Best Management Practices for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure

Acknowledgements Committee Members

Acknowledgement

Committee Members

Tracy Blanchard City of Orillia Chris Bradley County of Peterborough Peter Bziuk (Committee Chair) County of Essex Sean Frye Danruss Contracting/Ready-mix Rico Fung Cement Association of Canada Devin Gordon Miller Group Neil Johnston Slip Form Construction Bart Kanters Concrete Ontario Alen Keri Concrete Ontario Gerald Kernohan Dufferin Concrete Chris McColl Dufferin Concrete Matthew Miedema City of Thunder Bay Mark Popik Thurber Engineering Mick Prieur Capital Paving Eric Saunderson (Technical Editor) Region of Waterloo Bradley Schmidt Dillon Consulting Bryan Schulz Canada Building Materials James Smith Ontario Good Roads Association Tim Smith Lafarge North America Frank Suppa City of Vaughan Peter Waisanen exp Services

Corresponding Member:Corresponding Doug Hooton, Member: University Doug of TorontoHooton, Uninversity of Toronto Disclaimer

The material presented in this text was carefully researched by the Ontario Good Roads Association (OGRA), Municipal Concrete Liaison Committee. Unfortunately no warranty expressed or implied is made on the accuracy of the contents or their extraction from reference to publications; nor shall the fact of distribution constitute responsibility by OGRA, Concrete Ontario (previously Ready- Mixed Concrete Association of Ontario - RMCAO) and the Cement Association of Canada (CAC), or any researchers or contributing authors for omissions, errors or possible misrepresentations that may result from use of interpretation of the material contained herein. This manual is intended to represent a synopsis of concrete infrastructure best practices. The manual may require updates as new applications mature and you are encouraged to share your best practice by contacting Concrete Ontario or the Cement Association of Canada or the Ontario Good Roads Association.

Best Management Practices for3 Municipal Concrete Infrastructure Message from the Chair

The evolution of concrete-like structures pre dates the construction of the Roman Coliseum. The continued development of concrete materials and most recent enhancements include air entraining c.1930, ﬁ ber reinforcement c. 1970 and super plasticizer c. 1980.

With the addition of steel reinforcement the challenge of constructing sustainable concrete infrastructure has delivered the Confederation Bridge (P.E.I.), the C.N. Tower (Toronto), the Freeport Bridge (Kitchener Waterloo), the Canadian Museum of History (Gatineau), sections of the 400 series highways in Ontario and numerous other bridges and highways across Canada as shown in Figure 1.

The concrete industry takes pride in producing reliable and sustainable infrastructure assets to serve the needs of commuters, commerce and municipal customers. The reliability of those concrete assets is vital to economic growth, movement of goods and employment. Similar to other employment sectors, the concrete industry is at risk of an aging population about to retire. As the workforce takes the exit ramp into their golden years, the institutional knowledge and experience will also leave.

The people are key to the success of the concrete industry. While many of those people are employed with contractors, consulting ﬁ rms, educational institutions and government ofﬁ ces, some of those same people are contributing authors to this Best Practices Manual. The primary objective of this manual is the continued success of the concrete industry. The transfer of knowledge and best practices starts here.

Figure 1: City Centre Drive, Mississauga (photo provided by Concrete Ontario).

Best Management Practices for4 Municipal Concrete Infrastructure Chapter 7 – Unshrinkable Fill (U-Fill) Table of Contents 7.1 Introduction...... 41 Acknowledgements...... 3 7.2 Materials...... 42 7.3 Plastic Properties...... 42 Message from the Chair...... 4 7.4 Harden Properties...... 43 Glossary of Terms...... 5 Chapter 8 – Architectural Concrete 8.1 Types of Architectural Concrete...... 44 Chapter 1 8.2 Cast-in-Place Horizontal Surfaces- Introduction...... 9 Decorative Concrete...... 45 Chapter 2 – Sidewalk, Curb & Gutter 8.3 Qualifi cations and Specifi cations...... 49 Evaluation and Inspection Chapter 9 – Concrete Jointing 2.1 Sidewalk Inventory and 9.1 Construction Joints...... 53 Assessment...... 10 9.2 Contraction Joints...... 54 2.2 Temporary Sidewalk Restoration...... 10 9.3 Isolation Joints...... 54 2.3 Sidewalk Replacement...... 11 9.4 Expansion Joints...... 55 2.4 Sidewalk Condition Index...... 11 9.5 Joint Sealant...... 56 2.5 Curb / Curb and Gutter Replacement...... 12 Chapter 10 – Procurement Chapter 3 – Asset Management and Rigid 10.1 Plan Purchases and Acquisitions...... 59 Pavement Selection 10.2 Planned Contracting...... 60 10.3 Contracts...... 61 3.1 Asset Management...... 13 10.4 Contract Administration...... 62 3.2 Economical Assessment...... 13 10.5 Contract Closure...... 63 3.3 Subgrade Soil and Traffi c Evaluation...... 14 3.4 Pavement Selection...... 15 Chapter 11 – Pre-Construction & Pre- 3.5 Equivalent Pavement Design...... 15 Placement Meetings 3.6 Components of a Conventional Concrete Pre-Construction & Pre-Placement Meetings...... 64 Pavement...... 17 3.7 Types of Concrete Pavement...... 18 Chapter 12 – Concrete Ordering Procedures 12.1 Concrete Order Entry...... 65 Chapter 4 – Concrete Bridges 12.2 Directions to the Jobsite...... 66 4.1 Introduction...... 24 12.3 Dispatch Process...... 66 4.2 Concrete Bridge Inspection...... 24 12.4 Specialty Concrete Products...... 66 4.3 Bridge Rehabilitation...... 26 4.4 New Technologies...... 28 Chapter 13 – Transportation and Receiving Concrete Chapter 5 – Sustainability 5.1 Cement...... 29 Transportation and Receiving Concrete...... 68 5.2 Long Life Pavement...... 30 Chapter 14 – Convey, Placing, Consolidating 5.3 Traffi c Delays...... 30 and Finishing Concrete 5.4 Heat Island Reduction and Cooling Effects...... 31 Convey, Placing, Consolidating and Finishing Concrete..70 5.5 Lighting and Electricity Use...... 31 Chapter 15 – Concrete Protection and Curing 5.6 CO Sequestering...... 32 2 Requirements 5.7 Reduction in Virgin Aggregate Usage....32 15.1 Concrete Protection...... 73 5.8 Pavement-Vehicle Interaction...... 32 5.9 Two-lift Concrete pavements...... 33 15.2 Concrete Curing...... 75 5.10 Thin pavements ...... 33 Chapter 16 – Measurement, Testing and 5.11 Diamond Grinding/Grooving...... 34 Acceptance of Concrete 5.12 Concrete Recycling...... 34 16.1 Minimum Testing Qualifi cations of 5.13 ECO Certifi ed Plants...... 34 Laboratories and Personnel...... 79 5.14 Enhanced Aesthetics and Societal 16.2 Normal Plastic (On-site) Concrete Test Benefi ts...... 35 Methods...... 80 Chapter 6 – Life-Cycle Cost Analysis 16.3 Standard Frequency of On-site Testing..80 16.4 Distribution of Concrete Test Reports...81 (LCCA) 16.5 Recording and Reporting of 6.1 Equivalent Pavement Design Example...38 Test Reports...... 82 6.2 Equivalent Pavement Design – Initial 16.6 Evaluation of Concrete Hardened Construction, Maintenance and Rehabilitation Costs...... 40 Properties...... 82 Best Management Practices for5 Municipal Concrete Infrastructure Appendix Table of Contents Appendix A: RMCAO Plant Certifi cation Chapter 17 – Project Closeout and Program...... 109 Appendix B: OGCA Gold Seal Program...... 110 Continuous Improvement Appendix C: Concrete Test Forms & Reporting - 17.1 Defi ciency Identifi cation and CMATS™...... 111 Rectifi cation Work...... 85 Appendix D: Concrete Order Form...... 113 17.2 Substantial Completion and Contract Appendix E: Mix Design Submission Form...... 114 Maintenance Period...... 85 Appendix F: Checklist for Concrete Pre- 17.3 Continuous Improvement and Lessons Construction Conference...... 116 Learned...... 86 Appendix G: CCIL Concrete Certifi cation Program...... 142 17.4 Contractor and Consultant Performance Appendix H: Checklist for Concrete Pumping...... 143 Evaluation...... 86 Appendix I: Specialty Concrete Applications...... 147 Chapter 18 – Troubleshooting 101 Appendix J: Summary of CSA Exposure Classes...... 149 18.1 Plastic Concrete...... 88 Appendix K: Checklist for Concrete Ordering and 18.1.1 Air Loss – Concrete pumping 88 Scheduling...... 153 18.1.2 Air loss – Excessive vibration 88 Appendix L: Checklist for Concrete Curb and Gutters / 18.1.3 Excessive bleeding 89 Sidewalks...... 158 18.1.4 Plastic shrinkage cracking 89 18.1.5 Blistering 90 18.1.6 Segregation 90 18.2 Vertical Work 91 18.2.1 Honeycombing 91 18.2.2 Cold Joints 92 18.2.3 Bugholes 92 18.3 Flatwork 93 18.3.1 Low Spots 93 18.3.2 Popouts 93 18.3.3 Uncontrolled drying shrinkage cracks 94 18.3.4 Settlement Cracks 95 18.3.5 Crazing 95 18.3.6 Curling 95 18.3.7 Dusting 96 18.3.8 Scaling 97 18.3.9 Mortar Flaking 98 18.3.10 Faulting 98 18.3.11 Blow-ups 99 18.4 Pavements 100 18.4.1 Segregation 100 18.4.2 Joint Lockup 100 18.4.3 Longitudinal / transverse cracking following placement 101 18.4.4 Low skid resistance 103 18.4.5 Noise Complaints 103 18.5 Common Troubleshooting 110 18.5.1 Low Strength 104 18.5.2 Thermal Cracking 105 18.5.3 Delamination 106 18.5.4 Discolouration 106 18.5.5 Alkali Aggregate Reactivity (Silica or Carbonate) 107 18.5.6 Contamination 108

Best Management Practices for6 Municipal Concrete Infrastructure Contraction Joint (control joint): A sawed, Glossary of Terms grooved, or formed joint in concrete used to control random cracking caused by drying and Air Content: The amount of entrapped or thermal shrinking of the concrete. entrained air in a concrete mix; expressed as a percentage of the total volume. Properly air Curing: An action taken which maintains entrained concrete will prevent cracking during favourable temperature and moisture freeze-thaw cycles. conditions in freshly placed concrete to allow for it to set to its desired strength. The length Air Entrainment: When an admixture is added of curing time varies depending on the size to a concrete mix design which causes a and shape of the concrete section, mix design, controlled quantity of very small air bubbles to cement type, weather, and future exposure form in it. This is typically done to increase a conditions. Insufﬁ cient curing can lead to concretes workability along with freeze/thaw premature failure. resistance. Curing Compound: A liquid chemical compound Bull-Float: A tool made up of wood, aluminum applied to the surface of the concrete to or magnesium used to spread and smooth prevent loss of moisture during early stages of freshly placed concrete. hydration.

Carbonation: A chemical reaction between Cylinder Test: A lab test which determines the carbon dioxide in the air and the hydration the compressive strength of a concrete compounds in the cement of the concrete. cylinder; with a height to diameter ratio of 2:1, by compressing it under a hydraulic ram to Cold Weather: Those conditions when the determine the amount of pressure required to air temperature is at or below 5°C. It is also fracture it. This test is usually used to verify considered to exist when the air temperature is that the specifi ed strength of a concrete mix at or is likely to fall below 5°C within 96 hours has been achieved. after concrete placement. Direct Fired Heater: A style of heater that Compressive Strength: The maximum forces air directly through a fl ame to heat the compressive load which concrete can sustain air. before it fractures. Exposure Class: The minimum concrete Concrete Pavement: A rigid pavement performance is specifi ed based on which structure with an exposed concrete surface. exposure class the concrete falls under. This is determined by the applicable exposure Consistency: The ability of a fresh concrete to conditions, structural, architectural and fl ow, which can be measured by a slump test. durability requirements for the concrete.

Consolidation: The process of removing Feasibility Study: An analysis of the ability entrapped air from freshly placed concrete. to complete a project successfully, taking Several methods and techniques are available; into account legal, economic, technological, however the most common method used is scheduling and other factors. vibration.

Construction Joint: A joint where two successive concrete placements meet or where new concrete is placed against old concrete.

Best Management Practices for7 Municipal Concrete Infrastructure Flexural Test: A measure of an unreinforced the mix. concrete specimen to resist failure (fracture) Slump: A measure of the consistency of freshly in bending. The maximum fl exural strength is mixed concrete. This can be checked with a measured by loading the span of a concrete slump test. If more water is added to a mix specimen; with a span length to depth ratio of design, the slump would increase. 3:1, until failure. Tele-belt: A telescopic belt conveyor mounted Fresno: A steel trowel used in fi nishing the on a truck used to place concrete. surface of concrete after it has been fl oated with a wood or magnesium fl oat. Thermocouple: A device consisting of two wires of dissimilar metals connected at two points, Hot Weather: Those conditions when the air used to measure temperature in the concrete. temperature is at or above 28°C. It is also considered to exist when the air temperature is Tining: A style of concrete texturing creating at or is likely to rise above 28°C within 24 hours grooves in the surface of the concrete after concrete placement. commonly used to reduce tire-pavement noise. Grooves can be transverse or longitudinal. Housing and Heating System: An enclosure built around concrete with heat applied used to protect the concrete during the curing process.

Hydration: The water causes the hardening of concrete through a process called hydration. Hydration is a chemical reaction in which the major compounds in cement form chemical bonds with water molecules and become hydrates or hydration products.

Hydronic Heating: A heating system in which hot water runs through radiant tubing used to maintain curing temperatures or thaw frozen ground.

In-Direct Fired Heater: A style of heater that uses a ﬂ ame contained in a burn chamber which heats an exchanger. Air passes over and around the heat exchanger thus heating the air.

Permeability: The property which governs the rate of ﬂ ow of a ﬂ uid through a porous concrete.

Plastic: The state at which a freshly mixed concrete is workable and readily mouldable.

Segregation: In concrete technology, segregation can be of two types. Firstly the coarse aggregate may separate from the main mass of concrete in its plastic state. Secondly, the grout (cement paste) may separate from Best Management Practices for8 Municipal Concrete Infrastructure ed by Region of Waterloo) of future work, material cation fi c issues c fi our industry today; however, this manual is manual this however, today; industry our practices available of best only a synopsis not entirely address and may in the market on municipal the issues encountered some of further information, projects. For concrete with their to work should continue participants professionals and industry local engineering solutions for project- partners to develop speci to walk you through The manual is setup the initial concept stage to a project from the identi procurement, delivery, selection, planning, and project inspection, troubleshooting, unbonded closeout. Figure 1.1 shows a typical Region of concrete overlay project in the Waterloo. 9 rms; contractors; rms; fi Best Management Practices for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure Figure 1.1 - Unbonded Concrete Overlay on Spragues Road (provid It is the intention of this guide to provide a It is the intention staff, consultants, resource for municipal ready-mix concrete producers contractors and and to have a single for municipal projects resource for information on municipal the province concrete infrastructure across the of Ontario. The Committee recognized the need to have a guide that summarizes in order best practices across the province to provide consistency for contractors, Having consultants and ready-mix producers. matter everyone on the same page, no problems where they work, should reduce municipal and improve communication on effort has been infrastructure projects. Every facing made to address the known issues ready-mix concrete suppliers and associations. ready-mix concrete The “Best Management Practices for Municipal Practices for Management The “Best (BMP-MCI)” manual Infrastructure Concrete the Ontario Good developed by has been Concrete Municipal (OGRA), Roads Association The Committee consists Liaison Committee. various municipalities all of members from over Ontario; consulting Chapter 1 – Introduction Introduction 1 – Chapter

Evaluation and Inspection the data collector should add applicable 2 information for inventory purposes and Management

Infrastructure planning consists of include sidewalk assets for future assessment. Pavement and Rigid Selection Asset assessing missing links of sidewalk and Any new sidewalk installed through capital 3 curb, infrastructure needs and condition works projects and/or new subdivisions are to

assessments. An annual review is required to be added to the inventory database for future Concrete Bridges document infrastructure condition of assets tracking, monitoring and planning purposes. 4 in accordance with minimum maintenance standards set out in Ontario Regulation On an on-going basis, municipal staff and/ Sustainability

239/02. Municipalities are required to address or consulting ﬁ rms should be able to provide 5 a sidewalk defect / trip hazard greater than 2 an annual report on the status of sidewalk Cost Analysis Life-Cycle

cm within 14 days. assets and develop plans to capture their (LCCA) respective City-wide sidewalk condition data 6 2.1 Sidewalk Inventory and Assessment for the entire sidewalk network. The sidewalk Unshrinkable assessment should include, but not be limited Fill (U-Fill) Inventory and assessment of sidewalks can be to, the following detailed information: 7 undertaken and administered through the use Architectural of the municipal staff or outsourced to private • Itemized information on the municipalities Concrete agencies through the Request for Proposal selected database; 8 (RFP) and procurement process. Inventory • Global Positioning System (GPS) location or Concrete and assessment should be conducted on municipal address; Jointing 9 annual basis at the municipality’s discretion in • Length of sidewalk sections identiﬁ ed by

the spring of each year (weather permitting) database segments; Procurement

to ensure sidewalk defects can be addressed • Width of the sidewalk and number of panels; 10 in a reasonable timeframe. • Date and time of ﬁ eld inspections or

assessments; Construction Placement Meetings & Pre- Pre-

In accordance with provincial legislation, • Detailed documentation on sidewalk 11 municipalities are required to address known condition and appearance;

sidewalk defects and/or tripping hazards • Number of residential, commercial and Procedures Concrete Ordering within a 14-day period. Therefore, the industrial driveways; 12 municipality should document defects, such • Identiﬁ cation of potential restoration (ex. Transportation Transportation as vertical joint deﬂ ections with electronic grinding) locations including measurements; and Receiving Concrete photographs denoting the date/time and type and 13 of defect found during the ‘pre-inspection’ • Prioritization of any urgent spot repairs and Consolidating and Finishing

process. Additionally, a ‘post-inspection’ sidewalk removals / replacements. Concrete Convey, Placing, photograph should be taken following 14 restoration of the defect and stored in the 2.2 Temporary Sidewalk Restoration Requirements and Curing Protection municipality’s database for future monitoring. Concrete Photographs can be provided in image ﬁ le A thorough inspection is needed to identify 15 formats, such as JPEG, unless otherwise and estimate how many defects or joint Acceptance of Acceptance of Measurement, Measurement, Testing and Testing and directed and/or approved in writing by the deﬂ ections exist throughout the municipality’s Concrete municipality. sidewalk network. The municipality will need 16 to establish an appropriate level of service Improvement Closeout and Continuous

The information should be made available for the network and determine what height of Project to whoever is collecting the data for their defl ection is necessary to warrant the various 17 sole direct use for updating the status of types of repairs. Troubleshooting the sidewalk defect repair and maintenance 18 of the sidewalk condition database. If the One method to address trip hazards is to section of sidewalk is not identifi ed in the temporarily install asphalt ramps or grind the Appendix Best Management Practices10 for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure sidewalk with low volume use. Sidewalk repairs that present a hazard to pedestrians (such as trip, slip and fall, etc.) should be promptly addressed and permanently removed / replaced with new concrete sidewalk to ed on an “as fi replacement based on the ed for fi required” basis and typically performed by performed basis and typically required” rehabilitation under annual municipalities of sidewalk should be program. Sections identi the network and prioritized overall needs for required, such as, based on the parameters location of the defects, the geographical of defects and the severity / number by area residents and/or frequency of use example, a section of sidewalk businesses. For or high pedestrian adjacent to a school section of area should rank higher than a 2.3 Sidewalk Replacement Replacement Sidewalk 2.3 need for sidewalk speaking, the Generally identi is mainly replacement 11 ection and ection fl Best Management Practices for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure and clean the surface to ection fl edge of the joint to remove the de remove joint to of the edge provide a sloped surface until a permanent until a permanent a sloped surface provide guided A precision be completed. repair can saw blade can or diamond edge grinder create a tapered to cut edges and be used a smooth transition which can provide surface panels. The contractor between sidewalk work can then remove any conducting the has been cut from the excess debris that joint de remove any slurry from the grinder or saw. remove any slurry the surface of the sidewalk Upon completion, uniform, and aesthetically should be smooth, providing a slip-resistant pleasing, all while use following restoration. repair for public

the following examples to create criteria for 2 2.4 Sidewalk Condition Index curb repair or replacement as part of annual Management

road rehabilitation programs or reconstruction Pavement and Rigid Selection Asset

One method of evaluating the condition of a projects. Some key deﬁ ciencies that can be 3 section of sidewalk is to assess the defects, considered in the planning of curb or curb and

severity of repairs required and develop a gutter repair or replacement work can include, Concrete Bridges

Sidewalk Condition Index (SCI). As shown in but is not limited to, the following: 4 Table 2.1, the SCI can be based on rankings for segments of streets in terms of low, • Major stress cracks, 2 or more per driveway Sustainability medium or high priority or can be assigned entrance (or longer than 500mm each); 5 a numerical value for repair prioritization • Settlement areas and standing water along Cost Analysis Life-Cycle

in the network. Each segment or section of the gutter line (greater than 25mm); (LCCA) sidewalk is assigned a maximum rating of 10 • Misalignment of curb lines; 6 and a speciﬁ c number is deducted from this • Tilting or over-turning; Unshrinkable value based on the severity and extent of the • Missing sections of curb; Fill (U-Fill) sidewalk distress. In this particular evaluation • Type of curb (does not comply with current 7 process, a higher priority rating should be standards); and Architectural applied to rank street segments in relation • Other defects affecting integrity of the curb Concrete to other sections of the municipality. Based (such as, ﬁ nish) that may affect public safety. 8 on these rankings, a sidewalk rehabilitation Concrete program can be developed for a group of During the preliminary planning stages of a Jointing 9 streets with lower ratings. This approach will rehabilitation program and/or reconstruction

improve the contractor’s ability to schedule project, a feasibility study should be Procurement

the repairs and provide a cost-effective undertaken to determine the beneﬁ t of 10 approach to completing the work. replacing existing curbing with current

standards (i.e. replacing barrier curb with Construction Placement Meetings & Pre- Pre-

2.5 Curb / Curb and Gutter Replacement curb and gutter for drainage purposes). 11 The scope of work may vary from project to

