during the carving of the little valley by the Now, we had never seen a patch of fossil- waterfall stream. ized sharkskin before, nor had anyone else, SMALLER SPECIMENS ALSO to our knowledge. Individual scales are common in the Pennsylvanian black shale Accompanied by Gilpin, we returned and in other rocks, but a whole square foot again and enlarged our pit in the proper with the scales lying undisturbed in close- direction. Lifting out the slabs of shark- packed rows just as the shark wore them? level shale, we soon found that we had the Unheard-of! Obviously, we had to find out rest of the skull and that there was nothing 'ANYONE FOR PICKAXES?' where that block of shale had come from. beyond. The shark was now as complete This situation is a classical frustrating actually pre- Not from the waterfall itself, we soon as could be. Before throwing our excavated dicament of fossil collectors, but the members of learned. But before long we found that it material into the valley, we had carefully the Museum's Mecca Project felt that the long arm fitted like a piece of a jigsaw puzzle against searched for other blocks that might have of coincidence had stretched too far when this really happened to them after Cartoonist Robin Rothman the rock face of a cliff next to the fall, be- fallen from the exposure, and we even had made this prophetic drawing of their Indiana dig. neath an overhanging ledge. With our walked down the valley, splitting all likely handpicks we removed another block of pieces of shale without finding the missing

! to She not only cartooned our work on the shale from the exposure. Lo more shagreen part of our specimen. But on returning the our find it Mecca Project and other phases of Museum (as sharkskin may be called). With feelings Museum with and examining like those of the who first in the we found that we had not life but produced the accompanying drawing antiquarians laboratory, the one but skulls and of a not uncommon impasse in the life of broke into King Tut's tomb, we pried deeper. only large specimen Still we skeletons of half a dozen more. The any fossil collector. Perhaps it is inherent more shagreen! Soon, however, partial are of smaller in the perverseness of things that when we could go no farther without removing the accompanying specimens that three- to five-foot all have laboriously excavated a supposedly several feet of overlying rock, and for sharks, animals, very both tools time. and all of different ample cavity in the landscape, we find that we lacked and Together elegantly preserved, in the fallen it should have been a little bit bigger after with two more pieces found rock the our of fossil all. Or perhaps we never make these holes below cliff, sample sharkskin a of about 2 3 big enough to begin with. So be it. We now made patch by showed the cartoon to appreciative groups feet, with a line of vertebrae running of scientists at the meetings of the Geo- through it. logical Society of America, the Illinois CONTRARINESS OF FORTUNE Academy of Science, and elsewhere. Then, after having thus built up a fine big show The following week, supplied with picks, of ourselves we suddenly found ourselves shovels, pry-bars, and other tools, and hoist with our own petard. This is the accompanied by Orville L. Gilpin and Bruce tale of our plight and what we have done Erickson from the Museum's paleontology about it. preparation laboratory, we descended again It was recorded briefly in a corner of the upon the shark. In two days we dug a hole June Bulletin that Dr. Rainer Zangerl, 16 feet into the hillside, at which point the Curator of Fossil Reptiles, and I had re- hole was 8 feet deep: a noble and imposing turned to Parke County, Indiana, to ex- excavation. Then with tender care we cavate the fossil remains of a large Penn- removed the last few inches of overlying sylvanian (Coal Age) shark. By that time, shale and lifted the blocks of the "shark NEEDLE-IN-HAYSTACK IS EASIER

we had already run up against the cartooned level." Showing as shadowy elevations Dr. Rainer Zangerl, Curator of Fossil Reptiles, situation. The original discovery of the were the buried fins and the rolled-back hunting specimens of creatures that lived hundreds of millions of ago in bed of an Indiana stream. shark, 250 million years old, had led, in edge of the skin where it had burst before years May, to an extension of our proposed 1957 burial of the shark. We now had about field work, made possible by the Maurice L. eight feet of shark laid out on the bank, kinds. One is a complete skull of an Richardson Paleontological Fund. In the including a Masonite replica of the original Edestus, hitherto known only from tooth- last phase of the mapping and reconnaissance pieces, but here we found ourselves in the bearing spine-like bars about whose position work that we carried out during April, we situation pictured by Miss Rothman. For and function there has been a series of came upon a new exposure of black shale, the shark, instead of following the 16-foot (Continued on page 7, column 1) Page If CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN August, 1957

SOME LITTLE-KNOWN FISHES OF LAKE MICHIGAN of the burbot and the smaller lake trout (in fact they are seldom seen except when By LOREN P. WOODS 10 inches in feed length, they on inverte- taken from the stomachs of these two CURATOR OF FISHES brates and later on fish. When full- entirely species). About the food or habits of deep- ARE 75 are 3 feet and from approximately species grown they li long weigh water sculpins in Lake Michigan nothing of fishes in Lake 25 to 30 THERE Michigan proper (ex- pounds. definite is known. Probably these fish streams and cluding tributary connecting Burbots live in cool and cold lakes and spawn in early spring in deep rocky areas but of these 10 or 12 are of lagoons), only streams in England, across northern Europe and their food most likely consists of real commercial — chubs importance namely, and Asia to Alaska, and south to the Upper aquatic larvae and the inch-long opossum or four lake (three species), herring, smelt, Mississippi River system and the Great shrimp Mysis. yellow perch, whitefish, carp, suckers, and Lakes. are most active the They during Deepwater sculpins resemble the mud- walleye (in order of quantity caught). in streams and shallow but in night lakes, dlers but have a more elongate head and The lake the most the dark waters of Lake trout, formerly prized deep, Michigan they body. Their fins are larger than those of and for one of the most abundant are active at time. Com- many years very likely any muddlers and there are four spines on the food fishes of Lake Michigan, is now so rare mercial fishermen market between 75,000 gill cover. These little sculpins (maximum that commercial fishermen no fish for and of burbot each longer 100,000 pounds year. length 7 inches) live also in the streams of it. Before the catch of lake trout in The burbot is used for and 1945, food, fertilizer, arctic Canada. The species in the Great Lake Michigan was four to six million cod-liver oil. The liver is enormous, about pounds a year. 10 per cent of the total weight of the fish. The liver oil is quite as potent in vitamins ANGLING A and D as that of marine codfish. Sport fishing along shore is usually done NINESPINE STICKLEBACK (PUNGITIUS) for yellow perch, but occasionally other kinds, especially lake herring, are caught in Chicago is near the southern limit of the late summer. Carp are frequently caught circumpolar range of the ninespine stickle- Ftom Iowa State Conservation Commission in the open lagoons and adjoining waters. back. This range extends throughout Occasionally a stray whitefish takes a fisher- northern Europe and in Asia and North SLIMY MUDDLER man's bait and more rarely a sturgeon is America north of parallel 42°. This small hooked. In the spring there is considerable (2 to 2 J/2 inch) cold-water species is ex- Lakes is a fresh-water relict of a marine activity in connection with the smelt run, group of sculpins. both with large dip-nets and small gill-nets. MUDDLERS (COTTUS) In some parts of Lake Michigan, especially in Green Bay and along the northeastern The slimy muddler lives in the rivers and shore, sport fishermen angle for walleyes, streams tributary to Lake Michigan and in northern pike, and muskellunge. the lake itself down to depths of 400 feet. There are several little-known but very The spoonhead ranges from shore down abundant of lake fishes to 450 feet but it does not live in streams. species living along Ftom Commetcial Fishes, USSR shore or in very deep water. Among these Like the deep-water sculpin both muddlers NINESPINE STICKLEBACK live on the bottom are the ninespine stickleback, trout-perch, and feed on whatever small animals are deepwater sculpin, slimy muddler, spoon- aquatic available. Neither head muddler, and burbot. Their habits, ceedingly abundant at certain seasons in the distribution, and general place in the marginal waters of all the Great Lakes Lake Erie. economy of the lake are only superficially except Around Chicago they known, and most fishermen do not recog- are found in the lagoon entrances of Jackson and Burnham in the nize these fishes by kind. Small fishes, such parks. They spawn the builds as these, are important chiefly as food for spring, when male generally other fishes and, except for the burbot, none a nest attached to grass or weeds in which is longer than 8 inches. the female lays her eggs. The male guards the nest until the eggs hatch (about twelve BURBOT (LOTA) days). The food of the stickleback has not From Cranbtook Institute been The burbot is of great importance because investigated in Lake Michigan, but in SPOONHEAD MUDDLER it is a ubiquitous predator. It is a fresh- other places it is known to be chiefly small water representative of the codfish family aquatic insects and their larvae, small crus- taceans, and in summer the fry of other of these fishes grows longer than 4 inches fishes. Sticklebacks are especially im- and most are 2 or 3 inches long. They are portant as food for other fishes, especially important food for large perch, young lake yellow perch, walleye, and burbot. trout, and burbot.

DEEPWATER SCULPIN (MYOXOCEPHALUS) TROUT-PERCH (PERCOPSIS)

live on the bottom of The little to 8 inches From Iowa State Conservation Commission Deepwater sculpins trout-perch (6 long) Lake Michigan and the other Great Lakes is one of the most interesting of all fresh- BURBOT in depths of 150 to 600 feet. There is no water fishes because it is intermediate in record that they have been caught in Lake structure between soft-rayed and spiny- (Bulletin, May, 1957) and, like the marine Michigan in water of less depth. They live rayed fishes. The resemblances are in- cods, haddock, and pollack, is voracious, in darkness and twilight in water that is dicated by its name, trout-perch. It has eating all kinds of smaller fishes. Burbots never more than a few degrees above a fleshy (adipose) fin between the back fin are very abundant and the amount of fish freezing (39° F.). They are quite abundant and tail as do the trouts, whitefish, and they consume is enormous. The first three 16 to 20 miles offshore in depths of from smelt, and its ventral-paired fins are midway years of their lives, or until they attain 250 to 450 feet and are an important food on the belly as in primitive fishes. It August, 1957 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 5 slightly resembles the perch in having to several hundred during a period of many MOVIES FOR CHILDREN rough-edged scales and one or two spines in days' feasting. Pork is the most highly CONTINUE IN AUGUST the dorsal and anal fins. valued of foods among these people. Three free of color motion- This species is known to shore-anglers The curled tusks of the boars are de- programs for children in the chiefly from dead specimens found floating veloped by knocking out the lower tusks so pictures Raymond Foundation's summer series remain to be near shore or washed up on the beach in late that the upper tusks can grow without being in Two of each worn down. The pigs are usually kept tied given August. showings are offered in the James up, often right in the house, and are fed soft program Simpson Theatre of the Museum—at 10 and at 11 or food. On animals kept this way for years, 11:15 Children are invited to the upper tusks grow into coils, sometimes (see below). come or other two or three complete circles. Tusks with alone, accompanied by parents or in Dates and only one full circle are regarded as of great adults, organized groups. titles follow: value, those with two coils are regarded as special treasures, and those with three coils — From Iowa State Conservation Commission August 1 Curious Adventures of attain an importance comparable to crown Mr. Wonderbird (10 and 11:15 a.m.) TROUT-PERCH jewels, and their owners refuse to part with A tale in animated-cartoon style them at any price. For this reason it has fairy summer. In been possible to include in the Museum's spring trout-perch migrate August 8—The Alaskan Eskimo to shallow Malekula pig-cult exhibit (Hall of Melanesia, from deep water, moving along- and 11 the (10 a.m.) shore with the smelt toward streams or bays Hall A, Case 57) examples of only single Places" and double coiled tusks. Some of the axes One of Disney's "People and into which they migrate to spawn, and a few used in the ceremonial are movies are taken in the gill-nets of the smelt fisher- pig-killings also shown. Also a cartoon men. Trout-perch eat all kinds of small aquatic animals and are, in turn, a principal August 15—Heidi and Peter food of the larger predatory fishes, such as (10 and 11:15 a.m.) pikes and walleyes. Sequel to the well-known story of a little STAFF NOTES girl who lived high in the Swiss Alps SOUTH PACIFIC TRIBE Seats may be reserved for Museum Mem- HAS '4-H CLUB' Dr. Julian A. Steyermark, Curator of bers and their children until the hour of the the Phanerogamic Herbarium, has been America's famed 4-H Clubs, organized to program. Adult leaders of groups are re- named chairman of the Special Volo and encourage boys and girls of rural areas to quested to remain seated with their groups Wauconda Bog Committee of the Illinois achievement in agricultural pursuits, par- during the entire program. Nature Conservancy. He recently lectured ticularly livestock raising, were anticipated before the Lions' Club of Wauconda .... centuries ago in the "pig cult" of a Melan- Dr. Donald Collier, Curator of South esian tribe living in the New Hebrides MUSEUM SCIENTISTS American Archaeology and Ethnology, and Islands of the South Pacific. Roland W. Force, Curator of Oceanic ON TV PROGRAM While not directly comparable, there is and attended a two- Archaeology Ethnology, R. Curator of will the 4-H Emmet Blake, Birds, a certain parallelism between conference at day Edwardsville, Michigan, lecture on "Birds of the Chicago Area" on activities and those of the people on the the Wenner-Gren Foundation sponsored by at 9:30 A.M. over TV island of Malekula in the Hebrides Sunday, August 4, New for to discuss the Anthropological Research, Station He will illus- societies the are WNBQ (Channel 5). group. In both youths of an of anthro- preparation encyclopedia trate his talk with from the Mu- livestock to cultivate into animals specimens given .... Dr. D. S. Field Associ- pology Rabor, The is in the the would attain in seum. program presented exceeding growth they ate in and chairman of the division Zoology series "Live and Learn" sponsored by a natural course of life. In America these of natural sciences at Silliman University, Northwestern University. cultivated cattle and hogs win prizes at Philippine Islands, is working in the Mu- fairs and livestock and Several other members of the Museum county expositions seum on Philippine birds with Dr. Austin fabulous in the market. In the staff have appeared on this program in bring prices L. Rand, Chief Curator of Zoology .... the in this case recent weeks. They are: Loren P. Woods, Malekula pig cult, animals, Dr. Fritz Curator of Lower Inverte- Haas, on Lake boars, not only are fattened to great size Curator of Fishes, who spoke brates, attended the recent meeting of the but their tusks are into coils Michigan's finned inhabitants; Dr. Margery developed American Malacalogical Union at New that would occur in C. Carlson, Associate in Botany, who talked exceeding any growth Haven, Connecticut .... Dr. Theodor nature. The carcasses of these beasts end on plants of the Chicago area; Dr. Orlando Just, Chief Curator of Botany, has been in ceremonial feasts and the curled Park, Research Associate in Insects, who up huge appointed chairman of the Committee for tusks become treasures held as lectured on the region's animal habitats, and jealously Formulation of Editorial Policy sponsored heirlooms. Dr. Everett C. Olson, Research Associate family by the Conference of Biological Editors. in Fossil who discussed the The American 4-H youth attains honors Vertebrates, fossils found in the area. for his success in cultivating livestock. The Insect in the Rockies Malekula youth gains his first recognition Collecting of manhood when he has raised a curled-tusk Rupert L. Wenzel, Curator of Insects, has Physical Differences boar, and then all through his life his rank begun an expedition of several weeks' Human skulls, color charts, casts of hands and privileges as a man grow in proportion duration to collect insects in parts of the and and other exhibits showing some to the number of pigs he raises and slaugh- Rocky Mountains. He will work principally feet, of the characters considered by ters. Degree-giving rites are periodically in the areas south of Raton, New Mexico, diagnostic in held at which these honors are bestowed. near Boulder, Colorado, and in the Big Horn physical anthropologists differentiating are to be found in The pigs are ceremoniously killed with shell- range of Wyoming. His collections will be racial types Chauncey 3— of bladed axes at the festivals, the number used in continuation of a long-time research Keep Memorial Hall (Hall Peoples slaughtered at one time sometimes mounting project. the World). Page 6 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN August, 1957

Like Some People . . . Collector Home From West TALKING BIRDS SOUND OFF WITHOUT THINKING Henry S. Dybas, Associate Curator in the Division of Insects, recently returned from By AUSTIN L. RAND Grinnells tell of a mockingbird that was a six-week in the Pacific CHIEF CURATOR OF ZOOLOGY collecting trip attracted to a on the phonograph lawn, Northwest. The purpose of the trip was to WE CONSIDER imitation as the studied the music and apparently played, collect a poorly understood group of micro- sincerest flattery, talking birds are cer- then it in his even re- IF reproduced song, scopically small beetles that live in the flatterers. This in tainly perhaps explains peating piano notes with the phonograph forest floor and in other situations. Labora- talking birds are such popular Yet the books at hand part why ring. strangely say tory facilities for the special equipment little about this bird's to imitate pets. ability were provided by the University of Oregon In the western world, parrots are best human voices. it's because Perhaps only at Eugene and by the University of Wash- known as but well known in the have not been talkers, mockingbirds adequately inton at Seattle. Alex K. Wyatt, Research Orient are others. J. D. D. La Touche, who trained. Associate in the Division of Insects, joined studied the birds of China for years, writes Besides the better-known talkers there Dybas for the last part of the field work. that a starling, a favorite cage-bird of the are other kinds that learn to say a few words, Chinese, is a good talker equal to any parrot. notably ravens, crows, and jays. Perhaps Better known perhaps is the mynah, as we get to know them better many song- GIFTS TO THE MUSEUM a jay-sized black starling with vivid yellow birds be found to be capable of saying may Following is a list of the principal gifts beak and head wattles, that lives from India a few words. But these could be the only received during the past month: to Java. Of its voice Stuart Baker writes birds with better-developed syrinxes be- of that like all its near relatives it has a wide cause a syrinx, not a larnyx, produces the Department Anthropology: From: Mr. and Mrs. Paul M. repertoire of notes, melodious, noisy, and bird's voice. Cook, Dunnellon, Fla.—archaeological material, raucous, and is an admirable mimic, copying Talking birds are presumably playing or Arizona and Iowa; Miss Frances Glover, the notes of other birds in the wild and doing something in their leisure time. They Chicago—5 wooden combs, Burma; J. to talk well in captivity. must be active because it is their nature to learning Langewis, Kyoto, Japan—textile sample exercise their muscles. Some birds just of scream, chirp, or sing; some imitate sounds Department Botany: From: H. Degler, Jefferson City, in nature or human speech, while others hop Roy Mo.—Viola missourieTisis; Mr. and Mrs. or flit about or soar quietly overhead, each Herbert Pahnke, Chicago Heights—Podo- enjoying its activities in its own way. To phyllum peltatum f. Deamii; A. Alvan illustrate the relation between ordinary Vasquez, Iquitos, Peru—6 plant specimens, bird-talk and imitating humans, a lone 5 wood specimens budgerigar is said to spend much time Department of Geology: warbling bird-talk to itself and when trained From: Teddy Czyzewicz, Chicago—mis- to "talk" carries on a soliloquy in the same Ate /7 ^ cellaneous fossils, Braidwood, 111. way. of UNAWARE OF MEANINGS Department Zoology: — Wu tit An^trix ' From: Walter Cherry, Winnetka, 111. Cartoon by Ruth Andris Birds don't understand what they're 2,500 sea-shells; Dr. Henry Field, Coconut saying. But as in any training tricks of Grove, Fla.—34 frogs, 56 lizards, 85 milli- From this one conclude that mimi- might animals, certain words can be associated pedes, 42 centipedes; General Biological in the wild would be a clue as to —13 sea cry good with certain conditions and appropriate Supply House, Chicago snakes, whether or not a bird could be to California and India; Dr. Robert F. taught phrases can crop up in some circumstances. Inger, talk. But what we know of the African Homewood, 111.—a fish, Louisiana; Dr. And this, of course, is the beginning of — of the best Marshall Laird, Singapore 7 frogs, 12 grey parrot, reputedly one talkers, the of But understanding meaning speech. 5 W. H. does not this. Dr. J. P. lizards, snakes; Phelps, Caracas, support Chapin it's so that it's as far rudimentary hardly Venezuela, a birdskin; Dr. Jeanne S. studied birds for many years in the upper advanced as the dog that "understands" Schwengel, Scarsdale, N. Y.—49 lots of Congo River forests where the African grey vocal guides in performing tasks to which marine shells; Vernon Wesby, Chicago— is one of the common and birds. conspicuous it is trained or expression in its master's 3 fishes, northern Manitoba; Loren P. Woods, The notes he heard from it were harsh 111.—25 voice. But again there are reports I simply Homewood, fishes; Raymond E. screeches and pleasant whistles, and he Medillin, Colombia—2 bats; don't believe, like the story of the Paris Stadelmann, heard no imitative sound from wild U. S. Geological Survey, Washington, D. C. any clergyman's sparrow that knew the Lord's —12 snails of the endodontid genus Beilania, parrot. Prayer and the Ten Commandments. When Koror, Palau Islands; Louis and Rua Wil- MOCKINGBIRD HIGHLY TALENTED wild stole food from behind the sparrows . — liams, Bethesda, Md a mammal, Honduras ; bars of its cage it was supposed to say, Dr. Charles L. Calif.— The extreme in mimics is our mockingbird. Camp, Berkeley, "Thou shalt not steal." a salamander, a lizard, 3 snakes; Dominion Its scientific name, Mimus polyglotlus, As a boy I was told the widespread belief Museum, Wellington, New Zealand—9 lots means the many-tongued mimic. Its com- that to make a crow talk one should split of land and fresh-water snails, New Hebrides; mon name in English stresses the same Michael —a its tongue. Apparently it's as widespread Duever, Chicago rattlesnake; characteristic of the bird. its Certainly University of Florida, Gainesville—2 fishes; as the belief that one way to catch birds is to record is impressive. A wild bird, singing, Thomas MacDougall, New York—2 eels; put salt on their tails. But the bird's song- has been known to introduce 58 imitations Dr. G. E. Maul, Funchal, Madeira—6 fishes; box, the syrinx, is deep in its chest, where — in seven minutes of singing, according to Dr. Cornelius Philip, Hamilton, Mont. windpipes branch into the lungs, and no 2 Dr. Karl P. W. L. Dawson. In Boston, C. L. Whittle horseflies, Philippines; mutilation of the tongue in its mouth can Schmidt, Homewood, 111. — 9 lizards, Texas; recorded 39 bird songs, 50 bird calls, and the improve its utterances. Dr. Conrad Yunker, Cairo, Egypt.— notes of a frog and a cricket all given by one a lizard; Renato Araujo, Sao Paulo, Brazil mockingbird. The imitates mockingbird —121 army ants; Carnegie Museum, Pitts- other sounds, too—the of a The exhibits of Philippine, Malayan, In- — barking— dog, burgh 3 fishes, Guam and Colombia; the squeak of a wheelbarrow and it even donesian, and Formosan ethnology have Lloyd G. Gage, Yuma, Arizona—6 species takes an interest in human music. The recently been renovated in Hall A. of lower invertebrates, Gulf of California August, 1957 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 7

