SAND AUDITING REPORT

CHALIYAR RIVER

MALAPPURAM AND DISTRICT

CENTRE FOR SOCIAL AND RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT

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Govt. of Emblem

SAND AUDITING REPORT

Submitted to Department of Revenue and Disaster Management

CENTRE FOR SOCIAL AND RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT 2nd Floor, Pulickan Hyper Bazar, Pudukad P.O, Thrissur Pin- 680301, Ph: 9048435153, Email- [email protected]

JUNE 2014

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PROJECT TEAM

JAYARAJAN C. R DIRECTOR, CSRD

SOMAN .N CHIEF SURVEYOR

GIS WORK & MAP PRODUCTION

1. RANADIV 2. AJITH

FIELD MAPPING

1. MUHAMMEDSAGEER.K

2. ANAS.K.C

3. PRAGEESH.M.K

4. MUKUNDAN.K

5. MUHAMMEDRAEES.V.P

SECRETARIAL ASSISTANCE

KANU MOL

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Acknowledgement

While preparing the report we have gone through lot of process oriented works, where we were in need of proper data and feedbacks.To achieve this we have received number of helping hands and we acknowledge all those who helped in completionof the report.

The project team thanks the Revenue Department, Government of Kerala for entrusting this challenging job. This project was taken up at the behest of Dr. Nivedita P Haran, Addl. Chief Secretary, Government of Kerala, who took keen personal interest in initiating this project and facilitating its execution. Dr. Valsalakumari, former Principal Secretary, Department of Revenue nurtured the project with equal importance Mr. T.J. Mathew, Secretary, Revenue and Disaster Management Department took special interest for smooth execution of this project and extended all necessary support.

We are greatly indebted to Mr. P.M FRANCIS IAS former District Collectorfor sanctioning this project. We express our sincere gratitude to Mr. Biju. K. IAS District Collector, for timely release of funds and clear all obstacles if any for the same. We also thank Deputy Collector, Mr. Krishnankutty, Mr. Muraleedharan and Mr. N.K. Antony, Junior Superintendent Mr. Anzu Babu K.P and especially to Clerk, Mr. Sunil Raj for moral support and intervene to take away all obstacles.

We express our profound gratitude to the Dr.Srikumar Chathopadhyaya, Scientist (Head, Resource Analysis Division) Centre for Earth Science Studies, and Sri John Mathai, Scientist, Centre for Earth Science Studies.

We take this opportunity to thank Sri. K. Madhusoodanan, Coordinator, River Management Cell, Sri. Shaji Johnson, GIS Specialist (RMCell), Smt. Saniya N, Geographer (RMCell) and Smt. Surumi M.R, Geologist (RMCell) for their involvement and smoothening the functioning of this project from Government side.

We place on record our appreciation and thanks to the present and former members of the High level Committee, River Management Fund (RMF) for being instrumental to initiate this project.

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CONTENTS

Chapter 1 ...... 6 INTRODUCTION ...... 6 Chapter 2 ...... 11 ABOUT RIVER ...... 11 ...... 17 Chapter 3 ...... 18 CHALIYAR SAND AUDITING PROJECT ...... 18 Chapter 4 ...... 23 GRAMA PANCHAYAT WISE - SAND AUDITING TABLES ...... Error! Bookmark not defined.

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Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION Sand has become a very important mineral for the expansion of society. Sand is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles. River sand is one of the world’s most plentiful resources (perhaps as much as 20% of the Earth’s crust is sand) and has the ability to replenish itself. River sand is vital for human well-being& for sustenance of rivers.

As a resource, sand by definition is ‘a loose, incoherent mass of mineral materials and is a product of natural process.’ These processes are the disintegration of rocks and corals under the influence of weathering and abrasion. When sand is freshly formed the particles are usually angular and sharply pointed but they grow gradually smaller and more rounded as they become constantly worn down by wind or water.