In an effort to meet the expectations of project based on the type of work required Procedures Concrete Ordering residents and provide 12 adequate drainage on Transportation Transportation roadways, the municipality and Receiving Concrete 13 Consolidating and Finishing Concrete Convey, Placing, 14 Requirements and Curing Protection Concrete 15 Acceptance of Acceptance of Measurement, Measurement, Testing and Testing and Concrete 16 Improvement Closeout and Continuous Project 17 Troubleshooting 18 Appendix Best Management Practices 12for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure c fi ed for ed fi uence fl ned decision ned fi which in cations, fi cations. Once identi fi and prioritization of the cation fi t of the work and anticipated cost of fi temperature, drainage, etc.) may also affect also affect may etc.) drainage, temperature, pavement although, of the the performance in the at this stage not included are typically process. evaluation deterioration generated A computer the rate of the pavement’s curve predicts forecasts the “need weakening and or maintenance year” for rehabilitation A minimum acceptable improvements. for various PQI rating is established pavement classi process to determine the most applicable road process to determine the most rehabilitation strategy. Assessment 3.2 Economical and At this point, an economical assessment impact analysis is performed. The economic must be of implementing such strategies effective evaluated to determine the most long-term type of rehabilitation based on of the objectives and the current condition optimal roadway. The most effective or strategy is derived utilizing life-cycle economic analysis techniques and the most optimal strategy is typically the sum of the capital cost estimate / effectiveness of each particular type of rehabilitation or maintenance treatment. Each strategy can be assigned a ratio of effectiveness which is a result of the bene and trigger rehabilitation or maintenance and trigger rehabilitation or maintenance other improvements much earlier than roadway classi pavement future improvements, the particular section undergoes a user de construction. This allows particular strategies to be assessed on a relative basis and the system can determine the most suitable strategy based on time of implementation. Once the economical assessment of the network is complete and the output evaluated, a capital budget assessment and analysis is performed to prioritize the implementation the identi arterial roadways network. For example, a higher level of service can be assigned traf based on the volume of vehicular 13 ned and can offer fi Best Management Practices for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure valuable feedback on the future deterioration of the pavement’s quality. Typically, the performance of the pavement is a direct result of the overall strength of the pavement structure (for example, type, thickness and quality of pavement materials), the frequency / magnitude of vehicular loading and the type of subgrade soil(s). Additional factors, such as environmental conditions (ex. climate, A detailed evaluation of each individual pavement section is analysed using performance prediction models based on the parameters established by the municipality. These models are user de Similar to sidewalk management programs, Similar to sidewalk management on a municipal roadways are evaluated assessment regular basis utilizing network management applications within pavement provide systems. These computer programs manage the a comprehensive approach to forecast future existing roadway system and needs maintenance and/or rehabilitation derived of the network. These needs are by consulting from empirical data collected surveys, engineers through controlled parameter which translate a rating for each Common of the road condition analysis. major indices condition ratings contain three Structural or performance indicators; the Distress Adequacy Index (SAI); Surface Index (RCI). Index (SDI); and Ride Comfort an overall Collectively, these indicators create performance rating and Pavement Quality Index (PQI). 3.1 Asset Management 3.1 Asset Chapter 3 – Asset Management and Rigid Chapter 3 – Asset Pavement Selection and overall objectives for the work. It is best It is best the work. for objectives overall and types as curb to replace substandard practice shown project, as road resurfacing part of a not be cost-effective 2.1, but it may in Figure the road of intended life-expectancy given the good curbs may be in the work. Conversely, underground services condition although and it would be practical require replacement during this work. to replace the curbs

maintenance programs. Due to budget This exercise will narrow down the project 2 restraints, the identiﬁ ed network needs may selection process, by determining the most Management

not be entirely addressed, or delayed, or effective approach and will further deﬁ ne Pavement and Rigid Selection Asset conversely, accelerated prior to need year due the municipality’s road rehabilitation and 3 to implications excluded from this engineering preventative maintenance programs.

exercise. For instance, implications such as Concrete Bridges new development, growth, social and political 3.3 Subgrade Soil and Traffi c Evaluation 4 needs are factors which may affect this assessment. These aspects are acknowledged Once the program has been determined, the Sustainability throughout the planning process and technical design specifi cs for each project 5 modifi cations are carried out to balance these are accumulated to ensure an adequate Cost Analysis Life-Cycle

needs with the requirements of the overall pavement design. Geotechnical investigations (LCCA) network. and non-destructive evaluations such as, 6 Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) and/or Unshrinkable Annually, a recommended improvement Falling Weight Defl ectometer (FWD) data Fill (U-Fill) program is developed and a series of collection can be carried out by qualifi ed 7 pavement sections are identifi ed for consulting engineers to determine the Architectural rehabilitation or maintenance through the condition of the subgrade and ensure the Concrete utilization of pavement management systems. pavement foundation / drainage system is 8 This is only the starting point and additional designed properly. When constructing any Concrete elements must be considered in order to pavement, it is important to investigate the Jointing 9 prepare a practical program for construction. subsurface conditions to ensure the pavement

As such, each pavement section is further is designed appropriately to ensure long- Procurement

deﬁ ned and an overall infrastructure term performance and reduce maintenance. 10 assessment is now performed to conﬁ rm the Geotechnical boreholes should be taken

suitability of the strategy. Assessments of between 100-250m along the pavement Construction Placement Meetings & Pre- Pre- such parameters include, but are not limited alignment to determine the soil type(s); 11 to, a condition evaluation of sidewalks, curbs, soil strength / stiffness; moisture content;

sewers and utilities. Once the inventory of gradation; frost susceptibility; water table Procedures Concrete Ordering the infrastructure is obtained, a project-level level; drainage characteristics; and chemical 12 assessment of the scope of work is completed characterization (if necessary) to determine Transportation Transportation and the project selection process begins. if any contaminates exist in the right-of- and Receiving Concrete

way. In addition to the soils information, 13 At this point, road sections will be selected the municipality should conduct a trafﬁ c Consolidating and Finishing

as part of the program review process and analysis and determine the current Average Concrete Convey, Placing, a detailed evaluation of the anticipated Annual Daily Traffi c (AADT) volumes. This 14 expenditures will be prepared. A capital data can then be used to determine the most Requirements and Curing Protection budget estimate for each section is completed appropriate traffi c forecasts and Equivalent Concrete to quantify the scope of work, strategy and Single Axel Load (ESAL) to be used in the 15 category of project. As noted previously, pavement design. Collectively, the existing Acceptance of Acceptance of Measurement, Measurement, Testing and Testing and improvement strategies will vary from crack subsurface fi ndings and anticipated traffi c Concrete repair to reconstruction, and if reconstruction forecasts are evaluated to determine the 16 is required, a topographic survey / design proposed thickness design criteria for the Improvement Closeout and Continuous may be warranted in order to complete the pavement. Project assessment. Furthermore, a separate budget 17 approach and planning process may also Subgrade issues such as high plasticity index Troubleshooting be necessary. In the end, a total estimated clays may be able to be addressed by cement 18 program cost for each strategy is then re- stabilization. This practice is known as Cement evaluated to determine the optimal impact Modifi ed Soils (CMS). For more details on this Appendix Best Management Practices14 for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure are exible pavements fl subsurface c forecasts, fi with each option. This ts associated fi This table is taken c and soil conditions. fi will ensure the municipality has appropriate will ensure the make a sound decision on information to to be the most optimal type of pavement and long- used to ensure cost effectiveness shown in term performance. The matrix a general the following Table 3.1 provides comparison for concrete and asphalt for municipal equivalent pavement designs of truck roadways based on various levels traf Development of form the Methodology for the Design Matrix Equivalent Pavement Structural by Applied for Municipal Roads prepared Research Associates Inc. (ARA). 3.5 3.5 Design Equivalent Pavement rigid and In Ontario, provincial highways used for both commonly Each pavement streets. and municipal on based and constructed type is designed anticipated traf conditions. When soil and environmental type of pavement structure evaluating which or asphalt, it is important to choose, concrete pavement designs; the to compare equivalent costs for each alternative initial / long-term and bene 15 exible fl Best Management Practices for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure will exible pavement structure fl pavements and rigid exible fl by the prepared ed Soils document fi Pavements generally fall into two broad Pavements generally categories: 3.1 illustrates the way pavements. Figure are transferred to the vehicular loads various pavement types. subgrade for the also known as a rigid Concrete pavements, absorb most of the load within pavement, will and evenly distribute the pavement structure large area. This distribution the load over a load into transmits a small portion of the sub-base the underlying granular base, a and subgrade. On the other hand, 3.4 Selection Pavement potential solution, see the Guide to Cement Cement Guide to see the solution, potential Modi Cement Association. Portland pavement design such as, asphalt pavements pavement design such as, asphalt to the point of will concentrate the load closer load to the impact and transmit more of the subgrade. underlying granular material and Therefore, the require the thickness of granular material to require the thickness of granular same loads as be increased to withstand the structure. an equivalent concrete pavement

3 11 14 2 Asset 6 Pre- 12 13 Convey, 15 16 17 1 Sidewalk, 4 7 8 9 Concrete Measurement, Project Curb & Gutter Management Concrete 5 Life-Cycle Unshrinkable Architectural Concrete 10 Construction Concrete Transportation Placing, Protection Testing and Closeout and 18 Appendix Introduction and Rigid Sustainability Cost Analysis Procurement & Pre- Ordering and Receiving Consolidating Troubleshooting Evaluation Pavement Bridges (LCCA) Fill (U-Fill) Concrete Jointing Placement Procedures Concrete and Finishing and Curing Acceptance of Continuous and Inspection Selection Meetings Concrete Requirements Concrete Improvement Introduction 1 and Inspection Curb & Gutter Curb & Gutter Evaluation Evaluation Sidewalk, Sidewalk, 2 Management Pavement and Rigid Selection Asset 3 Concrete Bridges 4 Sustainability 5 Cost Analysis Life-Cycle (LCCA) 6 Unshrinkable Fill (U-Fill) 7 Architectural Concrete 8 Concrete Jointing 9 Procurement 10 Construction Placement Meetings & Pre- Pre- 11 Procedures Concrete Ordering 12 Transportation Transportation and Receiving and Receiving Concrete 13 Consolidating and Finishing Concrete Convey, Placing, 14 Requirements and Curing Protection Concrete 15 Acceptance of Acceptance of Measurement, Measurement, Testing and Testing and Concrete 16 Improvement Closeout and Continuous Project 17 Troubleshooting 18 Appendix Best Management Practices 16for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure c fi The c warrants. c fi the c loading, and fi Base and/or sub- base course: base is the granular drainage layer directly below the Portland Cement Concrete (PCC) pavement and generally consists of crushed / graded aggregates. As shown in Table 3.1 – Representative Pavement Designs for Ontario Municipalities, a sub-base is not typically required from a pavement design perspective and is often Dowel bars are commonly used Dowel bars are Tie-bars are normally placed y they CAC). and should be placed in a square pattern and should be placed joint. The spacing of with the longitudinal or construction joints transverse contraction times the width of the should be 1 to 1.5 longitudinal joint. Dowel bars: pavement resulting from the tensile and tensile from the resulting pavement by slabs caused stresses in concrete bending cement during the of the concrete shrinkage process, traf hydration joints Transverse conditions. environmental traf direction of to the are perpendicular 180mm or more in concrete pavements load transfer across to provide additional transverse joints when traf in length; Typically, dowel bars are 450mm 300mm apart 32-36mm in diameter; spaced with along the joint; and manufactured horizontal smooth round steel to allow for slabs. movement between the concrete Tie-bars: longitudinal lengthwise between pours and/or joints to prevent slabs from separating ribbed and and drifting apart. The bars are will bond deformed to ensure the concrete The size, to the steel or protective coating. will depend on length and spacing of tie-bars and grade of the thickness of the pavement at 600mm steel although, 750mm tie-bars spacing is quite common. 17 c fi ts fi Dowel bars c; construction pours fi Longitudinal joints are The primary purpose of Best Management Practices for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure Figure 3.2Figure - pavement concrete Conventional b (provided components Transverse joint Transverse Longitudinal joint Longitudinal concrete pavements. ts of fi Tie-bars used to relieve warping stresses in the used to relieve warping stresses placed concrete pavement and are typically between lanes of traf with the and the width should be designed for the new pavement markings proposed roadway where possible. Transverse joint: to control transverse contraction joints is concrete the location of cracking in the 3.6 Components of a Conventional Concrete Pavement Longitudinal joint: concrete and/or when the width of the Longitudinal pavement exceeds 4.5m (15 ft.). of traf joints are parallel to the direction In addition to the initial cost of the design, design, of the cost to the initial In addition consider the should also municipalities bene and sustainability environmental The Athena type of pavement. of each Institute has Materials Sustainability Cycle Pavement Life the Athena developed software which is an LCA- Assessment (LCA) package that measures the based software impact of Canadian and US environmental designs. This software is regional roadway download from the Athena available for free website at http:// Sustainability Institute Refer to Chapter 5 for www.athenasmi.org/. on the sustainable additional information bene Subgrade Base and/or sub-base course sub-base and/or Base Subgrade

controls cracks 2 by dividing the Management

pavement into Pavement and Rigid Selection Asset

individual slabs 3 separated by

contraction Concrete Bridges

joints. Slabs are 4 typically one lane wide and Sustainability omitted from the pavement structure. spacing typically 5 ranges between 3.7m (12 ft.) to 4.5m (15 ft). Cost Analysis

Subgrade: The subgrade soil is the native Life-Cycle As shown in Figure 3.3, depending on the (LCCA) material found in-situ that supports the design requirements, JPCP may contain 6 pavement structure. Subgrade conditions dowel bars to improve load transfer between Unshrinkable may vary from ﬁ ne grained soils such as slabs at the transverse joint if the thickness Fill (U-Fill) clay to coarse grained soils such as gravel of the concrete exceeds 180mm. Steel 7 or cobbles. The thickness of the concrete reinforcement tie-bars are also used at Architectural and granular base layers are based on these longitudinal joints to prevent the concrete Concrete subgrade conditions. from separating or drifting apart. JPCP 8 pavements are common for sidewalk, curbs, Concrete 3.7 Types of Concrete Pavement parking lots, municipal roads and highway Jointing 9 pavements applications. Concrete can provide a durable and long Procurement lasting pavement which can be used for

Jointed and Continuously Reinforced 10 new construction, reconstruction or the Concrete Pavement (JRCP and CRCP):

rehabilitation of deteriorated asphalt / As depicted in Figure 3.4 below, JRCP Construction Placement Meetings & Pre- concrete pavements. Listed below are Pre- control cracks by dividing the pavement into 11 the different types of concrete pavement individual slabs separated by contraction and rehabilitation treatments available to joints and CRCP uses reinforcing steel rather Procedures Concrete Ordering municipalities: than contraction joints for crack control. Slab 12 sizes are typically much longer in JRCP than Transportation Transportation Jointed Plain Concrete Pavement (JPCP): JPCP, typically ranging from 7.5 to 9m (23-30 and Receiving Concrete

This is the most common type of rigid ft.) in length. The JRCP uses reinforcing steel 13 pavement in Ontario. The concrete mix within each slab to control cracking between Consolidating typically consists of 32 MPa; air entrainment; and Finishing the joints. Concrete Convey, Placing, a blend of aggregates; and relatively low 14 slump (approximate 20-30mm) for machine JRCP can be used in isolated cases where the Requirements and Curing Protection geometry Concrete of the slab 15 JRCP CRCP makes it Acceptance of Acceptance of Measurement, Measurement, Testing and Testing and impossible Concrete to respect 16 the rules Improvement Closeout and Continuous

for proper Project 17 Troubleshooting 18 Appendix Best Management Practices18 for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure nishing fi the Concrete Pavement Technology Center (CP Tech Center), “Guide for Roller-Compacted Concrete Pavements” available on the National Concrete Pavement Technology Center website cptechcenter.org/ Pervious Concrete: Pervious concrete is also either of the RCC can c, the surface fi perspective with an appearance similar to an to similar appearance with an perspective For higher speed base course mix. asphalt traf in discussed further ground (as be diamond surface with an asphalt 5) or overlaid Chapter of the ride. the smoothness to improve mixture but its composition RCC is a concrete as conventional concrete. is not the same mixes have much lower Typically, RCC and aggregate gradations cement content mix design. Due to the similar to an asphalt RCC pavements can lower cement content, solution compared to be a more sustainable RCC is a zero slump conventional concrete. amount of concrete and contains a small ratio water, the typical water-cementitious The RCC is in the range of 0.32-0.38 w/c. transported material is mixed in a pug mill; truck; to site in dump truck or ready-mix heavy duty placed with a conventional or with 10 asphalt spreader; and compacted There tonne vibratory steel-drum rollers. are no forms, no steel and no of concrete equipment required in this type has less pavement application. The material water content shrinkage due to the reduced a greater so shrinkage cracks develop at typically spacing than conventional concrete, RCC jobs every 6 to 18 m. For industrial crack joints are often allowed to randomly interlock for to provide full depth aggregate saw cut they load transfer. When joints are are usually put at a range of 6 to 9 metre joint spacing. Figure 3.5 shows the installation of an RCC project at an industrial facility in Ontario. For additional information on RCC, refer to 19 c, fi Best Management Practices for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure RCC otherwise known as “really RCC otherwise known as “really etc.; near the surface of the c loops, fi RCC is adequate from a road smoothness concrete that may be compromised during concrete that may for the contraction saw cutting operations joints. Using CRCP in these applications being lowers the risk of the embedment’s would accidently cut. Another application than be if longer joint spacing is required and the typical 25 times the slab thickness maximum 4.5 metre rule recommended placed by CSA A23.1. CRCP are regularly are used in for interior slabs on grade and and Montreal’s arterial freeways system future some municipal bus stops to minimize maintenance costs. Roller Compacted Concrete (RCC) Pavement: contraction joints. If there are panels that that are panels If there joints. contraction having a couple will crack then you know of the integrity JRCP will ensure panels with will be maintained of the pavement the rest the entire having to reinforce without be using of this would An example pavement. bars at the corners of the a few reinforcing provide crack mitigation for catch basins to the re-entrant corners. when there are CRCP can be used as heating lines, conduit, embedment’s such traf in cool concrete” was originally developed logging British Columbia, Canada for the for residential industry but is now being used parking lots uses including municipal streets, and other industrial facilities. RCC is ideal for applications where frequent truck loading / turning is anticipated or as a base in a composite pavement design with an asphalt overlay. For low to medium speed traf

concrete. Pervious concrete is a highly porous Ontario. 2 pavement that allows water to drain through Management

it into a granular storage layer. Typical For additional information on Pervious Pavement and Rigid Selection Asset pavement design for pervious concrete include Concrete, refer to the Concrete Ontario 3 a thick storage layer of Granular “O” or clear website at http://www.rmcao.org/why-

stone placed on the subgrade and the pervious concrete/applications/ and the CAC website Concrete Bridges concrete on top. A geotextile is usually used at http://www.cement.ca/en/Parking-Lots/ 4 between the subgrade and storage layer when Pervious-Concrete.html the subgrade has ﬁ nes which may migrate into Sustainability the storage layer over time. Pervious concrete Interlocking Concrete Pavers (ICP): Pre-cast 5 has a uniform aggregate gradation (often concrete paving stones are manufactured for Cost Analysis Life-Cycle

smaller than conventional concrete) and high both, permeable or impermeable applications, (LCCA) void ratio / porosity of 15% to 35%. With this and can be designed to accommodate a 6 type of permeability, 200 litres or more of range of loading for a variety of applications Unshrinkable storm water can ﬂ ow through each square including; municipal roadways, parking areas Fill (U-Fill) metre of previous concrete per minute. and pedestrian sidewalks / plazas. ICP are 7 provided in a variety of styles / sizes and Architectural Previous concrete is used in parking lot or are typically offered in 75mm (3”) or 100mm Concrete other ﬂ atwork applications and permits (4”) thicknesses. Figure 3.7 is a photo of two 8 water to pass through the concrete slab different types of ICP installed in a permeable Concrete and stay in the storage layer until it pavement application for monitoring purposes Jointing 9 percolates into the underlying soil. This at the Kortright Centre for Conservation in

type of concrete pavement reduces the Woodbridge, Ontario. For more information on Procurement

amount of surface water runoff entering the ICP visit the Interlocking Concrete Pavement 10 storm sewer systems, allows groundwater Institute’s website at www.icpi.org.

sources to recharge and provides site Construction Placement Meetings & Pre- Pre- development designers with an opportunity Pre-cast Concrete Pavement: More recently, 11 to seek stormwater management credits for pre-cast concrete panels have been used for

Leadership in Energy and Environmental concrete pavement repair and replacement Procedures Concrete Ordering

Design (LEED). In situations where the on heavily travelled roadways where, 12 subgrade material is impervious, a drainage construction timelines are constrained and Transportation Transportation system is installed to collect the water which trafﬁ c must be reinstated in a compressed and Receiving Concrete can be reused to water trees, plants and timeframe. Fully cured pre-cast concrete 13 grass when required. Figure 3.6 shows the panels are manufactured off-site, transported Consolidating and Finishing Concrete Convey, Placing, 14 Requirements and Curing Protection Concrete 15 Acceptance of Acceptance of Measurement, Measurement, Testing and Testing and Concrete 16 Improvement Closeout and Continuous Project 17 Troubleshooting 18 Appendix Best Management Practices20 for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure The pavements providing the structure has uniform support. As shown in Figure 3.9, both bonded and unbonded overlays can be installed on existing asphalt, composite or concrete pavements. For additional information on concrete overlays, refer to the National Concrete Pavement Technology Center (CP Tech Center) - Guide for Concrete Overlays. Concrete Pavement Applications: Concrete pavements can pavements can Concrete The Fort Miller Co. Inc. website at www.super- at Inc. website Co. Fort Miller The slab.com. Overlays: Concrete overlay deteriorated to resurface or be used existing concrete composite and asphalt, are two main types pavements. There techniques; of pavement rehabilitation concrete overlays. bonded and unbonded utilize the strength of the Bonded overlays and the design takes into existing pavement combined thickness of consideration the structure. On the other the new pavement concrete overlays are a new hand, unbonded independently on a pavement constructed stable base and existing pavement. the Bonded overlay options require in good existing pavement structure be concrete to fair structural condition. The in the overlay eliminates surface distresses overlay / existing pavement and the new monolithic underlying pavement act as a add structure. Unbonded overlay options pavement structural capacity to the existing to the system and do not require bonding overlays can existing pavement. Unbonded be placed on poor or even deterio¬rated 21 Best Management Practices for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure grout. Figure 3.8 lled with unshrinkable ﬁ Figure 3.7 - Interlocking Concrete Pavers (ICP) for Concrete Pavers (ICP) for Figure 3.7 - Interlocking (provided by a Permeable Pavement Applicatinos Concrete Ontario to site and installed on a precision graded to site and installed on a precision gradients. base to match proposed roadway are connected The pre-cast concrete panels with steel to the existing concrete pavement the joints dowels during construction and are concrete shows the placement of a pre-cast Ontario. panel on Highway 427 in Toronto, type For more information on this particular refer to of concrete pavement repair system,

practice applications for concrete pavements • Abutment walls 2 and appurtenances: • Wing walls Management

• Barrier walls Pavement and Rigid Selection Asset

Applications where stresses from heavy to 3 moderate vehicular loads are expected or

deteriorated asphalt is present such as: Concrete Bridges

• Bus bays and bus lanes: fully loaded school 4 bus or transit bus; References: • Alleys: refuse disposal vehicles and Sustainability commercial delivery vehicles; Applied Research Associates (ARA), 5 • Highways: Local, collector roadways, arterial “Methodology for the Development of Cost Analysis Life-Cycle

roadways and freeways; Equivalent Pavement Structural Design Matrix (LCCA) • Commercial parking lots, plazas and malls; for Municipal Roadways”, (2015). 6 • Commercial or industrial distribution centers Unshrinkable truck loading docks and trailer storage areas; Cement Association of Canada (CAC), Fill (U-Fill) • Intersections including designated turn lanes description of concrete pavement provided 7 or dedicated bus lanes; and on association website, www.cement.ca/en/ Architectural • Port, Intermodal facilities and container highways Concrete terminals. 8 Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), Concrete Locations where higher light reﬂ ectivity “Technical Advisory T5040.30 Concrete Jointing 9 would be beneﬁ cial such as: Pavement Joints” (1990). https://www.fhwa.