INDIANA SHARKS- back safely to the Museum. THROUQH MUSEUM ON WHEELS We began the Mecca project with two (Continued from page 3) objects: to collect and study the specimens that our varying interpretations specimen as a record of the life of a shallow Penn- will finally resolve. sylvanian sea and to secure evidence on the Aside from the spectacular quality of the environment of that sea so that we could the large and well-preserved specimens, give a complete description of the ecology sharks are of notable scientific Cloyd Gully of that time and place. The original Mecca interest. From the Mecca Quarry (see Quarry at about the time of the removal and from localities in the Bulletin cover) of the last shale from it in 1954 was only in Parke same black shale in several places about 12 by 15 feet as compared with the we had and Vermillion counties, Indiana, 150 by 25 feet of the quarry in Cloyd Gully. recovered several hundred already speci- The difference in size is significant. In the of smaller sharks and other marine mens first case, we found numerous fragments of in the Museum's vertebrates. Those, now fossils as well as complete specimens, and soon to be research collection and studied, the area uncovered provided us with suf- of Penn- are the only complete specimens ficient material for a detailed study of sylvanian sharks yet found. About seventy distribution as well as an adequate col- were years ago, three partial specimens lection of specimens. In the Cloyd Gully from a black shale described Pennsylvanian area, conditions were slightly different at in Illinois by the great paleontologist, the time when the fossils were buried. During their "Holiday on Wheels," Edward Drinker Cope, but he lacked X-ray There are few of and very fragments fossils, a three-day visit to Chicago by 66 victims equipment for properly examining them, whole are rather better the specimens pre- of muscular dystrophy, Ward Beckam, of and indeed described them without having served than at Mecca. Both sites were Indianapolis, and Jeannie Arvin, of La- even removed a layer of overlying shale. in weed-covered deposited shallow, quiet, fayette, both 7, and Norma Hank of Indian- Consequently his descriptions are vague and water closed off from the sea partly open apolis, office secretary for the Indiana State his illustrations, like the specimens, look bars. While we have not seen and by yet Muscular Dystrophy Association, pause to like jumbled bumps in the rock. meaningless evaluated all the evidence in the Cloyd see one of the Museum's two marble lions also in the We have those specimens Mu- it that it was a much Gully locality, appears from Peking, China, in Hall 24 (Ancient seum, thus giving us at present a monopoly less area than was thickly populated Mecca, Chinese Civilization). on all the Pennsylvanian shark specimens and that the shark with its big accompany- Both child and adult muscular in the world. dystrophy ing smaller ones may have come in over the patients participated in the outing, which bar during temporary high water only to be HURRICANE INTERVENES included visits to many Chicago landmarks. there when the water withdrew. trapped The was the Indiana State of sharks of such trip arranged by This deposit being great In a very short time the water may have Muscular Association, which has scientific we have increased the Dystrophy interest, become foul, killing the sharks, and so headquarters in Indianapolis. intensity of our attack upon it. In June we shallow that the bloated carcasses could not had an area of several hired a bulldozer and float around and scatter. Indeed, there is thousand feet our square exposed, adjoining evidence that the water almost entirely LAPIDARIES SEEK RECRUITS small hand-made quarry, with the kind the cover of withdrew, letting floating vege- Wanted: More "rockhounds." Mrs. P. H. permission of Mr. and Logan, tation down onto the dead animals, thus owners of the land. We had intended to stay The Chicago Lapidary Club, which held holding them in place. Following the epi- and remove all the its Seventh Annual Amateur Handcrafted with it at that time speci- sode of the burial of the sharks, the water mens in that but no sooner had the bull- Gem and Jewelry Competitive Exhibition area, again became several feet deep, and ulti- dozer rumbled off the hill and left us with at the Museum in June, is already preparing up mately the barrier ceased to be effective, before us than Hur- for its 1958 show. Persons interested in the a veritable banquet permitting a normal fauna of marine in- fresh from her of collecting gem materials, polishing ricane Audrey, foray through vertebrates to occupy the area. hobby Louisiana, dumped nine inches of rain on us them, and making jewelry are urged to get While we are busily uprooting sharks from in one night. This excessive precipitation in touch with Tom Priest, secretary of the Cloyd Gully in the next few weeks, we will brought a considerable amount of clay club, whose address is 2007 Calumet Avenue, be constantly hoping that Robin Rothman's down from the hillside into the quarry. Whiting, Indiana. Since the work of pre- cartoon will not be prophetic again, and Another unforeseen effect was the suspend- paring exhibits is an exacting process that that all of our will consider- like the specimens stay ing of a good-sized lake above us, goes on all year, early contacts are advised. excavated area. For that above Damocles. In ex- ately within the sword hanging Inquirers will receive an invitation to a club that she will not the new we had the bull- matter, we also hope cavating quarry, meeting as well as general information. make a cartoon of a hur- dozer push the clay and rock into the valley, surreptitiously making a dam across the little stream. In the normal course, this would have gradually Museum Invites Children Mr. land while created a pond on Cloyd's Taconite Exhibit During School Vacation the dam settled and seasoned. However, An exhibit of taconite, a low-grade iron Every child is invited to make at least Audrey filled the pond to overflowing as ore that is assuming greater importance in one visit to the Museum during the summer soon as the dam was built, and part of the our economy because of depleted supplies vacation that is now in full swing. Parents face of the dam slipped down into the of hematite, the high-grade ore, has been are reminded that the Museum is a haven quarry. Not wanting to be beneath if the added to the Hall of Economic Geology of safety for their children—a place where 25-foot-deep lake should suddenly drop in on The exhibit includes specimens, it is cool on sweltering days, where all in- the quarry, we returned to Chicago to let (Hall 36). a of known and a chart fluences are and where education things simmer down. As this is written, we map deposits, good, while the are are about to leave again in the hope of illustrating present-day methods of pro- continues youngsters only taconite for use as a commercial ore. aware of fun. finally getting those sharks out of there and cessing having Page 8 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN August, 1957 EXPEDITION TO SEEK NEW MEMBERS VOLCANOLOGIST RETURNS WYOMING FOSSILS The following new Members were elected FROM LATIN LANDS in the period from June 17 to July 12: Fossil mammals of the middle of the After three months of exploring volcanoes Eocene epoch (about 50 million to 45 in Central Dr. Sharat K. Associate Member America, Roy, million ago) will again be sought by Chief Curator of has returned to years Mrs. John A. Renn Geology, a Museum expedition during August and his Museum post. The expedition, one of September in both the upper and lower Sustaining Members a series conducted by him for several years, formations of the remote Washakie Basin Mathon Kyritsis, John McKinlay, Jr. took him to Mexico, Guatemala, El Sal- in Members of the Wyoming. expedition Annual Members vador, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica. His will be William D. Turnbull, Assistant Cu- collecting of specimens and studies of these Ralph K. Ball, Bernard B. Berger, Ivan rator of Fossil Mammals, and Orville L. furnaces of the earth have as their final L. Bielenberg, Lee Bland, Dr. Robert W. Chief of who Gilpin, Preparator Fossils, Carton, John H. Caster, Mrs. Kathleen objective a definitive publication on vol- worked together in the same general region Catlin, Dr. Richard S. Cook, Frank R. canic phenomena. He has been invited to last year. Dentz, J. W. Didriksen, A. D. Eastman, make his contribution on the study of these The isolated area, at an altitude of 7,000 Harry C. Faust, William E. Fay, Jr., Mrs. volcanoes to the Geophysical Year. to in the Rockies, is one in which Geraldine Gallagher, Frederic Z. Gifford, 8,500 feet, Dr. Roy narrowly escaped walking into had been done Abner Goldenson, Cola A. Gray, Mrs. little fossil-hunting pre- the crater of Volcan Turialba in Costa Rica Edward L. Hasler, F. H. Heintz, Grover M. viously, and last year's collecting was highly a Hermann, Erich Hirsch, Preston H. Hol- during heavy fog. On another occasion successful. Although the objective is to liday, Dr. Jerome Kavka, Mrs. Agnes Lee, his foot was burned on the seething fuma- collect the remains of mammalian creatures, Stanley B. Levi, Robert Lundberg, Shaun role of a volcano in El Salvador. He will fossils of and well-preserved reptiles, fishes, P. McElhatton, Roswell W. Metzger, Mrs. tell the story of his expedition in an illus- kinds of animals will be other gathered Thomas S. Miller, Mrs. Charles T. Mor- trated article scheduled for the September wherever found. In addition, the strati- dock, John B. Mordock, Dr. Henry B. Bulletin. graphy of the region will be studied. Okner, Fred T. Reid, Robert G. Roulston, Andrew C. Dr. F. J. Nicholas The ultimate goals of this project are Scott, Soltes, Starosselsky, E. Norman Staub, Walter twofold: to acquire a representation of these TWO LECTURE-TOURS Stearns, Edward Sternstein, J. McWilliams two Eocene faunas adequate for detailed Stone, A. P. Stresen-Reuter, David B. DAILY THIS MONTH to of descriptions and provide specimens Wilbert T. Ward Sweeney, Vaughn, Walker, tours of of a that has During August, guide-lecture fossil mammals geologic age William A. P. Watkins, Richard 0. Westley, Museum exhibits will be offered in both been scantily represented in the Museum's David Wheaton, Harold E. Wilson, Rollin and exhibition and study collections. R. Young mornings afternoons, Mondays through Fridays. There will be no tours on Satur- days and Sundays, but the Museum will be JUNIOR MISS POSES ON MUSEUM STEPS open during the regular visiting hours, 9 a.m. to 6 P.M. Except on Thursdays, the morning tours will be devoted to the exhibits in one department of the Museum. All afternoon tours (and also the tour on Thursday morning) will be comprehensive in scope, including outstanding exhibits in all de- partments. Tours are conducted by lec- turers of the Raymond Foundation staff. Below is the schedule that will be followed weekly in July and August:

Mondays: 11 A.M.—People and Places 2 p.m.—Highlights of the Exhibits Tuesdays: 11 A.M.—The World of Plants 2 p.m.—Highlights of the Exhibits Wednesdays: 11 a.m.— The Earth's Story 2 p.m.—Highlights of the Exhibits

Thursdays: 11 A.M. and 2 p.m.—Highlights of the Exhibits

Fridays: 11 a.m.—The Animal Kingdom 2 p.m.—Highlights of the Exhibits

Archaeology Lesson To become an archaeologist in "one easy lesson" is an ambition not possible of ful- Miss Catharine Clyborne, age one year, quently ever since she was 11 days old. fillment, but in one section of James Nelson a resident of Lemont, Illinois, was captured She is the daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Harry and Anna Louise Raymond Hall (Hall 4) by the camera recently while she was de- V. Clyborne, both of whom are enrolled there are exhibits which demonstrate the scending the north steps of Chicago Natural as Museum Contributors in recognition of rudiments of how "diggers" obtain knowl- History Museum. Miss Clyborne has been their many notable gifts to the institution edge of extinct cultures through excavation, an enthusiastic visitor to the Museum fre- over a period of some years. classification, analysis, and interpretation.

PRINTED BY CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM PRESS t^SBuOetin HISTORY Vo/. 28 jVo.o MUSEUM SPefifante* 4.957 / Page 2 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN September, 1957

2 p.m. on and at THIS MONTH'S Chicago Natural History Museum Monday through Friday COVER- Founded by Marshall Field, 1893 2:30 P.M. on Saturday. There will be no Octopus at Home, detail of a Roosevelt Road and Lake Shore Drive, Chicago 5 tour on Monday, September 2 (Labor Day) painting by Staff Artist E. John Telephone: WAbash 2-9410 but the Museum will be open to visitors. Pfiffner, is typical of illustrative Special tours on subjects within the range material supplementing speci- OF TRUSTEES of the Museum exhibits are available Mon- THE BOARD mens in the eight cases of the new Henry P. Isham days through Fridays for parties of ten or Lester Armour exhibit, "The Animal L. Avery Hughston M. McBain Kingdom," Sewell more persons by advance request. Wm. McCormick Blair William H. Mitchell to be opened this month in Walther Buchen John T. Pirie, Jr. Walter J. Cummings Clarence B. Randall George M. Pullman Hall (Hall 13). George A. Richardson Joseph N. Field Accounts of the scope and pur- Marshall Field, Jr. John G. Searle ANTHROPOLOGY LECTURES Stanley Field Solomon A. Smith pose of the new exhibit and of the Samuel Insull, Jr. Louis Ware John P. Wilson ON FRIDAY EVENINGS many steps in its preparation are presented elsewhere in this issue OFFICERS "Visits with Peoples of the World," a by Dr. Austin L. Rand, Chief Stanley Field President series of lectures by distinguished anthro- Curator of Hughston M. McBain First Vice-President pologists, will be presented in the James Zoology. Walther Buchen Second Vice-President Joseph N. Field Third Vice-President Simpson Theatre of the Museum on Friday Solomon A. Smith .-.'.. Treasurer in October and under Clifford C. Gregg Director and Secretary evenings November John R. Millar Assistant Secretary the sponsorship of University College of the University of Chicago. Each lecture will be THE BULLETIN followed the next day by a field trip in the INSECTS IN PLASTIC Museum to view exhibits correlated with EDITOR TO BE EXHIBITED the subject discussed. Two of the lecturers Clifford C. Gregg .Director of the Museum in the series are members of the staff of the Insects and flowers imbedded in CONTRIBUTING EDITORS plastic Museum's Department of Anthropology; will be shown in a special exhibit in Albert Paul S. Martin Chief Curator of Anthropology Theodor Just Chief Curator of Botany others are members of the faculties of the W. Harris Hall (Hall 18) from September 1 Sharat K. Roy Curator of Chief Geology of and Northwestern 30. were Austin L. Rand Chief Curator of Zoology University Chicago through September They pre- University. Visual aids as artifacts, pared by Julius J. Nagy, research chemist MANAGING EDITOR (such films, and slides) and recordings to demon- of Chicago, who makes a hobby of preparing H. B. Harte Public Relations Counsel strate tribal music and other sounds will be insect specimens in natural attitudes and ASSOCIATE EDITORS used by the lecturers. All are scientists who preserving them as decorative objects. The Helen A. MacMinn Jane Rockwell recently have been on expeditions in the thirty-eight specimens to be displayed at the areas of their specialization and have new Museum, selected from several hundred that Members are requested to inform the Museum data about the diverse peoples to be he has prepared over a period of fifteen years, promptly of changes of address. discussed. are outstanding examples of a technique All these lectures begin at 8 p.m. Follow- variously employed to preserve and to ing are the dates, subjects, and speakers: protect fragile objects for display or for MEMBERS' NIGHT OMITTED handling in the classroom. October 18— Peoples of the Pacific. we have Mr. Nagy has tried, he says, to "improve Traditionally, sought through Roland W. Force, Curator of Oceanic —that to outdo in Members' in October to on nature" is, beauty Night acquaint Archaeology and Ethnology, Chicago insects fossilized in amber. It's an all- Members and friends of the Museum with Natural Museum History weather he "When the progress being made in the Museum pro- hobby, says. weather is I out into the field and gram. In each instance, we have presented October 25—Peoples of India: Peasants good, go collect the insects and flowers. When the an outstanding new exhibition feature in and Princes. Bernard S. Cohn, Assistant I indoors and connection 'with an open house. Professor of Anthropology, University of weather's bad, stay prepare • the specimens I've collected." Although productive work at the Mu- Chicago seum has continued without diminishing November 1 —Middle America: Descend- the it has been found throughout year, ants of the Maya. Sol Tax, Chairman, in order not to our MUSEUM ACQUIRES advisable, interrupt Department of Anthropology, University crowded work to schedules, postpone of Chicago 34,000 BEETLES Members' Night until a more appropriate Outstanding collections of cetonid and time. Our members will be informed November 8—South America: Native lucanid beetles, totaling approximately through the BULLETIN of all special exhibi- Peoples and Their Culture. Donald 34,000 specimens, were received by Chicago tions and of the completion of important Collier, Curator of South American Natural History Museum during August. new exhibits as occur. Archaeology and Ethnology, Chicago they The which were from Natural Museum collections, acquired the until I it History In meantime, can do in an heir of the late Dr. Eduard Knirsch, I wish to thank our Members person, many November 15—The Peoples of West a Viennese dentist (see Museum Bulletin, for their interest and support. of work on Africa. Warren d'Azevedo, Department : February, 1956), represent years Clifford C. Gregg of Anthropology, Northwestern University the part of Dr. Knirsch, who was especially Director interested in these insects. The Museum's November 22—The and His Music Negro study collections of these beetles are now in the New World. Alan P. Merriam, unparalleled in the museums of the western Professor of Anthropology, Northwestern Daily Guide-Lectures' hemisphere. University Free guide-lecture tours are offered daily The cetonids include some of the most except Sundays under the title "Highlights Price of admission to single lectures is $1. beautiful as well as some of the largest of all of the Exhibits." These tours are designed Series ticket for all six lectures is $5. For insects. A special temporary exhibit of to give a general idea of the entire Museum students, single admissions are 75 cents and some of the more striking forms is being and its scope of activities. They begin at series tickets $4. planned for display in October. September, 1957 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 3 NEW EXHIBIT PROVIDES A KEY TO ANIMAL KINGDOM

By AUSTIN L. RAND or so known kinds of animals—our knowl- zation that has occurred in animal life, and CHIEF CURATOR OF ZOOLOGY edge of these relatives of ours is scanty and the ramifications of the animal life of which EXHIBIT, "The Animal King- erratic. Many of us have spent time and we are a part, they assume a very real ANEWdom," gives a bird's-eye view of what effort to find out about and even to visit our importance as our distant relatives. The animals are like. Here the Museum visitor immediate relatives and to trace our an- discovery of the appearance and of the way can see each group against a background of cestors. But I imagine few people have of life of these our relatives can be among its relatives and get an outline of the whole given much thought to the range and variety the adventures of everyday life. animal kingdom. This display is located at of the living animals that comprise our more As Museum visitors stand in front of our the north end of George M. Pullman Hall distant relatives, not to speak of those that exhibit "The Animal Kingdom" and see (Hall 13) where most visitors begin their lived in the remote past and have left examples of the eight major types of animals, tours of zoology exhibits. a record of fossils in the rock, a record that we hope they will be impressed enough by Not even a professional biologist can hope can be traced with some assurance back this outline of what the living world holds to know all of the million or so species of a half-billion years to the Cambrian period to spur them to want to find out more about animals. To stress how vast the number of of the earth's history. these, our relatives—what they are and their species is, we point out that a zoologist way of life. OUR COUSIN, THE AMOEBA looking at them one species a minute would While the multiplicity of kinds of animals one from require 20 years of Museum working-time The single-celled amoeba of a pond, the precludes any person knowing of the differ in to check them all. If he made a list of them, horsehair worm of a rainbarrel, the tiny them all, many species only are of similar typed 25 to the page, the stack of manu- copepods of the ocean plankton, and the detail. There groups species that we under names, script pages would be 10 feet high. sea urchin of shallow seas may not seem very put together generic that we into families, families Despite the fact that we as human beings important, but measured as examples of the genera group into orders, orders into classes, and classes are animals—members of the animal king- manifold forms into which animal life has into phyla. These groupings not only dom and hence related to the other million been stamped, of the diversity of organi- indicate relationships but are also an aid to memory. EIGHT MAJOR TYPES

A knowledge of animals should include at least an acquaintance with the main types of animals. There are eight of these major types of animal organization, or structure, that are prominent parts of the animal life of the globe. In our new exhibit, examples of each are presented in eight cases placed side by side in an alcove so that a visitor, standing in one place, can see what these eight types look like. These main types are:

1. Single-celled animals, or protozoans, of which the microscopic amoeba and Para- mecium of elementary biology classes are examples. 2. Sponges—many-celled animals _,pf simple organization. -The common bath sponge is the best-known example of these (the sponge of commerce is only the skeleton of the animal from which the fleshy parts have been cleaned).