2. Importance of Sand:-

Sand has become a very important mineral for our society due to its multiple uses. It can be used for making concrete, filling roads, building sites, brick-making, making glass, sandpapers, reclamations, and etc. The role of sand is very vital with regards to the protection of the coastal environment. It acts as a buffer against strong tidal waves and storm surges by reducing their impacts as they reach the shoreline. Sand is also a habitat for crustacean species and other related marine organisms. Sand also plays an important role in our tourism industry as it is an integral part of our beach attractions. Each has its own requirements in respect of the quality of the sand. On anaverage, people 'use' over 200kg of sand per person per year.

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3. Constituents of Sand:-

Clean sand is indeed a rare commodity on land, but common in sand dunes and beaches. The composition of sand is highly variable, depending on the local rock sources and conditions, but the most common constituent of sand in inland continental settings and non-tropical coastal settings is silica (silicon dioxide, or SiO2), usually in the form of quartz which because of its chemical inertness and considerable hardness, is the most common mineral resistant to weathering. The bright white sands found in tropical and subtropical coastal settings are eroded limestone and may contain coral and shell fragments in addition to other organic or organically derived fragmental material. The gypsum sand dunes of the White Sands National Monument in New Mexico are famous for their bright, white colour. Arkose is a sand or sandstone with considerable feldspar content, derived from the weathering and erosion of a (usually nearby) granitic rock outcrop. Some sands contain magnetite, chlorite, glauconite or gypsum.

ISO 14688 grades sands as fine, medium and coarse with ranges 0.063 mm to 0.2 mm, 0.25 mm to 0.50 mm and 0.63 mm to 2.0 mm respectively.

4. Sand Mining:-

Sand Mining is a coastal activity referring to the process of the actual removal of sand from the foreshore including rivers, streams and lakes. Sand is mined from beaches and inland dunes and dredged from ocean beds and river beds. Both individuals and private companies are in extensive demand of sand for construction purposes and this has placed immense pressure on sand resources. It is a practice that is becoming an environmental issue as the demand for sand increases in industry and construction.

5. Sand Mining in :-

Sand Mining in India adversely affects the rivers, sea, forests & environment. Illegal mining of Sand and the lack of governance, in a big way is causing land

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degradation and threatened its rivers which face ultimate extinction. Mining of sand, for instance, leads to depletion of river water. Weak governance and rampant corruption facilitates uncontrolled and illegal mining of sand and gravel in the rivers, threatening their very existence. This unrestrained and unregulated activity posesas a threat of widespread depletion of water resources which may lead to avoidable food shortages and hardships for the people. In Madhya Pradesh, the major rivers like Narmada, Chambal, Betwa or Wainganga and numerous rivulets and streams all are being ravaged for their sands. The State Government has wittingly lend a helping hand by exempting the grant of Environmental Clearance to be taken for mining of sand and gravel, neutralizing the provisions made in several central legislations on conservation of environment and mineral resources. A social activist has approached the State High Court for quashing of the unconstitutional exemptions so that a stop could be put to the indiscriminate mining of sand.

Similarly River Bharathapuzha in Kerala has become a victim of indiscriminate sand mining. “Despite numerous prohibitions and regulations, sand mining continues rapidly on the riverbed of the Bharathapuzha. Water tables have dropped dramatically and a land once known for its plentiful rice harvest now faces scarcity of water.In the villages and towns around the river, groundwater levels have fallen drastically and wells are almost perennially dry. The malaise is pretty widespread as many other states, like Gujarat, Karnataka, Tamilnadu, etc are also victims of unchecked illegal sand-mining. Rivers in India are already polluted by industrial and urban effluents. They are also victims of deforestation in their catchments, sequential damming and degradation because of unchecked sand-mining on their banks and beds. Besides, erratic monsoons, induced by changing climate is taking its toll, adversely impacting their capacity to sustain the current levels of economic activities, especially agricultural productivity.