• Intersections dot.gov/pavement/t504030.cfm Procurement

• Pathways 10 • Parking lots National Concrete Pavement Technology

• School zones Center (CP Tech Center), “Guide for Roller- Construction Placement Meetings & Pre- Pre-

Compacted Concrete Pavements” (2010). 11 Locations where less service interruption is

required or long term reliability is required National Concrete Pavement Technology Procedures Concrete Ordering such as: Center (CP Tech Center), “Guide for Concrete 12 • Noise barrier walls Overlays, Third Edition”, (2014). http:// Transportation Transportation • Storm water pipes across highways www.cptechcenter.org/research/research- and Receiving Concrete

• Catch basins and access chambers initiatives/overlays/ 13 • Bridges and culverts Consolidating and Finishing

• Freeways Pavement Interactive website, www. Concrete Convey, Placing,

• Loading docks pavementinteractive.org/article/pcc- 14 • Business areas pavement/ Requirements and Curing Protection • Hospital entrances Concrete • Emergency access/egress at ﬁ re stations Concrete Ontario (RMCAO) website, http:// 15 and hospitals www.rmcao.org/why-concrete/applications/ Acceptance of Acceptance of Measurement, Measurement, Testing and Testing and Concrete The Fort Miller Co., Inc. website, www.super- 16 Locations for stormwater management slab.com Improvement Closeout and Continuous should be taken into consideration: Project • Pervious concrete sidewalk or pathway 17 • Pervious parking lots Troubleshooting • Pervious tree pits 18 • Boulevards Locations where lateral restraint is required: Appendix Best Management Practices22 for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure 23 Best Management Practices for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure

repair…” 2 4.1 Introduction

The purpose of this chapter is to provide some Management Pavement and Rigid Selection Asset

Municipalities are the largest bridge guidance for the inspection and maintenance 3 infrastructure owners in Ontario. The majority of concrete bridges such as shown in Figure of bridges in current municipal inventories 4.1. This chapter is intended to provide some Concrete Bridges were constructed between 1950 and 1980 and highlights on key issues associated with 4 are approaching time for major rehabilitation concrete bridges that should be considered and provide municipalities with Sustainability

some direction to obtain more 5 detailed resources for further study. Cost Analysis Life-Cycle

This chapter does not replace the (LCCA)

requirement of having a licensed 6 structural engineer be a part of the Unshrinkable investigation and design process. In Fill (U-Fill) addition, the design and construction 7 of new concrete bridges is beyond Architectural the scope of this document although, Concrete it should be noted that concrete 8 remains to be the most versatile and Concrete common material used in most new Jointing bridge construction projects. 9 Procurement All resources noted in this chapter 10 are available from the Ministry

of Transportation, Ontario (MTO) Construction Placement Meetings & Pre- Pre-

website: 11 www.mto.gov.on.ca/english/

or replacement. Structures constructed publications/mto-research-library-online- Procedures Concrete Ordering

prior to 1970’s are more susceptible to catalogue.shtml 12 deterioration from chloride penetration and Transportation Transportation freeze-thaw cycle effects due to the use of 4.2 Concrete Bridge Inspection and Receiving Concrete non-air entrained concrete; minimal concrete 13 cover for reinforcing steel; exposed concrete Regular inspections as illustrated in Figure Consolidating and Finishing

bridge decks; and/or a lack of waterprooﬁ ng. 4.2, are important to identify repairs and Concrete Convey, Placing,

provide opportunity to create long-term 14 In the Province of Ontario, bridge owners are plans for maintenance based on their existing Requirements and Curing Protection mandated by law to assess and maintain their Concrete infrastructure under the Public Transportation 15 and Highway Improvement Act, Ontario Acceptance of Acceptance of Measurement, Measurement, Testing and Testing and

Regulation 104/97 (O. Reg 104/97), Standards Concrete for Bridges. In accordance with the O. Reg 16 104/97, “The structural integrity, safety and Improvement Closeout and Continuous condition of every bridge shall be determined Project through the performance of at least one 17 inspection in every second calendar year Troubleshooting under the direction of a professional engineer and in accordance with ‘the Ontario Structure 18 Inspection Manual; and Appendix Best Management Practices24 for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure distance no greater than an ‘arm’s length’ from the bridge components and may require specialized equipment for access such as, the use of a ladder, scaffolding, bridge master / elevated work platform and/or boat / barge. to rate or indicate the safety of a bridge of a the safety or indicate to rate owner prioritize to help an but is meant / plan maintenance and capital expenditures work. rehabilitation process, it best in the planning To assist consider a practice that municipalities System (BMS) for both, Bridge Management and qualitative-based quantitative-based An example of a bridge data collection. BMS is the OGRA Municipal quantitative-based program. For additional DataWorks (MDW) to MDW website at http:// information, refer www.municipaldataworks.ca/ follow- The OSIM inspection may provide condition up recommendations based on required; such as, additional inspections and/ comprehensive structural evaluations repairs and or load posting; maintenance, 30 years old rehabilitation. Structures over condition with critical components in poor have an such as shown in Figure 4.3, should every Enhanced OSIM inspection completed six years. An Enhanced OSIM Inspection at a is a visual inspection to be completed 25 cantly before cantly ﬁ Best Management Practices for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure The Bridge Condition Index (BCI) rating is a planning tool that helps owners schedule maintenance and upkeep of their bridge inventory. A BCI value for a bridge can be calculated as the ratio of the sum of the current value of the various components to the total replacement value of the structure. The current value can be determined based on condition data obtained from the OSIM inspection and the anticipated industry costs for these components. The BCI is not used As part of the inspection, the following As part of the inspection, the should be components of a concrete bridge condition assessed for both their material barriers and overall performance: bridge surface (if and approach guiderails; asphalt underside of any) and top of the bridge deck; support a bridge deck and beams / girders; retaining bearings; abutments, piers and slopes, walls; streetlights and signs; and and/or embankments, drainage systems inspecting, it’s adjacent water courses. When condition important to determine the overall of the and consider the global performance paid to signs of structure. Attention should be movement which could be an indication of a potential instability of the structure, such as wide cracks in the bridge substructure, sliding of footings and rotation of concrete walls in open frame bridges. the next inspection. In accordance with the Act, the following In accordance with be inspected every two years structures shall culverts, and tunnels (biennially): bridges, than 3.0m; retaining walls; with spans greater An exception can be and moveable bridges. walls and culverts ranging made for retaining 6m in span length, the between 3.1m to can be increased to four inspection interval the structure is considered to years providing the condition is be in good condition; and that not anticipated to change signi condition, thereby reducing the risk of the risk reducing thereby condition, Inspection The Ontario Structure failures. provides by the MTO (OSIM) prepared Manual and municipalities for engineers guidance bridge inspection. regarding

structural component contributing to overall 2 stability of the structure has failed, or is in Management

imminent danger of failure, or public safety is Pavement and Rigid Selection Asset in any way at risk, a detailed visual inspection 3 should be carried out immediately and

consideration should be taken for closing all Concrete Bridges or part of the structure until the extent of the 4 damage / risk has been conﬁ rmed. Problems that may cause an emergency situation to Sustainability develop are: an accident or vehicle collision 5 with a structure; spring run-off or major Cost Analysis Life-Cycle

ﬂ ooding; an earthquake; loose concrete (LCCA) in an overhead structure; and advanced 6 deterioration creating the potential for Unshrinkable structure instability (i.e. concrete cracking or Fill (U-Fill) spalling below support bearings). 7 Architectural Through the OSIM inspection process, a Concrete structure may be identiﬁ ed by the engineer treatments. Today’s bridges are designed 8 for further evaluation. Such studies may to last 75+ years but frequent maintenance Concrete consist of structural load evaluations and and an appropriate rehabilitation program Jointing 9 bridge deck condition surveys (BDCS). The is required to maintain structures in sound

inspector and/or structural engineer will make working condition. Bridges will require a Procurement

recommendations based on the observed number of rehabilitation projects over their 10 condition of each bridge component. Various lifetime depending on the type of bridge,

levels of condition surveys can be taken and usage and quality of the maintenance Construction Placement Meetings & Pre- Pre- may include, more detailed visual inspections; program. For example, bridge decks typically 11 concrete delamination surveys; half-cell last 50± years and major rehabilitation

potential surveys to estimate the level of programs last 25± years. Procedures Concrete Ordering corrosion in the structure (black steel only); 12 concrete coring and testing (ex. strength, air The following provides some guidance on the Transportation Transportation voids and/or chloride penetration); and partial expected life-spans for various rehabilitation and Receiving Concrete asphalt removals / deck assessments. treatments and techniques noted in the 13 MTO Structural Financial Analysis Manual. Consolidating and Finishing

This information can assist the engineer as to When considering various treatments or Concrete Convey, Placing, the state when making decisions for renewal techniques, the remaining life of the structure 14 of the structure and provide repair quantity should be determined and a life-cycle cost / Requirements and Curing Protection information for estimating the cost of a beneﬁ t analysis should be considered when Concrete particular rehabilitation approach. determining the most appropriate renewal or 15 rehabilitation option for a bridge. Acceptance of Acceptance of Measurement, Measurement, Testing and Testing and An example of a repair can be seen in Figure Concrete 4.4. • Mill and pave surface course asphalt (15 16 years); Improvement Closeout and Continuous

4.3 Bridge Rehabilitation • Concrete patch repair, replacement of Project waterproofi ng and asphalt (30 years); 17 In general, municipalities should perform • Concrete overlay (30 years) as seen in Troubleshooting regular bridge maintenance to sustain / Figure 4.5, applicable to: 18 extend the life of existing structure and o Normal concrete prevent more costly repairs or rehabilitation o Latex modifi ed concrete Appendix Best Management Practices26 for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure ts as seen in fi exible link slab fl Leaking tting of Existing Bridges with fi nal product. nal fi There are several methods available for There are several It is most important to repairing cracks. of the cracking such that determine the cause material can be utilized. For an appropriate is often instance, a polyurethane injection active cracks recommended where there are For non-active that are opening and closing. needs cracks where the structural integrity is preferred. to be restored, epoxy injection and Removal of the surrounding concrete option if the patch repairing is yet another to be cause of the initial crack is determined no longer present. Expansion Joint Removal: consideration should be given to using to using be given should consideration as large repairs products for proprietary products is typically of these the durability to ready-mix concrete. secondary considered form placed by trowel, can be These products on pump depending or form and and place, It is highly recommended the manufacturer. of the manufacturer that the requirements ensure the utmost quality of are followed to the main causes expansion joints are one of the a structure. for premature deterioration of possibility Where possible, a review of the should be for the removal of expansion joints a life-cycle undertaken in conjunction with cost analysis of potential rehabilitations joints can design options. Pier expansion sometimes be replaced with a semi-continuous concrete deck or by using a that is designed to crack in a controlled manner in-lieu of a typical movement joint. Semi-integral abutment retro Figure 4.6 eliminate the joint at the girder ends and transfer the expansion movement to the ends of the approach slabs where salt- laden runoff does less damage. For additional information, refer to the MTO resource “Retro Joints to Semi-Integral Bridges”. In addition, there are several journal papers available online regarding link slab design. o 27 ed for BDCS. The fi best practice for the Best Management Practices for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure cally, bagged silica fume shotcrete) fi Figure 4.5 - Placement of concrete deck overlay Figure 4.5 - Placement The best management practice guideline The best management practice bridges in for the rehabilitation of concrete Rehabilitation Ontario is the MTO Structure many Manual. This resource covers of bridge requirements for the rehabilitation including those identi Concrete Repairs: Silica fume concrete (15 to 30 years); • Cathodic protection replacement • Deck, sidewalk and parapet wall (50 years); • Replace seals (5 to 15 years); to 30 years); • Replace expansion joints (15 and years); • Eliminate expansion joints (50 o Semi-integral abutments o Link slabs at piers on following provides a brief introduction when the most common considerations rehabilitating concrete structures. repair of spalled or deteriorated concrete is to repair “like” with “like” or, in other words, repair normal or ready-mix concrete with normal concrete whenever possible. For overhead and vertical repairs, form and pump concrete is recommended. Shotcrete (speci Another alternative includes proprietary (bagged) cementitious products which are useful for small or shallow repairs. Careful can provide an alternative for overhead repairs however form and pump concrete, if completed correctly, is expected to provide better durability.

Specifying Concrete for Rehabilitation: corrosion inhibitors provide some additional 2 Ontario Provincial Standard Speciﬁ cation durability for concrete surfaces that are Management

(OPSS) 928 and 930 describe the standard exposed to salt splash such as curbs, sidewalks Pavement and Rigid Selection Asset requirements for concrete removals, repair and barriers or parapet walls. Typically 3 and the placement of concrete overlays. For concrete sealers need to be reapplied after a

concrete repairs the provincial version of number of years to remain effective. Concrete Bridges

OPSS 930 provides a designer with the most 4 current or state-of-the-art requirements and is the recommended resource at the time of this Sustainability publication. For full depth concrete component 5 replacement or construction, OPSS 904 is the Cost Analysis Life-Cycle

most relevant speciﬁ cation. OPSS 932 should (LCCA) be used as the basis for crack repairs. OPSS 6 931 or MTO Standard Special Provision 931S01 Unshrinkable can be considered as the basis for specifying Fill (U-Fill) shotcrete. 7 Architectural 4.4 New Technologies Concrete 8

When conducting bridge inspections, Ground Concrete Penetrating Radar (GPR), in conjunction with Jointing 9 a BDCS can be used to establish concrete

cover in bridge decks and is able to identify References: Procurement

both top and bottom reinforcement cover 10 measurements with good accuracy. Ontario Ministry of Transportation, Downsview

Bridge Ofﬁ ce. “Structural Financial Analysis Construction Placement Meetings & Pre- Pre-

Self-consolidating ready-mix concrete is Manual” (1993). https://www.library.mto.gov. 11 gaining popularity for concrete repairs due to on.ca/

its high fl owability and self-leveling qualities Procedures Concrete Ordering which make it especially effective where there Ontario Ministry of Transportation, St. 12 is high reinforcing steel congestion or shallow Catharines Bridge Offi ce. “Retrofi tting of Transportation Transportation repair depths. Existing Bridges with Joints to Semi-Integral and Receiving Concrete

Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) Bridges” (2004). https://www.library.mto.gov. 13 reinforcement is gaining popularity for bridge on.ca/ Consolidating and Finishing

rehabilitations as an economical and durable Concrete Convey, Placing, option for new or rehabilitated cast-in-place Ontario Ministry of Transportation, St. 14 concrete barriers and parapet walls. GFRP may Catharines Bridge Offi ce. “Structure Requirements and Curing Protection also be a suitable alternative in bridge decks Rehabilitation Manual” (2007). https://www. Concrete to reduce the weight of reinforcement where library.mto.gov.on.ca/ 15 existing substructure support is unknown. Acceptance of Acceptance of Measurement, Measurement, Testing and Testing and Ontario Ministry of Transportation, St. Concrete Where additional strength or durability is Catharines Bridge Offi ce. “Structure 16 desired for a structure the use of FRP (glass or Inspection Manual (OSIM)” (2008). Improvement Closeout and Continuous carbon) wrapping can be employed. Examples https://www.library.mto.gov.on.ca/ Project of this include wrapping of concrete girders 17 where shear or bending strength is inadequate Province of Ontario, Public Transportation and Troubleshooting and pier columns for added confi nement and Highway Improvement Act, O. Reg. 104/97: 18 durability. “Standards for Bridges” (2006). https://www. ontario.ca/laws/regulation/970104/v2 Appendix Best Management Practices28 for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure and other 2 ) release 2 output and using 2 into the atmosphere. For 2 it to produce other products. One producer in Ontario is capturing their CO during the manufacturing process of cement, during the manufacturing process for not being it has been given a reputation as being very a sustainable product, as well this harmful to the environment. Although argument may have been valid in the past, today most cement plants in Canada are very conscience of their environmental impact and go to great lengths to further reduce the release of CO The Athena software looks at a ‘Cradle-to- software looks The Athena which scenarios a ‘Cradle-to-Cradle’ Grave’ or of the proposed the total impact estimate during the evaluation It is important design. of that the total life options of sustainable analyzed. Some designs may the structure is on initial construction cost, look good based frequent repairs or the but if they require impact of the option in more environmental initial construction approach damaging then a clear picture. Only by will not provide total life-cycle of the structure evaluating the be meaningful. will the analysis 5.1 Cement man-made Concrete is the most widely used natural product material in the world; the only the glue that used more is water. Cement is hence is an binds together the concrete and concrete. integral part to achieving a quality Due to the carbon dioxide (CO emissions from their cement plant and is using it as feedstock for algae which is grown in ponds. This algae is then dried and can be used as a bio-fuel. Another initiative by the cement producers is Contempra cement and/or PLC (Portland- Limestone Cement). Contempra is a cement example, some producers are investigating ways to capture their CO 29 cation nancial fi fi eq); Acidi 2 ed design project the fi eq). eq); HH Criteria (kg 3 + Best Management Practices for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure Potential (moles of H and serviceability perspective as well as the and serviceability and the environment. impact on society aware now of their Our youth are more before. It has impact on the globe than ever to retain even been suggested that in order is important ‘millennial’ generation staff, it have a that organizations and agencies change. comprehensive policy on climate “Y”) Millennials (also known as Generation they feel are known to stay with companies globe (Dr. provide a positive impact on the Conference Karyn Gordon RMCAO Annual 2013). available to There are many new programs are determine how “Green” your practises products in the industry. One of the local provided by the Ministry of Transportation ranking Ontario (MTO) is the “GreenPave” looks at system. The GreenPave system system various criteria and applies a point to rank the pavement. The more points generated, the greater the “sustainability” of the pavement. Another program available on the market is the Athena Institute’s LCA Impact Estimator for Highways. The Athena software is a more comprehensive system where environmental effect of the road and construction equipment is input into the program. The software calculates for the speci total Fossil Fuel Consumption (MJ); Global Warming Potential (kg CO Chapter 5 – Sustainability – Sustainability 5 Chapter on climate for accountability The pressures priority a higher issues are becoming change are a Governments governments. to most it is important they change and driver for in order to facilitate a adopt new practises to municipal concrete sustainable approach selecting materials for a construction. When to ascertain how the project, it is important from a safety, material will function PM10 eq); Eutrophication Potential (kg N eq); Ozone Depletion Potential (kg CFC-11 eq); and Smog Potential (kg O

is held back from the kiln and then added construction. Concrete Ontario has been 2 to the clinker after the ﬁ ring process. This involved in educating Municipalities on Management

reduces the CO2 impact of the cement by potentially using concrete as an asphalt Pavement and Rigid Selection Asset approximately 10%. Contempra is identiﬁ ed alternative and provides a Pavement Design 3 in the Canadian Standards Association, CSA Assistance Program (PDAP) to assist in

A23.1, “Concrete Materials and Methods of making an informative decision for the Concrete Bridges

Concrete Construction / Test methods and new/existing pavement. PDAP provides an 4 Standard Practices for Concrete” as PLC alternate concrete pavement design which cement. Type GUL cement is commonly includes a life cycle cost analysis using Sustainability shown on mix designs from producers CANPav™. It is a very helpful tool in ensuring 5 although, PLC is readily available in the that both materials, asphalt and concrete, Cost Analysis Life-Cycle

Ontario market. PLC cement has been used are considered when constructing a new (LCCA) in Europe with good success for a number of pavement or rehabbing an existing one. 6 Unshrinkable Fill (U-Fill) 7 Architectural Concrete 8 Concrete Jointing 9 years and has been approved by the MTO / For more information please visit

City of Toronto. For additional information www.pdap.ca. Procurement

on PLC cement, refer to the CAC website at 10 http://www.cement.ca/contempra/ . 5.3 Trafﬁ c Delays Construction Placement Meetings & Pre- Pre-

5.2 Long Life Pavement As commuters sit in trafﬁ c as a result of 11 construction related delays, their vehicles

Concrete, when properly designed and are idling and pollutants are released to the Procedures Concrete Ordering constructed, is known to have a very long atmosphere. Sustainable solutions look to 12 service life. Products that do not need to reduce traffi c delays over the long term. Transportation Transportation be repaired frequently are usually very “Santero et al. (2011a) hypothesis’ that traffi c and Receiving Concrete sustainable. The City of Winnipeg, Manitoba delays may be a more signifi cant contributor 13 has the oldest exposed concrete roads in to a pavements environment impact than the Consolidating and Finishing

Canada. Alexander Avenue was constructed entire construction, material and equipment.” Concrete Convey, Placing, in 1903 and is still in use at the date of this (CP Tech Center 2012). Once again it is 14 report. The oldest concrete road in North important to understand the maintenance Requirements and Curing Protection America is Ontario Street in Toronto, which requirements over a long term period. Concrete was constructed in 1890. The concrete is still 15 in place, although, an asphalt overlay is now One example is the intersection of Acceptance of Acceptance of Measurement, Measurement, Testing and Testing and covering the concrete. Courtneypark Drive and Kennedy Road in the Concrete City of Mississauga, Ontario. (Figure 5.1) The 16 It is important when designing pavements intersection has a very high volume of truck Improvement Closeout and Continuous to ensure the proper design is used with traffi c and one left-turn lane was experiencing Project suffi cient thickness to ensure it will last to 75-100 mm of asphalt rutting every 2 years. 17 the desired service life, but not too thick The City decided to try a concrete pavement Troubleshooting that it is economically unfeasible. Depending for the lane. The two lanes were closed 18 on the application of the pavement and at 10 am in order to start removal of the design parameters required, asphalt or asphalt and at 3 pm the concrete placement Appendix Best Management Practices30 for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure xtures or luminaries fi ectance leads to greater visibility qualities ectance and luminance fl fl than a darker coloured surface such as asphalt. Studies have shown that the luminance of concrete is approximately 1.5 times greater than asphalt and concrete provides improved uniformity (or maximum to minimum ratios in the levels of light) over the surface. This distinction is based on the specularity of the pavement and associated scaling factor associated with determining the overall “lightness” of the surface. High re and improved safety for the users of the pavement. Concrete pavements will not only for energy usage for cooling of buildings. for energy usage for cooling of For every 0.6 °C increase in summertime in temperature the estimated increase medium and peak utility load is 1.5-2.0% for large cities (United States Environmental Protection Agency - EPA, 2003). 5.5 and Electricity Use Lighting best Concrete pavements offer the to the surface for lighting purposes due high re is the of the Portland cement. Luminance street light measurement of light used in design to determine the intensity of the surface brightness. A lighter coloured concrete pavement, parking lot or walkway will require less light 31 c by 1 fi ectance). ectance). fl ectance fl c turning lane. fi Best Management Practices for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure ectance is important since it fl 5.4 Effects Heat Island Reduction and Cooling Concrete has a high solar re compared to other construction products due to the inherent light colour of material (although, it should be noted that colour alone is not the only indicator of solar re started. Using the maturity testing methods started. Using the maturity testing concrete to determine the strength of the the minimum in-situ, it was determined that and the strength of 20 MPa was achieved to traf road could have been opened was based on am. Since the design thickness be minimal a 100 year design life, there will in the maintenance and repairs required future for this speci The natural colour of concrete can be made even lighter with the use of white coloured pigments (such as, titanium dioxide photocatalytic) or ground granulated blast furnace slag (slag cement). Solar re contributes to the creation of the urban heat island effect where surface temperatures are found to be higher than surrounding rural areas. As urban areas increase in temperature, there is a greater increase in smog formation, as well as, a greater need

for electrical streetlight installations but will 2 also provide long-term saving saves on the While vehicles are travelling on a roadway Management

electrical consumption over the life of the there are many forces at work. The engine Pavement and Rigid Selection Asset pavement, parking lot or pedestrian walkway. is turning the tires, the wind is resisting 3 the forward movement and the tires are

5.6 CO Sequestering interacting with the pavement. Road Concrete 2 Bridges

smoothness plays a role in the ability of 4 As concrete ages, there is a natural reaction the tires to move on the pavement, but the Sustainability with the concrete and CO2 in the environment. stiffness of the pavement also has an effect. 5 The concrete sequesters CO2 which helps Concrete roads are intentionally textured offset some of the CO2 released during the and tined in order to provide additional skid Cost Analysis Life-Cycle

manufacturing of the cement. Any concrete resistance, while this affects the roughness (LCCA) surface exposed to air will carbonate which test reading, the area that is actually being 6 will sequester CO2 into the concrete. During driven on is a smooth surface. The other Unshrinkable the service life the pavement, the top portion component for pavement-vehicle interaction Fill (U-Fill) (millimetres) of the exposed surface will is the stiffness of the pavement which 7 carbonate. At the end of pavements service correlates to rolling-resistance. As shown in Architectural life, the concrete can be crushed and any Figure 5.2, when the pavement stiffness is Concrete surface of the crushed aggregate exposed to reduced, the tires “sink”\ into the pavement 8 the air will carbonate as well. and the net effect for the vehicle is a slight Concrete uphill climb. Jointing 9 5.7 Reduction in Virgin Aggregate Usage