3. Jellyfish, corals, and the like, grouped under the name coelenterates—with a sac- like digestive system, a radial symmetry— (like that of a wheel), and stinging cells stand near the basic stem to which the higher phyla seem related. 4. Worm-like animals. This is a hetero- geneous grouping, for inside the worm-like form of such types as flat worms, round worms, and earthworms is considerable dif- ference in structure—they have bilateral symmetry (a left and right side), and their organ systems are better developed than in the previous groups. In earthworms, segmentation is introduced (shown by the THE PROTOZOANS-FIRST OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM EXHIBITS rings of an earthworm). Various minor such as ribbon horsehair These are the simplest animal forms. In the Museum display they are represented, greatly enlarged, by re- groups, worms, verse carvings. Actual specimens can be seen only with a microscope. Millions could exist in jar of water. (Continued on page 7, column 1) Into the preparation of a new exhibit, such as "The J go many weeks of planning, research and creative effort the picture-story from inception to completion of th AN EXHIBI"

Plans are out- i • lined by Chief Curator Rand and Staff Artist

Pfiffner (left).

Weeks of study, research follow. 2 • Notes are taken, sketches made.

'axidermists nd artists leet to inte- rate efforts.

Artist Krstolich installs crab— carves Taxidermists Lambert and Cotton king jellyfish cycle | (left) p — of 8. in plastic places small octopus on screen. '• specimens for case backboned animals. Amal Kingdom" which will be opened in September, 1 1 the part of staff members of varied talents. Here is leiew exhibit in George M. Pullman Hall (Hall 13). IS BORN

Artist Marion Pahl i drawings are made I • color linew cases. begins layout.

Dr. Haas (left) and Dr. ^ Rand select the specimens. J • .£

Artist Pfiffner works on one '• of eight paintings in exhibit.

Cases are installed, 10 • readied for the public. I Complete except for labels, "The Animal Kingdom" is appraised by Dr. Ra 11 • and John R. Millar, Deputy Director of the Museum. Page 6 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN September, 1957

THE STORY BEHIND A MAJOR MUSEUM PROJECT carving, some details were carved on a second sheet of plastic and back of By AUSTIN L. RAND placed Most of the vertebrates CHIEF CURATOR OF ZOOLOGY require special the first. These carvings are displayed on preparation. We have one taxidermist dark backing. From the front the appear- WE PLANNED the synoptic whose specialty is making lifelike mounts of ance of depth is very real. To emphasize exhibit of the animal kingdom one of WHEN birds and mammals, and another who the fact that these are enlargements we the first questions was how big to make it. specializes in plastic replicas of reptiles, placed a cutout of a microscope in the middle Obviously we couldn't use many whales, amphibians, and fishes that compare well of the exhibit showing the protozoans. This cuttlefish, elephants, or giant clams. But with their living prototypes. points up the fact that protozoans are we could use small examples instead of large microscopic and that when you look at them ones of each of the eight major types of OBSTACLES ARE OVERCOME you must use a microscope. animals. we an exhibit that Finally planned Then came the difficulties: soft-bodied This is some of the background of "The could be seen in its entirety in one place. that were worms, jellyfish mostly water, Animal Kingdom." There is more that After we have whole halls all, devoted to crustaceans such as transparent copepods. hasn't been touched on: the study collections only parts of one group, for example five we had some Fortunately glass models, gathered over the years on which we could halls for are one mammals, which merely made of sea long ago, jellyfish, anemones, draw for specimens, the books and the re- subgroup of the vertebrates. Vertebrates and Portuguese man-o'-war. These models search that went into the form of the themselves have pre- only about 46,000 species would be hard to at the duplicate present sentation, the long periods of application of (contrasted with the million or so animals time. The complexity and the transparency rare skills of several to the there For further information about persons put are). of these and the delicate animals, long material together. The preparations re- each we refer the visitor to the group ap- tentacles are difficult to show in extremely quired more than a year of work. hall. Now, propriate but the models we have any preparations, standing in front of the exhibit, you can see For the new exhibit we use eight cases, are fine of the skill. examples glassblower's at a glance a synopsis of the types of animals side by side, one for each of the major types A few other models were made, such as that that exist. of and use of animals, small examples each of the octopus modeled in wax with arms The exhibit was planned in the Depart- group shown. A mouse, a thrush, a perch, stiffened with wire. ment of B. and a the vertebrates Zoology. Joseph Krstolich, lamprey represent just However we used models as sparingly as devoted his time to it as as would an a departmental Artist, truly elephant, condor, possible. We wanted to show the real for over a E. John Staff a and a manta year. Pfiffner, sturgeon, ray. specimens whenever possible. Conferring Artist, did the basic design of the exhibit We want the Museum visitor, on first with Turtox (General Biological Supply unit and also the paintings and diagrams, sight of the exhibit, to say "How attractive! House) personnel we found that a number with assistance by Miss Marion Pahl, Staff How interesting looking! I wonder what it of soft-bodied animals could be displayed Illustrator. Carl W. shows!" even before Cotton, Taxidermist, he becomes aware of the by first embedding them in a clear plastic. prepared the birds and mammals, and entrancing story the exhibit tells. A con- Some lower some crustaceans chordates, Ronald did the ference Lambert, Taxidermist, rep- of Museum artists came up with such as fairy shrimp, and a number of worms tiles, amphibians, and fishes. General background designs, dividing the cases into were prepared by Turtox in plastic blocks Biological Supply House (Turtox), of panels for each subgroup to be shown, and of appropriate sizes and show the animals with the Museum in shades of Chicago, co-operated pastel brown and tan were chosen very well. Even a dried sea-lily (crinoid) preparing and supplying material embedded to paint the panels. was improved in appearance by being em- in plastic. bedded in a block of clear plastic. PAINTINGS ADD INTEREST Yet another technique was used in pre- We realized early that the actual speci- senting an outline of the life history of CURATOR TO COLLECT mens we exhibit could needed additional a jellyfish. The animals are delicate and CARIBBEAN FISHES illustrative material to show where and how transparent at every stage, and a reverse i the animals lived and their importance on carving was the answer. The animals were As on several occasions in past years, the our globe—something that would put across engraved on the back of a sheet of clear Museum will participate in a fishing ex- the beauty, the prominence, and the interest plastic, a small grinding-tool being used. pedition of the United States Fish and Wild- to us of these animals. A painting seemed When viewed from the front against a dark life Service. By invitation, Loren P. Woods, the answer, and in each case we put at least background, it is like looking at real animals Curator of Fishes, sailed August 13 from one such panel. In subject the paintings floating in water. A similar technique gave Pascagoula, Mississippi, aboard the govern- range widely: for instance one is a robin very effective representations of copepods ment service's motor vessel Oregon for pulling up a worm on a lawn, another an and an arrow worm. Not only are these a cruise of about forty days offshore, outside enlargement of protozoans in a drop of transparent animals better represented than the international 12-mile limit. Trawling water, and another a view of corals on the they would be by models, but the reverse and long-line fishing along the entire coast Australian Great Barrier Reef. As well as carving is a much quicker process and it of Central America from Yucatan to Panama supplementing the more prosaic specimens, gives a "specimen" that is much more will occupy the ship's regular crew and the pictures are attractive in themselves, durable than a model would be. Curator Woods. adding brightness and color. While the ship's personnel is engaged in MICROSCOPIC SPECIES ENLARGED Some of the specimens were easy. Dried investigating problems relating to com- sponges and corals (of the coelenterates) Most of the animals shown are actual mercial fisheries, Woods hopes to obtain were used, even though they were only poor animals and most of the models are natural thousands of specimens for study and for dried skeletons. Insects and crabs (arthro- size, even when small species are shown. exhibition at the Museum. Woods will pods) with their hard exoskeletons were But when we came to the protozoans we had return to Chicago with his collections late in fairly easy, though the legs of spiders and to show enlargements. We put samples of September, with barely enough time to sort centipedes presented special difficulties. the real protozoans in the exhibit, mounted his specimens into jars of alcohol before he Snails and clams (mollusks) are represented on microscope slides, but you can't even see departs again on the Oregon in November chiefly by their shells, and echinoderms have them under the cover glass. So we also for a similar 40-day expedition farther south a skeleton that is near enough to the surface made enlargements by the reverse-carving along the Atlantic coast of the Guianas and to hold the shape when dry. method. To give the proper depth in the Brazil. 7 September, 1957 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page

KEY TO THE ANIMAL KINGDOM IN NEW EXHIBIT 'JOURNEY' FOR CHILDREN TO INDIAN COUNTRY (Continued from page 3) mollusks, echinoderms, and vertebrates— worms, arrow worms, are all advanced characterized worms, spiny-headed very phyla The Museum Journey for boys and girls and moss are briefly each lamp shells, animals, by highly organized animals, group this autumn is "Exploring Indian Country." introduced here. specializing in a different way. The single- It will be available to any child at any time the related 5. Arthropods. The best known in this celled animals and phylum on every day in October and November. the The basic struc- phylum are the insects, the spiders, and the sponges are simplest. Children who wish to participate should ask for Journey sheets at either the North or South entrance of the Museum. These instructions direct the "travelers" to the BACK-BONED ANIMALS Indian exhibits in Hall 5 (Mary D. Sturges AND PRIMITIVE RELATIVES Hall) and Hall 6, where they will find material to stir their imaginations for travel Phylum CHORDATA 47,400 SPECI6S by canoe, snowshoes, and horseback and for living as the Indians did 150 years ago in the Chicago area and in the West. During the Journey the child fills in questions on his Journey sheet and deposits it in a box at either Museum door when he leaves the building. When the child has successfully completed four Journeys he receives an award as a Museum Traveler. After eight Journeys he becomes a Museum Adventurer and after twelve a Museum Explorer. The fall Journey is correlated with the season's series of Museum Stories, "Indian Neighbors of Our United States Settlers," which was written by Miss Harriet Smith of the Raymond Foundation staff, who also arranged the Journey. One story in this series will be given to each boy and girl at each Saturday-morning movie in the Mu- seum's James Simpson Theatre during October and November. All nine stories will be available as a set after November 30 at the Museum Book Shop.

NEW MEMBERS

The following new Members were elected in the period from July 15 to August 15:

Sustaining Members Mrs. Stanton Armour, Sr., Paul J. Basinger Annual Members THE BACKBONED ANIMALS Charles G. Ashbrook, Mrs. Harry Bair- evolved animals. live in water, on land, and in the air. They in- This group embraces the most highly They Milton B. H. lower chordates. The exhibit is the last in stow, Jr., Beach, George clude, in addition to the familiar vertebrates, the little-known Bunge, Anson W. Cameron, Jack Carl, the series of eight summarizing the Animal Kingdom. David R. Coey, James R. Cruttenden, William H. Depperman, Charles Dunlop, exo- ture which could have rise to the crayfish and lobsters. Jointed legs, an given Theodore T. Eckert, Howard F. Erzinger, is seen in the coelen- skeleton, and an elaborated segmentation higher vertebrates Stephen D. Faber, Harry L. Gadau, Stanley characterize this highly evolved group. terates. H. Garrod, S. F. Greenlaw, Edward E. Burton W. Thomas A. Mollusks. The clams with a shell in This exhibit, "The Animal Kingdom," Hallihan, Hales, Jr., 6. Leonard H. Holu- also serves as an index to the zoology ex- Harwood, Hirsch, Harry two parts, the snails with one-piece shell, Under each bow, William R. Hunt, Sidney Hutchings, and the and cuttlefish with no obvious hibits in the Museum. group squids M. H. Joffe, Dr. Charles H. Ketteman, Ben we indicate the halls in which animals of shell are the best-known types. D. Kissel, William G. Knapp, Dr. John R. each type can be found. 7. Echinoderms. The sea urchins, star- Laadt, Raymond P. Lowrie, F. C. MaeKrell, of this Cleo Edwin McPherson, L. E. Meyer, S. E. fish, and sea lilies are characteristic Meyers, William B. Miller, Jr., Howard C. phylum, which has a radial symmetry (like Some of the most ancient examples of Morton, Arthur K. Oldin, Charles R. Perrigo, that of a wheel). —ancient and wheat cultivated grains barley Dr. David T. Petty, Jonathan Pugh, Carl these 8. Vertebrates. From fish to man from Mesopotamia, of wheat from the pyra- Renner, C. Snelling Robinson, Joseph A. Sac- back- are the familiar larger animals. The mids of Egypt, and corn from the pre- cone, Jr., Archie M. Schrom, Ben E. Natalie bone, bilateral symmetry, and the presence Colombian Indian sites in North and South Schwartz, Frederick H. Sommer, Dr. Robert D. Dr. Ernest of two pairs of limbs (usually) are typical. America—are exhibited in the Hall of Food Stephens, Stuart, Jr., H. Wakefield The last four of these—the arthropods, Plants (Hall 25). —i*

Page 8 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Septerdber, 1957

For Children . . . Saturday Afternoon}' . . . f STAFF NOTES DANCES OF INDIANS LECTURES FOR ADULTS 5 AND FREE MOVIES Dr. Clifford C. Gregg, Director, has BEGIN OCTOBER been a of the National Children's free entertainments in the appointed member The autumn series of free illustrated lec- Committee of of the Theodore Museum this autumn will open October 5 Sponsors tures for adults on^Saturday afternoons will Roosevelt Centennial observance. The with a program of Indian dances and stories begin October 5 and continue on each of the centennial begins October 27, 1957 (birthday presented by Reginald and Gladys Laubin, nine'Saturdays through November 30. This of the former who died in well known for their work in this field. The President, 1919) is the 108th series to be presented by the with the dedication of a memorial island in other eight programs will be motion pictures. Museum under the provisions of the Edward New York and extends to October 27, 1958, E. Lecture Foundation Fund. These programs are provided by the Ayer the 100th of Theodore" Roose- James Nelson and Anna Louise Raymond anniversary A variation from the usual type of lecture velt's birth .... Rupert L. Wenzel, Cu- Foundation. There will be a show each will be offered on the opening program, rator of the Insects, spoke on "Insects of which will be a dance recital in Saturday morning during October and which the Chicago Area" on Northwestern University's November in the James Simpson Theatre spoken word will be subordinated to dance "Live and Learn" television program of the Museum at 10:30 o'clock. No tickets presentations. The performers are Reginald (WNBQ) on August 18 Radio Station are needed. Children are invited to come and Gladys Laubin, who are noted for their WSEL-FM featured three Museum staff authentic and of alone, accompanied by parents or other graceful interpretation members on a recent program: E. Leland American Indian dances. adults, or in groups from schools, clubs, and Webber, Executive Assistant, Miss Miriam other centers. The October programs are: Wood, Chief, Raymond Foundation, and addition to the Indian-dance program In Henry S. Dybas, Associate Curator of October 5—Indian Dances the in October on October 5, programs Insects. Miss Deane Carroll of the station The Laubins will be: staff interviewed them on various aspects October 12—Alberta of the Museum's activities. October 12—Columbus Day Special Dick Bird Story of Christopher Columbus AUDUBON LECTURERS October 19—Beneath the Seas of Ceylon Gold Rush Boy Mike Wilson Also a cartoon TO BEGIN SEASON October 26— A series of five free lectures, illustrated Argentina 19—Alice in Wonderland Eric Pavel October with color motion-pictures, will be presented Disney's version) in the James Theatre of the Mu- (Walt Simpson A complete schedule of the lectures will seum during the fall, winter, and spring Horse appear in the October Bulletin. All of the October 26—The Phantom under the of the Illinois Audubon auspices programs will be given in the James Simpson life on a modern horse-farm in The on Family Society. first, Sunday afternoon, Theatre of the Museum at 2:30 p.m. Except Japan October 20, at 2:30 o'clock, will be "The for the dance recital, the programs will be Falklands" Olin Sewall Pettin- Faraway by illustrated with color motion-pictures. A Jr. gill, section of the Theatre is reserved for Mem- GEOLOGY PROGRAMS The other which also will be on lectures, bers of the Museum, and each Member is afternoons at the same hour, are: FOR BOY SCOUTS Sunday entitled to two reserved seats for each pro- William H. November 10, "Wanderland," should be made in advance A special series of programs on geology gram. Requests Wagoner, Jr.; January 12, "Puerto Rico, for Boy Scouts has been arranged at the by telephone (WAbash 2-9410) or by mail. U.S.A.," Fran William Hall; February 23, Museum for mornings in October Seats will be held in the Member's name Saturday and "High Horizons," William Ferguson; until 2:25 P.M. on the of the in co-operation with the Chicago Council of day program. March 16, "Forgotten Country," Bert Scouts. Titled "The Greatest Show Boy Harwell. on Earth," the programs are designed to Seats in the reserved section of the GIFTS TO THE MUSEUM stimulate interest in the earth sciences and to of the Theatre are available Members is a list of the to promote follow-up activities at troop Following principal gifts Museum as well as Members of the Audubon received the month: and patrol meetings. during past Society on presentation of membership card to the in Department of Anthropology: Scouts will come Museum groups of either organization. From: Mrs. W. C. accompanied by scoutmasters or other Bentley, Chicago (in of Julia Pines —silk em- adults. Each boy will receive a set of memory Teller) National Science Foundation broidered gown, China question-sheets and be given ample time in exhibition halls to find the answers. Aids Meteorite Research Department of Botany: From: Dr. Coconut Grove, Before embarking on these expeditions, the A research project on meteorites will get Henry Field, Fla.—7 economic specimens, West Pakistan; groups will meet with a member of the under way early this month with the de- Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis—Nardo- Raymond Foundation staff for orientation parture for Europe of Dr. Sharat K. Roy, stachys jatamansi, Asia; Oklahoma A. & M. and directions. These will be at Chief Curator of The work is meetings Geology. College, Stillwater, Okla.—Xanthocopalum 10 and 11 a.m. Groups planning to par- sponsored jointly by the National Science gymnospermoides, Mexico ticipate must have reservations made by Foundation, which made a grant for the Department of Geology: their scoutmasters at least two weeks in and the Museum. Dr. will purpose, Roy From: Dr. Glenn T. Gough, Topeka, Kan. advance. first meteorite collections in study London, —celestite specimens; Glen Speight, West after which he will make a survey of similar Branch, Iowa—specimen of Goniophyllum collections in Paris, Frankfort, Vienna, Department of Zoology: Change in Visiting Hours and other Helsinki, Moscow, European From: Dr. Richard M. Bohart, Davis, Labor centers. will then to On September 3, the day after Day, He proceed Calcutta, Calif.—63 mosquitoes, Micronesia and Ryu- the autumn schedule of visiting hours, 9 a.m. where he will carry on his project at the kyu Islands; University of California, Los to 5 p.m., will go into effect at the Museum. Indian Museum. Angeles— 1,064 fishes

PRINTED BY CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM PRESS daturaJDUlletin

HISTORY Vi>/. 28 MUSEUM 4957

X H

.'^

Mj

A\

' * • ,, . 'V '.ViV VVJW "VA\' '/A»AV« »'0.«»A^«^'»A^*»V/ll »AV«V// kOV«V/#V Page 2 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN October, 1957