9. Effect of Sand Mining:-

Sand mining is a direct and obvious cause of erosion, and also impacts the local wildlife. Disturbance of underwater and coastal sand causes turbidity in the water, which is also harmful for such organisms as corals that need sunlight. It also destroys

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fisheries, causing problems for people who rely on fishing for their livelihoods. Removal of physical coastal barriers such as dunes leads to flooding of beachside communities, and the destruction of pictures beaches causes tourism to dissipate. Unsustainable sand mining can cause disturbance of coastal marine ecosystems and upset the ability of natural marine processes to replenish the sand. Erosion problems may worsen especially during severe storms and may also result in the alteration of our shorelines. Mining from streams or rivers upstream can reduce water quality for downstream users and poison aquatic life. Seawater quality can be contaminated due to subsoil of the waterbed being surfaced and this may also reduce light penetration necessary for marine organisms to feed.

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Chapter 2

ABOUT CHALIYAR RIVER

Location and Extent Chaliyar is one of the major rivers in Kerala. It is the fourth longest river in Kerala with a length of 169 km. Chaliyar River has a total drainage area of 2,923 sq. kms, of which 2,535sq.kms lies in Kerala and the rest in . The Chaliyar is also known as Chulika River or River as it nears the sea. ,, , , , , , and Beypore are some of the town/villages situated along the banks of Chaliyar. The catchment of Chaliyar River lies between 110 05’ to 110 40’ North Latitudes and 75035’ to 760 45’ East longitudes and is located in the Kozhikode, Malappuram and Wayanad Districts of Kerala State. It is bounded by Kozhikode and Koyilandi taluks of Kozhikode district in the North, Perithalmanna and taluks of in the South, Tamil Nadu in the East and Arabian Sea in the West. The area is covered with 63 villages spread over 55 Panchayats, 10 blocks and 3 districts. The river has two names - Chaliyar and Beypore puzha, of which the former is more popular. The river meets Lakshadweep Sea at an 'azhi' (estuary), the southern part of which is known as and northern part as Beypore. Thus the river gets the names Chaliyar and Beypore River. Chaliyar is one of the rivers which doesn’t get dried up in the drought season. Many other rivers in Kerala get dried up during March and April.

The Chaliyar River originates in the range at Elambalari Hills in the Wayanad Plateau of Kerala and flows through Malappuram District for most of its length and then for around 17 km it forms the boundary between Malappuram District and Kozhikode District before entering the city of Kozhikode for its final

10 km journey and finally empties into the Arabian Sea.

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Physiography

Elevation: The Chaliyar River emerges from the Elambalari Hills of at an elevation of 2068m above MSL and flows to the Arabian Sea. The General Elevation ranges from 2594m to 78 m in the upper region, 74 m to 9m in the middle region to less than 5m in the lower region.

Aspect: The Chaliyar River emerges from the Northern part of the watershed and flow westwards to join the Arabian Sea near Beypore.

Land Forms: The broad landforms of the upper region are high hills, medium hills, uplands with valleys and Wayanad plateau. The land forms of the middle region are high, medium and low hills, midland laterites with valleys, upland with valleys and lateritic mounds. The land forms of the lower region are valleys, coastal laterites and reclaimed lands.

Slope

The Slope of the area ranges from level to steeply sloping. Dominant slope groups occurring different physiographic regions of the area are furnished below:-

Upper Region Middle Region Lower Region Gently sloping (3-5%) to Gently sloping (3-5%) to Gently Sloping (0 - 1%) to Steeply Sloping (15-30%) Steeply Sloping (15-30%) Gently sloping (3-5%)

Geology

The Major geological formation of the river catchment area is Archaean formation

Upper Region: The Major rock types of the upper region of the watershed include quartz-feldspar hypersthene-granulite and hornblende genies of migmatite complex, mangnetite- quartzite of charnockite group.

Middle Region: The rock types of the middle region are pegmatite and quartz-vein, gabbro quartz feldspar-hypersthene granulite and pyroxene granulite.