In the early 2000’s, Taylor and Patten at the Procurement

Concrete pavements distribute stresses National Research Council (NRC) of Canada 10 over a wide area; consequently they do not published several papers that show with

require strong base layers to carry the load stiffer pavements there is potential for up Construction Placement Meetings & Pre- Pre- from vehicles. Concrete pavements are to 6.9% fuel savings for full tractor-trailers 11 less sensitive to subgrade resilient modulus travelling at 60 km/hr. Since this original

than other pavement types, therefore many study was published, additional studies were Procedures Concrete Ordering are designed for a worst case scenario. By completed from Swedish Lund University, 12 designing concrete pavements assuming 2007; VTI (Swedish National Road and Transportation Transportation weak subgrade, during spring conditions, Transport Research Institute), 2009, 2010, and Receiving Concrete there is no need to increase base layers to 2013; University of Texas Arlington, 2010; 13 improve the pavement strength. Concrete Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012 Consolidating and Finishing

pavements require good Concrete Convey, Placing, drainage and a uniform 14 subgrade to control frost Requirements and Curing Protection heave. If these conditions Concrete are met, concrete 15 pavements do not require Acceptance of Acceptance of Measurement, Measurement, Testing and Testing and thick subbase layers. This Concrete can signifi cantly reduce the 16 cost of the pavement and Improvement Closeout and Continuous amount of virgin Project 17 aggregate that needs to be Troubleshooting used on a project. 18 Appendix Best Management Practices32 for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure cials fi ts of the fi 5.9 pavements Two-lift Concrete in can be placed to asphalt, concrete Similar reduce the quantity lifts in order to multiple the required for quality aggregates of high 2012 there have Prior to January design. lift pavement projects in been eleven two In 2012/13, the Illinois the United States. I-88 using wet-on-wet Tollway reconstructed pavement. The bottom (Two lift concrete) to use high amounts of lift was designed including; fractionated recycled material pavement as a coarse reclaimed asphalt concrete aggregate and aggregate, recycled replacement of supplementary a high percent top lift used cementing materials. The thinner high quality a higher cement content and a The aggregate for improved skid resistance. and will bottom lift is not the riding surface thus, a lower be protected from the elements to optimize quality concrete mix can be used cost and the sustainable bene pavement. pavements 5.10 Thin America has A researcher from Chile, South pavement developed a patented concrete that will design system known as TCPave normal, allow for thinner pavements than of compared to the American Association Of State Highway and Transportation designs are (AASHTO) 1993/98 designs. The currently being investigated and assessed by the University of Illinois. The TCPave system utilizes smaller concrete panel sizes in order 33 c data c exible fi fl ciency of 43 fi Best Management Practices for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure potential annual fuel exible pavement the fl For detailed calculations on Pavement- and other Vehicle interaction fuel savings Institute environmental impacts, the Athena (discussed in Impact Estimator for Highways Chapter 3) is readily available for utilization. The Cement Association of Canada did a case of Canada did a case The Cement Association the range of potential study and presents reductions in emissions that fuel savings and for a 183 km section of Hwy could be achieved on the 401 from London to Toronto based traf NRC 2002/2006 studies and MTO would be: savings and emissions reduction as shown in emissions reduction would be Table 5.1 below. & 2013; UK- Transport Research Laboratory, Laboratory, Research Transport UK- & 2013; Research –Nippon Expressway 2007; Japan International 2010; and Florida Institute, it was of these studies, 2013. In all University, improve rolling concrete roads shown that fuel consumption. and can save resistance fuel savings may not seem While up to 7% savings can be substantial like a lot, the total volume of vehicles and trucks due to the high travelling our roadways. from 2005. From the study, a comparison was from 2005. From the study, a and a performed for a rigid pavement a bulk diesel pavement. The study assumed January and fuel price of $0.87/litre between ef June, 2006 and a heavy truck trucks were litres/100km. If only the heavy compared to considered for a rigid pavement a

amount of tensile stresses in the concrete. remove the surface. Diamond grooving 2 In some cases, pavements between 100 -150 cuts thin grooves into the pavement to Management

mm have been used to carry medium to heavy improve the macro-texture of the pavement. Pavement and Rigid Selection Asset truck volumes of trafﬁ c. Since the concrete Grooving is a good method to improve the 3 is thinner than conventional pavements, skid resistance of the concrete on high speed

there is a potential for substantial savings on roadways. Concrete Bridges initial construction costs as well as the added 4 sustainable benefi ts. This system has been In the Street Smart report prepared by around since 2007 and over 2.5 million m2 Applied Research Associates (ARA), the fi rst Sustainability has been placed in South America although, diamond grinding operation is recommended 5 the design concept is still under evaluation at year 25 for concrete pavements with traffi c Cost Analysis Life-Cycle

in North America and further research is between 7,500-10,000 AADTT. For lower (LCCA) required. For additional information, refer volume roads the texturing can be extended 6 to the TCPavements website at www. beyond 25 years. By only having to remove Unshrinkable tcpavements.com 5-10 mm of your pavement surface every 25 Fill (U-Fill) years, the sustainable beneﬁ ts are enhanced 7 5.11 Diamond Grinding/Grooving compared to a rehabilitation overlay project. Architectural For additional information, refer to the Concrete Diamond Grinding/Grooving is a repair Street Smart report at http://www.cement. 8 technique used for concrete to improve the ca/images/content/streetsmartara_report_ Concrete ride quality, noise and skid resistance. For feb%202012.pdf Jointing 9 concrete pavements, it may be helpful to

initially design the pavement slightly thicker 5.12 Concrete Recycling Procurement

than required to accommodate future repairs. 10 Diamond grinding removes the top 5-10 mm of Concrete is 100% recyclable and can be

the concrete surface to provide longitudinal reused for other purposes at the end of Construction Placement Meetings & Pre- Pre- grooves as shown in Figure 5.3. Diamond the structures service life. For concrete 11 grinding will correct some surface defect pavements, sidewalks, curbs and buildings;

issues such as, ride comfort, joint faulting and the concrete can be brought back to a local Procedures Concrete Ordering noise issues. facility for crushing and processing into 12 new recycled aggregates. OPSS 1010 allows Transportation Transportation Figure 5.3 – Diamond grinding surface texture recycled concrete aggregates in Granular and Receiving Concrete

A only and the University of 13 Waterloo, led by Susan Tighe, is Consolidating and Finishing

performing research on Granular Concrete Convey, Placing,

B with good success. Additional 14 research performed by the Requirements and Curing Protection University of Waterloo suggests Concrete that up to 30% of RCA does 15 not impact the service life of Acceptance of Acceptance of Measurement, Measurement, Testing and Testing and the pavement or other concrete Concrete infrastructure assets. 16 Improvement Closeout and Continuous

5.13 ECO Certiﬁ ed Plants Project 17

In order to be a member of Troubleshooting the Ready-mixed Concrete 18 Association of Ontario (RMCAO), otherwise known as Concrete Appendix Best Management Practices34 for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure Architectural Concrete. Concrete. Architectural References: Technology Concrete Pavement National A Pavements: “Sustainable Concrete Center, of Practice” (2012). Manual Protection Agency, US Environmental Temperatures: “Cooling Summertime Urban Heat Islands” Strategies to Reduce (2003). Materials Institute, Athena Sustainable for Highways” (2015). “Impact Estimator C.A., Swedish Lund University, Lengrenn Faldner L., “Fuel Cost Considerations on Regarding Truck Rolling Resistance Different Pavement Types” (2010). Transport VTI (Swedish National Road and B., Research Institute), Hultqvist on “Measurement of Fuel Consumption North of Asphalt and Concrete Pavements Uppsala” (2009). Ardekani S.A., University of Texas Arlington, Type Sumitsawan P., “Effect of Pavement in City on Fuel Consumption and Emmisions Driving” (2010) Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Akbarian M., Ulm, F., “Model Based Pavement-Vehicle Interaction Simulation for Life Cycle Assessment of Pavements” (2012) UK-Transportation Research Library, Benbow E., Iaquinta J, Lodge R., Wright A., “Investigation of the Effects of Pavement Stiffness on Fuel Consumption” (2007) Japan-Nippon Expressway Research Institute, Yoshimoto T., Kazato T., Hayakawa I., “Effect of Pavement Type on Rolling Resistance and Fuel Consumption of Heavy-Duty Vehicles” (2010). 35 nishes fi cation fi ts of concrete fi cation/rmcao- fi also be coloured, textured and/or impressed with a variety of to further enhance its aesthetics. Landscape, streetscape and urban designers apply a wide variety of concrete treatments to enhance their projects; create a sense of place; and make the built environment more appealing for the public. For additional information, refer to Chapter 8 – Best Management Practices for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure ts consulting ed by an independent fi fi program. By being an ECO Gold facility program. By being exceeded the MOECC the member has additional information, requirements. For Ontario website at refer to the Concrete http://www.rmcao.org/certi production-facilities/ 5.14 Enhanced Aesthetics and Societal Bene can have The sustainability of concrete designers positive impacts on society and should consider enhanced concrete realm / built treatments to improve the public environment. One of the bene conformed to a is its ability to be molded and Concrete can vast array of shapes and sizes. engineer. As part of that process, the process, the As part of that engineer. the plant is capable must ensure engineer of Environment the Ministry of meeting Ontario Change (MOECC) and Climate air and noise pollution, requirements for water discharge. The water taking and members to be granted process also allows for exemplary further acknowledgement the ECO Gold certi controls through Ontario, all ready-mixed plants must be must plants ready-mixed all Ontario, certi

Jiao X., “Comparison of Fuel Consumption on 2 Rigid Versus Flexible Pavements Along I-95 in Management

Florida” (2013). Pavement and Rigid Selection Asset

National Research Council Canada, Taylor 3 G.W., Patten J.D., “Effects of Pavement

Structure on Vehicle Fuel Consumption, Phase Concrete Bridges

III” (2006). 4

Stark R.E., “Road Surface’s Reﬂ ectance Sustainability

Infl uences Lighting Design, Lighting Design + 5 Application” (1986). Cost Analysis Life-Cycle (LCCA) Rosenfeld, A.H. et al., “Painting the Town 6 White – and Green, MIT Technology Review” Unshrinkable (1997). Fill (U-Fill) 7 Architectural Concrete 8 Concrete Jointing 9 Procurement 10 Construction Placement Meetings & Pre- Pre- 11 Procedures Concrete Ordering 12 Transportation Transportation and Receiving and Receiving Concrete 13 Consolidating and Finishing Concrete Convey, Placing, 14 Requirements and Curing Protection Concrete 15 Acceptance of Acceptance of Measurement, Measurement, Testing and Testing and Concrete 16 Improvement Closeout and Continuous Project 17 Troubleshooting 18 Appendix Best Management Practices36 for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure c use and fi ts will occur in different The maintenance costs The maintenance fi The present worth or present nancial decision-making options fi new pavement platform including, removal of removal including, platform pavement new excavation, granular pavement, the existing curbs and/or shoulders, base materials, the associated with related item any other for underground Additional costs roadwork. such as, drainage upgrades infrastructure and utility work may be improvements analysis. omitted from the Maintenance Costs: anticipated to maintain are the future costs at a reasonable the pavement platform in accordance with minimum level of service set out in Ontario maintenance standards For example, maintenance Regulation 239/02. include but is for a concrete pavement may replacement, not limited to; concrete panel and diamond- joint maintenance, crack sealing of the grinding to improve the skid-resistance surface. and/ Salvage/Residual Value: The salvage value of the or residual value is the expected period. If pavement at the end of the analysis be replaced in the pavement is anticipated to period, its entirety at the end of the analysis the recycling the salvage value may include and reused. of materials that will be removed to assume Generally speaking, it is prudent in this the salvage value will be minimal scenario unless there is a speci the intent by the municipality. Conversely, in LCCA if residual value should be included and is intended the pavement is still in service to be used after the analysis period. Present Worth: value is the total cost of expenditures in the future discounted to present-day dollars. Essentially, this concept recognizes that certain costs or bene time periods and converts these values into comparable amounts. This concept recognizes the fact that money in today-dollars has the ability to earn interest over time (known as the time / value of money), and the notion that economic assessments are required to evaluate over various time periods. 37 Best Management Practices for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure of each ciency and effectiveness fi Initial Cost of Construction: The initial cost of construction is the total capital expense required to plan, design and construct the The phrase “pay it now or pay it later” The phrase “pay it now or pay pavement provides the impetus to assess in greater design alternatives or strategies decision detail in order to make an educated on before investing capital expenditures is in the best new roadway improvements. It determine interest of the municipality to (ex. short the overall goals of the project or long-term rehabilitation objectives), most optimal conduct a LCCA and select the on the best pavement design strategy based concept value for money (VFM). The VFM purchase considers not only the minimum also the price (initial capital expense) but maximum ef In order to complete a LCCA, an understanding of the general terminology is required prior to proceeding: Analysis Period: The analysis period is the duration of time considered as part of the economic evaluation. The duration period must be long enough to analyse the maintenance requirements of each alternative and include at least one (1) major rehabilitation event. For example, a 50-year duration period will include several maintenance and rehabilitation (M&R) milestones for concrete and asphalt pavements. The modern municipal roadway network roadway network municipal The modern constructed consists of platforms generally a On occasion, and/or asphalt. with concrete of pavers or a combination platform with brick on a different material one material overlaid The focus of this may be encountered. conventional concrete chapter will consider only, and the purpose and asphalt pavements life-cycle costs to conduct of assessing the or “best value” an economic comparison alternative. evaluation of each alternative. Chapter 6 – Life-Cycle Cost Analysis Analysis Cost – Life-Cycle 6 Chapter (LCCA)

current funds are discounted to a future year 2 value. Typically expressed as a percentage For this example, a 50-year analysis period Management

ﬁ gure for an annual rate, the discount rate for the construction and maintenance of 1 Pavement and Rigid Selection Asset represents the interest money is anticipated km of 4-lane roadway was considered for 3 to earn over the analysis period. A reasonable comparable concrete and asphalt pavement

interest rate at which money can be invested designs. The existing subgrade is assumed to Concrete Bridges in bonds or used for debentures is the be in the medium category (low plasticity / 4 appropriate discount rate to use in these silt = 40 MPa and/or CBR=4) and the Annual economic evaluations. Average Daily Truck Trafﬁ c (AADT) is 2,500 Sustainability

vehicles. For these design conditions, the 5 With the intention of bringing future costs proposed concrete pavement section consists Cost Analysis Life-Cycle

to the present value and adding the present of 200 mm of concrete; and 200 mm Granular (LCCA) worth of capital investment, the following “A” base. The proposed asphalt pavement 6 formula is derived for LCCA: section consists of 140 mm of hot-mix asphalt Unshrinkable Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) = Initial (HMA); 150 mm of Granular “A” base; and 450 Fill (U-Fill) construction cost + maintenance costs – mm of Granular “B” sub-base. The resulting 7 salvage value data from this analysis is summarized in Architectural Tables 6.1 and 6.2. For additional information Concrete LCC = A + E1 (PWF1) + … + Ek (PWFk) – S on pavement design comparisons, refer to 3.4 8 (PWFn) Pavement Selection, Table 3.2 - Equivalent Concrete where; Pavement Structure Design Matrix for Jointing 9 Municipal Roadways.

LCC = Life Cycle Costs (present worth of the Procurement

expenditures over the pavement’s life) The sum of the data in Table 6.3 provides a 10 A = initial cost of construction present worth value of the proposed concrete

Ek = maintenance cost in year k pavement to be: Construction Placement Meetings & Pre- Pre-

PWFi = present worth factor = (1 / (1+r))i $980,100 (Initial construction cost) + $136,916 11 (where, r = discount rate, i = year of repair) (maintenance costs – salvage value) =

n = analysis period $1,117,016 (LCCA). Some of the maintenance Procedures Concrete Ordering

S = salvage value treatments included in this analysis is as 12 follows; Transportation Transportation and Receiving and Receiving Concrete 13 Consolidating and Finishing Concrete Convey, Placing, 14 Requirements and Curing Protection Concrete 15 Acceptance of Acceptance of Measurement, Measurement, Testing and Testing and Concrete 16 Improvement Closeout and Continuous Project 17 Troubleshooting 18 Appendix Best Management Practices38 for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure ltrates ﬁ blowing and/or vacuuming of the joints is joints is of the vacuuming and/or blowing the saw longevity of to ensure recommended pavement. the life of the cut over receives the concrete sealing, after With joint shrinkage saw cut to relieve the initial the curing period, a wider stresses during The joint should then be saw cut is sawn. rod installed and then the cleaned, backer The sealant material helps sealant material. of water that in reduce the amount at the joint and prevents into the sub-base materials from entering the incompressible disadvantage is the sealants joint. The main than 10 years, at that time typically last less new sealant the joint has to be cut wider and will create installed. Successive saw cutting lead to wider joints over time that may potential noise complaints. for Both methods have worked successfully It is the various municipalities in Ontario. which municipality’s option to determine over the maintenance activity is best suited approach life of the pavement. The same crack sealing applies for asphalt pavements, down for roadways prevent and slow 39 Best Management Practices for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure Presently, there are two are there Presently, thought suggests rst school of ﬁ Joint Resealing: Resealing: Joint philosophies on the requirement for joint for joint on the requirement philosophies The sealing. be sealed due joints should not that the needs, the other maintenance to ongoing and recommends otherwise school suggests There are advantages sealing the joints. to both options. The idea and disadvantages the joints is that joint behind not sealing last 10-15 years at which sealants typically should be removed and point the sealant joint sealing compounds. replaced with new sealant the municipality By putting in the additional maintenance is recognizing that over the life of the activities are required particles will pavement albeit, incompressible concrete not enter the joint and cause the conditions. to chip in seasonal freeze / thaw With no sealant in the joints, incompressible during materials can enter the joint, especially winter months. maintenance operations in the is not removed, If the incompressible material may lock up the individual concrete panels when and expand in the summer months heat. the panels move due to the summer sweeping, If joint sealant is not used then

and crack sealing must be reapplied regularly. section. Small repairs are prone to cracking 2 For thinner concrete pavements, the unless the length to width ratio greater than Management

movement of the joint becomes quite limited 1.5. For example, if a panel is to be cut 600 Pavement and Rigid Selection Asset and the width of the saw cuts can be reduced mm wide then the length of the panel to be 3 due to the size of panels / joint spacing. As a saw cut cannot be greater than 900 mm. If

result, joint sealing is not normally required the panels are not “square” or under the 1.5 Concrete Bridges for these projects. ratio, then the panel will normally crack mid- 4 panel and cracking may transfer to adjacent Partial and Full Depth Repair: Partial depth concrete panels. Sustainability concrete repair is a maintenance technique 5 used to repair either joint spalling or surface Comparative Asphalt Design: Cost Analysis Life-Cycle

imperfections. A partial depth repair typically (LCCA) consists of removing approximately 75 mm Following the same life cycle cost analysis 6 of the concrete around the repair area and method, the initial construction costs of the Unshrinkable replacing the surface with new concrete or a asphalt cross-section and the maintenance Fill (U-Fill) specialized patch material. Full depth repairs requirements over a 50 year period are as 7 are completed in order to repair panels that follows: Architectural have been damaged during service, such as Concrete cracking, ravelling and / or faulting at joints. Table 6.4 - Initial and long-term maintenance 8 Fast track concrete can be used in order costs for an asphalt pavement with 2,500 Concrete to accelerate curing period and reopen the AADTT and 40MPa subgrade Jointing 9 roadway to trafﬁ c. The repair is similar to a (provided by CAC – Street Smart Report,

utility cut repair where, it is best to replace ARA). Procurement 10 Construction Placement Meetings & Pre- Pre- 11 Procedures Concrete Ordering 12 Transportation Transportation and Receiving and Receiving Concrete 13 Consolidating and Finishing Concrete Convey, Placing, 14 Requirements and Curing Protection Concrete 15 Acceptance of Acceptance of Measurement, Measurement, Testing and Testing and Concrete 16 Improvement Closeout and Continuous Project 17 Troubleshooting 18

Table 6.4 - Initial and long-term maintenance costs for an asphalt pavement with 2,500 AADTT and

40MPa subgrade (provided by CAC – Street Smart Report, ARA). Appendix Best Management Practices40 for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure 41 Best Management Practices for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure U.S. Department of Transportation FederalU.S. Department of Transportation LCCA Highway Administration Pavements http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/pavement/ recycling/98042/20.cfm Concrete Ontario (RMCAO), Pavement DesignConcrete Ontario (PDAP), “ConcreteAssistance Program - King Street North, RegionPavement Proposal of Waterloo” (2015). References: The sum of the data in Table 6.4 provides a 6.4 provides in Table the data sum of The asphalt the proposed worth value of present (Initial construction to be: $991,620 pavement – salvage costs $200,051 (maintenance cost) + $1,191,671 (LCCA) value) = the and maintain to construct The decision pavement results in a proposed concrete savings of $74,655.