THIS Chicago Natural History Museum only to request a Journey instruction-sheet MONTH'S COVER- Founded by Marshall Field, 1893 at either entrance of the Museum and follow Few people would dispute the Roosevelt Road and Lake Shore Drive, Chicago 5 the "travel" directions. With the aid of statement, if made, that our Telephone: WAbash 2-9410 the Museum exhibits listed, the children can cover picture is a photograph of make an imaginary journey through the an actual volcano. The fact, OF TRUSTEES homelands of the Indians of the Chicago THE BOARD is that it shows a mini- area and of the old West. The child who however, Lester Armour Henry P. Isham ature volcano in a diorama in the Sewell L. Avery Hughston M. McBain fills in the questions on his Journey sheet Wu. McCormick Blair William H. Mitchell Museum (Hall 34, Physical Geolo- Walther Buchen John T. Pirie, Jr. and deposits it in a box at either Museum Walter J. Cummings Clarence B. Randall gy). It was chosen as an appropri- * entrance receives credit. When children Joseph N. Field George A. Richardson ate illustration for the article on Marshall Field, Jr. John G. Searle have completed four different Journeys Stanley Field Solomon A. Smith volcanoes by Dr. Sharat Kumar Samuel Insull, Jr. Louis Ware successfully, they receive awards as Mu- John P. Wilson Roy, Chief Curator of Geology, seum Travelers. After eight Journeys they which appears on page 3. Special OFFICERS become Museum Adventurers, and after color and lighting effects in the Stanley Field President twelve Journeys they are Museum Ex- Hughston M. McBain First Vice-President diorama give the illusion of active Walther Buchen Second Vice-President plorers. Third Vice-President eruption. Joseph N. Field October a series of Solomon A. Smith Treasurer During only, special Clifford C. Gregg Director and Secretary programs on geology will be given for Boy John R. Millar Assistant Secretary Scouts. The programs, entitled "The * Resigned Greatest Show on Earth," are designed to stimulate interest in the science of the earth MUSEUM BIDS FAREWELL THE BULLETIN that will lead Scout troops into field trips TO CAPTAIN OF GUARD EDITOR and other follow-up activities. Groups C. Gregg Director the Museum Frank Meinke, Captain of the Guard Clifford of wishing to participate must make advance at the Museum, resigned as of September CONTRIBUTING EDITORS reservations. Meetings will be held at the 15 to begin his "second retirement." Before Paul S. Martin Chief Curator of Anthropology Museum each Saturday morning in October Theodor Just Chief Curator of Botany coming to the Museum service in 1948, Mr. Sharat K. Roy Chief Curator of Geology at 10 and 11 o'clock. Austin L. Rand Chief Curator of Zoology Meinke had been retired on pension by the During October and November an "Ex- West Towns Bus MANAGING EDITOR to Indian will be offered pedition Country" in whose H. B. HARTE Public Relations Counsel Company, on for Fire Girls after Saturdays Camp they employ he had served ASSOCIATE EDITORS have seen the Saturday-morning motion for 29 years. At the A. MacMinn Jane Rockwell Helen picture for children in the James Simpson Museum he quickly Theatre. made a reputation for are to inform the Museum Members requested All children's activities are conducted by unfailing courtesy and of of address. promptly changes the Raymond Foundation. By advance attentiveness to the arrangement, teachers may bring their needs of the visiting classes for special tours. For 5th, 6th, 7th, and for the GEORGE A. RICHARDSON public and 8th the Foundation offers RESIGNS AS grade pupils, friendliest of relations TRUSTEE study-unit projects in October and No- with members of the on "Trees Their "Indians At the September meeting of the Board vember and Uses," institution's staff. He of the Woodlands and the Frank Meinke of Trustees the resignation of George A. Plains," "Tracing was promoted to Ser- of the "An- Richardson as a Trustee was accepted with Developmental Ages Earth," geant of the Guard in cient "China—The Land and the deep regret and with an expression of grati- Egypt," 1952 and to Captain in 1956. In retirement with Our tude for his long and faithful services in People," "Getting Acquainted he plans to continue living in Maywood, behalf of the Museum. Geological Resources," and "Investigating Illinois, his home for many years. He takes the Nature of the Mr. Richardson was elected to the Board Geological Chicago with him the wishes of the Museum person- Participation for lower- nel for in January, 1930, and had served as a mem- Region." programs many enjoyable years. the same include ber and as chairman of the Museum Audit- grade pupils during period about Insects" (for 4th grade ing Committee during most of his tenure. "Learning only) and "How Living Things Survive BOOK ON PREHISTORIC MAN His resignation was presented because of his Weather (for first to fourth BY MUSEUM residence at Rancho Santa Fe, California, Changes" REPUBLISHED Advance reservations teachers of business connections grades). by and the termination A third and greatly enlarged edition of are required for these programs. which have, in recent years, caused him to Prehistoric Men, one of the Museum's popu- spend much of his time in Chicago. lar series in anthropology written by Dr. Beautiful and Bizarre Robert J. Braidwood, Research Associate CHILDREN'S ACTIVITIES Beetles in Exhibit in Old World Prehistory, and published by DURING AUTUMN the Museum in co-operation with the Ori- Spectacularly beautiful and bizarre speci- ental Institute and the University of of scarab selected In addition to the free Saturday-morning mens stag and beetles, Chicago, is now on sale in the Museum Book the col- movies announced elsewhere in this Bul- from Museum's recently acquired Shop. The price is $1.25 (mail orders are lection of some assembled the late letin, various other special activities for 34,000 by accepted). children will be offered at the Museum in Dr. Eduard Knirsch, of Vienna, will be Dr. Braidwood's highly successful book October and November. "Exploring Indian shown in a special exhibit in Stanley Field has been increased in size by one-half with Hall October. Country," one of the series of Museum throughout the addition of new text, drawings, and Journeys for boys and girls, may be taken Many of the species of beetles displayed charts. The story of prehistoric men is told by any child on any day and at any hour are actually gemlike in appearance. Others in highly readable style by Dr. Braidwood, between 9 a.m. and 4 P.M. throughout the are notable for their size, which places them who is a member of the staffs of the Oriental two months. To participate, children need among the largest of all insects. Institute and University of Chicago. October, 1957 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 3 GEOLOGIST REPORTS ON VOLCANOES IN CENTRAL AMERICA By SHARAT KUMAR ROY for luxuriant for without re- On the have been CHIEF CURATOR OF GEOLOGY growth years contrary, they highly fertilization. Central America owes the erratic. The prerequisite of cyclic recur- Dr. has in volcanic studies Roy specialized for main support of its economy, namely coffee, rences is an orderly movement of magma has several to vol- years and made expeditions to its volcanic soil. Here nature's law of and reactions within it. The variable fac- canoes the His most recent in- for Museum. compensation comes into play. The dis- tors involved in the mechanics of volcanism conducted this look vestigations, past summer, astrous consequences that volcanic eruptions would, it seems, impede rather than facili- him to active volcanoes in Mexico, Guatemala, frequently entail—destroying entire cities tate the storing and releasing of energy and El and Costa Rica. Salvador, Nicaragua, and burying acres and acres of thriving farm material in rythmical regularity. lands with lava and ash—are amply com- VOLCANIC BELT of Central CRATERS AT SUMMIT pensated for by the good that volcanoes America, which extends from Guate- THE bestow in equal frequency upon man and Practically every major volcano of Cen- mala in the northwest through the republics his surroundings. tral America has a summit crater. The of El Salvador and to Costa Rica Nicaragua of which are six to Out of the ruins spring new cities with larger craters, some eight in the southeast, is only a small part of the structures; farm lands kilometers in circumference and 100 to 200 belt of volcanoes that encircles the earthquake-proof great nested destroyed are replenished fresh meters deep, are invariably (as many Pacific known as the cir- seemingly by Ocean, familiarly as within the either fertilizers from deep in the earth, free of four, one forming other) cum-Pacific of fire. a small girdle Though or charge. Fumaroles and boiling springs, concentrically eccentrically. part of the whole, the Central American which emanate superheated steam and other volcanic region is one of the most important gases even long after a volcano has ceased on earth. In throwing up explosive material to be active, contribute to the welfare of per unit area, it ranks first, East Indies mankind by yielding large supplies of steam second, and the Alaska-Aleutian chain third. for power generation, as they have in the volcanic regions of Italy, Iceland, and New Zealand. Power possibilities of the fumarole fields of Central America are now being in- vestigated. These fields, which have been none too kind to me, personally,* may yet add to the economy of that country some- thing besides coffee.

HIGHLY EXPLOSIVE

Central American volcanoes, by far and large, are of the "intermediate type" —that

is, they are intermediate between cinder cones, which are made wholly of fragmental ejecta resulting from explosive eruptions, and shield volcanoes built entirely of quiet lava flows. —Their eruptive behavior is Strombolian that is, like the volcano Stromboli in the Lapari Islands north of NATURE'S FIREWORKS Sicily, they are highly explosive, discharging scene of Volcan Izalco in El gases and throwing up huge quantities of Night during eruption Salvador— Central America's most active volcano. bombs, lapili, and ashes, darkening the sky in daytime or lightening it at night. Except There is a direct between vol- during a great eruption, such as the one of relationship canism and in volcanic Izalco in El Salvador early in 1956 when the earthquakes regions. IN FIELD both to shift- VOLCANOLOGIST summit of the cone was blown off and the Volcanism refers underground

Dr. Sharat K. Chief Curator of i of and to surface manifestation Roy, Geology, crater wall was breached, seldom does lava ing magmas El Salvador during his most recent expedition. interior in the of well out of a crater. Lava flows of the of the turbulent form intermediate volcanoes are restricted to a volcanic cone. Some geologists tend to the of the former Between Volcan Tacana near the Mexican breaks in the flanks of volcanoes or to fissure minimize significance of Volcan Turrialba and to the notion that a "vol- border Guatemala and eruptions at their bases. process cling in Costa Rica there are some twenty vol- canic earthquake" is of shallow focus and As yet no long-range forecasting of a vol- canoes of first magnitude, not only from the therefore is of no consequence, while holding canic eruption can be made. Premonitory standpoint of volcanology and output of that all great earthquakes are tectonic (due tremors around and adjacent to a volcano explosive material but also from that of to structural fault movement). My ex- may be regarded as a sign of impending physical beauty and grandeur. Be they perience with the Central American vol- danger, and when they occur preparation naked like Izalco in El Salvador and Momo- canoes and my field studies of the great for evacuation should be expedited by in- tombo in Nicaragua or fully clothed in lush Jacuapa-Chinimeca earthquake of 1952 in habitants of the area—it is foolish to sit vegetation like in Guatemala and the El Salvador have left me with no alternative Agua back and be victims of a "what is to be twin-peaked San Vicente in El Salvador, but to concur unqualifiedly with the late will be" fatalism. The eruptions of Central have few rivals. eminent volcanologist, Thomas A. Jagger, they American volcanoes have not followed a set — who contended that "great earthquakes SOIL IS ENRICHED pattern that is, they have not been cyclic. may be occasioned by magmatic shifts be- Volcanic soil is rich in plant-food. Once neath the earth crust, and even the great * Dr. has twice suffered burned feet in lava is decomposed into soil it becomes Roy badly fault movements may be effects rather than accidents while investigating the hot craters of highly productive and provides nourishment active volcanoes. Page U CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN October, 1957 A TO Z (AZORES TO ZANZIBAR) IN FALL LECTURE SERIES Zanzibar, the Caribbean, with Wilson the scattered ruins of an ancient African civilization and the development CEYLON,Madeira, and the Azores—the very Hindu temple 2,000 years old and one of the from a wilderness into a modern mining names breathe a promise of adventure and richest in the Orient, which was looted and center. Then a visit is made to Zululand rare delights. These are some of the places tossed into the sea stone by stone by with its warlike tribes, where he shows you are invited to visit, without a penny of vandalous enemies three centuries ago. But hundreds of native dancers in the spectacle cost, by attending the autumn lectures Wilson's films are not all submarine—he of a Zulu wedding ceremony. Victoria (illustrated with color motion-pictures) on shows also the natural and man-made Falls, twice as high as Niagara, provides an Saturday afternoons in October and Novem- beauty-spots ashore on Ceylon. imposing feature. ber in the James Simpson Theatre of the Museum. The series is the 108th offered November 9—Yucatan the of Edward E. under provisions the Ayer James Metcalf Lecture Foundation Fund. The mood, the mystery, and the glowing The opening program, on October 5, will colors of Yucatan, seat of one of the oldest be a dance recital demonstrating the terpsi- civilizations in the western hemisphere, are chorean art of the American Indians. All captured in the color-films of James Metcalf. nine programs will begin at 2:30 p.m. Each He begins his pictures and narrative with Member of the Museum is entitled to two Merida, "the White City" and capital of the seats in the reserved section of the Theatre. state. Then on palm-fringed beaches along are dates and Following subjects: the coasts he introduces the audience to many weird birds and fishes. A large part of October 5—American Indian Dances the film and lecture is devoted to the modern The Laubins Mayas, descendants of the founders of the Reginald and Gladys Laubin have lived ancient civilization. Visits are made to among Indian tribes for years. They are the fabulous ruins of Chichen Itza, Uxmal, famed today as the dancers who interpret Kabah, Labna, and Tulum. At Chichen the lore of the old days more eloquently than Itza the film is climaxed by a re-enactment today's Indians themselves can do it—an of the sacrifice of a maiden hurled into the opinion in which many Indians concur. Not sacred well of the rain god during a colorful only as ethnic dancers but as artists whose ritual performed by a large troupe of choreography is on a plane with the best of Mayas in picturesque costumes of the past. ballet, the Laubins have won the acclaim of leading critics throughout America and HINDU TEMPLE November 16—Islands of the Caribbean in from film "Islands Europe. The ceremonial pas de deux they Scene Port-of-Spain, Trinidad, Nicol Smith of the Caribbean" Nicol Smith, who will lecture present range from the stately Chief's by in the James Simpson Theatre on November 16. Vagabonding through the Caribbean on Dance and the spectacular Hoop Dance to a small yacht, Nicol Smith and his camera the comical Prairie Chicken Dance and the record the wonders of island after island. October 26— exciting Dance of Discovery. Argentina First a visit is paid to luxuriant Jamaica, Eric Pavel with its melting pot of minority groups from October 12—Alberta The story of the changes that have oc- many Oriental countries. Thence Smith Dick Bird curred in Argentina since the end of the proceeds to Trinidad, another mecca of One of the Museum's greatest attractions Peron regime is presented in the lecture and peoples from the East. Here, in its birth- in recent years is the giant dinosaur Gorgo- color-films offered by Eric Pavel. He begins place, he records genuine calypso music and saurus that towers over the center of Stanley with the life of the people of Buenos Aires, dancing. An outstanding experience is Field Hall. In color films and narrative, largest and most cosmopolitan city of South a trip to the submarine coral garden of Dick Bird will take his audience right into America. Thence he takes his audience to Bucco Reef in Tobago, with an intimate Canada's Valley of the Dinosaurs, whence the cattle ranches of the pampa, to the sheep peek into the life of mollusks, crustaceans, came the skeleton of Gorgosaurus and more ranches of Patagonia, and high into the and fishes. Calls are made also at Bird of than a hundred other prehistoric creatures majestic Andes. Other features of his Paradise Island, Barbados, Grenada, Domi- of the Age of Reptiles. The motion pictures motion pictures are the seashore resort at nica, and Antigua, each providing beautiful show also many other marvels of the Prov- Mar del Plata, the mate plantations where scenic vistas, interesting animal and plant native tea is the ince of Alberta—more than 70 snowcapped the grown, spectacular life, and picturesque peoples. peaks, glaciers, jewel-like lakes, and a vast Iguacu waterfalls, and the picturesque array of wildlife including bears, moose, elk, gaucho parades and regional dances of the November 23—Adventures with and mountain goats. people. Camera and Spear Sasha Siemel October 19—Beneath the Seas of November 2—South from Zanzibar Ceylon Well-known for unusual adventures and Kamen Mike Wilson Clifford for his dramatic talent in reporting them is Through the magic of superb underwater Starting in the small independent island Sasha Siemel, world traveler and lecturer photography, our armchair explorers will be sultanate of Zanzibar, once a major slave- who has appeared frequently before at the taken into eerie coral-lined caverns and trade center, Clifford Kamen takes his Museum. His new color-films and narrative weird grottoes on the floor of the sea on the listeners to Bechuanaland where through his are the result of recent world-wide roaming coast of the island known as the "Pearl of color films they find themselves confronted in quest of new thrills. They range from the Orient." Swimming along with giant by charging elephants and fleeting herds of Greenland and Labrador to the West Indies fishes they will invade through gaping zebras, sable antelopes, and giraffes. Thence in hurricane time and to his favorite hunting- hatches the wrecks of ships that came to he proceeds to the Rhodesias, interesting ground, the Matto Grosso jungle of Brazil. grief on Ceylon's reefs. They will discover both for their remains of an ancient native He climaxes his adventures in single-handed October, 1951 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 5

spear fights with jaguars. He has conquered MUSEUM RECEIVES VALUABLE SHELL COLLECTION 261 of these killers in lone combat. By ALAN SOLEM ticular interest to collectors. Pleurotomaria ASSISTANT CURATOR, LOWER INVERTEBRATES November 30—Portugal, Madeira, and hirasei is one of the dozen living species of The Bulletin told about a the Azores April large slit shells, which are found only in deep collection of Okinawan shallow-water marine Karl Robinson water and are rare in collections. In past shells that the Museum had received. just ages Pleurotomaria-like shells were very Some of the world's most enchanting and This is a valuable collection scientifically common, but today they persist only as least known garden spots are to be found in because of the exact but it is locality-data, deep-sea relics. The living shells, which Portugal and her island possessions. Less of little interest to the amateur shell-collector to the traveled by tourists than most of the actually belong genus Perotrochus, because only common species are repre- are more familiar to collectors under the European countries, Portugal is rich in sented. name Pleurotomaria. history and tradition that are brought to Through the generosity of Walter Cherry life in Karl Robinson's color motion-pictures Another extremely interesting shell is of Winnetka, Illinois, the Museum has been of the beautiful and sophisticated river-city Thatcheria mirabilis Angas. The species with another of collection of Lisbon. Robinson takes his audience also presented type was described from a single specimen in 1877 —the shell collection that his mother to Estoril and Cintra, wonderlands of and for many, many years no more were made several years ago. Mrs. Cherry of the shell is so palaces, forests, and expansive views. reported. The shape was interested in shells because of their Madeira and the Azores, peaceful and un- remarkable that in an authoritative mono- beautiful shapes and coloration, and the spoiled hideaways in the ocean, are re- graph published in 1881 this statement is of her collection consisted of discovered in his films. greater part made: "That this shell is a scalariform cowries, cones, olives, and murices that she monstrosity cannot be doubted." During from shell had purchased dealers. The the early 1930's a few additional specimens are in condition and RESERVED SEATS specimens perfect many reached European collections, and in 1938 rare represent deep-sea species highly prized a British zoologist published a few notes on FOR MEMBERS collectors. This is the first collection of by the animal. After World War II, Japanese its kind to come to Natural No tickets are necessary for ad- Chicago History shell-collectors began offering specimens to mission to these lectures. A sec- Museum. It adds many species new to our Americans and found buyers at $75 to $100 limited collection of shells. tion of the Theatre is allocated to marine a shell. Within a few years, however, the Members of the Museum, each of market became flooded, and today That- whom is entitled to two reserved cheria is offered for as little as $5 for a per- seats. Requests for these seats fect specimen. Like many "rarities," it is should be made in advance by rather common, but it was many years telephone (WAbash 2-9410) or in before collectors learned how to find it. writing, and seats will be held in the Member's name until 2:25 Audubon Screen-Tour o'clock on the lecture day. on Faraway Isles "The Faraway Falklands," to be given October 20 at 2:30 P.M. by Olin Sewall NEW MEMBERS Pettingill, Jr., will open the season of Sunday afternoon screen-tours offered by The following new Members were elected the Illinois Audubon Society in the James in the period from August 16 to September Simpson Theatre of the Museum. The 13: lecturer will show his color-films of this Members Associate remote group of islands, the most southerly Dr. Earl D. Sidney Asher, Eisenhower, of all British colonial settlements, lying in Robert H. Aldo L. Lodge, Philip W. Lotz, the far south Atlantic some 250 miles east Moroni, F. W. Pain, George H. Swift, Jr., of the coast of Patagonia. Only a few Dr. Graham A. Vance thousand people, mostly Scottish sheep- Member Sustaining herders, live on the islands, which are famed Dr. R. Korf Stanley for some unusual geological features and, in Annual Members history, as the scene of a great naval battle. W. C. Anders, Richard R. Armstrong, COLLECTORS' PRIZE Rookeries of several kinds of penguins are C. T. Alfred mirabilis bas James W. Bannon, Baumgart, Thatcheria one of the most unusual found there; most of the other wildlife con- S. R. John R. shapes of any known mollusk. Long considered a Berens, Edgar Boone, Bradley, sists of migratory birds from South America. Theodore Brand, Robert W. Christensen, great rarity, it is now available in quantity to shell dealers but is still treasured for its form. This and other Audubon lectures to follow Philip Corper, Robert E. Cryor, H. James striking in and Douglass, Todd A. Ebbers, Erie M. Ellis, November, January, February, R. Kernal Law- March are free. Seats in the reserved sec- Joseph Frank, Freeman, Scaphella dohrnii, Conus sozoni, Murex rence B. Freeman, Dr. Alan B. Hayes, Stacy tion of the Theatre are available to members beauii, Murex macgintyi, and the yellow H. Hill, Dr. Lawrence L. Hirsch, John A. of the Audubon and the Museum color-forms of Pecten ziczac and Oliva Society Houston, Robert E. Humphreys, Stanley L. on of card. reticularis are all treasured col- presentation membership Jarrow, Henry J. Jensen, Nathan J. Kaplan, greatly by Mathew Keck, Thomas V. King, Neal Lang, lectors. None of these were previously in Robert L. Edward A. this Museum. Besides the rare Leopold, Lundy, species Winter Visiting Hours William G. Lynch, Donald J. McCoy, J. F. listed Mrs. had un- above, Cherry many Effective October the winter schedule A. 15, Mele, Edward Mosher, Stanley Paul, or fine of the usually large specimens of 9 A.M. to 4 will be Samuel S. Reid, David C. Ruttenberg, visiting hours, p.m., commoner Florida sea shells. the Neele E. Stearns, C. L. Treadway, Gene observed at the Museum. On Sundays Wedereit, Norman L. Weiss, Robert J. Of the foreign specimens from the Cherry hours will be 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. This schedule Williams Collection, two Japanese shells are of par- will remain in effect through February 28. Page 6 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN October, 1957