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Climate

Rainfall: The catchment area receives an average annual rainfall of 2675mm, of which 1911mm is received during South-West Monsoon (June to August) and 584 mm is received during the North-East Monsoon (September to November).

Temperature: The Maximum, minimum and mean temperature of the area is 38.00 C, 240C and 280C respectively. The maximum temperature is experience during the month of March and Minimum during the month of December.

Humidity: The mean humidity of the area ranges from 79% to 84% at 8-30 hrs and 71% to 77% at 17-30hrs. The monthly mean values of relative humidity % representing the upper region of the area not available.

Soils

Soil of the area varies in their depth, texture, internal drainage and degree of erosion. The salient attributes of the soils occurring in different physiographic regions of the area are furnished below:

Sr Characteristics Upper region Middle region Lower region No: 1. Texture Clay, Gravelly Clay, gravelly clay, Clay, gravelly Clay, loam loam, gravelly loam clay loam 2. Depth Deep (100-150cm) Deep (100-150cm) Very deep to to (>150cm) very deep (150cm) very deep (150cm) 3. Drainage Well drained to Well drained to Imperfectly somewhat somewhat drained to well excessively drained excessively drained drained 4. Erosion Moderate Moderate Slight to Moderate

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Land Use / Land Cover

The land use/ land cover of the area can be broadly grouped into agricultural land, forest land, waste land and others.

UpperRegion: Nearly 20 percent of the upper region is under mixed agricultural /horticultural plantation. About 5 percent is under double cropped paddy. Nearly 1 percent is grass land. 5 percent of the area is land with or without scrub and nearly 4 percent is barren rock. 30 percent of the region is under deciduous forest, 20 percent is under evergreen forest, and 10 percent is under forest plantation about 5 percent is degraded forest.

Middle Region: Nearly 83 percentage of the region is predominantly under mixed agricultural /horticultural plantation. About 5 percent is double cropped paddy lands. Nearly 5 percent is land with or without scrub and 2 percent is barren rock. Forest plantation occupies 5 percentage of the middle region.

Lower region: Mixed agricultural/horticultural plantation occupies nearly 90 percent of the lower region. 5 percent is under double cropped paddy and 5 percent is sandy area.

Water Resources

The ChaliyarRiver which is perennial in nature has 67 tributaries including major and minor ones. The details of Major tributaries are given below:

Tributaries 1. (Mavoor) a. Engappuzha b. Iruthullippuzha c. Kadungampuzha 2. Iruvanjippuzha a. Pulingappuzha b. Chalippuzha

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c. Muthappanpuzha 3. Cherupuzha (Areekode) 4. Kuthirappuzha a. Kottappuzha 5. Kuruvanpuzha 6. Kanjirappuzha 7. a. Cherupuzha () b. Punnappuzha or Pandiyar i. Maruthappuzha or Kalakkanpuzha 1. Karakkodanpuzha 8. Pandippuzha 9. Neerppuzha

In addition to these rivers some creeks also join Chaliyar from Neelithode, Poonkudi, Vadasseri, Edavanna, Kunduthodu and . is a village in the Kerala. It is situated near in Malappuram District of Kerala. This village is very scenic as it is on the bank of Chaliyar. There is a ferry service here that can take you to the northern side of the Chaliyar River.

History

During late 19th century and early 20th century, the Chaliyar was extensively used as a waterway for carrying timber from the forest areas in and around Nilambur to the various mills in of Calicut city. Rafts made of logs were taken downstream during the monsoon season to Kallayi, where it is sawn to size in the timber mills dotting the banks of the river. Kallayi during this period was one of the most important centers in the world for timber business. The place was famous for wood of superlative strength and durability like ,rosewood, etc. Towards the second half of the 20th century, the activity came down drastically as tree felling was banned or strictly controlled with a view to stop deforestation. Many mills in Kallayi still operate with less output, while the others have closed down.