U-Fill can be removed with hand tools and 2 7.1 Introduction provides easy access to the utilities if / when Management

repairs or reinstallations are required in the Pavement and Rigid Selection Asset

Every year in cities and towns across future. 3 Ontario, existing roadways are excavated

and trenched at times to repair or install new U-Fill is a controlled, low strength, self- Concrete Bridges utilities. When the repair or installation is compacted, backfi ll material (or CLSM - 4 complete, the pavement must be restored and Controlled Low-Strength Materials) used reopened to vehicular traffi c. Over the years, in utility cuts and trenches as shown in Sustainability inadequate performance of these restored Figure 7.1. Similar to concrete, U-Fill is 5 utility trenches has shortened the life of the manufactured using cement, water, fi ne Cost Analysis Life-Cycle

pavement; resulted in settlements / further and/or coarse aggregates. In addition, it is (LCCA) repairs; and a large annual outlay of public an extremely low-strength concrete with a 6 funds for maintenance activities to provide an maximum strength usually specifi ed, rather Unshrinkable acceptable level of service to the travelling than a minimum strength as for normal Fill (U-Fill) public. concrete. The minimum 24-hour compressive 7 strength should be 0.07 MPa with a maximum Architectural This chapter describes a fl owable backfi ll compressive strength of 0.7 MPa at 28 days. Concrete material called U-Fill and how it should be The density of the material is controlled such 8 used in place of compacted granular as a that no compaction is required to achieve Concrete viable backfi ll material to restore excavations an adequate bearing capacity, as would be Jointing 9 for the installation of storm and sanitary the case if granular materials were used for

sewers; maintenance manholes; catch backﬁ lling purposes. Bearing capacity is a Procurement

basins and ditch inlets; valve chambers for common criterion used for measuring the 10 watermains; and other utilities. The use of ability of a soil to withstand or support a load,

U-Fill eliminates future settlement of the and soils in excess of 0.3 MPa to 0.7 MPa Construction Placement Meetings & Pre- Pre-

trench material, restores the riding quality would represent a well-compacted fi ll. 11 and prolongs the service life of the pavement. Procedures Concrete Ordering 12 Transportation Transportation and Receiving and Receiving Concrete 13 Consolidating and Finishing Concrete Convey, Placing, 14 Requirements and Curing Protection Concrete 15 Acceptance of Acceptance of Measurement, Measurement, Testing and Testing and Concrete 16 Improvement Closeout and Continuous Project 17 Troubleshooting 18 Appendix Best Management Practices42 for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure ed fi y ash is sometimes fl cient strength to fi y ash content mixtures fl when owability is achieved fl and owability in concrete fl m (No. 200) sieve; and m (No. 200) sieve;  High effect on the mixture’s cant fi Setting time is the approximate uenced by the amount and rate fl owability: 150 to 200 mm (6 to 8 fl Coal-combustion owability: greater than 200 mm (8 in.). owability: less than 150 mm (6 in.); fl fl requirements. Properties 7.3 Plastic Flowability: observed there is no noticeable segregation is at in the mixture and the U-Fill material with the least 200 mm (8 in.) in diameter slump cone test. Flowability ranges can be expressed as follows: •Low •Normal in.); and •High Set Time: period of time required for U-Fill to consolidate from a plastic state to a hardened state with suf support the weight of a person. This time is greatly in of bleed water released from the mixture. When excess water leaves the mixture, solid particles realign, provide greater contact and performance. Aggregates that have been performance. Aggregates include: used successfully sand; • Pea gravel with minus aggregate with sand; • 19 mm (3/4”) soils, with more than 10% • Native sandy passing a 75 products, generally 10 mm • Quarry waste (3/8”) minus aggregates. Fly ash: quality properties than concrete aggregates, aggregates, concrete than properties quality up aggregates recycled concrete including a potential source replacement are to 25% should be considered materials and of CLSM of the variations mixtures although, in U-Fill will aggregates properties in the physical have a signi used to improve U-Fill mixtures. High compared result in low-density CLSM when contents. with mixtures with high aggregate is best practice Under these circumstances, it to conduct trial mixtures to determine the speci whether the mixture will meet c fi y fl 43 ll, usually ll, fi nes to promote fi ne and/or ne fi owability, strength, owability, fl owability and owability fl cient fi owable owable fl Best Management Practices for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure ed. fi The inclusion of air entrainment The inclusion of air entrainment The type, grading, and shape of Cement is the bonding agent for Cement is the bonding agent for Water typically used in concrete cations to typical U-Fill mixtures. fi in or slag is used, as it may result y ash in U-Fill mixtures can improve the workability in U-Fill mixtures can improve result of the material; reduce shrinkage; minimal in little or no bleeding; provide and control segregation; lower unit weights; content greater strength development. For air of the than 6%, it may increase segregation as much mix. Water content can be reduced admixtures. as 50% when using air-entraining require The use of these materials may modi excavatability of earth, and density. excavatability of Cement: in concrete and U-Fill, provides cohesion for the the mixture and ultimate strength Type GU or material. For most applications, A3001 is GUL cement conforming to CSA normally speci Admixtures: To prevent segregation when utilizing high air contents, the mixtures need to be proportioned with suf cohesion. Water: mixtures is acceptable for use in U-Fill mixtures. Aggregates: aggregates can affect the physical properties of the mixture, such as compressive strength. Aggregates complying with CSA A23.1 are generally used, because concrete producers have these materials in stock. Granular materials with lower- 7.2 Materials Materials 7.2 known as U-Fill, also of water, cement, consists may also contain but coarse aggregates, the necessary characteristics application, and including of the mixture, slower development of early strength and slower development of strengths in the eventual development Selection of materials excess of that required. on availability, cost, speci should be based ash or slag or air entrainment admixtures. admixtures. or air entrainment ash or slag should be taken when Special attention fl

greatly dependent on the type and quantity placement of a large U-Fill installations have 2 of cementitious material in the U-Fill. Final shown good performance with no shrinkage Management

set time can be as short as one (1) hour, but or settlements observed. Pavement and Rigid Selection Asset generally takes three (3) to ﬁ ve (5) hours 3 under normal conditions. Normal factors Codes and Standards: Canadian Standards

affecting the hardening time are: Association (CSA) A23.1-14 Concrete Materials Concrete Bridges

and Methods of Concrete Construction, 4 • Type and quantity of cementitious material; clause 8.11 regarding Controlled Low-Strength • Permeability and degree of saturation of Materials (CLSM) provides guidance for the Sustainability surrounding soil that is in contact with U-Fill; U-Fill, performance requirements relating 5 • Moisture content of U-Fill; to compressive strength, and recommended Cost Analysis Life-Cycle

• Proportioning of U-Fill; methods of construction. Additional (LCCA) • Mixture and ambient temperature; information regarding U-Fill can also be found 6 • Humidity; and in OPSS 1359. Unshrinkable • Depth of trench / cut. Fill (U-Fill) References: 7 7.4 Harden Properties Architectural Canadian Standards Association; A23.1-14 Concrete Strength: Unconﬁ ned compressive strength is Concrete Materials and Methods of Concrete 8 a measure of the load-carrying ability of U-Fill. Construction Concrete The compressive strength of 0.3 to 0.7 MPa Jointing 9 equates to an allowable bearing capacity of a American Concrete Institute; ACI 229-R13

well-compacted soil. It is the primary objective Report on Controlled Low-Strength Materials Procurement

for U-Fill installations to provide adequate 10 bearing support while maintaining low level Ontario Provincial Standard Speciﬁ cations;

strengths to ensure future excavation (if OPSS 1359, “Material Speciﬁ cation For Construction Placement Meetings & Pre- Pre- necessary) can be accommodated at a later Unshrinkable Backﬁ ll”. (2006) 11 date. Some mixtures that are acceptable at

early ages continue to gain strength with Procedures Concrete Ordering time, making future excavation with hand 12 tools difﬁ cult to complete. Transportation Transportation and Receiving and Receiving Concrete

Density: Wet density of an U-Fill, in place, is 13 in the range of 1,840 to 2,320 kg/m3, which is Consolidating and Finishing

greater than most compacted materials. The Concrete Convey, Placing, dry density of the mixture can be expected 14 to be substantially less than that of the Requirements and Curing Protection wet density due to water loss. Lower unit Concrete weights can be achieved by using lightweight 15 aggregates, high entrained-air contents, and Acceptance of Acceptance of Measurement, Measurement, Testing and Testing and foaming agents. Concrete 16

Settlement: Earth fi lls can settle and Improvement Closeout and Continuous consolidate even when compaction Project requirements have been met during 17 construction. In contrast, U-Fill does not Troubleshooting shrink after installation and settlement 18 will not occur after hardening, providing the mixture properties have been met. Appendix Best Management Practices44 for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure nishes fi atworks fl oor slab is usually fl oor slab has cured, nish is required to fl fi Some techniques nish. fi nishes using retardants fi In this method of concrete such as structures nish. For vertical fi In this method of precast concrete, oor slab, sometimes in stacks on top of fl such as, textures created by various forming created by various forming such as, textures after the concrete has methods and revealed form liners). been cast (ex. patterned also known as Cast-in-Place Horizontal: in this method of decorative concrete, concrete is placed into construction, the the surface is textured and forms and then a variety of techniques to / or coloured with provide a decorative used for cast-in-place concrete directions include; texturing in alternating hand tools); (using brooms, trowels or other exposed aggregate sand blasting to slow the hardening process; surface; or shot blasting to provide a coarse stamping; acid etching and staining. Precast: off-site, construction, formwork is erected setting such usually in a controlled factory these as a precast concrete plant. Typically, are used as structural members or panels as previously exterior cladding for buildings structures such shown in Figure 8.1 and other Figure 8.2. This as, bridge abutments shown in a consistency method is quite common when of colour, texture and acquire a desired appearance. Precast panels are often viewed as a cost-effective approach due to the amount of time saved during installation. In addition, precast concrete can provide a particularly artful appearance and creative form for any surface. Tilt-up: a cast-in-place concrete used as formwork for the cladding/wall of the building. Once the formwork is erected to form the edges of the wall slabs, which are then cast horizontally on the each other. Once cured, they are hoisted and tilted into place. to the site in an agitator truck. The most The truck. an agitator site in to the concrete surface of a cast-in-place common and a smooth form-tie holes is patterned surface walls, this method and retaining foundations types of countless can accommodate nes fi 45 y below, y fl ned as ned fi In this method of

Best Management Practices for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure or special ingredients, nishing techniques, in a public space nish or exterior surface one. and structural capabilities in nish the variety of effects is almost endless and the variety of effects is almost open to the designer’s imagination. de Architectural concrete can be to the or municipal right-of-way; contributes structure; and visual character of the space or as is designated in the contract documents architectural concrete. 8.1 Types of Architectural Concrete There are many ways in which concrete can be formed; however, they generally fall into one of two main categories: concrete that is cast where it will remain, and concrete that is cast elsewhere and transported to site for installation. Within these two categories, the most common methods of concrete construction are cast-in-place and precast. These techniques are described brie architectural concrete as concrete that is architectural concrete as an interior or exterior exposed to view creating broad expanses surface. Whether concrete permanently or minute details, look. Achieving an captures the chosen architectural or decorative appearance to be usually requires something different it stand out. done to the concrete to make forms, special Whether that involves special fi an interior concrete which is exposed as fi concrete construction, formwork is erected on-site and the concrete is typically placed via ready-mixed concrete where, the material is batched at a local concrete plant and trucked This material is made to be seen. Canadian This material is (CSA) A23.1-14, de Standards Association Chapter 8 – Architectural Concrete – Architectural 8 Chapter most versatile is one of the Concrete materials used construction and widely subset is called One special in the world. which refers to concrete, architectural provides an aesthetic a substance that fi and are further explained in surface and basic techniques. Cast-in-Place Vertical:

substantial manoeuvring space for the lifting Concrete 2 equipment and proper planning. Management

Coloured Concrete: Concrete is a product Pavement and Rigid Selection Asset

Applied: Applied concrete is not as common known to be mouldable into many shapes and 3 now as it used to be. It is often recognizable is well known to have many different colours

at a zoo, skate park, or pool, or one of the as is illustrated in Figure 8.3. Coloured Concrete Bridges spaceship-like buildings from the 1960s. The concrete is produced through the use of iron 4 application of shotcrete, using a pneumatic oxide pigments in the mix and have been used sprayer is one way that curvilinear shapes are in concrete to provide earth-tone elements Sustainability achieved. for over 50 years. The pigments are either 5 mined from the ground or manufactured in Cost Analysis Life-Cycle

chemical plants around the world. Pigments (LCCA) 8.2 6 Unshrinkable Fill (U-Fill) 7 Architectural Concrete 8 Concrete Jointing 9 Procurement 10 Construction Placement Meetings & Pre- Pre- 11 Procedures Concrete Ordering 12 Transportation Transportation and Receiving and Receiving Concrete 13 Consolidating and Finishing Concrete Convey, Placing, 14 Requirements and Curing Protection Concrete 15 Acceptance of Acceptance of Measurement, Measurement, Testing and Testing and Concrete 16 Improvement Closeout and Continuous Project 17 Troubleshooting 18 Appendix Best Management Practices46 for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure which any pigment has been added. Pigment Pigment added. has been any pigment which mix integrally to the concrete can be added to the can be applied process or in the mixing has set. after the concrete surface in is an ingredient Cement White Portland of coloured concrete. It can the production its own and allow for a broad also be used on from bright whites to spectrum of colours colors. Mix designs for pastels or saturated concrete are formulated white or coloured the following ingredients, with respect to 47 Figure 8.3 - Decorative patio and pool entry with exposed aggregate surface Figure 8.3 - Decorative patio and pool entry with exposed aggregate using coloured beaded glass (provided by Concrete Ontario) Best Management Practices for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure are available from suppliers in either powder, powder, in either suppliers from available are pigment Iron oxide granular forms. liquid and smaller than cement are ten times particles particle when mixed the cement and cover coloured concrete to create a in concrete appearance. reason the quantity of This is the primary based on the weight of color is typically or a percentage of the the cement content supplier and / or contractor overall mix. The the amount of water added should control to the concrete to ensure the mix provides a consistent colour throughout the entire project. If additional water is added during construction then the proportions of the mix will change resulting in the colour fading or becoming lighter in appearance. Concrete inherently is a natural coloured material and consistency depends on many factors from batch to batch. These factors include but are not limited to; the temperature of the mix; moisture content of the aggregates; the source of the cement; types of supplementary cementing materials; and the accuracy in

effect on color; (1) type and color of cement; decorative aggregates (ex. black granite); 2 (2) type and quantity of pigment; (3) type and vary in size; and the depth of penetration can Management

quantity of chemical admixtures; (4) type, be controlled based on desired amount of Pavement and Rigid Selection Asset gradation, color, and cleanliness of ﬁ ne and aggregate exposed. For example, the concrete 3 coarse aggregates; (5) type and quantity of on the left in Figure 8.4 has been constructed

supplementary cementing materials such as, with a light etch or micro-exposed aggregate Concrete Bridges slag, ﬂ y-ash, dark or white silica fume; and (6) ﬁ nish to expose the sand grains in the mix 4 consistent water to cementing materials ratio only. This technique provides texture surface (w/cm ratio). but is still comfortable for bare feet or bicycle Sustainability

trafﬁ c. Right beside is the same colour of 5 Exposed Aggregate: A textured surface can concrete only stamped with a subtle stone Cost Analysis Life-Cycle

be constructed to provide colour changes surface. By simply changing the texture of (LCCA) and surface fi nishes such as, impressed the concrete, the fi nished product gives the 6 brick or stone. Another simple way to impression that a different colour of concrete Unshrinkable change the texture is to provide an exposed has been used. Fill (U-Fill) aggregate fi nish with a surface retardant 7 to slow down the setting process. This In Figure 8.5, is a concrete surface with Architectural Concrete 8 Concrete Jointing 9 Procurement 10 Construction Placement Meetings & Pre- Pre- 11 Procedures Concrete Ordering 12 Transportation Transportation and Receiving and Receiving Concrete 13 Consolidating and Finishing Concrete Convey, Placing, 14 Requirements and Curing Protection Concrete 15 Acceptance of Acceptance of Measurement, Measurement, Testing and Testing and Concrete 16 Improvement Closeout and Continuous Project 17 Troubleshooting 18 Appendix Best Management Practices48 for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure nish fi Stamped Stamped agstone, brick, agstone, fl natural stone agstone and other fl and can offer an nishes vary in size fi with coloured nishes. When applied fi other that resembles nished surface fi eldstone, mats used to create nishes. The concrete similar to natural stone, in Figure 8.8 or similar to natural stone, in Figure interlocking pavers. concrete, or sometimes called impressed called impressed or sometimes concrete, concrete, is a method or patterned concrete that provides construction of concrete a such as, slate, materials etc. hardwood, cobbles, offers a wide array of Stamped concrete when creating a options to municipalities new streetscapes, sidewalks, desired look for and other public spaces. parking lots, parks has the ability to provide Stamped concrete surface treatment without a cost-effective on appearance. There are compromising patterns hundreds of stamped concrete include; available in the market, such patterns stones, tiles, random or repetitive interlocking fi stone- array of jointing designs or seamless like the release agents and concrete sealers, appearance municipality can enhance the of the surface and create a two-tone Stamped (or Impressed) Concrete: Concrete: Impressed) (or Stamped fi these 49 nish and and nish fi Best Management Practices for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure sidewalks or walkways. The nish fi This surface left respectively. nished on the is imprinted nishes although, jointing broom surface and agstone stamped treatment removes the concrete paste just concrete paste removes the treatment top of the coarse to expose the enough is a traditional On the right aggregate. aggregate surface and (full depth) exposed surface commonly conventional broomed used to stencils into the concrete with plastic pattern. to develop a brick paving stone to the The styles of patterns are limitless stencils can be designer’s imagination as the programs to manufactured with computer suit a particular design objective. fi depth) exposed aggregate traditional (full paste from the surface; reveals removes more colours in the mixture and more aggregate surface appearance. provides a rougher and colour are combined, a When texturing walkway can be created as beautiful concrete shown in Figure 8.6. 8.7 is another Shown subsequently in Figure may want technique municipal designers concrete to consider for their decorative applications. Similar to the examples texturing above, the treatment involves aggregate the surface with micro-exposed fi a medium-exposed aggregate aggregate a medium-exposed fl

and / or products, refer to the following can be considered in the contract documents 2 supplier websites for additional information; to control the quality of decorative concrete Management

Brickform - http://www.brickform.com/ work. These items include but are not Pavement and Rigid Selection Asset

Textures/About-Our-Textures/; and Proline limited to; jointing patterns and advising 3 the contractor that the representative will

Tools - http://www.prolinestamps.com/ approve all chalk lines prior to saw cutting; Concrete Bridges concrete_stamps.aspx?id=1 contractor’s opportunity to patch and repair 4 Figure 8.8 – Decorative coloured concrete damaged and / or nonconforming sections of with stamped stone ﬁ nish (provided by decorative concrete; color variations between Sustainability

Concrete Ontario) concrete placements and the contractor’s 5 responsibility to control / verify mix designs; Cost Analysis Life-Cycle

8.3 Qualifi cations and Specifi cations contractor’s opportunity to review and (LCCA) recommend changes to the concrete mixture 6 It is best practice to include in the contact to improve performance; and trial batches or Unshrinkable documents, a special provision outlining mock-ups required for representative review / Fill (U-Fill) the municipality’s quality expectations for approval prior to concrete placement. 7 architectural or decorative concrete, the Architectural monitoring / controlling procedures during Mock-ups: The mock-up can be a separate Concrete placement and subsequent acceptance standalone item in the contract or built-in to 8 requirements. The contract should defi ne the unit cost of the architectural or decorative Concrete the qualifi cations required by the general concrete items providing the description of Jointing 9 contractor and the municipal representative work is clearly identifi ed for contractor’s

who will evaluate the concrete for compliance bidding on the work. It is in the best interest Procurement

with the speciﬁ cations. In order to mitigate of all parties that a mock-up of the proposed 10 any misunderstandings, it is imperative work is conducted to ensure the contractor

that the speciﬁ cations are clear to the and municipal representative have agreed Construction Placement Meetings & Pre- Pre- contractor and the municipal representative on a sample of the architectural/decorative 11 is readily available to guide and approve the concrete work prior to proceeding with larger

performance of the work. placements. Procedures Concrete Ordering 12 Transportation Transportation and Receiving and Receiving Concrete 13 Consolidating and Finishing Concrete Convey, Placing, 14 Requirements and Curing Protection Concrete 15 Acceptance of Acceptance of Measurement, Measurement, Testing and Testing and Concrete 16 Improvement Closeout and Continuous Project 17 Troubleshooting 18 Appendix Best Management Practices50 for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure nal fi ed; fi cult for the fi permit the cations that fi • Place the mock-up somewhere it can remain somewhere it can remain • Place the mock-up and accepted at until the job is complete completion; and direction, objections, or • Provide acceptance, to the contractor. rejection in writing Association The Canadian Standards Materials and Methods (CSA), Concrete has of Concrete Construction (A23.1-14) For provisions on Architectural Concrete. Clause 8.3 additional information, refer to samples”; for information on “Reference for “Mock-up Field Samples”; “Formwork “Placing of Special Architectural Finishes”; and Architectural Cast-in-Place Concrete”; “Special Finishes”. References: The Concrete Network, Understanding Coloured Concrete. http://www. concretenetwork.com/chris_sullivan/colored_ concrete.htm • Size of the mock-up should represent repair repair represent should mock-up of the • Size if required; of concrete and patching speci • Consider additional mock- to request municipality be dif This will ups if necessary. thus, the number of mock- contractor to bid should be speci ups possibly required 51 cations cations fi Best Management Practices for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure mock-up work for the ned scope of fi It is recommended the concrete speci the concrete recommended It is • Construct the mock-up as close reasonably mock-up as close reasonably • Construct the actual work in every detail; possible to the sections of a mock-up to • Include multiple aspects of the project if represent various may be expensive but required. The mock-ups preferred quality of work it will identify the schedule delays resulting and alleviate any / or replacing the work; from disputes and are required • When multiple lifts of concrete second lift that in the design, pour at least the surface. is going to be exposed on the in the mock- • Use the same amount of rebar the up as in the real structure to represent actual congestion; same. If you • Placing methods must be the then use a use a pump during construction, pump for the mock-up; of practice • Do it more than once. A couple a consistent sessions are helpful to ensure product; cleaning • Determine the curing methods, if required, methods, and weather protection, for maintaining and decide who is responsible duration of the the protection throughout the job; Enclosed are some tips for ensuring a positive for ensuring a are some tips Enclosed from the mock-up: outcome have a de thereof. and approval installation 3 11 14 2 Asset 6 Pre- 12 13 Convey, 15 16 17 1 Sidewalk, 4 7 8 9 Concrete Measurement, Project Curb & Gutter Management Concrete 5 Life-Cycle Unshrinkable Architectural Concrete 10 Construction Concrete Transportation Placing, Protection Testing and Closeout and 18 Appendix Introduction and Rigid Sustainability Cost Analysis Procurement & Pre- Ordering and Receiving Consolidating Troubleshooting Evaluation Pavement Bridges (LCCA) Fill (U-Fill) Concrete Jointing Placement Procedures Concrete and Finishing and Curing Acceptance of Continuous and Inspection Selection Meetings Concrete Requirements Concrete Improvement Introduction 1 and Inspection Canadian Precast / Prestressed Concrete Curb & Gutter Evaluation Evaluation Sidewalk, Sidewalk,

Institute’s Technical Brochure, “Architectural 2 Precast Concrete” (2009). http://www.cpci. Management

ca/en/resources/technical_publications/ Pavement and Rigid Selection Asset 3 The Canadian Standards Association (CSA),

“Concrete Materials and Methods of Concrete Concrete Bridges

Construction, A23.1-14” (2014). – http://shop. 4 csa.ca/en/canada/concrete/a231-14a232-14/ invt/27012102014 Sustainability 5 Cost Analysis Life-Cycle (LCCA) 6 Unshrinkable Fill (U-Fill)

