High Performance Landscape Guidelines 21St Century Parks For
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HIgH These principles have guided the development of this manual. They represent the values of the New York City Department of performance HIgH performance a project of landscape Parks & Recreation. They are compatible with the Sustainable Sites Initiative, the work of American Society of Landscape Architects, guIdelInes landscape guIdelInes the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center at the University of Texas at Austin, and the United States Botanic Garden. 21st century 21st century parks DESIGN parks ENGAGE ALL USERS for nyc for nyc J Create delight, in any of its forms — seasonal beauty, discovery, aesthetic beauty, and even whimsy. J Determine and address the cultural and age preferences of neighborhood users. J Strive to integrate uses so that they benefit each other, rather than causing conflict. J Pay particular attention to adjacent sources of users. J Exceed requirements for accessibility to ensure delight in forms that can be perceived by people of differing abilities. ENGAGE NATURE J Create parks that reveal a range of landscape types. J Offer a diversity of ways to engage with natural environments, beyond strolling and viewing. J Do not harm the ecology of the place. RESPOND TO SITE CONTEXT J Understand the historic design intent of the site and respect it. J Understand the natural and historic importance of the site and interpret it. J Understand existing microclimates. J Create new microclimates to accommodate site uses, extend their season, and mediate climate change. ECOLOGY SUPPORT ECOLOGICAL FUNCTION E ELINES TION J Maximize the benefits of ecosystem services by preserving existing environmental features. ARKS J Restore and regenerate lost or damaged ecosystem services. H INCREASE DIVERSITY AND INTERCONNECTIVITY D J Understand and preserve the complex relationships between soil, water, vegetation and fauna in each ecosystem. ACE J Strengthen the city’s ecological functioning by increasing the diversity of park vegetation and habitat. P Y J Create linkages between individual parks and natural areas that enhance larger-scale ecological functioning. UI Y ECONOMY RESILIENCY SP IT G J Work to maximize the economic efficiency and productivity of all design, construction and maintenance. J Include maintenance considerations in all designs to assure that projects will thrive without extensive repair and modifications. PERFORMANCE C ECREA J Consider the long-term impact of material selection, including source and production methods, whether a material is recycled or E recyclable, how the material can be maintained, its carbon footprint and embedded energy, and how long it will last. J Work with maintenance staff to learn from past problems and increase serviceability. R P RUST SOCIETY COLLABORATION AND Participation T J Encourage direct and open communication and collaboration throughout the Parks Department and with other City agencies. E J Engage the public in a consultative process so that their knowledge of the site and recreational preferences are incorporated C ENTUR into the design. J Assist in the development of community stewardship. H Y C PUBLIC HEALTH SCA J Design parks that encourage active recreation and improve the health and well-being of city residents. PERFORMANCE EDUCATION N J Design to inform the public about the critical ecological benefits of parks. D ARTMENT OF J H Teach future generations about the importance of parks for the city’s well-being. J Effect a transformation of social priorities about ecological and economic objectives. D T LONG-TERM THINKING ST P J Provide future generations with a sustainable environment supported by regenerative systems. J Avoid consumption of resources that contribute to habitat destruction and global warming. EW YORK PROJECT OF T AN HIG L 21 FOR A DESIGN FOR PUBLIC AN N DE PARKS & PARKS DESIGN TRUST FOR PUBLIC SPACE http://www.designtrust.org/ NEW YORK CITY DEPARTMENT OF PARKS & RECREATION http://www.nyc.gov/parks Copyright 2010 by the Design Trust for Public Space and the City of New York, acting by and through the New York City Department of Parks & Recreation. All rights reserved. ISBN: 978-0-9777175-5-2 DESIGN TRUST PROJECT FELLOWS Michele Adams, Meloria Environmental Design Steven Caputo, NYC Mayor’s Office of Long Term Planning and Sustainability Jeannette Compton, NYC Department of Parks & Recreation Tavis Dockwiller, Viridian Landscape Studio Andrew Lavallee, AECOM Design + Planning DESIGN TRUST STAFF Megan Canning, Deputy Director Jerome Chou, Director of Programs Stephanie Elson, former Director of Programs Deborah Marton, Executive Director Chris Kannen, Production Assistant Kristin LaBuz, Development and Communications Associate EDITORS Charles McKinney, Principal Urban