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Chapter 3

CHALIYAR SAND AUDITING PROJECT

The State level committee meeting for river management fund held on30/12/12012 has recommended government for conducting river bank mapping and sand auditing for Chaliyar River. Accordingly,government has invited applications from NGO’s like Centre for Social and Resource Development (CSRD) for conducting river mapping and sand auditing of the Chaliyar River through press releases.After screening done by a team of experts from CESS and interviewing the groups, CSRD have been identified as having the expertise to do the work.

Government after having examined the case in details are pleased to accord administrative sanction for conducting river bank mapping and sand auditing for the Chaliyar river in the State by CSRD.

Dr.Srikumar Chathopadhyaya, Scientist (Head, Resource Analysis Division) Centre for Earth Science Studies, Thiruvananthapuram and Sri John Mathai, Scientist, Centre for Earth Science Studies, Thiruvananthapuram will render all assistance and advice for the successful conduct of the river mapping and sand auditing exercise.

Govt. has also decided to constitute a RM Cell in ILDM for assisting Sri. Madhusoodanan, Coordinator of the exercise.

Guideline for the work

The following points may be complied while undertaking sand auditing:

1. The mapping should be done in cadastral scale (1: 5,000/ 1: 3960 / 1:10,000/ 1: 7920)-cadastral maps as per availability in the respective regions.

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2. The short listed/ concerned institution may enter into an agreement with the respective District Collector for undertaking the work and receiving fund.

3. Progress report may be submitted to the concerned Collector and the River Management Cell.

OBJECTIVES

 To identify the sand mining ‘kadavu’ and mark in a map

 To minimize the negative impacts of sand mining.  To maximize the health and functions of the river.  A realistic estimation of the sand resource in a given stretch.  Sustainable level of sand mining  Evaluation of the performance of mining activities during the period of auditing

METHODOLOGY AND DATA COLLECTION

 Field mapping using cadastral scale map  Level survey  Sand survey by sample mining

SALIENT FEATURES EMERGED FROM THE SURVEY

1. Sand mining iseven seen in CRZ area. 2. Saline water intrusion is high in that area.

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3. Saline content is exposed on collected sand in certain area. 4. Indiscriminating sand mining affected the quality of ground water in the surrounding places. 5. Water level diminishes in the nearby wells of the river. 6. Quality of sand is reduced with silt content remaining high. 7. Sand mining using large nets have caused large pits on the river bed, which will adversely affect the natural course of the river, eventually leading to its death. 8. Another major issue is the erosion of the banks of the river caused due to sand mining.

Mined sand deposited on River Bank

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Major Findings Name of River Chaliyar River

District Covered in project area Malappuram and Kozhikode

Gram Panchayats in the project area 14

No: of Kadavu 45

Total Length of study area 53 Km

Latitude and Longitude of Project 11°9'41.604" N to 11°31'0.018 N area 75°48'17.036"E to 76°29'4.171"E

Total Sand Volume Cross section 59

Total no of TBM 135

Total volume of Sand 518970.93m3

Volume of Sand depth up to 2 meter 518970.93m3

of summer water level

Volume of Sand in above summer 369502.67m3 water level

Volume of sand in restricted area 31873.86m3

Volume of Sand up to 2 m of Summer Water Level Excluding 487097.08m3 exceptional areas

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Chapter 4 (Consolidated Table of Sand auditing of 53km in MALAPPURAM district. Oorkadavu Bridge to Mylady Bridge.)

Area of Volume Length of Total sand up Volume of Volume of Length of Area of sand left bank Zone of volume of to 2m sand up to Volume of sand left bank of up to 2 m SL Profile after Influence sand in the 2m of sand in above before Cross- of No. No profile L=(L1/2+L2/ summer summer summer Exceptiona summer profile sectio summer (L2)meter 2) (m) water water water l area(m3) water (L1)meters n (m2) water s level(m3) level(m2 level(m3) level(m3) level (m3) )

1 1 371.25 258.75 315 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 402.5 401.25 401.875 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2

3 3 428.25 487.5 457.875 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 487.5 457.5 472.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4