SNAKE'S TRAIL LEADS TO PRIZE IN ART SHOW an artist's fixitive that came in a can like a bomb could be on more By A. STANLEY RAND bug sprayed easily a photostatic copy in appearance. The TEMPORARY ASSISTANT, DIVISION OF MAMMALS and was more effective in retaining the process is essentially that used in a kymo- contrast. leads STUDY OF SNAKES up graph, a standard piece of equipment in any but one of the most THEmany strange paths, general physiology laboratory. SNAKES BECOME UNCO-OPERATIVE unexpected was a set of experiments that The last necessity, of course, is snakes, resulted in my competing in the Chesterton AUTOMATIC DESIGN-MAKER and while any species and any size is satis- (Indiana) Women's Club Art Show. After a few tests with sow promising bugs factory there is one problem. Though Last an old interest in animal and a I tried a snake. The spring milliped result, snakes are not generally rated very high in locomotion started me in search of a satis- like in scientific was un- many research, intelligence, they quickly learn that they The snake expected. don't like to crawl on a smooth, slick sur- had not left any pat- face like shirt cardboards coated with lamp- tern that I could in- black. Consequently they soon decline to and so I tried terpret, co-operate. However snakes are common another of piece paper even in the vacant lots of Chicago, and and another snake. finding them is no real problem. This went on until I This, then, is the technique, and though ran out of smoked it is far from elegant, it is relatively easy, As I lined paper. up cheap, and effective. Our only real com- ^ the results I realized ^tk plaint so far is from an eleven-year-old I still had nothing to ^M neighbor who tried it, but complained that me understand .^H help her mother objected to her burning candles how snakes move but in her bedroom. I did have a series of This method of recording snake tracks patterns, graceful shows as yet little sign of being a valuable white strokes on method of studying reptilian locomotion. a dead-black back- It is, however, an interesting way of pro- here bold and ground, ducing unusual and attractive designs. It there — delicate not is possible that it could also be used as as a much scientific a workshop technique for nature-study record but as artistic groups. Whatever its applications, I cer- attrac- designs very tainly found it both fun and interesting. tive. A student of snakes must follow where- GIFTS TO THE MUSEUM his ever line of re- Following is a list of the principal gifts search leads. So I set received during the past month: about refining my Department of Anthropology: technique of smoking Raymond J. Koch, Winnetka, 111.— and paper catching 5 Pueblo Indian pottery vessels, Arizona and more snakes of vari- New Mexico; James Whitehair, Chicago ous sizes and having —wooden Buddhist image, Korea them make more Department of Botany: snake tracks. Many —From: University of Georgia, Athens 'ABSTRACT DESIGN- BY A SNAKE of the results were 5 coreopsis; Ministry— of Agriculture, These are not a screen. are the tracks left a but some were Karachi, Pakistan 4 samples of cowpea figures from Japanese They by poor, — large snake slithering and sliding on a smooth slippery surface. so attractive that I seeds; Dr. Earl E. Sherff, Hastings, Mich. fixed and mounted 5 plant specimens, Hawaii and Michigan; Dr. Barbara Palser, Chicago—10 African factory method of recording snake tracks. them and with a little encouragement plants; Punjab Agricultural College, Kar- By studying these I hoped to understand entered them in the Photographs and Prints achi, Pakistan— 5 seed samples of agri- more about how snakes moved than was class in the annual Chesterton Women's cultural legumes; Floyd A. Swink, River them. I After possible just by watching What Club Art Show. the judging, though Forest, 111.—51 Illinois and Indiana plants; needed was some portable, easily available neither the snakes nor I had "ever had a U. S. Department of Agriculture, Madison, medium over which I could have the animals lesson in our lives," we were awarded the Wis.—2 pines, Honduras move and leave behind them a blue ribbon in our class. permanent Department of Geology: record of their progress. Since even people who are anything but From: Juanita— Mines and Laboratories, The medium that I tried was smoked prejudiced in favor of snakes found the Blythe, Calif. mineral collection; John E. Ind.—mammoth paper. A piece of smooth paper held over designs attractive as well as novel, perhaps Russell, Bloomingdale, tooth the flame of a candle quickly picks up a thin the refined technique is worth explaining. layer of soot. Moving the paper back and The shiny side of shirt cardboards made the Department of Zoology: forth over the candle creates a black even best smoking surface because they are From: Dr. Henry Field, Coconut Grove, Fla.—5 frogs, 5 snakes, 53 lots of fresh-water surface that is removed by the slightest smooth and stiff enough to handle easily. and marine invertebrates; Donald R. Moore, contact. Now I had only to set the paper A kerosene lamp proved quicker and more Ocean Springs, Miss.— 18 shells, Dauphin down and have my animal crawl across. effective than a candle for smoking and Island, Alabama; Mrs. Ruth Allen Fouche, Wherever it touched the surface of the paper eliminated the dripping of hot wax on things. Chicago—60 seashells, 20 sea-urchin tests, it rubbed off the result it lampblack. The Once the pattern has been made must be Puerto Rico; Glenn E. Haas, Deerfield, 111. was a record of its progress, white on black, fixed to prevent accidental smudging. I —2 fleas, Wisconsin; Tierpark Hellabrunn, not unlike a photographic negative or started with dilute shellac, but found that Munich, Germany October, 1951 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 7 'EXTINCT SNAIL FOUND; HAD BEEN HIDING 300 MILLION YEARS By FRITZ HAAS mals with others that had been in even the Devonian move into the CURATOR OF LOWER INVERTEBRATES living Tryblidiids older times than the Cambrian is known. undisturbed deep sea, or if the already the vast of ex- ALTHOUGH majority In these cases, however, fossil representa- abyssal Devonian Tryblidiids could survive and animals are Xl isting plants known, tives of the groups are known from the first in the undisturbed deep sea while their scientist still discover that a may species time of their appearance, through all the cousins in the shallow-water zone fell victim our On an ex- had escaped knowledge. geological eras, to the living forms of our to some ecological change they could not in which of scientists pedition, groups join, present quaternary period. In other words, resist. chances of such discoveries are still the there is no gap between the fossil and the We may confidently expect more such such an greater. Should, however, expedi- living representatives. relics of bygone times to turn up from time tion be a marine one, with a specially to time in nature's "Lost and Found WHERE DID THEY HIDE? equipped ship to stay on and to work from, Counter," the deep sea. then the for some dis- hopes surprising The fossil Tryblidiids, however, dis- coveries are Thus it in the high. happened appeared at the end of the Devonian period. we are to of. SATURDAY PROGRAMS case going speak That means that in none of the younger A Danish the Galathea, was on an ship, fossiliferous rocks have Tryblidiids been FOR CHILDREN oceanographic expedition from 1950 to 1952. found. Suddenly now, after a period of The autumn series of free entertainments her nets Off the west coast of Mexico brought 300 million a roughly years, living Trybli- for children (motion pictures—except for first did not up a few living snails. At they diid has could this appeared. How hap- the first program, which will be Indian of interest. appear to be special They were after this had been pen, group "officially dances) will open on October 5 and continue inch limpet-like creatures, about an and dead" and to be ex- declared considered on each Saturday until November inch morning one-half long and one-half high. Their tinct? Has a cache where nature, perhaps, 30. The shows, which begin at 10:30 A.M., importance to science became apparent only "lost" members of the such animal kingdom are presented in the James Simpson Theatre after a Danish Dr. zoologist, Henning survive? It looks as if this were true. really under the auspices of the James Nelson and Lemche, had studied their soft parts ana- There exists a vast, imperfectly known Anna Louise Raymond Foundation. No tomically. niche for animal life, and this niche is the tickets are needed. Children are invited to These new snails turned out to be different deep sea. It was there that the Galathea come alone, accompanied by adults, or in from any other known living ones. With- expedition found our living Tryblidiid, groups from schools and other centers. out going into details, I might say that the at a depth of 3,590 meters (11,775 feet). Following is the schedule for the season: soft parts of the novel animals were not Let us remember, also, that a few years attached to their shells by a circular muscle, October 5—Indian Dances and Stories ago a living representative of a group of as in the true limpets, but by pairs of small fishes believed extinct since the late Cre- The Laubins in person muscles, eight on each side. When the soft taceous, some 60 million years ago, the parts were removed from the hard shell, the October 12 —Columbus Coelacanthids, was secured from the deep Day Special impression of these muscles could be clearly (2 waters between Madagascar and the Sey- movies) seen in the interior side, close to the outer chelle Islands. Story of Christopher Columbus margin. This feature is something unheard This story would be incomplete if we did Gold Rush Boy of in snails living in our time. not discuss the following problem: When Also a cartoon FOSSIL RELATIVES and why did the Tryblidiids leave the — shallow-water habitats they lived in during October 19 Alice in Wonderland This discrepancy from everything in the Devonian times and go into hiding in the (Walt Disney's version) anatomy of modern snails, noteworthy as it deeps? however to even more sur- may be, leads October 26—The Phantom Horse The deep sea is believed not to have prising facts. At a time in the history of the the conditions of its animal Family life on a modern horse-farm in earth, as far back as 300 million years and changed living inhabitants since the oldest times. Absolute Japan more, periods called Cambrian, Ordovician, and there were snails darkness and an icy temperature must have Silurian, Devonian, November 2—An Indian there from the So Program in the ocean that very closely resemble our reigned very beginning. far as known no of the (3 movies) novelty from modern Mexican waters. portions deep-sea bottom have been raised to or above sea- Pioneer Boy in the Midwest, The Oregon Their scientific name is Tryblidiidae. The level. All the rocks containing fossils Trail, and Indian of soft structure of these snails is, of course, many Family Long Ago of marine animals as in unknown, as only their fossil shells have originated deposits Also a cartoon waters. It was in such that the been found. However, as we know, certain shallow fossil Tryblidiids were found. then, November 9—From to inner organs leave traces on the shell, as, for Why, Penguins at the end of the Devonian, did dis- Ostriches instance, the muscles by which the soft parts they from the shallow waters to be are firmly attached to the protecting shell. appear only Also a cartoon rediscovered now in the deep sea? It is not In these old, old fossil snails the impressions not proven, that, besides November 16—White Mane of the attaching muscles are visible, and impossible, though their shallow-water forms, which we find these muscle scars are arranged in pairs, A story from southern France of the fisher- as there were already Tryblidiids eight on each side! fossils, boy Folco and his wild horse White Mane in the sea at these Considering the high degree of resem- living deep early days, these have survived. The other November 23—Adventures with blance of their shells and the identical and only ones have without visible Camera and arrangement of the attaching muscles, there disappeared any Spear reason. This catastrophe occurred at the cannot be left any doubt that the old snails, Sasha Siemel, known as the Tiger Man, that takes care of believed to be extinct since Devonian times, end of the Devonian, and will tell his story and the modern ones from Mexican waters the question "When." The "Why," how- — is not so evident. do not know if November 30 Winter Hobbies are closely related. ever, We Close relationship of certain modern ani- other, perhaps predacious, animals made Also a cartoon Page 8 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN October, 1951 TWO MUSEUMS REUNITE A SHARED EGYPTIAN By RICHARD A. MARTIN CURATOR, HARRIS EXTENSION

EXQUISITELY sculptured black- ANL granite head, fragment of an ancient Egyptian statue in the round, rested on its pedestal in Hall J for many years labeled simply "Head of a Priest of Amon, Thebes." It was purchased in Cairo nearly sixty years ago by Edward E. Ayer, a Benefactor of the Museum and Trustee from 1893 to 1927. The fragment bears no inscription that identifies the man portrayed. Now we know it to be the head of Montuemhat, a great and powerful Egyptian who became mayor of Thebes in the reign of Egypt's Ethiopian king Taharka and successfully survived the destruction of Thebes during the Assyrian domination of Egypt (circa 670-663 B.C.).

1 ^XA^s^^^kGLa Page t CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN November, 1957

Chicago Natural History Museum portant centers of herpetology in the world. "PEOPLES OF THE WORLD": As of Founded by Marshall Field, 1893 Chief Curator Zoology, Karl Schmidt FRIDAY EVENINGS Roosevelt Road and Lake Shore Drive, Chicago 5 stimulated the growth of those divisions of Telephone: WAbash 2-9410 zoology that had previously been relatively Four more lectures in the series "Visits small, encouraged work in the large divi- with Peoples of the World" will be given THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES sions, and developed a marvelous co- on Friday evenings during November in the the staff members Lester Armour Henry P. Ish am operative spirit among James Simpson Theatre of the Museum. Sewell L. Avery Hughston M. Mi-Bain of his department. one Wm. McCormick Blair William H. Mitchell Distinguished anthropologists, including Walther Buchen John T. Pirie, Jr. Research workers who write a great many from the staff of the Museum, will appear. Walter J. Cummings Clarence B. Randall Joseph N. Field John G. Searle scientific articles without producing a single The course is offered by University College A. Smith Marshall Field, Jr. Solomon worthwhile idea are not rare. Stanley Field Louis Ware unfortunately of the University of Chicago. On the Samuel Jr. John P. Wilson Other scientists have ideas that die with Insull, Saturday following each lecture there will be them because they never OFFICERS complete any a field trip to the Museum, where members work. is a scientist able both to Stanley Field President Only rarely of the audience may view exhibits correlated Hughston M. McBain First Vice-President turn out a great deal of work and to produce Walther Buchen Second Vice-President with the subject of the lecture. Joseph N. Field Third Vice-President ideas that stimulate other scientists. Karl All these lectures at 8 p.m. Follow- Solomon A. Smith Treasurer Schmidt was one of these unusual and begin Clifford C. Gregg Director and Secretary ing are the dates, subjects, and speakers: John R. Millar Assistant Secretary valuable men. He was not a narrow special- ist besides the 150 and, nearly herpetological November 1 —Middle America: Descend- articles he he was co-author of two THE BULLETIN wrote, ants of the Maya. Sol Tax, Chairman, books that are the most recent EDITOR important Department of Anthropology, University works in the broad fields of animal ge- Clifford C. Gregg Director of the Museum of Chicago ography and animal ecology. His world- CONTRIBUTING EDITORS wide reputation led to his election to the November 8—South America: Native Paul S. Martin Chief Curator of Anthropology Theodor Just Chief Curator of Botany National Academy of Sciences, the greatest Peoples and Their Culture. Donald K. Roy Curator Geology Sharat Chief of honor that can be an American Collier, Curator of South American Austin L. Rand Chief Curator of Zoology given scientist. Archaeology and Ethnology, Chicago MANAGING EDITOR Natural History Museum H. B. Harte Public Relations Counsel Yet Karl Schmidt was more than an accomplished scientist. He was a ASSOCIATE EDITORS great November 15—The Peoples of West human being. It is extremely difficult to Helen A. MacMinn Jane Rockwell Africa. Warren d'Azevedo, Department to who did not meet Karl explain anyone of Anthropology, Northwestern University exactly what I mean by that. Perhaps one Members are requested to inform the Museum measure of his greatness is the large number November 22—The Negro and His Music promptly of changes of address. of people who met him just once and never in the New World. Alan P. Merriam, forgot the experience. The number of lives Professor of Anthropology, Northwestern that were affected critically by one en- University counter with Karl Schmidt is remarkable. KARL PATTERSON SCHMIDT Price of admission to single lectures is $1. And these people are found from South 1890-1957 Students' admissions are 75 cents. America to Canada, from China across the single Tickets may be purchased at the door. THE DEATH on September United States to Europe. Some of them are WITH26, 1957, of Karl Patterson Schmidt, biologists, but many are not. Chicago Natural History Museum lost It is well-nigh impossible to account for a most distinguished staff member. this influence by listing a man's qualities. But these two characteristics enabled him Karl Schmidt was born in 1890 at Lake Nevertheless, I think that what people to take a detached and analytical view of his science and to stick to his when he Forest, Illinois, and attended the public responded to in Karl Schmidt was the ex- guns he he was. schools, Lake Forest Academy, and then ample of a man using the potentialities of knew was right. And usually Lake Forest College, where he won three human existence to the fullest. He lived Most men of outstanding ability and freshman prizes for scholarship. His school- more in a week than most of us do in a year. achievement gradually assume a sense of ing, but not his education, was inter- And his life had emotional as well as intel- infallibility. This weakness was escaped by rupted at the end of his freshman year by lectual content. Karl Schmidt because he was so modest. six years of true pioneer farming in Wis- Lest I convey the impression that we are Honors that came his way seemed always consin. In 1913 he returned to school, this dealing with a paragon, let me hasten to add to surprise him, when his associates were time to Cornell his University, and received that Karl had his biases, and some of them astonished only because the honors always bachelor of arts degree in 1916. were amusing. An editorial in Harper's seemed so overdue. Following his graduation, Karl Schmidt Magazine criticizing American farmers, one How can these and other of Karl Schmidt's became Assistant in Reptiles and then of Karl's favorite groups, so aroused his qualities be summarized? Passion, com- Assistant Curator of Reptiles at the Ameri- righteous indignation that we were grateful passion, vitality, humor, modesty. No can Museum of Natural History in New that the editor was far removed from the matter how many words are added they York. In 1922 he joined the staff of Chicago Schmidt home. Karl was no more capable still will not explain or describe Karl ade- Natural History Museum as Assistant of being analytical in political and economic quately. For a great man's character can- Curator of Reptiles, later became Curator matters than most of us. When a political not be circumscribed by words. of in was irritated the irritation was tre- Reptiles, and, 1941, appointed figure him, Therefore, to tell people who did not of for about Chief Curator Zoology. In 1955 he mendous, nothing Karl Schmidt know him what Karl Schmidt was like is retired to become Curator Emeritus of was or small. Those are words that petty impossible. And those who did know him one could never to him. Zoology. apply need not be told. We who were privileged During his years in the Division of Rep- A streak of the mischievous and the per- to be closely associated with Karl feel sorry tiles, the collection was multiplied tenfold, verse in Karl's character both amused and for everyone who was not. and the Museum became one of the im- defeated those of us who knew him well. —R.F.I. November, 1957 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN PageS HISTORY OF AN ANCIENT PEOPLE UNFOLDS IN ARIZONA By PAUL S. MARTIN With one child were eight pieces of pot- concluded that some of the Mogollon Indians CHIEF CURATOR, DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY AND tery, placed in the grave presumably as had moved west and northward from New LEADER, SOUTHWEST ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXPEDITIONS containers of food for use in the life here- Mexico into Arizona. Accordingly, the after. The of the other children each in 1956 a small shack CHILDREN—under ten years graves Museum acquired one or two of suitable for and head- EIGHTof age—dead out of a population of yielded pieces pottery placed living laboratory there as a We found in Arizona. forty to sixty souls! And seven adults, mortuary offering. quarters Vernon, of in the mound. The season of 1957 marks the first too—in a village that was occupied for eighteen pieces pottery digging in this If the comparatively few decades. Fifteen burials What caused such a high proportion of virgin territory. succeeding seasons are as as this in all. children to die? Did an epidemic strike the brilliantly productive the Museum's That is the story that unfolded as the village? Did starvation cause the children one, archaeological expedi- tions are slated to make remarkable records Museum's crew of scientists and diggers of to die prematurely? Or was the death rate will even those of 1939-55. the 1957 Southwest Archaeological Expedi- a usual one for this area? We don't know that surpass tion excavated a trash-burial mound be- the answers. But if life insurance had been MORE DIGGING NEEDED longing to a peaceful Indian village of per- in vogue among these people in the 11th or to set forth con- haps twelve rooms near Vernon, Arizona. 12th centuries after Christ, the premium It is premature any clusions about what we found this summer. We have not yet had time to count and classify all the hundreds of specimens that were dug up, let alone analyze and interpret them. These tasks will require several months of concentrated work. And even when we have evaluated the information acquired this season we shall still need to dig and learn more before we can fit our data into a comprehensive whole. Not until we had compiled all of our data from the fifteen New Mexico digs were we able to make a coherent whole of the mass of evidence we had dug up. For what we are digging up is history—unwritten, true—but history that was unwittingly left behind by prehistoric folk in a sort of "code." Patience and insight break down this code into a series of deductions based on voluminous testi- mony gathered by the spade and the trowel. A brief review of the Mogollon history is now being especially prepared for laymen. As stated earlier, we guessed that the Mogollon people moved to the Vernon, Arizona, area after abandoning the Reserve, New Mexico, territory. Why the exodus took place, we do not know, but a few interesting speculations will be presented in the forthcoming popular "history." How early did the Mogollon folk come to Vernon and what conditions did they find? Were there other peoples already here and, if so, who were they? THE CONCHO CULTURE ANCIENT VILLAGE IS DISCOVERED of this Portions of a pithouse village of about A.D. 600 are shown in various stages of excavation by members of The earliest occupants area were the Museum's Southwest Archaeological dig. Site is the Earl Thode ranch at Vernon, Arizona. apparently not Mogollon (as in New Mexico) but were a people possessing what is called The ancient site is located on the property rate would have been high. Possibly, In- the Concho culture. This complex, as well of Mr. and Mrs. Claude Phipps in a beauti- deed, life insurance for the children would as the Mogollon culture, were both probably ful glade in the foothills of the White have been declined entirely. part of a larger, older culture called the Mountains on the banks of Vernon Creek. In past summers excavations in New Desert Culture that extended from Oregon We did not have time to excavate the living Mexico by the Museum's expeditions have to the Valley of Mexico and from the Rocky rooms or the large ceremonial plaza, but we revealed some 4,000 years of the history of Mountains to the Pacific Coast. did dig out the trash mound in which the the Mogollon Indians, a people about whom The Concho culture in particular may be burials are. virtually nothing was known before 1935. characterized as a simple basic culture in Fifteen burials is a rather large number Twelve years of digging (1939-55) and which the people gathered seeds and wild for such a small village, a larger number than patient researches near Reserve, New plants but did little hunting, lacked pottery we usually find. Mexico, enabled the Museum scientists to and agriculture, wove baskets and sandals, But the remarkable circumstance about determine that the Mogollon Indians had used a spear-thrower rather than a bow and this story is the finding of such a large pro- deserted that area sometime between A.D. arrow, made a fairly distinctive projectile portion of infant burials. 1250 and 1350. The Museum scientists also point that was relatively small in size, and Page U CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN November, 1957 lived on the higher beaches of now-extinct by Curtis ranch was a goodly sprinkling GIFTS TO THE MUSEUM lakes. Their homes were probably skin or of potsherds, and on this basis we assumed Following is a list of the principal gifts brush shelters and must have amounted to that a village of sorts had been built there. received during the past month: little more than campsites. We deduce this Extensive trenching failed to turn up a wall, Department of because these Concho folk were not truly a floor, or, in short, any trace of a house of Anthropology: From: Mrs. F. L. — sedentary but probably lived in small bands any type. This is the big mystery of the Burley, Chicago pot, sherds, and flints, Indiana; Dr. David C. sparsely scattered over the country. season—how did all these pottery fragments Graham, Englewood, Colo.—Chinese liu- We trenched two such campsites on old happen to be on top of a hill with no in- sheng and wood chip, China; Miss Nyunt lake beaches and found no evidence of dications of occupation to accompany them? Han, New York—2 lacquerware table mats, houses—which was to have been expected. We don't know the answer. Certainly the Burma A good collection of burned rocks that sherds were not washed up the hill! Department of Botany: marked campfires, manos, metates, and BRIEF SUMMARY From: J. I. Aguilar G., Guatemala— chipped artifacts such as projectile points, 1,000 plant specimens; Dr. Leandro Ariste- scrapers, and choppers, and some burned This very brief summary of our accom- — — guieta, Caracas, Venezuela 44 plant speci- animal-bones was gathered. Charcoal from plishments hundreds of cubic yards of mens; Davenport Public Museum, Daven- firepits was carefully preserved with the trenches, ten pithouses, six surface rooms, port, Iowa—21 Rosa; Kendall Laughlin, hope that we can obtain a radiocarbon date and enough artifacts to keep us busy for Chicago—2 —Crataegus; Eli Lilly and Co., for these sites. We surmise that such settle- several months in analysis and interpreta- Indianapolis 11 plant specimens, 10 drug samples of plants, New South ments are fairly old—perhaps as much as tions—is all that can be recounted at the Wales, Fiji Islands; Ministeria de Agricultura & Cria 2,000 years—dating from about the time of moment. We suspect that Mogollon Indians of Venezuela—a over to the Zanthoxylum syncarpum; Christ. moved Vernon area about a.d. E. J. Palmer, Webb City, Mo.—812 plant 500. We further guess that the conditions PROGRESS REVEALED specimens; Floyd A. Swink, River Forest, of life were that there pleasant, was plenty 111.—12 plant specimens We don't know exactly what happened of water and arable land, and that there Department of Geology: next, but when we again catch sight of the were no unfriendly people about. We feel From: Dr. Henry Field, Coconut Grove, Concho people they have come up in the fairly certain that there were other Indians — Fla. Pleistocene seashells and coquina world. perhaps a.d. 600 they had there—the Concho people—who have By may samples; Reichel-Dolmatoff, Cartagena, S.A. learned how to make and how to been distant and blood — pottery cultural, linguistic, vertebrate and invertebrate specimens; construct We such kinfolk. As time went in- John pithouses. dug eight on, Mogollon —Capt. Sinkankas, Arlington, Virginia houses, some of which were 6 feet deep and fluences here became stronger. hambergite specimens 12 feet across. Some were affairs irregular I might add a few words about our Department of Zoology: and seemed to have been made by novices. research in Arizona. archaeological station From: George Luckow, Evanston, 111. — undecorated The pottery was plain ware We are 100 miles from a railroad, near the 224 insects, Austria; Dr. Jeanne S. Schwen- and appears to fall into six types: (1) a plain foothills of the White Mountains at an gel, Scarsdale, N.Y.—17 lots of marine brown ware and a red ware—both shells; (2) plain elevation of 7,000 feet, on an almost treeless Tierpark Hellabrunn, Munich, —2 of which seem to have affinities; Germany European bison; Harry Mogollon plain. The region is buffeted by strong — a ware that is brown on the exterior and Hoogstraal, Cairo, Egypt 121 mammals, (3) winds (50 to 60 miles per hour) in the spring, — 31 lizards, 21 snakes, a turtle, Egypt gray on the interior this type may repre- and fall. early summer, and Tanganyika; Institute for Medical Re- sent a mixture of Mogollon tradition (brown search, Kuala Lumpur, Malaya—10 chigger and an Pueblo or northern HUNDREDS OF SITES color) early mites; N. L. H. Krauss, Honolulu—7 land a ware that tradition; (4) polished dark-gray There are many reasons why this station snails, a toad, 7 lizards, Africa; Dr. Fred also be a a may hybrid; (5) smudged ware; should be successful, one of which is that Medem, Bogota, Colombia—3 turtles, 10 and (6) a small percentage of gray ware that there are hundreds and hundreds of sites crocodile eggs, a crocodilian skull; Raffles is Museum, —7 Dr. Karl P. definitely early Pueblo or northern within a radius of forty miles. Another Singapore lizards; Schmidt, Homewood, 111. —2 lizards, China pottery. reason is that the country has never been that the of We suspect knowledge pottery- worked archaeologically and is therefore making and house-building was acquired terra A third reason for assured incognita. Daily Guide-Lectures from outside sources. that We assume corn, success is the manner in which the people Free guide-lecture tours are offered daily beans, and squash were grown and that they near and far have welcomed us as neighbors under the title also were from except Sundays "Highlights borrowed, perhaps Mogollon and friends. Everyone wants to help, and of the Exhibits." sources. These tours are designed hardly a day passes without the report of to give a general idea of the entire Museum a new site from some friendly rancher. POTTERY CAME LATER and its scope of activities. They begin at Since national forests we have two at our 2 p.m. on and at A little a.d. the Monday through Friday later, perhaps by 800, back hundreds of miles of door, square 2:30 p.m. on Saturday. people began to build surface rooms, the terrain to explore, and elevations varying tours on within the walls of which were of crude masonry, and Special subjects range from 5,000 to 10,000 feet, we have an un- of the Museum exhibits are available to make different We Mon- slightly pottery. dug to paralleled opportunity carry on our work for of ten or one such Still at days through Fridays parties village. later, perhaps in a most manner. Success advantageous more persons by advance request. A.D. 1000-1100, these Indians lived in still is assured under such conditions, and the larger, better villages of perhaps twelve to students who accompany us cannot fail to fifteen rooms, housing forty to sixty people, learn by doing. — and built a special room (kiva) for cere- pottery and artifacts; and two students The members of the staff this monial purposes. It was in the burial season, Emerson Mulford and Marvin Christensen. in addition to the were: Dr. John B. mound of one such village that we en- writer, It is a pleasure to acknowledge our deep Assistant Curator of countered the fifteen burials that may Rinaldo, Archaeology; appreciation for the co-operation of neigh- represent the higher-than-expected death Mrs. Martha Perry, cook; Roland Strass- boring ranchers who permitted us to dig on rate mentioned earlier. burger, general assistant and photographer; their land: Earl Thode, Mr. and Mrs. Claude One mysterious situation should be re- Miss Elizabeth Morris and Mrs. John Phipps, Mr. and Mrs. Lester Curtis, and ported. On the top of a knoll on the near- Rinaldo, who washed and catalogued the Frank Stradling. November, 1957 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 5 CURATOR WOODS REPORTS MOVIES FOR CHILDREN ON CARIBBEAN CRUISE DURING NOVEMBER