Designer, Department of Parks & Recreation, Editor Chelsea Mauldin, Executive Editor Cynthia Gardstein, Steven Winter Associates, Inc., Technical Editor BOOK DESIGN Claudia Brandenburg, Language Arts INDEXER Do Mi Stauber Printed and Bound in the USA by Vanguard Direct Printed on 50% Post-Consumer Waste Paper with low-VOC ink HIGH PERFORMANCE LANDSCAPE GUIDELINES 21ST CENTURY PARKS FOR NYC 6 Mayoral Foreword 6 Design Trust for Public Space Preface 7 New York City Department of Parks & Recreation Preface 8 Introduction P art i: conteXt P art iii: Best Practices in site Process 12 Climate Change and 21st Century Parks 52 design 14 Benefits of High Performance Landscapes Parks 54 Integrate Maintenance Planning into the Design Process 57 Plan for Connectivity and Synergy 59 Develop a Site Preservation and Protection Plan 60 Engage Public Participation P i art i : site assessment 62 Design for Broad Appeal and Accessibility 66 Improve Public Health 16 s ite inventory & anaLysis 69 Mitigate and Adapt to Climate Change 18 Guidelines 71 Choose Materials Wisely 20 Soil Assessment Practices 80 Use Synthetic Turf Wisely 24 Water Assessment Practices 27 Vegetation Assessment Practices 84 c onstruction 86 Integrate Constructability Reviews into the Design Process 28 s ite tyPe 88 Use Proactive Procurement Strategies 30 Brownfields and Recovered Sites 90 Create Construction Staging & Sequencing Plans 33 Restoration Areas 94 Reduce Diesel Emissions 36 Waterfronts 96 Implement a Recycling & Waste Management Plan 38 Passive Landscapes 99 Improve Contractor Qualification Evaluation and 40 Active Recreation Areas Parks Staff Training 42 Playgrounds 102 Implement a Public Information Program During Construction 45 Pocket Parks & Plazas 47 Streetscapes 104 m aintenance & oPerations 50 Parks Over Structures 106 Obtain Maintenance Funding for New Parks and Landscapes 108 Provide Maintenance Plans for New Parks 110 Partner With Private Sector and Local Community to Assist With Maintenance 114 Expand Capital Expenditures to Include Critical Pre-Maintenance Costs 116 Implement a Public Information and Education Program as Part of Maintenance & Operations 117 Integrate Maintenance & Operations Staff Training into the Construction Process 119 Use Biointensive Integrated Pest Management to Promote Landscape Health P vart i : Best Practices in site systems P art v: case studies 122 si o Ls 224 Brownfie Ld and recovered sites 124 Provide Comprehensive Soil Testing and Analysis Ecological Restoration of Pennsylvania and Fountain Landfills 127 Minimize Soil Disturbance 227 r estoration areas 134 Prioritize the Rejuvenation of Existing Soils Before Bronx River Tidal Marsh Vegetation Restorations Importing New Soil Materials 228 w aterfronts 138 Use Compost Hugo Neu Metal Management Recycling Facility Stormwater 142 Testing, Remediation and Permitting for Sites with Capture System Contaminated Soils 230 Passive LandscaPe areas 149 Use Engineered Soils to Meet Critical Programming Needs Canarsie Park 152 Provide Adequate Soil Volumes and Depths 233 a ctive recreation areas 156 Provide Soil Placement Plans as Part of Contract Calvert Vaux Park Documents 236 P Laygrounds Printers Park 160 w ater Hester Street Playground 162 Protect and Restore Natural Hydrology and Flow Paths 239 Pocket Parks & PLazas 165 Reduce Flow to Storm Sewers Worldwide Plaza 168 Create Absorbent Landscapes Queens Plaza 172 Use Infiltration Beds 242 P Lanting over structures 175 Use Rain Gardens & Bioretention Five Borough Green Roofs 179 Use Stormwater Planter Boxes 180 Use Porous Pavements 184 Create Green and Blue Roofs 188 Manage Rooftop Runoff 192 v egetation 194 Protect Existing Vegetation 198 Manage Invasive Species 200 Protect and Enhance Ecological Connectivity and Habitat 202 Design Water Efficient Landscapes 204 Design Low Impact Irrigation Systems 206 Use an Ecological Approach to Planting P ieart v : n Xt stePs 211 Increase Quantity, Density and Diversity of Plantings 214 Avoid Utility Conflicts with Planting Areas 246 Parks Process 215 Reduce Turfgrass 247 Internal Implementation 218 Improve Street Tree Health 250 City-Wide Integration 254 Glossary 259 Acknowledgments 262 Index 6 MAYORAL NEW YORK CITY DEPARTMENT OF PARKS & RECREATION FOREWORD PREFACE New York is an international metropolis, known for its tower- We are currently engaged in the greatest period of park making ing buildings, bustling streets, and cultural attractions. But in New York City since the 1930s. Over the next twenty years what few people outside the five boroughs know is that New — a blink of an eye in city history — we will prepare New York York boasts the greatest percentage of parkland of any large City for another million people, and our parks and streetscapes city in the country. From Prospect Park to the High Line, will be ready to meet the needs of