5 5 457.5 556.25 506.875 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

6 6 556.25 387.5 471.875 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

7 7 387.5 455 421.25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 8 455 482.5 468.75 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

9 9 482.5 340 411.25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 10 340 502.5 421.25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

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502.5 460 481.25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 11

12 12 460 555 507.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

13 13 555 437.5 496.25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 14 337.5 536.25 436.875 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 15 536.25 435 485.625 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 316.25 262.5 289.375 30 8681.25 30 8681.25 0 0 8681.25 16 16 396.25 350 373.125 0 0 0 0 0 17 17

18 18 350 582.5 466.25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 582.5 340 461.25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 19

20 20 340 207.5 273.75 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 21 207.5 213.75 210.625 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 170 281.25 225.625 354.16 79907.35 354.16 79907.35 0 73053.9906 79907.35 22 22

23 23 413.75 407.5 410.625 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

24 24 407.5 427.5 417.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

25 25 427.5 395 411.25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 395 280 337.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 26 26

27 27 280 347.5 313.75 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

28 28 347.5 210 278.75 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

29 29 210 327.5 268.75 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 30 327.5 520 423.75 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

31 31 520 240 380 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

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32 32 240 620 430 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 620 305 462.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 33 33 305 205 255 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 34 34

35 35 205 462.5 333.75 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

462.5 402.5 432.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 36 36 402.5 471.25 436.875 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 37 37

298.75 207.5 253.125 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 38 38 207.5 233.75 220.625 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 39 39 233.75 346.25 290 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 40 346.25 196.25 271.25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 41 41 196.25 200 198.125 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 42 42 8261.7187 200 152.5 176.25 46.875 8261.71875 46.875 8261.71875 0 0 43 43 5

152.5 152.5 152.5 40.165 6125.1625 152.5 6125.1625 0 0 6125.1625 44 43a 305 172.6 238.8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 45 44

46 45 172.5 285 228.75 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

47 46 410 176.25 293.125 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

48 46a 176.25 176.25 176.25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 241.25 457.5 349.375 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 49 47 230 119.375 174.6875 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 48

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119.375 119.375 119.375 3.5 417.8125 3.5 417.8125 0 0 417.8125 51 48a 176.25 412.5 294.375 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 52 49 412.5 482.5 447.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 53 50 290 173.75 231.875 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 54 51

59.688 59.688 #REF! 17.4 3398.4375 17.4 3398.4375 0 0 3398.4375 55 51a

183.125 156.25 169.6875 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 56 52 156.25 156.25 156.25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 57 52a

156.25 192.5 174.375 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 58 53 192.5 192.5 192.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 59 53a 192.5 150.375 171.4375 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 60 54

150.375 150.375 150.375 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 61 54a 62 55 150.375 256.25 203.3125 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

63 55a 256.25 256.25 256.25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

64 56 256.25 270 263.125 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 270 86.25 178.125 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 65 57

66 57a 86.25 86.25 86.25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 86.25 310 198.125 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 67 58 310 310 310 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 68 58a

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294 150.625 222.3125 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 69 59

150.625 150.625 150.625 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 70 59a

111.25 143.75 127.5 11.2 1428 11.2 1428 0 0 1428 71 60 143.75 124.375 134.0625 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 72 61

124.375 124.375 124.375 27.5 3420.3125 27.5 3420.3125 0 0 3420.3125 73 61a 16502.062 248.75 232.5 240.625 68.58 16502.0625 68.58 16502.0625 0 16502.0625 74 62 5 232.5 306.25 269.375 60 16162.5 17.4 16162.5 0 9024.0625 16162.5 75 63

76 64 306.25 208.75 257.5 26 6695 26 6695 0 0 6695 49.712 11402.8046 11402.8046 11402.8046 208.75 250 229.375 49.7125 4659.17969 0 77 65 5 9 9 9 15519.7968 15519.7968 15519.796 250 226.25 238.125 65.175 65.175 0 15519.7969 78 66 8 8 9