7 Architectural Concrete 8 Concrete Jointing 9 Procurement 10 Construction Placement Meetings & Pre- Pre- 11 Procedures Concrete Ordering 12 Transportation Transportation and Receiving and Receiving Concrete 13 Consolidating and Finishing Concrete Convey, Placing, 14 Requirements and Curing Protection Concrete 15 Acceptance of Acceptance of Measurement, Measurement, Testing and Testing and Concrete 16 Improvement Closeout and Continuous Project 17 Troubleshooting 18 Appendix Best Management Practices52 for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure cant fi by the Canadian ned fi cient of Thermal Expansion (CTE). fi wide variety of slumps at any given w/cm w/cm given at any of slumps variety wide of hydrates the water the concrete ratio. As out of the concrete will bleed convenience of The loss then lose volume. which will called drying is a phenomenon volume Low shrinkage in the concrete. shrinkage concrete is de (CSA) A23.1, Clause Standards Association that has shrinkage not 8.8.2 as concrete at 28 days when using greater than 0.04% or 0.035% when using 75 x 75 mm prisms, in accordance with CSA 100 x 100 mm prisms concrete has typical A23.2-21C. Conventional values between 0.035% drying shrinkage and 0.070%. In order to allow for drying shrinkage, at joints must be placed in the concrete cracking predetermined intervals or random aesthetically will occur which will not be as For example, pleasing as a controlled joint. length with assume a pavement is 4.5 m in then the an average shrinkage of 0.06%, jointing concrete will shrink 2.7 mm and any shrinkage should be installed to control Concrete cracking. In addition, the American provides a Pavement Association (ACPA) App Joint and Sealant Movement Estimator” free for downloading at http://apps.acpa.org/ applibrary/JointMovement/. is placed For municipal applications, concrete subject to for exterior applications that are the elements. When the concrete is heated or cooled there is a corresponding change in volume of the material. The amount of change is determined by the concrete’s Coef Figure 9.1 shown below represents the average CTE for various types of aggregates. For a typical limestone concrete mix, the average CTE is 7.8 x10-6 m/m/°C. For the same 4.5 m concrete section noted above, the length of the pavement will now vary by 0.7 mm due to thermal expansion / contraction for temperatures ranging between -10 to 10 °C. This is not a signi change when compared to the shrinkage that occurs during curing although, this expansion / contraction may cause the concrete to chip 53 ed fi c fi Best Management Practices for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure owable at the desired slump, this term fl Joints are used in concrete pavement to pavement used in concrete Joints are the geometry of the location and control cracks. These and longitudinal transverse stresses in the due to cracks develop by shrinkage during the concrete caused temperature curing period; inconsistent and traf and moisture differences; Concrete requires water / cementitious 0.32. The ratios (w/cm) between 0.28 and and current Canadian edition of Design states this Control of Concrete Mixtures the water ratio excludes evaporable water, should to Portland cement ratio (by mass) be approximately 0.22 to 0.25 in order to completely hydrate the cementitious particles in the mixture. In order to place the concrete, typical w/cm ratios are between 0.70 and 0.40. For sidewalks and curb applications, the w/cm ratio speci Chapter 9 – Concrete Jointing Jointing – Concrete 9 Chapter to the surface. Concrete loading applied of reasons and if the moves for a variety in any way cracking concrete is restrained can move on the may occur. A pavement towards the centre of the base shrinking frictional forces generated panel, there are The between the soil and the concrete. of the panel friction prevents full contraction than and if the resistance force is greater the the tensile capacity of the concrete, is also caused concrete will crack. Restraint basins, by appurtenances such as, catch or other light poles, maintenance holes concrete. appurtenances embedded in the movement The primary causes for concrete expansion are drying shrinkage and thermal / contraction. is a maximum 0.45 and bridge decks are a maximum 0.40. Roller Compacted Concrete (RCC) has a lower w/cm ratio of 0.38 or lower (which reduces shrinkage cracking). The primary difference in the w/cm ratio is the water required to make the concrete more With the latest technologies in concrete water reducers, it is possible to have a is called “the water of convenience”. 3 11 14 2 Asset 6 Pre- 12 13 Convey, 15 16 17 1 Sidewalk, 4 7 8 9 Concrete Measurement, Project Curb & Gutter Management Concrete 5 Life-Cycle Unshrinkable Architectural Concrete 10 Construction Concrete Transportation Placing, Protection Testing and Closeout and 18 Appendix Introduction and Rigid Sustainability Cost Analysis Procurement & Pre- Ordering and Receiving Consolidating Troubleshooting Evaluation Pavement Bridges (LCCA) Fill (U-Fill) Concrete Jointing Placement Procedures Concrete and Finishing and Curing Acceptance of Continuous and Inspection Selection Meetings Concrete Requirements Concrete Improvement Introduction 1 and Inspection if the joints are fi lled with incompressible consideration when determining the limit of Curb & Gutter Evaluation Evaluation Sidewalk, Sidewalk,

materials. the concrete pavement. 2

Management

To accommodate these movements there For sidewalks and curbs, the edge loads Pavement and Rigid Selection Asset are four types of jointing techniques that are are the most predominate load condition 3 commonly used: whereas, interior loads are the most

(1) construction joints; (2) contraction joints; predominant load condition for concrete Concrete Bridges

(3) isolation joints; and (4) expansion joints. pavements. It is important to understand the 4 For these types of jointing applications, the difference since interior loads can change joints can be sealed or not sealed depending to edge loads if the joints in a concrete Sustainability on the municipality’s preference. pavement separate, become wider and the 5 load transfer between panels is reduced. The Cost Analysis Life-Cycle

Concrete jointing is an important transition from edge load to interior load is (LCCA) consideration in the design and longevity determined by the radius of relative stiffness 6 of the pavement. As shown in Figure 9.2, of the concrete pavement which is beyond Unshrinkable there are three critical cases for stress in the limits of this manual. Fill (U-Fill) the pavement; interior load, corner load and 7 edge load. Interior loads are in the middle 9.1 Construction Joints Architectural of the panel and they are usually the lowest Concrete stress condition. Corner loads are at the Constuction joints occur for two primary 8 corner of the panels and edge loads are reasons; the concrete work has continued Concrete at the limit of the concrete where there is from a previous concrete pour or delays Jointing 9 no load transfer between adjacent panels. have been experienced on a project and

Edge loads are usually the highest stress the pour had to be completed due to time Procurement

condition and designers should take this into constraints between placement. Depending 10 Construction Placement Meetings & Pre- Pre- 11 Procedures Concrete Ordering 12 Transportation Transportation and Receiving and Receiving Concrete 13 Consolidating and Finishing Concrete Convey, Placing, 14 Requirements and Curing Protection Concrete 15 Acceptance of Acceptance of Measurement, Measurement, Testing and Testing and Concrete 16 Improvement Closeout and Continuous Project 17 Troubleshooting 18 Appendix Best Management Practices54 for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure the joint and /or it is necessary to prevent faulting (lifting) of the joint. This method includes an expansion joint material which provides seperation and prevents the crack from propagating to the adjacent panel. The steel dowel will prevent vertical movement of the joint and provide load transfer between the panels to ensure a smooth surface. In this case, an edge condition design is not required as the panels are acting homogeniously. Butt Joint with Tie- bars or Dowels: This method is used is commonly used in slip-form concrete paving when it is not necessary to isolate the panels. Tie-bars are typically placed This method is used in This method is joint does not allow load transfer between between load transfer allow does not joint will act indepently and the slabs the panels This is acceptable is applied. when loading or when there load conditions for light of and the limit for cracking is potential panel. within a should be contained cracking load transfer is not Under this scenario, is designed for edge load needed if the panel conditions. Expansion Joint Material Butt Joint with and Dowel Bars: where one panel is concrete pavements to appurtenances in the likely to crack due transfer is required across concrete but load 55 Best Management Practices for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure Butt Joint with Expansion Joint Material: Butt Joint with the most common This method is for concrete sidewalk construction joint is used to isolate applications and such as, maintenance hole appurtenances and is placed for separation frames or poles, sidewalk pours. This between consecutive on the application, construction joints are are joints construction application, on the face smooth vertical formed with a typically placed beside is new concrete when there best is a list of The following old concrete. for can be considered methods that practice in are illustrated applications and various Figure 9.3: 3 11 14 2 Asset 6 Pre- 12 13 Convey, 15 16 17 1 Sidewalk, 4 7 8 9 Concrete Measurement, Project Curb & Gutter Management Concrete 5 Life-Cycle Unshrinkable Architectural Concrete 10 Construction Concrete Transportation Placing, Protection Testing and Closeout and 18 Appendix Introduction and Rigid Sustainability Cost Analysis Procurement & Pre- Ordering and Receiving Consolidating Troubleshooting Evaluation Pavement Bridges (LCCA) Fill (U-Fill) Concrete Jointing Placement Procedures Concrete and Finishing and Curing Acceptance of Continuous and Inspection Selection Meetings Concrete Requirements Concrete Improvement Introduction 1 and Inspection Curb & Gutter Curb & Gutter Evaluation Evaluation Sidewalk, Sidewalk, 2 Management Pavement and Rigid Selection Asset 3 Concrete Bridges 4 Sustainability 5 transeversley to the direction travel and a maximum ratio of 1:1.2). Sawn contraction Cost Analysis Life-Cycle placed between pours to connect the slabs. joints should be cut between 8 and 24 (LCCA) Dowel bars are placed longetudinally at hours after placement depending on the 6 construction joints but should only be used environmental conditions (eg. temperature, Unshrinkable for pavements greater than 180 mm thick. wind, etc). Early entry saws can be used Fill (U-Fill) 7 to reduce the cut time to approximately 4

Butt Joint with Chipped Concrete Face: hours after placement. When the pavement Architectural This method is used in lieu of dowels for or sidewalk is not isolated from the curb Concrete 8 pavements less than 180 mm thick. Since through the use of expansion joint material, dowels are not practical for this application, then sawcuts in the curb should be aligned Concrete Jointing

the joint is manually chipped to provide a with the adjacent slab to control the location 9 rough surface and cleaned to enhance the of cracking. bond of the new concrete. This method Procurement promotes aggregate interlock between the 9.3 Isolation Joints 10 pours and encourages the panels to act as Construction Placement

one. It is important that the chipped face Isolation joints are needed around embedded Meetings & Pre- Pre- does not undercut the existing concrete as appurtenances or ironworks in the concrete. 11 it will be difﬁ cult to ﬁ ll the void and potential Embedded ironworks in the concrete may Procedures Concrete reduce the effective thickness of the restrain the concrete when movement Ordering pavement. occurs and cause the concrete to crack. 12 There are three examples provided in Transportation Transportation and Receiving and Receiving

9.2 Contraction Joints Figure 9.5 below. Panel 1 has a lamp post Concrete in the bottom left corner which will be fi xed 13 Contraction joints are joints that are either when the panel moves towards the centre Consolidating and Finishing Concrete Convey, sawn into the pavement or tooled in using of the panel. Therefore, the concrete at Placing, a grooving tool. Contraction joints are the top right corner has to move farther to 14 installed to a depth of 1/4 to 1/3 of the slab accommodate the fi xed point when shrinkage Requirements and Curing Protection thcikness (T/4 or T/3). Some municipalities occurs in the concrete. In Panel 2, there Concrete prefer sawn joints to reduce bumps for is no restraint and the panel will have the 15 wheelchairs and accessibility purposes. ability to shrink towards the centre of the Acceptance of Acceptance of Measurement, Measurement, Testing and Testing and In accordance with Canadian Standard panel. Lastly, the lamp post is located in Concrete 16 Association (CSA) A23.1, the spacing of the centre of Panel 3 which is the preferred Improvement contraction joints should be approximately location as the panel will shrink towards the Closeout and Continuous 25 times the slab thickness and should not centre. Most of the drying shrinkage occurs Project 17 exceed 4.5 m. The concrete panels should in the fi rst month of placement and cracking

be as square as possible with the length to may be observed within a couple months of Troubleshooting

wide ratio not exceeding 1:1.5 (note: If you concrete placement. 18 have an Open Graded Drainage Layer (OGDL) under the concrete it is recommended to use Appendix Best Management Practices56 for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure to the “Design and Construction of Joints for Joints of Construction and “Design to the on the provided Streets” guideline Concrete at www.acpa.org. ACPA website 9.4 Joints Expansion are used to isolate concrete Expansion joints anticipated to move differently panels that are sections. For sidewalk than adjacent concrete expansion joints can be and curb applications, the sidewalk and the curb and placed between that are perpendicular sections of sidewalks The curb and sidewalk are to each other. and widths therefore, different thicknesses anticipated to expand at the concrete is most of the different rates. For sidewalks, direction expansion is in the longitudinal may occur if and misalignment or cracking isolated from perpendicular sections are not 57 Best Management Practices for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure Another reason for cracking in the concrete concrete in the cracking for reason Another the expansion of from the thermal results CTE The and steel embedments. concrete 12 x10-6 m/m/°C. is aproximately for steel heated concrete are steel and the When the in the will expand both materials by the sun, cracking may occur if they same space and correctly. In Figure 9.6, are not isolated hole fame and cover does the maintenance isolated for drying shrinkage not need to be to be isolated due to the although, needs of the two materials. If the thermal expansion on a base with minimal concrete was installed concrete could expand friction then the without cracking. isolation joints For additional information on and construction details for telescoping etc., refer maintenance holes, catch basins, 3 11 14 2 Asset 6 Pre- 12 13 Convey, 15 16 17 1 Sidewalk, 4 7 8 9 Concrete Measurement, Project Curb & Gutter Management Concrete 5 Life-Cycle Unshrinkable Architectural Concrete 10 Construction Concrete Transportation Placing, Protection Testing and Closeout and 18 Appendix Introduction and Rigid Sustainability Cost Analysis Procurement & Pre- Ordering and Receiving Consolidating Troubleshooting Evaluation Pavement Bridges (LCCA) Fill (U-Fill) Concrete Jointing Placement Procedures Concrete and Finishing and Curing Acceptance of Continuous and Inspection Selection Meetings Concrete Requirements Concrete Improvement Introduction 1 and Inspection each other. Expansion joints are also used shown in Figure 9.7. Expansion joints should Curb & Gutter Evaluation Evaluation Sidewalk, Sidewalk,

at approaches to bridge structures. If a be carefully planned during the design stage 2 concrete pavement was constructed adjacent of a concrete pavement project. If there are Management

to a bridge approach, expansion in the too many expansion joints in a pavement, Pavement and Rigid Selection Asset concrete pavement would apply stress on the the pavement may move and cause the 3 bridge abutments if proper expansion joints contraction joints to separate and widen.

were not constructed. When the contraction joints widen excessively Concrete Bridges

then there will be loss of load transfer at the 4 Similar to expansion joints, it is best practice contraction joints. (Figure 9.8) to construct expansion joints the full Sustainability thickness of the slab with ﬁ ber board or other 9.5 Joint Sealant 5 expansion joint material such as, rubber or Cost Analysis Life-Cycle

foam. If the joints are not constructed the Joint sealing or no sealing is a very hot topic (LCCA) full depth of the slab, then sections of the with numerous experts sitting on both sides 6 sidewalk or pavement are still connected and of the dividing line. As pavement designers Unshrinkable expansion may cause the concrete to crack as are aware, water can have a damaging effect Fill (U-Fill) 7 Architectural Concrete 8 Concrete Jointing 9 Procurement 10 Construction Placement Meetings & Pre- Pre- 11 Procedures Concrete Ordering 12 Transportation Transportation and Receiving and Receiving Concrete 13 Consolidating and Finishing Concrete Convey, Placing, 14 Requirements and Curing Protection Concrete 15 Acceptance of Acceptance of Measurement, Measurement, Testing and Testing and Concrete 16 Improvement Closeout and Continuous Project 17 Troubleshooting 18 Appendix Best Management Practices58 for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure cance in Mechanistic-Empirical fi (2005). cations, OPSD 310.010 (2008). cations, OPSD 551.032 (2008). cations, OPSD 552.020 fi fi fi (CTE) and cient of Thermal Expansion fi Cement Association of Canada (CAC), (CAC), of Canada Association Cement B.; Steven H.; Kerkhoff, Kosmatka, F.; Norman William C.; MacLeod, Panarese, of and Control R.J. “Design and McGrath, Canadian Edition” Mixtures, 8th Concrete (2011). Cement Association Canadian Portland Design for Concrete (CPCA). “Thickness Pavement Canadian Highway and Street (EB209.03P) Edition/Metric” Association (CSA). Canadian Standards and Methods of “Concrete Materials / Test Methods and Concrete Construction - A23.1/2” Standard Practices for Concrete (2014). Hein, D. and Sullivan, S. Transportation Association of Canada. “Concrete Coef Its Signi Pavement Design” (2012). Ontario Provincial Standards and Speci Ontario Provincial Standards and Speci Ontario Provincial Standards and Speci 59 Best Management Practices for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure American Concrete Paving Association ACPA, Design and Construction of Joints for Concrete Streets, 1992. References: Both approaches have performed well on pavements in Ontario with good success. For additional information regarding joint sealant, refer to the following website which has been dedicated to this topic www.sealnoseal.org. In addition, jointing design information can be found at the ACPA website at www.wikipave.org The no-seal group suggests the joints should The no-seal group suggests the to reduce be designed with closer spacing joint and the amount of movement in the minimize the amount of incompressible addition, if materials entering the joint. In good drainage the pavement is designed with / or base then water entering the joint and concern should not be an issue. The main entering with no sealant is incompressibles chipping the joint which may lead to concrete joint during and potential blow-outs of the these expansion / contraction. To address the joints is concerns, routine cleaning of recommended to remove incompressible material such as aggregates. Additionally, granular it would be best practice to seal of shoulders to minimze the migration aggregates that may travel along the surface and enter the joint. on the performace of the pavement if water if water of the pavement performace on the drain properly. base and doesn’t enters the need states that joints group The pro-sealing to water out and to keep the to be sealed materials amount of incompressible limit the primary problem the joints. The entering if it is done incorrectly with sealing is that which may become a it can trap water Typically, joint sealants last large problem. years before failures aprroximately 10-15 sealant requires replacement occurs and the Each maintenance cycle or maintennce. to be sawn wider which requires the joint to increased noise of the can contribute pavement. 3 11 14 2 Asset 6 Pre- 12 13 Convey, 15 16 17 1 Sidewalk, 4 7 8 9 Concrete Measurement, Project Curb & Gutter Management Concrete 5 Life-Cycle Unshrinkable Architectural Concrete 10 Construction Concrete Transportation Placing, Protection Testing and Closeout and 18 Appendix Introduction and Rigid Sustainability Cost Analysis Procurement & Pre- Ordering and Receiving Consolidating Troubleshooting Evaluation Pavement Bridges (LCCA) Fill (U-Fill) Concrete Jointing Placement Procedures Concrete and Finishing and Curing Acceptance of Continuous and Inspection Selection Meetings Concrete Requirements Concrete Improvement Introduction 1 and Inspection Chapter 10 – Procurement estimating and cost-benefi t analysis during Curb & Gutter Evaluation Evaluation Sidewalk, Sidewalk,

this decision making process. Through the 2 This chapter provides a guideline for economic evaluation process, the agency Management

municipal concrete designers and contract should identify potential risks and the impact Pavement and Rigid Selection Asset administrators during the procurement phase of making such procurement related decisions. 3 of a project and preparation of contract

documents. The procurement phase can be Depending on the complexity of a particular Concrete Bridges deﬁ ned as the process of which the acquisition project, such as a skate-park seen in Figure 4 of products, services or results are obtained 10.1 or reconstruction of a concrete bridge from an outside external source. It is in the for example, the procurement schedule Sustainability best interest of government agencies that should be considered as part of the overall 5 projects are procured appropriately in order work plan for the project. The preferred Cost Analysis Life-Cycle

to ensure good value for the work in terms of timing of the reconstruction work may (LCCA) cost, time, quality and scope of work. dictate the schedule for procurement and 6 the agency’s ability to meet key milestones Unshrinkable The initial step in the municipal procurement dates, including; advertising timelines; bidding Fill (U-Fill) process is to identify the purchasing needs period; closing / opening of bids; acceptance 7 of the agency and establish a strategy to period; recommendation for award; and Architectural satisfy these requirements. This strategy execution of the contract documents. The Concrete typically includes a series of steps and can procurement schedule can signifi cantly 8 be categorized in the following fi ve process infl uence this process and the development of Concrete groups. These groups can be summarized a Procurement Management Plan may assist Jointing 9 as follows; Plan Purchases and Acquisitions; agencies in administering the procurement

Planned Contracting; Contracts; Contract phase of a project. Procurement

Administration; and Contract Closure. 10 Items to be considered as part of a

10.1 Plan Purchases and Acquisitions Procurement Management Plan include; Construction Placement Meetings & Pre- Pre-

• Products, services or results to be procured 11 This process identiﬁ es which needs can be with justiﬁ cation statements and anticipated

met by purchasing or acquiring products, timelines; Procedures Concrete Ordering services or results from outside of the agency. • Procurement related costs, evaluation 12 This process typically includes considerations of purchasing options and selection Transportation Transportation of how, what and when to acquire products, methodology; and Receiving Concrete services or results. During this process, • Risks associated with procurement 13 the agency may seek services and support management and potential mitigation Consolidating and Finishing

from subject matter experts or specialists in strategies; Concrete Convey, Placing, disciplines such as engineering, contracting, Standardized procurement templates or 14 fi nancing, purchasing and law. documents to be used (e.g. Request for Requirements and Curing Protection Quotation – RFQ); Concrete The Plan Purchases and Acquisitions process • General instructions for bidders such as, 15 includes reviewing the risks when determining contract schedules and work breakdown Acceptance of Acceptance of Measurement, Measurement, Testing and Testing and whether to perform the work with in-house structure (WBS); Concrete resources or soliciting the work from outside • Procurement coordination with other agency 16 of the organization. This process generally projects (if required); Improvement Closeout and Continuous involves the agency determining whether • Identifi cation of potential bidders and Project to ‘make-or-buy’ a product or service under possible bidding constraints, for example, 17 conditions when specifi c resources or current industry conditions, competing Troubleshooting specialized skills may not be available. It projects and contractor availability for 18 is good practice to make use of economic specialized work (ex. concrete pavement evaluation tools and techniques such as, construction); Appendix Best Management Practices60 for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure 61 Best Management Practices for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure

the concrete plant and delivery vehicles as per and consideration by the agency. Potential 2 the requirements of OPSS 1350.MUNI. bidders are required to provide detailed Management

• Development of a bidder’s list, notiﬁ cation information pertaining to, but not limited to, Pavement and Rigid Selection Asset process and industry liaison strategy; information about the general contractor; 3 • Contract approval process, deliverables and project management experience and

deadlines; and qualiﬁ cations of supervisory staff; insurance Concrete Bridges

• Criteria for vender performance evaluations. / bonding capabilities; company ﬁ nancial 4 statements; past work history; the value of work completed; project references; and Sustainability

10.2 Planned Contracting performance reports / ratings. 5 Cost Analysis Life-Cycle

Provided that the agency determines to solicit After the closing date for pre-qualiﬁ ed (LCCA) the work from outside of the organization, bid submissions, the proposals may be 6 the Planned Contracting process prepares forwarded to a multi-discipline review Unshrinkable the documents required to facilitate the bid Committee consisting of agency staff, external Fill (U-Fill) submissions from General Contractors and consultants and/or subject matter experts (ex. 7 the subsequent selection / approval process. Structural Engineers retained on a concrete Architectural The Planned Contracting process obtains bridge construction project). The review Concrete responses from the concrete industry, such as Committee will assess, evaluate and rate 8 tendered bids or proposals from Contractors each proposal based on a set criteria deﬁ ned Concrete interested in performing the work. The bids for the project. Once completed, general Jointing 9 and/or proposals are received by the agency contractors will be shortlisted; a summary of

and evaluated to ensure the submissions the results / recommendation will be prepared Procurement

meet the requirements of the contract for the agency’s approval body, such as 10 documents. Many factors can be considered Council; and the list of qualiﬁ ed contractors

when evaluating submissions, such as, cost; will provide a bid as part of the second stage Construction Placement Meetings & Pre- Pre- contractual compliance; list of suppliers / of the procurement process. 11 subcontractors; past performance; references;

and bonds / insurance. 10.3 Contracts Procedures Concrete Ordering 12 Pre-Qualiﬁ cation of General Contractors: The municipal procurement process often Transportation Transportation Depending on the type of concrete involves Purchasing Contracts between a and Receiving Concrete project planned by the agency, designers buyer and seller, or government agency and 13 / contract administrators may consider general contractor. A mutual agreement, Consolidating and Finishing

pre-qualifying general contractors prior promise and/or contract is developed to bind Concrete Convey, Placing, to the bidding process to ensure potential this relationship that defi nes the terms and 14 bidders are capable of delivering the project; obligations of each party. For example, the Requirements and Curing Protection conducting the work; and meet the minimum seller or general contractor shall provide Concrete requirements in the contract documents. The the product, service or result for a set price 15 primary benefi ts of pre-qualifi cation process over a certain period of time, and the buyer Acceptance of Acceptance of Measurement, Measurement, Testing and Testing and include; reduced time between closing and or agency shall provide a monetary payment Concrete award of a contract; ensuring consistent for work performed in accordance with the 16 delivery of high-quality construction conditions of the contract. Improvement Closeout and Continuous projects; and making the best use of agency / Project contractor resources. One of the primary requirements for a 17 contract to be enforceable is the condition Troubleshooting The pre-qualifi cation process is typically that all parties accept the terms of the legal 18 open to the public where potential bidders agreement. This is commonly achieved are invited to express their interest by through signature and seal of party Appendix Best Management Practices62 for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure ned fi This type c needs of fi ned timelines ned fi Similar to cost roles of ne the fi t, both parties are held fi to be more nd the cost of the project fi the agency and General Contractor. Where the agency and and conditions should possible, the terms party is responsible for identify risks, which mitigation strategies the risk and potential risk. The type of Contract that to manage the amount of the risk will typically bears the most to complete. Alternatively, cost agency more may better suited to manage the Contractor the agency or mitigate the risk and in turn, may of Contract reduces the risk endured by the Contractor as the agency compensates the Contractor for actual work performed plus a set fee for pro accountable for completing and funding the project; and Time and Material (T&M): plus arrangements except the Contractor’s risk is limited as the value of the Contract is open ended as the scope of work is unde and the full value of the work has not been determined at the time of Contract award. economical. generally The type of Contracts can be these categorized into three main groups, groups include; or Unit Price): Fixed price (either Lump Sum Compensation is based on a predetermined may include value for the scope of work and selected incentives for meeting or exceeding project objectives such as, de performance for Contract completion through (ex. bonus / bonuses / liquidated damages penalty clauses); Cost reimbursable (or Cost plus): various methods of payment; the preferred preferred the payment; of methods various of risk / and the level for completion; timelines with the work. associated responsibility the agency to responsibility of It is the speci Contract to the tailor the clearly de the project and 63 Best Management Practices for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure There are several types of dence that bid submissions or nancial consideration fi fi contracts that agencies may want to consider during the procurement phase of a project. Expectations on a project can vary and the type of contract should be selected to best suit the expected outcome of the work, based on the parameters of the project. The agency should consider the anticipated dynamics of each contract; the type of relationship formed with the general contractor; the Contract Types: If any, one (or more), of the following If any, one (or more), present in an agreement then elements is not not formed and the agreement the contract is by law. These essential is not enforceable offer and acceptance of the elements include; of the contract; mutual terms / conditions work and intent to complete the contract requirements; are valid / irrevocable; and that general contractors can expect an equal opportunity to successfully bid on the work. agreements, but in some jurisdictions, the the some jurisdictions, but in agreements, to have evolved of contacts acceptance and various e-tendering processes include submissions. electronic bid forms of of an agreement, of the format Regardless relationship is a legally binding a contract of the courts and subject to remedy arbitration. agency’s In Canadian Contract law, the constitutes request for bidders on a project formed when as an offer and ‘Contract A’ is of each the offer is accepted upon submission contractors. bid / bid deposit from general agency ‘Contract B’ is formed when the tender to the awards the bid submission or has recently successful bidder. This concept ensure fairness been adopted by the courts to bidders for both, the agency / owner and during the procurement process. In essence, this concept protects the right of both parties and instills con something of monetary value is exchanged something of monetary value of the persons between the parties; capacity clear; and the contracting with each other is is for lawful intended outcome of the contract purposes.