Loren P. Woods, Curator of Fishes, has The autumn series of free movies for returned from a six-week exploratory fishing children, presented in the James Simpson cruise in the western Caribbean Sea. The Theatre by the James Nelson and Anna cruise was made aboard the U. S. Fish and Louise Raymond Foundation, will continue Wildlife Service motor vessel Oregon. through November on Saturday mornings The Oregon sailed on August 15 from her at 10:30 o'clock. Boys and girls may attend home port at Pascagoula, Mississippi, and the movies alone, in groups, or accompanied returned on September 26. The main by adults. No tickets are needed. The objective of the cruise was to explore the programs and dates for November are: offshore banks of the western Caribbean, November 2—An Indian Program trawling for deep-water shrimp and long- AiV , (3 movies) lining for yellowfin tuna. The complex of Pioneer in the The submerged banks investigated lies at various Boy Midwest, Oregon in a broad band off the northeast Trail, and Indian Family of Long Ago depths DOUGLAS AND THE DINOSAURS coast of Nicaragua extending toward Ja- Also a cartoon Douglas Reade, right, of Bellingham, Washington, maica. Nearly 100 trawling stations were and companion Boris Dincov of Redmond, Wash- — made the northern of Gorda November 9 From Penguins to along edges rejoice on a thigh hone of Argyrosaurus in ington, Ostriches and Rosalind Banks, in the troughs between Stanley Field Hall as another dinosaur, Gorgo- these banks, and along the 100-fathom con- saurus, surveys scene from a discreet distance. Also a cartoon an avid student of dinosaurs, wrote to the tour off the Mosquito Coast of Nicaragua. Douglas, Museum to ascertain extent of its dinosaur and other November 16—White Mane bottom suitable for Although trawling fossil exhibits before deciding to visit here while on A story from southern France of the fisher- was seldom found in depths of less than a recent trip to the Midwest. He and Boris seem with results. Folco and his wild horse White Mane 100 fathoms, trawling in deeper waters (200 to be satisfied boy to 500 was carried on fathoms) successfully November 23—Adventures with and resulted in the collection of a great FIVE Camera and Spear variety of fishes and invertebrates from LECTURES REMAIN Sasha Siemel, known as the Tiger Man, these depths. Several kinds of fishes pre- IN AUTUMN SERIES will tell his story viously rare in museum reference collections Five more lectures in the autumn series were preserved and several kinds were November 30—Winter Hobbies of free lecture-films for adults will be given discovered that have never been described. in November. The adventure-filled pro- Also a cartoon Since virtually no trawling in deep water grams, provided by the Edward E. Ayer had ever been done in the Caribbean, most Lecture Foundation Fund, begin at 2:30 of the forms collected were not previously o'clock on Saturday afternoons in the NEW MEMBERS known from south of the Gulf of Mexico or James Simpson Theatre. Attendance is The new Members were elected Cuba, and so the known ranges of several following limited to adults, but free movie-programs in the from September 16 to October species are greatly extended. The collection period for children are presented on the mornings 15: is now being unpacked and sorted. of the same Saturdays. No tickets are Associate Members In addition to the deep-water fishing, the necessary. Members of the Museum, each atolls known as Quito Sueno Bank and Raymond A. Hoffman, Harold R. King, of whom is entitled to two reserved seats, A. Orville Serrana Bank were visited and small coral- Eugene F. Ryan, Paul Schroeder, should make their reservations in advance reef fishes collected at the latter by means Taylor by telephone (WAbash 2-9410) or in Member of chemicals. Old Providence Island, Little Sustaining writing (seats will be held in the Member's Corn Island, Swan Island, and Mujeres Wylie G. Akenson name until 2:25 p.m.). Island also were and in these visited, places Annual Members are the November programs fishing was done after dark with a large trap Following for adults: Lorn E. Arnold, Burnham L. Batson, net under a light. Some fishing with a light Paul A. Benke, William A. Brandt, Scott was done in Limon Bay, Panama, where the — November 2 South from Zanzibar F. Burton, Edgar J. Call, William G. Chorn, four on fuel and Oregon spent days taking I. Dr. C. Coe, De- Clifford Kamen R. Chutkow, George supplies. forest Paine Davis, Arthur Dixon, Benno Tuna longline fishing (using 15 to 18 November 9—Yucatan B. Epstein, Sidney Feuchtwanger, Charles L. W. miles of line) was done in the Gulfo de los James D. Fraker, Perry Fuller, Kelly Metcalf Joe Mosquitos and offshore along western Gardner, Byron M. Getzoff, Godfrey, Arthur H. Laurence T. Herman, Panama, Costa Rica, and Nicaragua. November 16—Islands of the Caribbean Haigh, W. P. Hollis, John T. Honquest, Jr., William Several tons of yellowfin tuna were caught Nicol Smith E. Kentor, Donald E. Kidd, Arthur Klutz- on the longlines along with a variety of M. Homer B. November 23—Adventures with nick, Philip Kolb, Marxer, sharks and small species of tuna and barra- Miss Martha Meyer, Grant U. Meyers, Camera and Spear cuda, marlin, dolphin, blue runner, and George Mitchell, Mrs. Carl R. Moore, lancet fish. The stomachs of all of these Sasha Siemel John Pakel, Sr., Dr. D. J. Pellettieri, were opened and some very unusual fishes — Vernon L. Pellouchoud, Tyson E. Poppell, November 30 Portugal, Madeira, and B. Richard J. taken from the pouchlike stomachs of the D. J. Prins, Radebaugh, the Azores Ernest Richter, Herzl Rosenson, R. V. lancet fish. Karl Robinson Schageman, Harold J. Schloer, John B. The Oregon's crew fished 24 hours a day Schlossberg, Dr. Edward J. Schmehil, Dr. for 22 and a few hours of the or days day William A. Smallberg, Dr. George L. Steans, night during ten additional days. But the Mexico), and so, although this brief con- Dr. Robert S. Study, Mrs. C. Conover Caribbean Sea has an area of nearly 750,000 centrated effort resulted in many discoveries, Talbot, Norman L. Thomas, Mrs. William square miles (about the same area as the area covered has scarcely been sampled. E. Vogelback Page 6 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN November, 1957 CURATOR COMMENTS ON BEETLES, COLLECTIONS, MUSEUMS By RUPERT L. WENZEL actually exist range from 2 to 4 million, with university teachers, who pursue their re- CURATOR OF INSECTS 2 million as the minimum figure. About search as a side interest in such time as they 1941 Chicago Natural History Mu- 41 per cent, or 350,000, of the described can spare from teaching or whatever else INseum acquired its first important special- species are beetles! is their principal means of livelihood. A ized study-collection of beetles. This was few are employees on the staffs of museums. THE FLOURISHING WEEVILS a collection of the family Histeridae (the A sizeable number are enthusiastic, often writer's specialty) that was formed by If one recalls that there are about 46,000 very capable amateurs. All require col- a New York publisher, Charles Ballou. species of birds, fishes, reptiles, and am- lections in order to work. Since that time a number of other out- phibians combined, the magnitude of the Today, most of the specialists build up standing collections of beetles (and other evolution that has taken place in the beetles rather small, highly specialized collections, insects) have been acquired, several of them can be somewhat appreciated. Beetles are which they usually deposit in a museum as from abroad. The most recent of these divided into from 150 to more than 200 gifts or bequests. They obtain their study were the Knirsch collections of cetoniid and families, depending upon the classification specimens by (1) personally collecting them lucanid beetles (see Museum Bulletin, followed. A family may contain a single in the field (the field work usually paid for September, 1957). The articles written species or as many as 50,000; a number of by themselves), (2) paying professional col- about these collections seem to have given families include from 10,000 to 20,000 lectors abroad to secure their special ma- some of our friends the impression that (1) species. The figure of 50,000 species is for terials for them, (3) borrowing museum our collections, especially of beetles, are the largest family of organisms, the weevils. specimens or studying them at museums, tremendously large and that (2) the living The amazingly successful evolution of the (4) exchanging with other specialists and world consists of nothing but beetles. weevils has been closely tied to that of with museums. The first impression is misleading. The flowering plants upon which most of them As stated, the specialist relies heavily second, though not true, has enough truth feed. Sir Guy Marshall, the world authority upon museums to make available to him the in it that we almost believe it ourselves. on the weevils, estimates, from the rate at collections of past authors and of unstudied which they are being materials that are amassed as a result of described, that the expeditions, purchases, etc. Museums get ultimate total of the much of their material in the same ways as species of weevils will do the specialists, but on a larger scale, and be between 200,000 with the important distinction that they and 250,000! Yet, in build to a considerable extent upon collec- spite of the fact that tions of specialists. They function as the weevils are of con- trustees in perpetuity of the collections of siderable economic im- past specialists, in order to expedite the portance, the writings research of the future. on this large group LINNAEUS SPURRED RESEARCH are scattered, and the number of specialists The work of Linnaeus gave impetus to who study it are few. a great flush of research in the fields of There is not yet a natural history in the 19th century. The published key to the colonial powers, through collectors and subfamilies and tribes naturalists abroad, built great museums in of weevils of the order to house the samples of the fauna and world. This partly flora which they were eagerly gathering and refutes the prevalent describing. Interest in natural history be- GOLIATHS-LARGE AND SMALL idea that if a group of came and still is widespread among the Two goliath beetles display their variation in size and their highly decorative animals is of economic literate peoples of these countries. Learned upper-sides. Both are from the Knirsch collection of more than 30,000 Cetoniid importance, it will men of means often accumulated large, beetles recently acquired by Museum. necessarily be studied world-wide, general or specialized collec- forthwith, and the tions of great value, sometimes through expe- Though the beetles may not have inherited classification and associated problems neatly ditions of their own. Others have established the earth, there is some reason for thinking solved. In the case of the weevils, the work their own museums. In these activities they they have. of classifying, describing, and cataloguing were ably assisted by dealers who main- There are more kinds of insects than of the species that exist will require the efforts tained large staffs of private collectors all other living things—animals and plants of hundreds of specialists over a long period abroad. These dealers could offer extensive combined. From four-fifths to five-sixths of of time. collections of insects that were of value to all animals are insects. Because there are At any given time there may be no the specialists. It was only natural that no world catalogues available for most specialists for many major groups of beetles a large percentage of the collections that groups of insects, no one really knows how (or other insects as well) and large families were formed were of beetles. Beetles are many species have been described, although may be unstudied, even on a local basis, for most numerous and relatively easily pre- estimates run as high as 1,500,000 species decades. There are as yet no modern mono- served, are of great variety of form and for the world. As a matter of fact, there graphic treatments that can be used for ornamentation, and the larger ones are are no recent catalogues for most groups for identification of most North American in- relatively easily studied. North America. However, a figure of sects, and there are not apt to be for a long In the period of growth of the great col- 800,000 to 850,000 for the world is generally time, because most of the work is done by lections, the United States was a young regarded as being reasonably accurate. New a relatively few individuals, on their own growing nation, still relatively immature species are being described at the rate of time and without special compensation culturally. In entomology this was re- about 5,000 to 6,000 per year, and projected other than personal gratification. Most are flected by a shortage of people interested in estimates of the number of species that professional biologists, usually college and the field. Those who did study insects "^.n J-»

November, 1957 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 7 found the undescribed fauna of the expand- Natural History Museum, the Museum of ALBERT J. FRANZEN ing frontiers more than enough to occupy Comparative Zoology at Harvard, and the 1901-1957 their energies. Hence, of the relatively few U. S. National Museum are steps in this large collections that were formed, most direction. were of United States insects.

Since World War I and, especially, World Technical Publications War II, the United States has undertaken to share or take over many technical com- The following technical publications were mitments and interests in undeveloped issued recently by the Museum : countries that were previously almost ex- Fieldiana: Geology, Vol. 10, No. 26. Fauna of clusively the province European powers. of the Vale and Choza: 12. A New Trema- This has been true in systematic ento- topsid Amphibian from the Vale Formation. mology too, in part because of the close By Everett Claire Olson. 6 pages. 2 illus- dependence of many phases of economic and trations. 15c. medical entomology upon systematics. Our Fieldiana: Geology, Vol. 10, No. 27. Fauna from these horizons have broadened, apart of the Vale and Choza: 13. Diadectes, commitments also. Unfortunately, although Xenacanthus, and Specimens of Uncertain United States entomologists have been Affinities. By Everett Claire Olson. orienting their interests outwardly for some 6 pages, 2 illustrations. 15c. time, the basic world-wide collections that The Museum regrets to report the death they need are, with a few notable excep- of Albert J. Franzen, Preparator and Taxi- tions, largely lacking. Our largest museum dermist for the Department of the N. W. collections are still very small by com- STAFF NOTES Harris Public School Extension of the Mu- parison with those of even the smaller seum. He died on October 22 at a Chicago European museums, to say nothing of the Matthew S. Moroney, a member of the hospital after a lingering illness. British, Paris, Berlin, and Vienna museums. Museum Guard force since September 1, Born June 17, 1901, at Darien, Wisconsin, HUGE COLLECTIONS 1952, has been ap- Mr. Franzen joined the staff of Harris pointed Captain of Extension as a taxidermist in 1927, and The largest museum collection in the the Guard to succeed in 1944 he was appointed Preparator and United States numbers several million — Captain Prank Mein- Taxidermist. He devoted thirty years of specimens. Several other collections in- ke, who retired in Sep- faithful service to the Museum before he cluding those of several of the university tember. Captain Mo- became ill several months He is sur- museums—number between a million and ago. roney is a native Chi- vived by his wife, Frieda, and two daughters, a half and two million specimens. Chicago cagoan who retired Marilyn and Arlene, all of Chicago. Natural History Museum's collection num- from the Illinois Bell bers a little more than a million specimens, Telephone Company of which about 600,000—or a little more in 1948 after more 'Wanderland' Is Next than their proportional representation in than 40 years of ser- Audubon Screen-Tour nature—are beetles. In contrast, the vice .... As official British collections total more than the of Museum Matthew S. "Wanderland," second screen-tour Moroney delegate of the Ameri- 10 million specimens, of which 4 to 5 million the Illinois Audubon Society's 1957-58 can Anthropological are beetles. No exact figure is available for season, will be presented at 2:30 o'clock on Association, Phillip H. Lewis, Assistant the Paris Museum. Its beetle collection Sunday afternoon, November 10, in the Curator of Primitive Art in the Department was about the size of that of the British James Simpson Theatre of the Museum. of Anthropology, participated last month in Museum until recently, when Paris ac- William H. Wagoner, Jr., lecturer for the a symposium, "The Artist in Tribal So- quired the Rene Obertur collection. This National Audubon Society, and his wife, ciety," at the Royal Anthropological fabulous collection alone numbered almost June, will bring to the audience scenes and Institute, London, where he presented 5 million specimens, most of them beetles. stories of the wonders of the outdoors—of a paper entitled "The Artist in New Ireland Because of the combination of circum- animal and plant life on mountain peaks, Society." The paper was one of five papers stances that produced the large basic insect- beneath the sea, in the desert, and in that described activities of primitive artists collections in Europe, as well as of certain jungles, forests, and swamps. of various parts of the world, and discussion cultural factors currently at work on the The three Audubon was directed toward abstracting theoretical remaining Society of the American scene, the insect collections screen-tours will be at the Museum in knowledge of primitive art .... Loren P. given principal United States museums can and March. All Woods, Curator of Fishes, left for Trinidad, January, February, pro- in probably never be the equal of those are free. where he will board the U. S. Fish and grams European museums. Wildlife motor vessel Oregon for a four-week It will be a long time before we will have exploratory fishing cruise in the offshore collections that are enough Winter Visiting Hours comprehensive waters along the coast of the Guianas and to enable American systematic entomolo- at the Brazil .... George I. Quimby, Curator Museum gists to fulfill that part of the world role Eth- of North American Archaeology and Winter visiting hours, 9 a.m. to 4 p.m. that is their inheritance. These basic col- returned from a nology, recently study trip (5 p.m. on Sundays), went into effect at the lections cannot be formed as as easily they in northeast Wisconsin and upper Michigan, Museum on October 15 and will continue in were in the 19th and Europe during early where he examined museum collections and effect until February 28. 20th centuries, but energetic field work and archaeological sites .... Dr. Eugene S. acquisition of collections, when they are Richardson, Jr., Curator of Fossil Inverte- available, will help to overcome this lag. brates, last month spoke on "Natural Some amazing anatomical structures Recent acquisitions from abroad of several Science as a Career" before a seminar at found in bats are illustrated by models on important beetle collections by Chicago Lake Forest Academy, Lake Forest, Illinois. exhibition in Hall 15. Page 8 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN November, 1957