113.125 113.125 113.125 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 79 66a 226.25 146.25 186.25 55.8 10392.75 49.7125 10392.75 0 10392.75 10392.75 80 67 6288.0187 146.25 42.995 6288.01875 49.7125 6288.01875 0 5627.7 81 67a 146.25 146.25 5 146.25 283.75 215 12.545 2697.175 12.545 2697.175 0 2080.125 2697.175 82 68 141.875 141.875 141.875 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 83 68a 11429.687 283.75 197.5 240.625 47.5 11429.6875 47.5 11429.6875 0 0 84 69 5 152 16.38 2487.7125 16.38 2487.7125 0 2487.7125 2487.7125 85 70 167.5 136.25

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18629.787 136.25 387.5 262 71.14 18629.7875 71.14 18629.7875 0 13198.5 86 71 5

243.75 243.75 243.75 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 87 71a 387.5 94.4 241 26.25 6324.9375 26.25 6324.9375 0 6324.9375 6324.9375 88 72 20.107 72a 94.4 94.4 94.4 1898.148 20.1075 1898.148 0 1462.02 1898.148 89 5 188.75 121.875 155.3125 1.56 242.2875 1.56 242.2875 0 0 242.2875 90 73 243.75 243.75 243.75 79.2 19305 79.2 19305 0 19305 19305 91 73a 15519.712 243.75 288.75 266.25 58.29 15519.7125 58.29 15519.7125 0 15519.7125 92 74 5 205 205 205 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 93 74a

288.75 105 196.875 35.04 6898.5 35.04 6898.5 0 6898.5 6898.5 94 75

105 105 105 10.725 1126.125 10.725 1126.125 0 1126.125 1126.125 95 75a

105 291.25 198.125 21.3 4220.0625 10.725 4220.0625 0 4220.0625 4220.0625 96 76 231.25 231.25 231.25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 97 76a 7056.01943 7056.01943 7056.0194 291.25 120.625 205.9375 34.263 34.263 0 3558.59136 98 77 1 1 3 5820.1562 120.625 120.625 120.625 48.25 5820.15625 48.25 5820.15625 0 5186.875 99 77a 5

120.625 308.75 214.6875 24.8 5324.2376 24.8 5324.2376 0 0 5324.2376 100 78 221.25 221.25 221.25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 101 78a

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308.75 110.625 209.6875 14.4 3019.4928 14.4 3019.4928 0 3019.4928 3019.4928 102 79

221.25 221.25 221.25 37 8186.25 37 8186.25 0 8186.25 8186.25 103 79a 13629.0523 13629.0523 13629.052 221.25 131.85 176.55 77.19 77.19 0 10539.1649 104 80 5 5 4 5658.4687 221.25 221.25 221.25 25.575 5658.46875 25.575 5658.46875 0 5658.46875 105 80a 5 9561.73093 9561.73093 9561.73093 110.625 231.25 170.9375 55.937 55.937 9561.73094 0 106 81 8 8 8

231.25 104.375 168 24.9 4178.5188 24.9 4178.5188 0 4178.5188 4178.5188 107 82

104.375 104.375 104.375 3.8 396.625 3.8 396.625 0 0 396.625 108 82a 30127.7948 30127.7948 30127.794 104.375 321.25 212.8125 141.57 141.57 0 30127.7948 4 4 8 109 83

321.5 321.5 321.5 82 25471.25 82 25471.25 0 19880 25471.25 110 84

300 172.5 236.25 29.03 6858.3375 29.03 6858.3375 0 1464.75 6858.3375 111 85 86.25 86.25 86.25 20.25 1746.5625 20.25 1746.5625 0 1142.8125 1746.5625 112 85a 9386.8312 86.25 127.5 106.875 87.83 9386.83125 87.83 9386.83125 0 8358.69375 113 86 5