of authority protocols; the person or group 2 On a conventional concrete construction that authorizes the change; tools / templates Management

project, the agency’s role in managing to be used; procedures / requirements for Pavement and Rigid Selection Asset the work includes ensuring the General supporting documents; and links to other 3 Contractor complies with the terms and Contract management procedures.

conditions of the Contract, as well as Concrete Bridges documenting and agreeing on any changes Depending on the complexity of the concrete 4 that may arise during the implementation project, the Change Control process could of the work. Contract Administration can involve other monitoring and controlling Sustainability be deﬁ ned as the process of managing the procedures, for example, schedule and cost 5 delivery of Contract work for the purposes performance forecasting utilizing tools such Cost Analysis Life-Cycle

of optimizing fi nancial and operational as Earned Value Management. Regardless of (LCCA) performance, while monitoring and the project, the key to change control success 6 controlling the agency’s level of risk. is to have a well-defi ned and documented Unshrinkable process that allows agency’s to monitor the Fill (U-Fill) The Contract Administration process may progress of project. Changes to a Contract 7 include the management of many different may often refl ect lessons to be learned and Architectural processes (often at multiple levels of agencies may benefi t from the transfer of Concrete complexity). Some examples include, but are knowledge on future projects. 8 not limited to; monitoring and controlling Concrete the project schedule; fi nancial tracking / 10.5 Contract Closure Jointing 9 reporting of work performed; documenting

and evaluating on the Contractor’s At the completion of the project, the Procurement

performance; administrating quality control; agency will be required to close-out the 10 and integrating change control procedures. Contract and provide a formal notice to the

It is important to note that Contracts can General Contractor that the requirements Construction Placement Meetings & Pre- Pre- be amended at any time by mutual consent of the Contract have been completed; the 11 of all parties involved, through the change Contractor is no longer responsible for the

control process identiﬁ ed in the conditions of work performed; and that all outstanding Procedures Concrete Ordering

Contract. matters have been reconciled. The Contract 12 Closure procedure should be defi ned in the Transportation Transportation Change Control: An effi cient Change Control general conditions of Contract, often in the and Receiving Concrete process should be clear to all parties at the form of a signed completion certifi cate and/ 13 onset of the project. The process should or letter documented in the project fi le for Consolidating and Finishing

be fair and fl exibility although, provide the future reference. Concrete Convey, Placing, agency with the ability to control scope of 14 work changes on a Contract. If the process For more information on the Contract Closure Requirements and Curing Protection is too onerous, valuable changes may be procedures / processes, please refer to Concrete overlooked or lead to uncontrolled scope Chapter 17: Project Closeout. 15 creep and reconfi guration of the Contract Acceptance of Acceptance of Measurement, Measurement, Testing and Testing and objectives. If the process is too lenient, then References: Concrete changes to the Contract may be implemented 16 with insuffi cient thought and consideration of City of Calgary, Prequalifi cation for Improvement Closeout and Continuous the potential consequences. Construction Prime Contractor - http:// Project www.calgary.ca/CA/fs/Pages/Bid-and- 17 Generally speaking, the Contract Documents Vendor-Information/Prequalifi cation-for- Troubleshooting may include the following steps and/or Construction-Prime-Contractor.aspx 18 requirements as part of the change control process. These steps include; the rationale Appendix Best Management Practices64 for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure 65 Best Management Practices for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure Wikipedia, Contract A, Contract Management Wikipedia, Contract A, Contract and Procurement - https://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Contract_A; https://en.wikipedia.org/ https:// wiki/Contract_management; and en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procurement University of Waterloo, Contract Law, University of Waterloo, Contract Liability Engineering Law and Professional Professional (Case Studies): Changes to the Engineers Act (2010) -https://ece.uwaterloo. and https:// ca/~dwharder/PPE/Contracts/; ece.uwaterloo.ca/~dwharder/PPE/Part_B_ cases/ The ePMbook, Scope & Change Control - http:// The ePMbook, Scope & Change www.epmbook.com/scope.htm Public Works and Government Services Public Works and Performance Evaluation Canada, Contractor - http://www.tpsgc- Report Form (CPERF) pwgsc.gc.ca/app-acq/forms/2913-eng.html Project Management, Contract Management Contract Management Project Management, Guide - http://zo-d.com/blog/archives/taking- the-pmp-exam/taking-the-pmp-exam-appendix- b-contract-types.html Project Management Docs, Procurement Procurement Docs, Management Project - http:// Plan Template Management www.projectmanagementdocs.com/ project-planning-templates/procurement- management-plan.html#axzz42tbpzjd9

Pre-Placement Meetings pre-placement trial batch or test section in 2 order to ensure the contractor can meet the Management

Depending upon the size and scope of the requirements of the contract, textured ﬁ nish- Pavement and Rigid Selection Asset project, a pre-placement meeting as seen in es, colour, placement rate, etc. During this 3 Figure 11.1 should be held regardless of its for- time, it is best practice to obtain samples of

mality. Having a set of plans for the contrac- the concrete and conduct material testing for Concrete Bridges tor is advisable, this allows the contractor to compressive strength; ﬂ exural strength; air 4 plan the work accordingly, determine the size void; and / or rapid chloride permeability to of crew, pour schedule, construction staging ensure the concrete mix can meet the speciﬁ - Sustainability and equipment requirements. cations after placement. 5 Cost Analysis Life-Cycle

Parties present for a pre-placement meeting Ultimately, it will be up to the contractor to (LCCA) can vary depending on the size and com- alleviate any concerns from the municipali- 6 plexity of the concrete pour; for example, ty and / or owner’s engineering consultant. Unshrinkable miscellaneous sidewalk pours across a large Concerns may include, but are not limited to; Fill (U-Fill) area are often facilitated in the format of a determining the method of concrete con- 7 pre-construction meeting with the munici- struction; quality of concrete mixtures; possi- Architectural pality to discuss items such as, special re- ble discharge locations and rates. The role of Concrete quirements of the contract; schedule / hours the supplier will be to assure the contractor 8 of work; trafﬁ c control; access for adjacent that the desired discharge rate can be met Concrete property owners / businesses; and other re- during construction to ensure contractor Jointing 9 lated matters. Large pours, such as the pour is productive. The contractor and supplier

for a concrete pavement project or bridge will have to work together to determine the Procurement

structure should be held weeks prior to the most appropriate discharge / delivery rate 10 actual pour, with all invested parties (suppli- and stay in constant communication while

er, contractor, consultant, engineering ﬁ rm, the work proceeds to address any problems Construction Placement Meetings & Pre- Pre- owner, local municipality representative, etc.) should they arise. 11 present to ensure the work is well planned

and coordinated. Procedures Concrete Ordering 12 In advance of the meeting, it would Transportation Transportation be beneﬁ cial to develop a Concrete and Receiving Concrete

Placement Plan and include topics 13 such as, the type of concrete; rate Consolidating and Finishing

of hydration; haul route; discharge Concrete Convey, Placing, rate; placement techniques; fi nish 14 of the concrete; discharge locations Requirements and Curing Protection permitted; clean-out areas; road Concrete closures, traffi c control or detours; 15 testing procedures; remedial mea- Acceptance of Acceptance of Measurement, Measurement, Testing and Testing and sures if potential problems occur Concrete (ex. during inclement weather) and 16 any other concerns that an invested Improvement Closeout and Continuous party may have regarding the work. Project For additional information, refer to 17 Appendix F, “Checklist for Concrete Troubleshooting Pre-Construction Meeting”. Figure 11.1: Concrete pave-in demonstration and meeting 18 (provided by Region of Waterloo). Appendix Best Management Practices66 for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure rmed? fi Concrete ed by fi ed with OPSF 1350-1 fi bres, colour, etc.; fi led staff receiving the order, fi rm the type of placement via pumping, fi and Purchase Order or Concrete Order Form, where applicable. A sample Concrete Order Form is provided in Appendix D. In addition, bucket transfers, standard chutes, etc.; • Any special requests such as, minimum truck size, conveyor belt, concrete pumps, ice, etc.; and • Appropriate general contractor or sub-contractor, etc.. All orders should be veri each concrete company use a checklist a checklist use company concrete each ready-mixed and scheduling for ordering K in Appendix A sample is provided concrete. the National Ready-mix developed by and was and American Association (NRMCA) Concrete in (ASCC) of Concrete Contractors Society and modi the United States on Canadian projects. Ontario for use minimum information The recommended an order is: required for entering of the customer; • Name and address the order and contact • Individual placing a mobile phone information (preferably number); received; • Date and time the order was except • Customer number - all customers, (COD) pre-paid and cash-on-delivery a customer customers, should be assigned accounting number by the concrete supplier department; This should • Product and quantity desired. additional include the mix number and any requirements such as • Type of order – Is the order con permitting, Contractor will call later, weather etc.; and method • Purpose or use of the concrete of placement; • Address of the delivery and detailed directions or access to the site; delivery; • Requested date and time of • Frequency of concrete delivery required for larger pours / multiple loads; • Special site conditions when on-site. Clean- out locations; personal protective equipment (PPE); construction gate access, etc.; • Con 67 rmation fi cations should cations fi Best Management Practices for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure ce. Some company’s receive fi addressed by both ed and fi Chapter 12 – Concrete Ordering Procedures Procedures Ordering – Concrete 12 Chapter and concrete contractors While general for the procedures all have unique suppliers orders of concrete and handling processing it is important construction projects, for their ordering requirements that the minimum are identi stakeholders. that a formal It is strongly recommended by the concrete supplier quotation is provided order is issued / used by and a purchase for ordering the the general contractor documents should specify concrete. These class of the anticipated quantity of concrete; identify the concrete mix being ordered; and mixes unique mix number. If performance are required, the mix speci Standard be submitted on Ontario Provincial Form (OPSF) 1350-1 in OPSS Muni.1350 of the at least 2 weeks prior to delivery on OPSF concrete, the mix code provided the concrete 1350-1 should be used to order during construction. orders General contractors should place appropriate for concrete directly with the Concrete order entry / dispatch personnel. may sales and management personnel assist by facilitating communications and between company dispatch personnel the customer. Although, con of the order and time of delivery should be the responsibility of the order entry / dispatch personnel to ensure correct supply requirements are provided to the contractor. The concrete supplier should explain the preferred method for receiving orders. Most orders are received by telephone, over a dedicated line, or directly into the order entry / dispatch of orders by fax and most recently by email. 12.1 Concrete Order Entry As orders are received, they are recorded on the appropriate order entry form or entered directly into the concrete supplier’s dispatch software. It is recommended that

has authority to change the type of mixture; whether it is a municipality or contractor 2 add supplements or make other requests working on a municipal project, to contact Management

to the order; and the acceptable method of suppliers in advance of the work taking Pavement and Rigid Selection Asset veriﬁ cation (either verbal over the phone, via place and submit their orders with a 3 email, updated purchase order number, etc.). minimum of 24 hours’ notice. For specialty

concrete applications and products, this Concrete Bridges

12.2 Directions to the Jobsite pre-ordering period are likely extended to 4 ensure appropriate materials are in-place Once the concrete order has been placed, the and available. If such limitations are required Sustainability concrete supplier should be provided with then the supplier should advise municipality 5 clear and understandable site information in / contractor during both, the quotation stage Cost Analysis Life-Cycle

order to properly dispatch the concrete trucks and during the pre-construction meeting. For (LCCA) to the jobsite. The person placing the order example, requirements for ice to cool the 6 should also provide additional information, temperature of the concrete may require Unshrinkable such as: more than 24 hours’ notice. Fill (U-Fill) 7 • Street entrance location with assigned gate The general contractor is responsible Architectural numbers when there are multiple entrances; for supplying the dispatcher with the Concrete • Layout of the proposed structures and requested concrete quantity, type of work 8 buildings indicating the appropriate names and anticipated delivery rates. It is the Concrete of the structures (i.e. West Bridge Pier responsibility of the concrete dispatcher Jointing 9 # 1, westbound curb & gutter, lane one / to integrate these requests into their daily

northbound pavement, etc.); production schedules and to load trucks in an Procurement

• Layout of proposed concrete pumping orderly fashion as seen in Figure 12.1. As a 10 locations; result, the concrete dispatcher may request a

• Location for concrete truck washout areas; large volume or high delivery rate for concrete Construction Placement Meetings & Pre- Pre- and projects to be scheduled during off-peak load 11 • Location for proper site egress. times. In these circumstances, there may be a

need to schedule the pour during the evening Procedures Concrete Ordering

12.3 Dispatch Process or weekend to accommodate such demanding 12 projects. Like many aspects of the project, Transportation Transportation When the concrete supplier is developing early communication of these requirements and Receiving Concrete their delivery cycle, they must consider between the parties is critical to ensure the 13 many factors, including but not limited to, success of the project. Consolidating and Finishing

unique dispatching systems; total number of Concrete Convey, Placing, trucks available in their fl eet; the number and 12.4 Specialty Concrete Products 14 locations of concrete plants that could supply Requirements and Curing Protection the project; and the frequency and production Canadian Standards Association (CSA) A23.1 Concrete demands of additional concrete customers requires that all concrete products used in 15 while the work is taking place. In some the production of ready-mixed concrete be Acceptance of Acceptance of Measurement, Measurement, Testing and Testing and instances, this process is now automated added by the concrete supplier. To meet Concrete but the majority of suppliers still dispatch this specifi cation, early communication of 16 the concrete via radios to the driver. The additional products required is necessary to Improvement Closeout and Continuous concrete supplier must consider all these ensure the concrete supplier can have the Project factors when attempting to balance their necessary quantity of material on hand for the 17 delivery cycle and ensure the concrete can be project. Such products may include but are not Troubleshooting delivered to the jobsite when necessary. limited to, colour pigments; fi bres; corrosion 18 inhibitors; non-chloride based accelerators; specialty aggregates; ice; etc. Appendix Best Management Practices68 for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure cult for cult fi loading area Figure 12.2: Portable concrete plant and truck It is the responsibility of the ready-mixed ready-mixed of the the responsibility It is the contractor supplier to inform concrete concrete mixture of the if the temperature threshold the maximum is approaching concrete project. The ready-mixed for the that should ensure and contractor supplier taken into consideration all provisions are is kept cool during to ensure the concrete This may be dif the curing period. such as, coloured concrete, speciality mixes (white) curing compounds where conventional Under these circumstances, cannot be used. light mists can be applied cool water and of sprinklers. through the use 69 Best Management Practices for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure ed requirements. ed fi FIGURE 12.1: Concrete truck loading at plant Specialty concrete products raise the issue raise the concrete products Specialty at should be added the material of whether the material on-site. versus adding the plant for the location the preferred Where possible, is at the concrete of these materials addition The plant will provide greater supplier’s plant. the use of automated controls through and reduce likelihood of dispensing systems when added on-site. This potential errors that the addition of material does not mean eliminated entirely as there on-site should be where the addition of raw may be instances warranted or preferred materials is either performance standpoint. For from a concrete contain example, a load of concrete could may be low air entrainment and the supplier of admixture allowed to increase the quantity meets the on-site to ensure the concrete speci

Concrete trucks and 30 minutes for dump trucks on a 2 concrete pavement project. Management

The majority of concrete delivered to a site is Pavement and Rigid Selection Asset provided via a ready-mix truck, or a volumetric Upon reaching the site, it is best practice that 3 concrete mixer as shown in Figure 13.1. For the concrete contractor and / or the material

large highway projects or roller compacted testing consultant conﬁ rm that the load of Concrete Bridges concrete projects, dump trucks may be used concrete has been batched correctly and is 4 for delivery providing travel distances are speciﬁ cally intended for the site, especially suitable and the material can be delivered if there is more than one concrete trade Sustainability with a reasonable timeframe. For any present on the project. Once the concrete has 5 transportation method, trucks are considered been delivered, the contractor may have to Cost Analysis Life-Cycle

heavy vehicles and operators must adhere consider different methodologies for further (LCCA) to local trafﬁ c by-laws; designated trucking transportation of the material on-site and 6 routes; and maximum load restrictions (ex. will need to incorporate this approach in the Unshrinkable bridge structures requiring repair). concrete placement plan. As shown in Figure Fill (U-Fill) 7 Architectural Concrete 8 Concrete Jointing 9 Procurement 10 Construction Placement Meetings & Pre- Pre- 11 Procedures Concrete Ordering

Figure 13.1: Concrete ready-mix truck (left) and volumetric mixer (right) 12 [Provided by Concrete Ontario] Transportation Transportation and Receiving and Receiving Concrete 13 Planning of the work in advance will 13.2, the placement of concrete may involve Consolidating and Finishing

allow invested parties to choose the most a paving train. The placement will be fairly Concrete Convey, Placing, appropriate method of handling the delivery of straightforward if a pour can be done simply 14 the concrete to the jobsite. Due to the nature by off-loading the concrete from the ready- Requirements and Curing Protection of concrete, the hydration process will occur mix truck via chutes to its desired position. Concrete as soon as the ingredients in the concrete Conversely, the placement process may 15 have been charged and the water / cement require the use of pumps; conveyers; tele- Acceptance of Acceptance of Measurement, Measurement, Testing and Testing and have been combined. The initial setting of belts; concrete buggies; wheel barrows, etc. to Concrete the concrete will occur within 30 minutes transport the material to the desired location. 16 although, this time period can be prolonged These operations may impact productivity and Improvement Closeout and Continuous if the concrete is continuously mixed and the supplier / contractor should be fully aware Project agitated in a ready-mix truck. However, the of these requirements prior to placement. 17 concrete should be fully discharged within Once the logistics are known, the contractor Troubleshooting a 2 hour period from the initial charging of and supplier can work together to develop an 18 the material. OPSS 1350.07.07 states that action plan to ensure the pour is conducted the discharge of concrete should be within successfully. Appendix Best Management Practices70 for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure 71 Best Management Practices for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure Figure 13.2: Concrete paving operation and dump truck (provided by County of Essex.) Figure 13.2: Concrete paving operation Cement Association of Canada (CAC), Kosmatka, Steven H.; Kerkhoff, B.; Panarese, William C.; MacLeod, Norman F.; and McGrath, R.J. “Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures, 8th Canadian Edition” (2011). References: The supplier will determine the best course The supplier will determine the pour upon of transportation for the concrete the quantity examining the type of project; of concrete required; the geographical to the location; detouring routes; access preferred site; and pouring schedule. The accommodate method chosen must be able to order to the capacity of work planned in avoid any cold joints during construction, Once the if a delay occurs unexpectedly. concrete arrives on-site, the material must be transported by the contractor the location of placement as expeditiously as possible without compromising segregation or any loss of the mixture.

and Finishing Concrete Figure 14.1, the contractor must ensure 2 the formwork has been installed correctly; Management

After the pre-planning, ordering and meets the desired alignment, layout; and is Pavement and Rigid Selection Asset transportation of the concrete has occurred properly supported to maintain the desired 3 successfully, it is then the responsibility of shape during construction. Additionally, if the

the contractor to take the concrete from the concrete requires steel reinforcing; internal Concrete Bridges delivery truck to its ﬁ nal placement position. embedments for load distribution; electrical 4 conduit, or plumbing, then these applications Sustainability

must also be placed and 5 conﬁ rmed prior to the Cost Analysis Life-Cycle

arrival of the concrete. (LCCA) These quick checks will 6 allow the contractor to Unshrinkable install the concrete with Fill (U-Fill) fewer delays once the 7 material has arrival on-site. Architectural Concrete The sequence on how the 8 concrete pour will progress Concrete must be determined. Jointing 9 Large pours will require

construction, contraction Procurement

and / or expansion joints at 10 pre-determined locations.