the whole wealth of the universe at your NEW-WORLD FOOD PLANTS Books very door. All that I ever had, or still have, IN NOVEMBER EXHIBIT may be yours by stretching forth youf hand and taking it." A special exhibit, "Food Plants of Ameri- (All books reviewed in the Bulletin are It is not the personal overlap of years and can Origin," featuring 35 of the most im- available in The Book Shop of the Museum. of America's contributions to the few glimpses of a distinguished figure of portant plant Mail orders accompanied by remittance in- a man that brings John Burroughs close to human diet, will be presented in Stanley cluding postage are promptly filled.) me, and brings me thus to appreciation of Field Hall throughout November. the merit of this latest account of his THE EDGE OF APRIL, A Biography of great Centuries before the coming of the white life. It is the community of the experience man, the Indians of the Americas were John Burroughs. By Hildegarde Hoyt of farm work, over years on end—that cultivating and/or using food plants Swift. William Morrow and Co., New many experience which in America makes one that were then unknown in the eastern York. 316 pages. 17 full-page wood-cut profoundly and distinctively an American. hemisphere. Many of these are now used illustrations by Lynd Ward. Cloth $3.95. My own farming, fifty years later than that the world over, and some of them, such as Among a dozen biographies of John of the New York farmer of the Catskills, corn, potatoes, and cassava, are among Burroughs there is ample room for this new was still in the era of the horse-drawn man's most important vegetable food- one by Hildegarde Hoyt Swift. Her book walking plow and included the same experi- sources. These food plants rival—or even is not a critical literary or scientific assess- ence of land-clearing, of making hay with surpass in certain areas—the wheat, rice, ment of Burroughs' work, but it brings the a scythe, of hand-milking, and of the and yams of the Old World. The use of much-loved American naturalist and nature- romance of the sugar-bush. Mrs. Swift, other American food plants—for example, writer vividly to life. This is accomplished who can scarcely have experienced these oca, ullucu, afiu, and quinoa—is still con- by her sensitive appreciation of his farm-boy elemental farm activities in person, has fined more or less to those regions where they background as much as by her enlivenment nevertheless made them vivid. The woods, were grown at the time of Columbus. of events the of school of the sequence by well-imagined the farm, and teaching country On display for the first time will be dialogue. formed John Burroughs' mind and char- several new botanical models made in the The Edge of April will surely drive its acter. Museum's plant-reproduction laboratories: readers to search for its life-giving sources There is a sensitive portrait, too, of fruiting branches of allspice, parsniplike in Burroughs' reminiscent and descriptive Ursula Burroughs, the wife whose sense of roots of the arracacha (a vegetable of north- essays and in his letters and journals. These household order her writer-husband never western South America), tubers of the oca, last were made available by the woman- came to appreciate. One may see, in afiu, and ullucu (of importance in areas of disciple of his later years, Clara Barrus. retrospect, that this was his own loss. His the high Andes), fruits of the chayote Mrs. Swift's emphasis is on the always- failure to transmit to her, as to the members (widely used as a vegetable in the tropics), more-interesting formative years rather than of his own family, his own high appreciation several kinds of Capsicum peppers (in- on the slowly achieved great success or on of nature—of Nature with a capital N—was cluding the fiery tabasco), and examples of the overgrowth of a John Burroughs cult the great failure of his life. the guava (a well-known tropical fruit). (for which Burroughs himself was not to Karl P. Schmidt The exhibit was prepared by Dr. John W. relations of John H. and Walter blame). The significant Curator Emeritus of Zoology Thieret, Samuel Grove, Jr., Burroughs and Walt Whitman are set into Huebner of the Department of Botany. clear light. It was vastly to Burroughs' The above review was written by Dr. Schmidt shortly before his death on September 26, 1957 credit that he recognized and championed Whitman's greatness and to his credit that —prints and color slides. Prints may be he could be so intimate and so effective either in color or black-and-white. a friend to the greater man. Whitman was NATURE PHOTO CONTEST To be entries in both the the subject of his first book and he appears eligible, print ENTRIES INVITED and slide divisions must qualify under three again in his last, more than fifty years later. subclassifications: (1) Animal Life, (2) One could wish that there were more about The time is here to sort the photographs Plant or General. Scenic Myron Benton and John Muir. made on last summer's vacation and select Life, (3) views, geo- logical formations, clouds, and other natural The distinguished and patriarchal figure those that might qualify for exhibition and phenomena that do not fit into either the of the bearded John Burroughs was occasion- perhaps a prize in the next Chicago Inter- animal or sections will be included Exhibition of plant-life ally seen at the American Museum of national Nature Photography. in the General classification. In each classi- Natural History during my years there, This exhibition, the thirteenth in the fication of prints and slides, medals and beginning in 1916. He was always in the series co-sponsored by the Nature Camera ribbons will be awarded by the Nature company of Miss Barrus, and was welcomed Club of Chicago and the Museum, will be Camera Club of Chicago. In addition, the and helped by my own chief, Mary Cynthia held in February. Prints selected by the Photographic Society of America will award Dickerson, editor of our Journal, and by judges will be shown in Stanley Field Hall special prizes. our Curator of Education, Clyde Fisher. through the entire month, and color slides Contestants are permitted to submit up They could well afford to ignore, as Mrs. will be projected on the screen of the James to four entries in each division. Photo- Swift has, Burroughs' unfortunate failure Simpson Theatre on two Sunday afternoons: graphs should be sent to the Museum. to appreciate the professional zoologist. February 9 and February 16. forms informa- writer rather than Entry containing complete Burroughs was scientist, The contest is the world's largest in the — tion on the rules may be obtained by request bird-lover rather than ornithologist which field of nature and, photographs exclusively to the Museum. is no derogation of his place in American in fact, is one of the world's largest of any literature or in American nature-writing. kind, with or without limitations as to scope for The spirit of his writing is implicit in the of subjects. The deadline entries is The civilization of China from its begin- but entries are fine quotation with which Mrs. Swift brings January 13, early requested nings in the Old Stone Age (about 500,000 to facilitate the task of the her book to a close: "The most precious preparing many years ago) down to modern times is illus- thousands of submitted for things in life are near at hand, without pictures judging. trated by exhibits in George T. and Frances money and without price. Each of you has As usual, entries will be in two divisions Gaylord Smith Hall (Hall 24) and Hall 32.

Page 2 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN December, 1957

Chicago Natural History Museum participating in the meetings. Dr. Paul S. MUSEUM AIDS ZOOLOGIST Founded by Marshall Field, 1893 Martin, Chief Curator of Anthropology, and FROM BRITISH GUIANA Roosevelt Road and Lake Shore Drive, Chicago 5 Curators Donald Collier, George Quimby, Telephone: WAbash 2-9410 and Roland W. Force will serve as discus- Ram Singh, Chief Taxidermist for the British Guiana Museum in sants for papers presented. Phillip H. Lewis, Georgetown, British Guiana, will leave the Museum late THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES Assistant Curator of Primitive Art, will a entitled in the this month after a three-month study of Henry P. Ishaii present paper "Meaning Lester Armour museum methods and Mr. Sew eli. L. Avery Hughston M. McBain Study of Primitive Art." Curator Force is techniques. Blair William H. Mitchell Wm. McCormick Singh, who in his 33 years with the British Walther Buchen John T. Pirie, Jr. chairman of the Local Arrangements Com- Walter J. Cummings Clarence B. Randall mittee for the Association Guiana Museum has collected, prepared, Joseph N. Field John G. Searle Anthropological and installed hundreds of Marshall Field, Jr. Solomon A. Smith and the American Folklore Society. natural-history Louis Ware Stanley Field exhibits, will visit the U. S. National Mu- Samuel Insull, Jr. John P. Wilson seum, Washington, D.C., and the American OFFICERS Museum of Natural History in New York Stanley Field President STAFF City before returning to his home. Hughston M. McBain First Vice-President NOTES Walther Buchen Second Vice-President Joseph N. Field Third Vice-President Solomon A. Smith Treasurer Albert W. Forslev, Associate Curator of Clifford C. Gregg Director and Secretary John R. Millar Assistant Secretary Mineralogy and Petrology in the Depart- ment of Geology, last month presented a of BULLETIN paper before the annual meetings the THE of America in Atlantic EDITOR Geological Society City, New Jersey. Dr. Rainer Zangerl, Clifford C. Gregg Director of the Museum Curator of Fossil Reptiles, Dr. Eugene S. CONTRIBUTING EDITORS Richardson, Jr., Curator of Fossil Inverte- Paul S. Martin Chief Curator of Anthropology Theodor Just Chief Curator of Botany brates, and William D. Turnbull, Assist- Sharat K. Roy Chief Curator of Geology ant Curator of Fossil Mammals, attended Austin L. Rand Chief Curator of Zoology meetings of the Society of Vertebrate MANAGING EDITOR Paleontology held jointly with the Geo- H. B. H arte Public Relations Counsel logical Society meetings. Dr. Zangerl EDITORS ASSOCIATE spoke on the Museum's "Mecca" project Helen A. MacMinn Jane Rockwell and Mr. Turnbull reported on recent field work in the Washakie Basin of Wyoming. Members are requested to inform the Museum The three paleontologists also were present promptly of changes of address. at an earlier meeting of the Society of Verte- brate Paleontology held in Philadelphia .... Dr. Julian A. Steyermark, Curator ANNUAL MEETING OF AAA of the Phanerogamic Herbarium, recently WILL CONVENE HERE attended the fourth annual Symposium on Systematics at the Missouri Botanical Anthropologists from all over the United Garden. Mr. Singh's present visit is a continuation States and from several foreign countries of an eight-month study he made in 1946 to will meet in Chicago December 27 through learn modern techniques of taxidermy and Visits December 30 for the 56th annual meeting of Zoologist exhibition arrangement after a fire in 1945 the American Anthropological Association. Dr. John Hendrickson, Professor of destroyed the British Guiana Museum's Meeting jointly with the Association will be Zoology at the University of Malaya, natural-history collections. Since that time the American Folklore Society and the Singapore, recently visited the Department extensive collections have been made, ex- Society for Ethnomusicology. The greater of Zoology in connection with his studies on hibits have been installed, and a new build- share of the activities will take place at the animals of the Malay Peninsula. ing has been erected under the supervision Palmer House hotel, but a portion of one of Director Vincent Roth. day will be spent at the Museum where — Shortly after his arrival, Mr. Singh was a series of specially planned activities will THIS MONTH'S COVER appointed to the Museum's Thomas J. Dee be presented. Fellowship, awarded to persons engaged in A of a carved and The Museum, Northwestern University, portion highly specialized research projects. While painted stela that serves as a focal and the University of Chicago are co-spon- here, Mr. Singh has concentrated on in a installed dio- soring institutions for the meeting, which is point newly methods used in preparing portable school- rama in Hall 8 (Ancient and held in Chicago on the average of every six exhibits in the Department of the N. W. Modern Indians of Mexico and years. The current meeting promises to be Harris Public School Extension (to augment Central America) is shown on the largest in the history of the Anthropo- a similar program in his museum) and the this month's cover. The figures logical Association. Twenty-three symposia cellulose process used in reproducing reptiles ancient on special subjects from mental health to represent Maya priests, and fishes for exhibition developed by the elaborately At the archaeology and linguistics make up about garbed. top late Leon L. Walters of this Museum. In can be seen a few of the calen- half of the program. In addition there will addition, he is identifying for the Museum drical that be 23 three-hour sessions of volunteered inscriptions repre- a collection of birds recently received from sent the A.D. papers on a variety of esoteric subjects such date, September 13, Colombia. Mr. Singh is one of the ever- the end of a "5-tun" as the construction of the Japanese shoulder 795, period increasing numbers of visitors from foreign (slightly less than five years). drum, religion and killing among the Jivaro lands who are taking advantage of the More information about the en- Indians of South America, and urban mi- Museum's policy of encouraging staff mem- tire diorama on 3. gration in north India. appears page bers of other museums and students in their Several Museum staff members will be study of modern museum techniques. December, 1957 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 3

DIORAMA SHOWS COLORFUL MAYA DEDICATION CEREMONY BY DONALD COLLIER 7,200 days (18 katuns), 5 periods of 360 days senting respectively the Chacs of the north, CURATOR OF SOUTH AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY (5 tuns), periods of 20 days (0 uinals), west, and south. and periods of 1 day (0 kins) have elapsed In the procession behind the leading ANCIENT MAYAS surpassed all of the calendar since the starting day (4 priests are four figures representing the four THEother pre-Columbian peoples of the 8 until the Ahau Cumhu) present day, sky-monsters, deities of rain, crops, and World as New sculptors, mathematicians, is of the month 4 Ahau, which the 13th day food, who are also associated with the four and astronomers. These achievements Ceh." This day, according to the most world-directions. These are two-headed made it appropriate, when we were planning correlation of the widely accepted Maya dragons, part lizard, part snake. The mon- the reinstallation of Hall 8 (Ancient and and Christian calendars, is September 13, ster impersonators in the ceremony are Modern Indians of Mexico and Central A.D. 795. The stela has been erected to made of bark cloth and feathers, and each America), to choose as the subject for commemorate the ending of a 5-tun period, is supported by two men whose bodies are a Maya diorama the ceremonial dedication that is, the completion of a quarter-katun concealed within but whose feet can be seen of a hieroglyphic monument known as interval, which is slightly less than five beneath the beast's claws. Their colors, a stela, ornamented with sculptured figures years. like the colors of the four leading priests, and calendrical inscriptions. This diorama The stela marks the passing of a time- are those of the four directions and their has recently been completed by Dioramist period ending on the day 4 Ahau. Since bodies are painted with symbols of the Alfred Lee Rowell and installed. this day is dedicated to the Chacs, the four planets and rain. The scene shown is the plaza of a Maya celestial rain gods, each associated with At the rear of the procession are six ceremonial center in the Peten region of a cardinal direction, a rain-making ceremony assistant priests, also elaborately garbed. Guatemala during the Classic stage of the dedi- has been held in conjunction with They, as well as the leading priests, carry Maya civilization. The time is a.d. 795. cation of the stela. The four leading priests vessels containing offerings to be placed in In the background are several steep-sided, stela standing before the have just come the pit left open at the base of the stela. surmounted stepped pyramids by temples from this ceremony, in which they have They will sacrifice a variety of precious with roof combs. coals lofty, brightly painted walked barefooted over a bed of live objects, including quetzal feathers, carved At one side is the erected newly stela, while scattering on the embers balche, jades, eccentrically worked flints, food, a great limestone slab seventeen feet high a drink fermented from honey, and copal balche, and cacao beans. At the close of the on which are carved the figures of elabo- incense. The head priest is garbed in red, ceremony the pit will be filled with earth rately garbed priests. the color of the rain god of the east, and his and sealed with stone and mortar. The date inscribed on the stela (upper headdress is adorned with quetzal feathers In the right background is a group of right panel) is 9.18.5.0.0 4 Ahau 13 Ceh. representing the green of young corn and musicians who are accompanying the cere- This is to be read as follows: "9 periods of new leaves. The other three priests are mony. The instruments are trumpets, an column 1 144,000 days (9 bactuns), 18 periods of dressed in white, black, and yellow, repre- (Continued on page 8, ) Page U CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN December, 1957 GIFT OF CHINESE RUBBINGS GOES ON SPECIAL EXHIBITION By KENNETH STARR quite likely that the practice of taking well pressed into contact with detail CURATOR OF ASIATIC ARCHAEOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY every rubbings of these stone texts occurred of the surface beneath, the paper is left to ARE INK COPIES of low- earlier, the earliest extant Chinese rubbing dry, the outer protective paper being first relief or RUBBINGSintaglio (incised) inscriptions dates from somewhere in the years between stripped away. When the rubbing paper is and on fired and designs stone, metal, clay, a.d. 627-649. Although gradually printing dry, an inked pad is carefully applied to the other hard materials. The is technique from carved wood blocks became the stand- high surfaces, and when properly inked in its found Chinese origin, and use, though ard method whereby Chinese books were the paper is peeled off the surface being in other parts of the world, has been most printed, nevertheless the production of copied and is flattened between boards. The common in China and contiguous countries copies from stone continued, particularly in technique is an admirable one, for it repro- in eastern Asia. the duplication of official texts. In recent duces quite simply and in full size every centuries the practice detail of the original surface. The "flatness" of making rubbings of the reproduction, in that it fails to com- has been limited municate the quality of depth inherent in largely to the copying the original surface, in large measure is of the inscribed stone compensated for by the dramatic effect of pillars (shih-pei) that black Chinese ink on textured white paper. dot the Chinese towns The technique of making rubbings has and countryside, served as a sort of camera for many cen- marking historical turies, though rather more cheaply, it may events of local impor- be added. Even today, some Chinese and tance. In keeping Japanese scholars carry with them small with their traditional bundles of materials for making rubbings. IJ^j. -' orientations and ac- The technique is extremely useful, the cording to their par- more so by virtue of the facts that it is in- 'AZURE DRAGON' STRIKES POSE ticular tastes, Chinese expensive and immediate. Of importance Rubbing of a dynamic 'Azure Dragon' taken from a relief cut on a stone coffin scholar-collectors for also is the fact that the object being copied found in Chinese tomb of Han (207 B.C.— A.D. period 220). centuries have collect- in no way is damaged. ed rubbings of these The types of objects whose surfaces are The East Asiatic anthropological collec- inscribed pillars, in a manner comparable copied by the rubbing technique are limited tions of the Museum contain over 4,000 such to that in which prints have been collected only by the need for a hard surface upon rubbings that in space represent most of the in the West; and just as there are prestige which there is some relief, either positive or provinces of China, in time range from the factors present in the possession of "first negative. In China rubbings commonly are late pre-Christian period to the present impressions" of prints, so also there is made from such materials as the following. century, and in content encompass a wide prestige value in the possession of an early (1) Stone pillars. In keeping with the tra- variety of subjects. Recently this collection copy of a rubbing. Thus, a Ming-period ditional historical orientations of the Chi- was notably enhanced by the addition of (a.d. 1368-1644) rubbing of a T'ang-period nese, the materials most copied by the rub- over 150 rubbings of early Chinese stone and (a.d. 618-907) inscribed monument is prized bing technique have been the inscriptions clay tomb reliefs found in the westernmost above one made during the Ch'ing period cut on stone pillars. The content of these part of China. These rubbings, the majority (a.d. 1644-1911). Lest such desires be inscriptions is varied in the extreme— classi- of which date from the Later Han period charged purely to snobbery, it is well to note cal texts, passages penned by famous callig- (a.d. 25-220), together with other anthro- the practical fact that the earlier copy raphers, accounts of historic events, pological materials from China and Tibet, generally is sharper and more clear. The memorial inscriptions for outstanding local were presented to the Museum by Dr. David making of rubbings long has been a special men and women, religious inscriptions, C. Graham, who collected them during his profession in China, and such craftsmen descriptions of public works, and a va- long residence in southwest China as teacher with their stock of rubbings can be found riety of other subjects of local importance. and anthropologist. Many of these rub- throughout the country, particularly in the (2) Reliefs. Reliefs, particularly religious bings were copied from unique archaeological localities that are richest in historic monu- and tomb reliefs, are another favorite area specimens in the collections of the Ssuch'uan ments. wherein the rubbing technique has been Provincial Museum, the West China Union employed. The greater portion of the rub- TECHNIQUE DESCRIBED University Museum, of which Dr. Graham bings given by Dr. Graham fall into this was curator, and in private collections. How are these rubbings, or "squeezes" category, for they are copies of reliefs found Unlike the situation in the western world, as they sometimes are called, made? Briefly in Han-period tombs, cut out of the natural where the practice is uncommon, the pro- described, the technique used is as follows. sandstone in the lower Min River area of duction, use, and collection of rubbings has A sheet of the proper paper, a variety of Ssuch'uan Province in west China. The played a significant part in the cultural "rice paper" (actually, most "rice paper" is majority of these reliefs are in stone, though pattern of China and some of her neighbors. made from bamboo pulp), is wetted, often many inscriptions and designs, in both low In China particularly, with its strong his- with water to which a little agar-agar has relief and intaglio, derive from clay blocks, torical tradition, rubbings long have played been added for stiffening and adhesive pur- molded and fired hard. Descriptions of these an important role in the intellectual life of poses, and the paper is plastered upon tombs, their location, construction, contents, the country. Following the invention of the surface from which the rubbing is to be and ornamentation may be found in either paper by the Chinese somewhere around taken. Thereafter the mildly elastic wet of the following two books: (1) Rudolph, a.d. 100 and before the printing of books paper is tamped down with brushes, care Richard, Han Tomb Art of West China (1951) from wood blocks began, presumably some- being taken to press the paper into every and (2) Wen, Yu, Ssuch'uan Han-tai hua- time in the eighth century, classic texts for detail of the surface. A sheet of coarser hsiang hsiian-chi (1955). Many of the rub- sake of permanency were inscribed on stone, paper sometimes is laid on top of the actual bings reproduced in these two books are and subsequently rubbings of these texts rubbing paper to protect it in the tamping represented among those given by Dr. were made for scholarly use. Though it is process. When the rubbing paper has been Graham while many others in the Graham December, 1957 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 5

collection have not yet been published, a fact that increases their scholarly value. (3) Miscellaneous. The rubbing technique is used for copying from a wide variety of other types of subject matter, among which may be mentioned only the most common ones: bronze vessels (texts and designs cast in low relief and intaglio), coins and coin molds, and many other small objects of metal, stone, wood, and bone. As was noted, the copying of textual materials and decorative elements by the rubbing tech- nique has been particularly popular in China by virtue of its simplicity and in- expensiveness, as well as by the effectiveness by which such rubbings can be reproduced for publication.