129.75 129.75 129.75 39.62 5051.55 39.62 5051.55 0 5051.55 5051.55 114 86a

129.375 127.5 128.4375 52.448 6687.12 52.448 6687.12 0 4698.12 6687.12 115 87

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127.5 127.5 127.5 36.13 4606.575 36.13 4606.575 0 2983.5 4606.575 116 87a 5083.6637 127.5 271.25 199.375 25.498 5083.66375 25.498 5083.66375 0 5083.66375 117 88 5

132 131.625 131.625 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 118 88a 1114.39411 1114.39411 1114.3941 271.25 118.125 194.6875 5.724 5.724 0 0 119 89 2 2 1 178.125 178.125 178.125 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 120 89a 4044.47893 4044.47893 4044.47893 118.125 368.75 243.4375 16.614 16.614 0 0 121 90 2 2 2 8720.5312 392.5 233.75 313.125 27.85 8720.53125 27.85 8720.53125 0 6606.9375 122 91 5

211.25 308.75 260 9.715 2525.9 9.715 2525.9 0 691.6 2525.9 123 92 154.375 154.375 154.375 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 124 92a 4006.4062 345 147.5 246.25 11.655 4006.40625 11.655 4006.40625 0 0 125 93 5

378.75 198.75 288.75 42.56 12289.2 42.56 12289.2 0 0 12289.2 126 94 198.75 198.75 198.75 19.25 3825.9375 19.25 3825.9375 0 0 3825.9375 127 94a 3771.17812 3771.17812 3771.1781 198.75 345 371 13.871 13.871 0 0 128 95 5 5 3 345 147.5 246.25 25.284 6226.185 25.284 6226.185 0 6226.185 6226.185 129 96

147.5 147.5 147.5 48.77 7193.575 48.77 7193.575 0 4717.05 7193.575 130 96a 147.5 363.75 255.625 27.6 7055.25 27.6 7055.25 0 7055.25 7055.25 131 97 365.5 167.5 266.5 7.77 2070.705 7.77 2070.705 0 0 2070.705 132 98

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167.5 167.5 36 6030 36 6030 0 6030 6030 133 98a 167.5 167.5 195 181.25 37.875 6864.84375 37.875 6864.84375 6864.84375 2093.4375 0 134 99 146.125 146.125 146.125 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 135 99a 518970.93 487097.0 518970.93 31873.86 369502.67 4 8

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Gramapanchayat wise Sand Volume

Volume of Sand upto 2 m of Panchayat name Summer Water Level(m3) (left side) 4340.625 Cheekod (left side) 39953.675 Kavannur ( left side) 7402.346875 Edavanna (left side) 82619.91306 Mambad (left side) 77374.54372 Nilambur (left side) 31857.43406 Nilambur (right side) 31857.43406 Kodiyatoor (right side) 4340.625 Kizhuparambu (right side) 39953.675 Urangatiri (right side) 9101.565625 Edavanna (right side) 59937.94431 Mambad (right side) 78089.77666 Chaliyar (right side) 20267.51706 Total Mineable Sand 487097.0754

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Panchayatwise Availability of Mineable Sand

Sl No Name of Panchayath/Municipality Quantity of sand (Cu.M) Mineable Sand per year (Cu.M) above Summer Water Level (Mineable sand for three years) 1 Vazhakad (Left bank) Nil Nil 2 Chikkode (Left bank) 36526.99 12175.66 3 Arekkode (Left bank) Nil Nil 4 Kavannur (Left bank) Nil Nil 5 Edavanna (Right and Left bank) 108140.516 36046.84 6 Nilambur (Right and Left bank) 33420.46 11140.15 7 Mavoor (Right bank) Nil Nil 8 (Right bank) Nil Nil 9 Kodiyattoor (Right bank) Nil Nil 10 Keezhparambu (Right bank) 36526.99 12175.66 11 Urangatiri (Right bank) Nil Nil 12 Mambad (Right and Left bank) 140496.23 46832.08 13 Chaliyar (Right bank) 14391.545 4797.18 Total 369502.73 123167.57

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SAND VOLUME TABLES

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