VALUE OF RUBBINGS

What is the value of rubbings? Relevant to the aims and purposes of the Museum, three reasons may be set down. First, rubbings are of historical value in that copies of inscriptions frequently provide information obtainable in no other printed form. Inscribed on the stone pillars that stand everywhere in China is to be found a vast amount of specific local history that often is not included in the traditional sources. Both the historian and the archae- —the latter who is but a historian of ologist PARTY SCENE-SECOND CENTURY STYLE the period before the existence of written Active party scene shows seated man and woman (upper left), two jugglers (upper right), two musicians records—rely upon such information: the (lower left), and an acrobat or musician and dancing woman (lower right). Rubbing depicts aspects of life in historian to supplement the data obtainable second century in west China where original molded clay relief was found. in printed sources and the archaeologist that deducible from archaeological materials. Second, rubbings are of value in studying the Ssuch'uan region well up into the post- animals and humans—real and imaginary; the life and customs of centuries long past. Han period. Third, rubbings, apart miscellaneous; tomb bricks— de- Tomb reliefs such as those represented in the many geometric from their basic historico-cultural signifi- signs and brief inscriptions. rubbings presented by Dr. Graham provide cance, are objects of aesthetic interest, ex- graphic evidence of many aspects of life in citing our sensitivities by virtue of their ancient times, for the people of early China NEW MEMBERS artistic excellence, whether the original recorded variously in the burial complex— be a classic The following new Members were elected on tomb exteriors and interiors and on the subject poem composed by from October 16 to November 15: a famous poet and penned with the Chinese burial furniture—many scenes depicting brush an calligrapher or Contributors the life of the deceased as well as the by outstanding whether it be some finely executed motif. Dr. David C. Graham religious beliefs and symbolisms of their The historical, cultural, and aesthetic signifi- Stewart J. Walpole* time. By judicious inference, one can cance of the rubbings housed in public and Member reconstruct some of the aspects of the life Sustaining private collections throughout the world Allen C. Michaels of the ancient period, adding the results of becomes even greater when one considers these inferences to those acquired from the Annual Members the fact that the monuments from which F. William J. study of reliefs of similar type and time- Edward Anixter, Aste, they were taken in many cases no longer Walter H. Baumgartner, Theodore C. Beug, period elsewhere, from other relevant exist, having fallen prey to the destructive Miss Carolyn Eloise Carey, Donald Cole- archaeological materials, and from available forces of nature and man. man, William B. Cudahy, Mrs. George E. written records. Often, as the Graham Dr. John G. Clifford T. A showing of selected examples of the Dolezal, Ersfeld, rubbings from west China attest, compara- Fay, Jr., C. V. Felker, Burleigh B. Gardner, rubbings given by Dr. Graham and repre- tive studies are the F. Sewall Gardner, Bruce J. Graham, possible. Although scenes on stone and senting depicted clay L. reliefs in the western Robert V. Guelich, D. S. Haigh, Walter represented rubbings in the rock tombs of southwest- Han-period Mrs. Wilmarth Ickes, William W. date from a similar as others in Hedin, time-period ern is in Field Hall China being made Stanley Joyce, James S. Kemper, Lorenz F. Koerber, east China and although both groups of during the seven-week period beginning Jr., Benjamin C. Korschot, John T. Lan- reliefs a "Han represent single generalized December 1 and continuing through January dreth, Glenn E. Martin, Miss Christine nevertheless of difference J. Robert E. culture," points 19, 1958. The 50 rubbings included in the Mathis, Hugh O'Connor, Dr. J. Pellicore, M. F. in matters of style and symbolism occur as special exhibit have been grouped to illus- O'Hanlon, Raymond Peterson, Marvin E. Pritikin, Miss Lillian between the reliefs of the two regions, trate some of the aspects of life in west F. Reid, Earl K. Riley, Robert George a condition attributable to the fact that the China during the Han period (207 b.c.-a.d. Schmidt, Phil Shorr, Charles F. Short, Jr., west China reliefs were in- These are as follows: social presumably 220). groups Ezra Solomon, Kenneth M. Wiggins fluenced by the non-Chinese T'ai culture, activities; economic activities; horses and in * Deceased which played a major part the history of chariots, gates and towers (military scenes) ; Page 6 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN December, 1957

Children's Activities . . ANIMALS IN WINTERTIME TOPIC FOR DECEMBER

The problems that confront animals in winter will be pointed out to boys and girls who attend the Museum alone or in school or other organized groups during December when three activities are offered by the Raymond Foundation, children's education- al organization. "Animals in Winter," the 12th Journey for children given by the Museum, will show- how animals accustom themselves to the rigors of winter by changing color, changing diet, hibernating, or migrating to more temperate climates. Any boy or girl who can read is eligible to participate during Museum visiting hours (9 a.m. to 4 P.M.). Instruction sheets will be available at both the north and south doors of the Museum. When a child has visited the various animals TRAVELERS AND ADVENTURERS POSE These are Museum Travelers and Museum Adventurers who last month received on exhibit and has answered all the questions cheerful-looking youngsters awards from Dr. Clifford C. Gregg, Director, for successfully completing four Museum Journeys (Travelers) on his Journey sheet, he can deposit the or eight Museum Journeys (Adventurers). Awards were presented to the children by John R. Millar, Deputy sheet in a barrel at either Museum provided Director. Travelers are (top row): Ronald Bonneau, Caroll Conell, Marcia Borla, Mary Rose Vallely, Patricia entrance. If all the questions have been Redmond, Kendrick Bisset, Susan Lewis, Donna Tapper, and David and Richard Grcb, all of Chicago. Adventurers are Sarah Ronald and Molnar, Miriam and David answered correctly the youngster is on the (bottom row): Strandjord, James Petty, Joan Tapper, David Strandjord, and Jeanne Marie Hansen, all of Chicago, and Alan Chill, of Oak Park. way to becoming a Museum Traveler which Jimmv Dimitrious. of Bountiful, Utah (formerly of Chicago), and Timothy Gorman and George Rocourt, both of four requires different successfully-com- Chicago, were not present to receive their awards. pleted Journeys. Eight Journeys qualify him as a Museum Adventurer and 12 Journeys as a Museum Explorer. and Boys December 2 through 6, will furnish ideas GIFTS TO THE MUSEUM these honors will receive girls winning for giving Christmas presents to birds in the Following is a list of the principal gifts a special award from Dr. Clifford C. Gregg, Chicago area. The program will include received during the past month: Museum Director. The winter journey will a film and Museum tour of birds found in continue through January. the Chicago region during the winter. Department of Anthropology: "Christmas for the a Birds," special pro- Highlighting the activity will be a demon- From: Dr. David C. Graham, Englewood, for children — gram elementary-school (from stration-exhibit on how to trim the family's Colo. Chinese rubbings, wood-block prints, and loose from grades one through four) offered from discarded Christmas tree with a yule pages Tibetan books dried banquet including fruit, seed, popcorn, Department of Botany: and other delicacies fancied birds. raisins, by From: Karl E. Bartel, Blue Island, 111 — A third program, "How Living Things 9 plant specimens; Dr. M. R. Birdsey, Coral Survive Weather Changes," now in progress, Gables, Fla.—photostat of Arum tripar- illustrates, through the use of a special tree titum and Philodendron fenzlii, Mexico; Albert Dickenson —Penni- exhibit (see picture, left), how animals and Co., Chicago setum glaucum, Tennessee; Choco- plants prepare for changes in season, with Hershey late Corp., Hershey, Pa.—cocoa beans and a timely emphasis on winter. A tour of other samples; E. J. Palmer, Webb City, Museum exhibits pertinent to the subject Mo.—7 plant specimens; Mrs. L. H. Wait, follows for the children elementary-school Miami, Fla.—Heteropteris Beecheyana participating. Department of Geology: From: Glenn Boas, Chicago—Arthro- 4-H Club Delegates pleura To Visit Museum Department of Zoology: More official than 1,200 boys and girls, From:— University of California, Los delegates of the 36th National 4-H Club Angeles 977 fishes;— Dr. Carl J. Drake, Congress held annually in Chicago in con- Washington, D.C. 2 water-strider bugs, Farm junction with the International Livestock Florida; Effingham County Bureau, Effingham, 111. —2 slugs; Rodolfo Escalante, Exposition, will tour the Museum on Montevideo, Uruguay—birdskin; Dr. Doro- December 3. thea Franzen, Bloomington, 111. —44 non- The delegates, who come from all parts of marine shells, Minnesota; Prof. R. Wheeler the United States and several foreign Haines, Baghdad, Iraq—wild pig; Leslie countries, are continuing this year their Hubricht, Louisville, Ky.—collection of fresh- AND IN THIS CORNER... annual practice of visiting the Museum water clams; Dr. P. Kirtisinghe, Colombo, their in Ceylon—15 frogs; Maj. R. E. Pasho, San Maryl Andre, Raymond Foundation lecturer, reveals during stay Chicago. Francisco—frog, lizard, Borneo; two raccoons peeking out from tree specially made Eugene 111.—32 for school program on adjustment of animals and Ray, Morton Grove, beetles; Allyn of more than a hundred families — plants to changing seasons. Concealed in tree are Examples G. Smith, San Francisco 2 land snails, woodchuck. rabbit, and others. of mollusks are exhibited in Hall M. Idaho December, 1957 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 7

SACRED MUSHROOMS INSPIRE MEDICAL RESEARCH such mental disorders as schizophrenia, others think that it may become a new and By DR. ROLF SINGER San Isidro mushroom is not the only one better tranquilizer drug, and others believe CHAIRMAN, DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY eaten. Actually several species are eaten in that it might be directly applied to the INSTITUTO MIGUEL LILLO, TUCUMAN, ARGENTINA various parts of Mexico, but all belong to mentally ill in a completely new approach HAS BEEN NO SECRET during the the same taxonomic group, a section of the to neuropsychiatric treatment. ITlast four centuries that the Mexican genus Psilocybe. They turned out to be Nothing is known thus far beyond the Indians, particularly the ancient Aztecs and either of worldwide distribution, like San private observations of those who have Mayas, used mushrooms as narcotics and Isidro, or from a more restricted area in eaten the mushrooms up in the mountains that they had hallucinations during their America, like the so-called landslide mush- of Mexico in a weird surrounding and in narcotic states. This fact was used by the room (Psilocybe caerulescens), which was a strange state of well-being and beauty priests to make it appear that the visions of in fact discovered years ago in Alabama and in the midst of some of the oldest super- the mushroom-eater were divine revelations, called "birdies" by the Indians because they stitions of this planet. Nevertheless, re- attributed to a number of the heathen gods made one sing happily, and like Psilocybe search is being driven far beyond the of pre-Columbian Mexico. It is also known mexicana, which grows in Mexico and botanical aspect of the mushrooms, and that this knowledge continues with the Guatemala. Others were found only in while this is written several laboratories are present-day tribes of Mexican Indians, a single region and were new to science. busy with animal tests, chemical extractions, particularly with the Mazatec, Zapotec, and and analyses, and the scene is being made other Indians of southern Mexico and even ready for the first tentative application in in regions quite close to Mexico City, hospitals. A new wonder drug? Maybe, although there the ceremonies are held and maybe not, but most certainly one of secretly in the houses of the curanderos the most intriguing and inspiring researches (healers) under the pretense that they will of our time, and well worth the curiosity provide cures for a large number of diseases. demonstrated by scientists of all specialities. However, the nature of the mushrooms A special exhibit in Chicago Natural involved was a secret to be disclosed by History Museum's Stanley Field Hall from mycologists, the mushroom specialists December 13 through January 19 will show among botanists. For there was a school models of the more common species used, of thought, as late as in the thirties, assum- as well as dried mushrooms and the test-tube ing that what the Spanish conquistadores cultures as obtained in a Mazatec Indian had reported as mushrooms were actually village in Oaxaca. Some kinds produce cacti—the same cacti that are still used for little mushrooms right inside the tube, others comparable hallucinatory effect, peyotl in order to fruit must be grown in a special (Lophophora williamsii). Then an American SACRED MUSHROOMS mushroom house. The various species in Richard Evans dried condition are still useful and have not botanist, Schultes, brought Representing one of several kinds of sacred mush- some specimens to Harvard University, rooms, specimens above (Psilocybe Aztecorum lost any of their hallucinogenic properties. were at Paso proving that what the Aztecs called teo- Heim) collected de Cortes, Mexico. They are soaked in water and eaten raw. nandcatl (the sacred mushroom) actually Their taste is astringent and disagreeable. was a mushroom. One of the species brought Why was there such a sudden outburst to Harvard was later proved to be inactive, of activity in behalf of investigations into i.e., not producing hallucinations in the the subject of hallucinogenic mushrooms? sense described. The other specimen, how- There are several reasons. In the first place, ever, was identified as Psilocybe cubensis as in so many cases, the time was ripe and by the writer, then mycologist at Harvard our knowledge sufficiently widened during University. This mushroom grows on dung an intensive study of the anatomy and throughout the warm zones of the world distribution of all fungi, especially of the and is remarkable because it has a ring-like mushroom-like "agarics" and "boletes," structure on its stem (like the commercial that it was now possible to tackle this white mushroom) and turns blue where difficult problem from the mycological side. scratched (because of the presence of an Furthermore, a New York banker, Mr. R. enzyme causing the oxidation of a colorless Gordon Wasson, had become interested in substance whereby it forms a melanin-like the anthropological aspect and the folkloric pigment, related to the one responsible for role that these mushrooms have in Mexico the color of human hair). San Isidro, the and elsewhere in the world. He was so Mexican name of this mushroom, estab- enthusiastic about his discoveries during lishes again the relation with religion several trips to Mexico that he published (Roman Catholic). The Mazatec Indians well-illustrated articles in several American of the state of Oaxaca, living far away from and foreign magazines and, in addition, civilization, continue eating this mushroom, wrote a two-volume book on Mushrooms, six or eight fruiting bodies at a session, in Russia, and History. Finally, and this is order to get "where God lives," i.e., in perhaps the strongest incentive in our prac- a state of euphoria and colorful visions. tical world that will not cease asking Since then two mycologists have gone to "what is all this good for?"—there is hope Mexico to study these mushrooms on the that the hallucinogenic principle in the SPECIAL EXHIBIT spot and obtain pure test-tube cultures in mushrooms can be isolated and applied in Samuel H. Grove, for the order to grow them in mushroom houses or medicine. We do not know precisely in Jr., Artist-Preparator Department of Botany, discusses November special at home. Both which form this substance (or these sub- industrially Roger Heim, exhibit, "New World Food Plants," with two inter- Director of the Museum of Natural History, stances) may be useful. Some believe that ested onlookers, Steve Kelemcn and Esther Dycus, both of Indiana. Paris, and the writer have found that the it may give us a better understanding of Griffith, Page 8 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN December, 1957 MAYA DIORAMA- NATURE PHOTO CONTEST CHRISTMAS SHOPPING? ARE CHOSEN (Continued from pags 3) TRY THE MUSEUM JUDGES Five judges have been chosen to select the upright drum with skin head, and gourd Christmas shopping— the easy entries for the Thirteenth rattles. To the left and facing the musicians winning Chicago way— is offered by The Museum International Exhibition of Nature is a group of spectators, the head chief and Photog- Book Shop. No crowds to battle, to be held at the Museum in Febru- his entourage. The chief is the leading raphy skin no packages to wrap. In fact, you ary. They are: Mrs. Anne Pilger figure in this group, with a jaguar Dewey need not leave home. The and Edward around his waist and a fan of feathers in his your Kloubec, Jr., photographers, Book handles orders mail of hand. Two of his followers are holding Shop by Chicago; Ramon Swisher, of Willow or telephone (WA 2-9410) and all a instructor at feather parasols with long handles. Springs, Illinois, biology details of wrapping and mailing Wilson Junior and two The style of the figures in this diorama is College, Chicago; gift purchases. Museum staff H. not realistic. It is based on the Maya style members, Phillip Lewis, Besides a fine selection of books of Assistant Curator of Primitive of low-relief carving on stone monuments Chicago, for both adults and children, all Art for the of and was adapted by Mr. Rowell to the Department Anthropology, endorsed by members of the Mu- and Dr. G. Alan of Oak requirements of the diorama. This ap- Solem, Park, Illinois, seum's scientific staff, The Book Assistant Curator of Lower Invertebrates proach has given the diorama a pleasing Shop has unusual art objects, for the of and unique character that the ancient Maya Department Zoology. novelties, and toys for juvenile sculptors themselves would have understood Prints selected by the judges will be shown collectors. and appreciated. in Stanley Field Hall from February 1 to distinctive 23. The content of the ceremony—the cos- A February Color slides will be projected gift is the hand- on the screen of James Theatre on tumes, coloring, symbolism, and musical Simpson carved mask two afternoons— 9 and instruments—is based on Classic Maya Sunday February shown at left. 16. the deadline for carvings and especially on the remarkable February Although Its is murals discovered by Giles G. Healy in 1946 grotesque entries January 11, early entries are re- iveness to facilitate the task of at Bonampak, a small Maya city in Chiapas impress quested processing is enhanced near the border of Guatemala. These by the thousands of pictures submitted for vivid colors. brilliantly colored paintings, which com- judging. pletely cover the walls and ceilings of three The contest has two divisions: prints and rooms in a small temple, deal with cere- color slides. Prints may be either in color monies and warfare. They were painted or in black-and-white. Entries in both the about a.d. 800. The stela in the diorama print and slide divisions must qualify under is based on Stela 2 at Bonampak; the in- three classifications: (1) Animal Life (ex- date has been to a date domestic Plant scribed changed Hand-carved birds cluding animals), (2) Life, suitable for the in the such as shrubs, flowers ceremony depicted in a variety of trees, fungi, (no diorama. formal arrangements), or (3) General (any shapes and sizes and this diorama natural-history subject not included in the In planning executing are at right. They above such as land- we have had the benefit of the help and are handicraft classifications, clouds, or ancient ruins). advice of J. Eric Thompson, Research from India, cut scapes, American In each classification of and Associate in Central Archaeology, and polished from prints slides, who was formerly a curator at the Museum water-buffalo medals and ribbons will be awarded by the and is a leading authority on Maya epi- horns, and are Nature Camera Club of Chicago. Special graphy and archaeology. Mr. Healy, mounted on solid prizes will be awarded by the Photographic a well-known photographer, generously rosewood bases. Society of America. Contestants are per- donated enlargements of his fine photo- mitted to submit not more than four entries graphs of Stela 2 at Bonampak for the use in each division. All entries will be returned model stela to their owners after of Mr. Rowell in carving the Salad-set, below, prepaid immediately in the diorama. the close of the exhibition or forwarded to is made in Kenya, East Africa. Each any other exhibition indicated. Entry ornamental forms with complete information on the Museum Will Close rules of the contest may be obtained from is 14 piece the Museum. On Both Holidays inches long. To enable its employees to enjoy the So lifelike More than two-thirds of recorded meteor- season's holidays with their families, the you can almost see ite falls are in the Museum's Museum will be closed on Christmas and on represented it is collection in Clarence Buckingham Hall New Year's Day. These are the only two wriggle hand -carved (Hall 35). days in the year when the Museum is not fish from open to visitors. Bali, below.

GIFT MEMBERSHIP Daily Guide-Lectures An ideal suggestion for Christmas of the free "Highlights Exhibits," guide- gift-giving is a Museum Member- lecture tours to a idea designed give general ship. Full particulars of the of the entire Museum and its of scope Membership gift plan are given in available activities, are Monday through a separate leaflet enclosed with Friday at 2 p.m. and Saturday at 2:30 p.m. this "Bulletin." No tours are offered on Sundays.

PRINTED BY CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM PRESS