In these circumstances, it Construction Placement Meetings & Pre- Pre-

Figure 14.1: Concrete base and formwork preparation would be beneﬁ cial to place 11 (provided by Mick Prieur) the concrete in long / narrow

sections to allow enough Procedures Concrete Ordering

room for the discharge 12 truck to travel beside the pour between the Transportation Transportation Before the concrete has arrived on site, longitudinal joints. The size of the placement and Receiving Concrete the base that the concrete will be placed crew will vary with the nature of the concrete 13 upon needs to be checked for grade; any pour and type of application. For example, Consolidating and Finishing

undulations; compaction; standing water; small sidewalk pours can be performed with Concrete Convey, Placing,

as little as 4 workers whereas; a large pour 14 for a bridge deck or pavement as shown in Requirements and Curing Protection Figure 14.2, may require several crews to Concrete complete the work. 15 Acceptance of Acceptance of Measurement, Measurement, Testing and Testing and The application of moving the concrete from Concrete the point of delivery to its placement location 16 can be achieved by multiple possibilities, Improvement Closeout and Continuous

including; crane and bucket; pumping; tele- Project belt; conveyer belt; chute discharge; concrete 17 buggy; skid-steer or back-hoe bucket; wheel Figure 14.2: Concrete bridge deck Troubleshooting barrow; and other hand tools. These can be

(provided by County of Essex) 18 utilized, as long as, the methodology doesn’t disrupt the even distribution of the concrete Appendix Best Management Practices72 for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure nish fi nish can nish fi oating the oating fl oat could not reach; fl nish of the surface fi nish texture to provide fi edges oating the concrete fl nish the concrete. Concrete that a smooth- oors typically require fi fl ciency. Figure 14.4 shows the bad practice fi nishing tools; and applying concrete curing nished with a steel trowel or hand tool. whereas, nish with minimal undulations likely include the nishing process would concrete; hand- and areas where the bull- to the desired incorporating expansion joints broom- sidewalk spacing; providing a with to the concrete; edging the concrete fi techniques. Additionally, the type of concrete also determines the type of equipment and tools used to contains air entrainment should never be fi The use of this tool will seal the surface of the concrete and facilitate the formation of surface irregularities that will likely become a de is typically related to the intended appearance is typically related to the intended For example, and function of the concrete. factory fi application an exterior concrete sidewalk will have a broom- This better traction for walking pedestrians. fi and following steps; placement, consolidation screeding of the concrete; bull- of applying additional water to the concrete surface as this increases the water to cement ratio on the surface and impacts the durability of the concrete. and consolidated as the work proceeds. proceeds. the work as consolidated and to attempting an area and Over-loading by the concrete proper grade of achieve is not the surface a vibrator across dragging method of placement since this recommended, of the and weakening to segregation may lead is a vibratory screed concrete. An alternative 14.3. Open tooth rakes as shown in Figure because they can cause should be discouraged the concrete by “grabbing” and segregation of aggregate. In addition, all displacing larger should be checked for trueness strike off tools to the surface of the prior to being applied concrete. and After the initial placement, consolidation striking off the concrete the desired be initiated. The desired 73 Best Management Practices for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure steel. cant amount of reinforcing fi (provided by County of Essex) Figure 14.3: Vibratory screed concrete pour Upon initial placement of the concrete, the Upon initial placement into place and agitated material is worked achieve proper through a variety of means to are common consolidation. Internal vibrators greater than for cast in-place vertical pours areas 200mm in thickness and /or around with a signi of concrete The placement and spreading any possible should be conducted to minimize Large segregation of the concrete mix. should be pours using pumps and buckets done in layers, with each layer being agitated properties and the process of pouring can can of pouring process the and properties as possible without as expeditiously be done and mix composition the desired degrading When discharging, of the concrete. strength conditions surrounding aware of the always be conveyors and Booms, pumps, the site. concrete trucks may come in even ready-mix lines. It is important to contact with overhead pathway for equipment is clear make sure the or appropriate means should of overhead lines the discharge location and be taken to alter avoid the hazard. parking lots For slabs on grade, sidewalks, or laser or pavements, a mechanical screed concrete and screed can be used to place the for both grade agitate the surface, this allows pour. For control and consolidation of the screeds, refer additional information on laser at http:// to the Somero Enterprises website www.somero.com/ 3 11 14 2 Asset 6 Pre- 12 13 Convey, 15 16 17 1 Sidewalk, 4 7 8 9 Concrete Measurement, Project Curb & Gutter Management Concrete 5 Life-Cycle Unshrinkable Architectural Concrete 10 Construction Concrete Transportation Placing, Protection Testing and Closeout and 18 Appendix Introduction and Rigid Sustainability Cost Analysis Procurement & Pre- Ordering and Receiving Consolidating Troubleshooting Evaluation Pavement Bridges (LCCA) Fill (U-Fill) Concrete Jointing Placement Procedures Concrete and Finishing and Curing Acceptance of Continuous and Inspection Selection Meetings Concrete Requirements Concrete Improvement Introduction 1 and Inspection structural walls with continuous rebar require Curb & Gutter Evaluation Evaluation Sidewalk, Sidewalk,

a rougher surface for the next pour of 2 concrete to ensure a mechanical bond. Management Pavement and Rigid Selection Asset

The ﬁ nishes for concrete pavements should be 3 a texture surface to improve vehicular traction

and skid resistance. The initial texturing Concrete Bridges

should be performed with a longitudinal burlap 4 drag to produce a uniform textured surface. The burlap should be kept clean in a damp Sustainability

condition, free from tears and encrusted 5 mortar. Concrete pavements should also Cost Analysis Life-Cycle

receive a fi nal tining texture using equipment (LCCA) Figure 14.4: Concrete fi nishing bad practice manufactured to produce longitudinal or 6 (provided by Concrete Ontario) transverse tines (3mm wide on 16mm centres Unshrinkable with a tine depth of 4mm). Once complete, the Fill (U-Fill) surface of the concrete shall be free of any 7 Upon initial set-up, or when the concrete has displaced aggregate particles and localized Architectural achieved enough strength to not be marred, projections. Concrete the application of tooled contraction joints 8 should be initiated. The early introduction of References: Concrete contraction joints will minimize the formation Jointing 9 and risk of random cracking. If tooled jointing America Concrete Institute (ACI) Craftsman is not specifi ed, then it is imperative to fi nish

Workbook Publication CP-10(10), ACI Procurement the concrete surface; cure the concrete

Certifi cation Concrete Flatwork Technician and 10 slowly and apply saw cut contraction joints Flatwork Finisher. ACI Certifi cation Programs when the concrete has hardened suffi ciently

Committee, American Concrete Institute, Construction Placement Meetings to avoid chipping at the joints. For additional & Pre- Pre-

Farmington Hills, Michigan, 2012. 11 information, the America Concrete Institute (ACI) offers a Certiﬁ cation Program for

Cement Association of Canada (CAC), Procedures Concrete Concrete Flatwork Technician and Flatwork Ordering Kosmatka, Steven H.; Kerkhoff, B.; Panarese, 12 Finisher. Contained within the course, William C.; MacLeod, Norman F.; and McGrath,

many more applications; problem solving Transportation R.J. “Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures, and Receiving and planning for most ﬂ atwork applications Concrete 8th Canadian Edition” (2011). 13 are covered. In addition, Ontario Provincial Consolidating Standard Speciﬁ cation (OPSS) documents for and Finishing

National Ready-mixed Concrete Association. Concrete Convey, Placing, specifi c concrete applications contain detailed Pervious Concrete Contractor Certifi cation. 14 placement techniques and methodologies. National Ready-mixed Concrete Association, Requirements and Curing Protection Publication 2PPCRT, Silver Spring, MD, August Concrete All fi nishing techniques and desired fi nishes 2010. 15 should be known well in advance to actually Acceptance of Acceptance of Measurement, Measurement, pouring the concrete. Different concrete Testing and Ontario Provincial Standard Specifi cations. Concrete applications require different fi nishing Material Specifi cations for Concrete – 16 techniques. For example, industrial fl oor Materials and Production. OPSS Metric, OPSS Improvement Closeout and applications require the surface to be smooth Continuous Muni 350, 353, 356, 904 and 1350. Most Project and contractors commonly use a Fresno, recent publication. 17 and either a walk-behind trowel machines or ride-on trowels machines. Pervious concrete Troubleshooting requires a rotating cylinder to provide both 18 strike off and consolidation of the concrete; Appendix Best Management Practices74 for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure ts fi cantly fi cantly fi nal product. fi and the preferred approach should be based on the conditions and temperature at the jobsite. Cold weather conditions present a different type of problems. When the temperature falls below 5°C, the hydration of the cement is slowed down signi and leaves the concrete susceptible to freeze / thaw conditions, which may cause serious damage to the concrete. The strength of the concrete can be signi moisture vapour barrier. Each moisture vapour barrier. Each system has different bene 1°C and capable of recording / displaying 1°C and capable of recording ± When the temperature falls outside the outside falls the temperature When concrete (above range for curing normal protection system below 5°C), a 28°C or during to control conditions is required the concrete and ensure construction weather conditions performs. Hot correctly temperature rises above exist when the occurs, the heat from the 28°C. When this the heat generated from ambient air plus results in a shortened the hydration process the cement. This in turn reaction time for in the concrete and an leads to cracking in the overall lower strength Typically, a hot weather protection system Typically, a hot weather protection of the will consist of one or a combination water / following; sun shades; wind breaks; and / or fog spray; wet burlap (Figure 15.1); the contractor To monitor temperature, and digital can install thermocouple wires thermocouple temperature indicator(s). The of the wires are embedded during placement concrete. material near the surface of the an accuracy The thermocouple should have of mixture. the temperature of the concrete can monitor The contractor / municipality period and the reading during the curing reference document the readings for future or evaluation following construction. 75 Best Management Practices for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure nishing of the fi the concrete nal stage of fi conditions (provided by County of Essex) achieved concrete product that has nished Figure 15.1: Concrete curing with wet burlap during hot weather Figure 15.1: Concrete curing with wet burlap during hot weather concrete, the concrete, the In the planning stages of the work, system contractor selects a protection that for the worst weather conditions during the may be anticipated at the site records, concrete pour. Previous weather current site future weather forecasts, and should be conditions are a few factors that proper taken into consideration. Through the planning, the contractor will have on-site appropriate protection measures of the pour and readily available on the day excessive in case of inclement weather or are temperatures. Weather and temperature when selecting important factors to consider system. the most appropriate protection After placement and After placement Protection 15.1 Concrete Chapter 15 – Concrete Protection and Protection – Concrete 15 Chapter Requirements Curing In this process begins. construction install curing last stage, contractors and maintain an optimal protection systems the concrete resulting in a environment for fi and durability for its the desired strength intended use. 3 11 14 2 Asset 6 Pre- 12 13 Convey, 15 16 17 1 Sidewalk, 4 7 8 9 Concrete Measurement, Project Curb & Gutter Management Concrete 5 Life-Cycle Unshrinkable Architectural Concrete 10 Construction Concrete Transportation Placing, Protection Testing and Closeout and 18 Appendix Introduction and Rigid Sustainability Cost Analysis Procurement & Pre- Ordering and Receiving Consolidating Troubleshooting Evaluation Pavement Bridges (LCCA) Fill (U-Fill) Concrete Jointing Placement Procedures Concrete and Finishing and Curing Acceptance of Continuous and Inspection Selection Meetings Concrete Requirements Concrete Improvement Introduction 1 and Inspection Curb & Gutter Curb & Gutter Evaluation Evaluation Sidewalk, Sidewalk, 2 Management Pavement and Rigid Selection Asset 3 Concrete Bridges 4 Sustainability 5 Cost Analysis Life-Cycle (LCCA) 6 Unshrinkable Fill (U-Fill) 7 Architectural Concrete 8 Concrete Jointing 9 Procurement 10 Construction Placement Meetings & Pre- Pre- 11 Procedures Concrete Ordering 12 Transportation Transportation and Receiving and Receiving Concrete 13 reduced by up to 50% if the concrete is frozen provides an outline of the different types Consolidating before reaching a minimum of 3.5 MPa, and of protection that are required for different and Finishing Concrete Convey, Placing,

the concrete should be at least 20 MPa prior thicknesses of concrete at different air 14 to the exposure of multiple freeze / thaw temperatures.

cycles. Requirements and Curing Protection Concrete

All pathways where the cold weather can enter 15 Typically, a cold weather protection system the protected area should be covered. Pay Acceptance of Acceptance of Measurement, Measurement, will consist of one of the following: moisture close attention to corners and edges as these Testing and Concrete vapour barrier; moisture vapour barrier areas are the most susceptible to heat loss. 16 with insulation; insulated formwork; and / or For example, reinforcement bars that protrude Improvement Closeout and full enclosures with heat (ex. `Housing and through the forms and extend outside the Continuous Project

Heating’). The type of protection selected protected area should be covered. In some 17 in cold weather will depend on the outside instances, additional layers of insulating temperature and the thickness of the concrete protection may be required to ensure the Troubleshooting being placed. Ontario Provincial Standard concrete cures correctly. 18 Specifi cation (OPSS) 904, Table 3 (Table 15.1) Appendix Best Management Practices76 for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure nishing fi the ow into fl Through proper selection, implementation, and maintenance of the may be required to provide provide to be required may temperature a constant the preferred range within limits. hot weather or In either the cold weather conditions, installed protection measure anchored should be properly around and tightly secured shown the concrete, unlike High wind in Figure 15.2. to the can be detrimental and cause protection system unwanted air protected area or loss of the entire protection system. operations. During this process, the goal is operations. During this process, content to maintain the optimal moisture for an and temperature of the concrete appropriate period of time. This will allow the concrete to obtain the strength and durability that is needed for its desired use. The left and centre photographs in Figure 15.3 are examples of improper application of curing compound on concrete sidewalk. The photograph on the left shows uneven placement of the curing compound on a section of sidewalk. The photograph in the middle shows a section of sidewalk poured with no curing compound or alternate curing method provided in an appropriate timeframe. The last photograph on the right shows an improved application of curing compound although, additional effort should be applied to ensure the compound is completely uniform protection system, the concrete has the protection system, the concrete a normal opportunity to gain strength at by rate and help prevent early damage unfavourable weather conditions. Curing 15.2 Concrete The concrete curing process starts and immediately following the placing 77 red; and (3) fi Best Management Practices for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure red heaters are suitable fi (provided by Concrete Ontario) Figure 15.2: Unsecured protection system Figure 15.2: Unsecured protection cations to the protection system fi red; (2) indirect fi uctuations in the temperature are observed, When using a housing and heating system, When using a housing and heating the proper caution should be taken to ensure ventilation. selection of the heat source and of heaters Typically, there are three types these include; used in cold weather concrete, (1) direct As the concrete continues to cure, the temperature differential between the concrete and exterior air must be monitored. The difference in temperature should be less than 20°C between the centre of the concrete component and the surface. If large fl then modi hydronic systems. The type of heat source hydronic systems. The type of set-up. selected is dependent on the closure For example, direct- is not for enclosures where the concrete directly. exposed to the heater or exhaust is Conversely, an indirect heat method preferred in areas where the heat source is in close proximity to the concrete. This approach should avoid carbonation and the development of a soft-dusty surface on the fresh concrete. The third option, hydronic systems, can be used to provide heat through the circulation of glycol or hot water in a closed system of pipes. 3 11 14 2 Asset 6 Pre- 12 13 Convey, 15 16 17 1 Sidewalk, 4 7 8 9 Concrete Measurement, Project Curb & Gutter Management Concrete 5 Life-Cycle Unshrinkable Architectural Concrete 10 Construction Concrete Transportation Placing, Protection Testing and Closeout and 18 Appendix Introduction and Rigid Sustainability Cost Analysis Procurement & Pre- Ordering and Receiving Consolidating Troubleshooting Evaluation Pavement Bridges (LCCA) Fill (U-Fill) Concrete Jointing Placement Procedures Concrete and Finishing and Curing Acceptance of Continuous and Inspection Selection Meetings Concrete Requirements Concrete Improvement Introduction 1 and Inspection Curb & Gutter Curb & Gutter Evaluation Evaluation Sidewalk, Sidewalk, 2 Management Pavement and Rigid Selection Asset 3 Concrete Bridges 4 Sustainability 5 Cost Analysis Life-Cycle (LCCA) 6 Unshrinkable Fill (U-Fill) 7 Architectural Concrete 8 Concrete Jointing 9 across the entire surface. When complete, Taking proper care when applying the curing

the surface should be consistently covered compound in this step will help mitigate Procurement

with white curing compound, unlike the minor potential problems on the surface of the 10 spots of grey are observed in this application. concrete after it has cured. In most cases, Construction

A second pass of the curing compound at concrete placement takes place when the Placement Meetings & Pre- Pre-

90 degrees to the ﬁ rst spray was needed to weather conditions are moderate, making 11 eliminate this inconsistency. the curing process easily managed by the

contractor or municipality. The application Procedures Concrete Ordering

When using curing compounds, proper of curing compound or covering the 12 application of the compound is key to the concrete with vapour barrier / wet burlap Transportation Transportation and Receiving and Receiving

success of the curing process. Curing are common types of curing measures used Concrete compounds must be applied in a uniform under these conditions. However, additional 13 manner across the entire surface of the curing measures may be required when the Consolidating and Finishing Concrete Convey, concrete. There should be an even thickness temperature begins to rise above or fall below Placing, / colour throughout and the compound the normal temperature range for cold or hot 14 must be free of breaks. In addition, the weather concrete. Requirements and Curing Protection curing compound must be placed on the Concrete concrete within an appropriate timeframe. The time period and temperature restrictions 15 Most manufacturers recommend the curing that are to be followed during the curing Acceptance of Acceptance of Measurement, Measurement, Testing and Testing and compound should be applied when the process should be noted in the contract Concrete water on the surface disappears from the speciﬁ cations. Table 15.2, presents the 16 horizontal surface of the concrete. OPSS 904 allowable curing times in accordance with CSA Improvement Closeout and Continuous requires the curing compound to be placed A23.1 – Table 19. Project 17 immediately following the ﬁ nishing operation

and states a second application of curing Best practices for curing concrete in hot Troubleshooting compound should be applied within 30 to 60 weather include: 18 minutes after the fi rst application. • Moisture applied immediately following the fi nishing operation. The fi rst few hours after Appendix Best Management Practices78 for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure with heated enclosures, forms provide a way a provide forms enclosures, heated with prevent and help the heat evenly to distribute drying; will be exposed where the concrete • At sites salt, a and road / thaw conditions to freeze least is to provide at rule of thumb general time and another 28 days 28 days of curing / thaw cycle and /or road prior to any freeze In some cases, there may be salt application. and road salt must maintenance limitations is the case, contractors and be applied. If this discuss this concern with municipalities should supplier to determine the their local concrete option available. One option best mitigation lower slumps along with may include using content in the additives to reduce the water workability mix while providing the desired during construction; and period and • Upon completion of the curing avoid large removal of the protection system, variations in temperature. are Acceptable temperature differentials (Table indicated in Table 20 of CSA A23.1. 15.3) 79 Best Management Practices for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure in keeping crucial are the concrete nishing • Avoid using overly wet curing methods as • Avoid using overly wet curing in the this may result in premature defects surface of the concrete; than normal • Allow for longer curing period of 7 days weather conditions (ex. a minimum vertical of curing should be provided for formwork applications); the duration of • Leave the forms in place for possible. Even the curing period or as long as Best practices for curing concrete in cold Best practices for curing concrete weather include: fi weather conditions; moist in hot the surface manner moisture in a continuous • Apply cycle. Applying of in a wet – dry instead will avoid premature continuously moisture cracking; surface water, use fogging sprays or • Avoid pooling soaker hoses; retaining curing compound, • Apply a moisture municipality; and if accepted by the of the initial curing period, • Upon completion be allowed to dry out the concrete should help prevent surface cracking slowly. This will or crazing 3 11 14 2 Asset 6 Pre- 12 13 Convey, 15 16 17 1 Sidewalk, 4 7 8 9 Concrete Measurement, Project Curb & Gutter Management Concrete 5 Life-Cycle Unshrinkable Architectural Concrete 10 Construction Concrete Transportation Placing, Protection Testing and Closeout and 18 Appendix Introduction and Rigid Sustainability Cost Analysis Procurement & Pre- Ordering and Receiving Consolidating Troubleshooting Evaluation Pavement Bridges (LCCA) Fill (U-Fill) Concrete Jointing Placement Procedures Concrete and Finishing and Curing Acceptance of Continuous and Inspection Selection Meetings Concrete Requirements Concrete Improvement Introduction 1 and Inspection Curb & Gutter Curb & Gutter Evaluation Evaluation Sidewalk, Sidewalk, 2 Management Pavement and Rigid Selection Asset 3 Concrete Bridges 4 Sustainability 5 Cost Analysis Life-Cycle (LCCA) 6 Unshrinkable Fill (U-Fill) 7 Architectural Concrete 8 Concrete Jointing 9 References: Procurement

Canadian Standards Association (CSA) A23.1- 10 14, “Concrete Materials and Methods of Construction Placement Meetings

Concrete Construction” (2014). & Pre- Pre- Cement Association of Canada (CAC), 11 Kosmatka, Steven H.; Kerkhoff, B.; Panarese, Procedures Concrete William C.; MacLeod, Norman F.; and McGrath, Ordering R.J. “Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures, 12 8th Canadian Edition” (2011). Transportation Transportation and Receiving and Receiving Concrete 13 Ontario Provincial Standard Speciﬁ cation,

Municipal Edition (OPSS.MUNI) 904, Consolidating and Finishing Concrete Convey, “Construction Specifi cation for Concrete Placing, 14 Structures“ (2012). Requirements and Curing Protection Concrete 15 Acceptance of Acceptance of Measurement, Measurement, Testing and Testing and Concrete 16 Improvement Closeout and Continuous Project 17 Troubleshooting 18 Appendix Best Management Practices80 for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure ed fi cation fi cations. fi cation Requirements: cation fi Code for Concrete cation cation of testing fi fi valid ed and must have a fi cation in order to test The cation Requirements: fi fi performance for the cations fi eld testing technician perform. This information ed to fi fi It is in the best interest cation. fi rm that the concrete supplied to the fi at the pre-construction meeting. cates fi cation of proper testing procedures. fi performing the onsite testing of the concrete performing the onsite testing Concrete must be either CSA or American Institute (ACI) certi CCIL Type J certi certi the concrete. The CCIL Type J includes annual veri competence and allows for third party veri Concrete Testing and Reporting: Concrete testing is the most common method used to con project meets the project speci The contract documents must therefore clearly identify the concrete test methods (ex. Compression test in Figure 16.1) and the acceptance criteria that will be used to evaluate the concrete supplied to the project. The concrete testing requirements listed below apply to both private developments that will be assumed by the municipality and projects located within the public right-of-way. is included in CSA A283 and includes the is included in CSA A283 and includes following levels. A23.2 1A, 1C, • Category O – Basic Tests (CSA 3C, 4C, 5C, 9C & ASTM C1064); • Category I – Intermediate Tests 10A, 11A, 12A, A23.2 2A, 3A, 4A, 5A, 6A, 7A, 13A, 2C, 6C, 7C, 14C); and (CSA (CSA A23.2 8A, • Category II – Advanced Tests 9A, 18A, 11C, 12C). Field Personnel Certi The concrete In addition, the laboratory should only conduct laboratory should only conduct In addition, the for the test methods that the concrete testing they are certi Testing Laboratories; and also have Canadian and also have Canadian Testing Laboratories; Laboratories (CCIL) Council of Independent Type H certi to obtain copies of both of the municipality certi to CSA A283 – Quali to CSA A283 – minimum quali minimum be as program should testing of the concrete follows: Certi Laboratory be both certi laboratory should concrete 81 cation fi ed fi cations of cations fi cations stipulated cations fi cation and delivery fi ed and certi Best Management Practices for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure fi (provided by exp Services). be The concrete supplier must cations. proof of Ready-mixed Concrete ed and fi fi Figure 16.1: Concrete compression test personnel to perform testing. All concrete personnel to perform testing. testing is to be performed in accordance with Canadian Standards Association for (CSA) A23.1/.2 and is a major concern team. The all members of the construction The Municipality shall ensure that the The Municipality shall ensure for testing concrete testing agency retained services supplies quali Laboratories and Personnel 16.1 Minimum Testing Quali must be forwarded to the municipality. Association of Ontario (RMCAO) Certi Association of certi ticket information required for acceptance of for acceptance required ticket information municipality from samples concrete by the from cores drilled from the cast on-site and to any pour, the mix design elements. Prior to the municipality for must be submitted meet speci review. It must documents and / or applicable in the contract speci This chapter will outline testing requirements, testing requirements, will outline This chapter mix design veri concrete Chapter 16 – Measurement, Testing and and Testing – Measurement, 16 Chapter of Concrete Acceptance 3 11 14 2 Asset 6 Pre- 12 13 Convey, 15 16 17 1 Sidewalk, 4 7 8 9 Concrete Measurement, Project Curb & Gutter Management Concrete 5 Life-Cycle Unshrinkable Architectural Concrete 10 Construction Concrete Transportation Placing, Protection Testing and Closeout and 18 Appendix Introduction and Rigid Sustainability Cost Analysis Procurement & Pre- Ordering and Receiving Consolidating Troubleshooting Evaluation Pavement Bridges (LCCA) Fill (U-Fill) Concrete Jointing Placement Procedures Concrete and Finishing and Curing Acceptance of Continuous and Inspection Selection Meetings Concrete Requirements Concrete Improvement Introduction 1 and Inspection Reviewing the test methods specifi ed from the start of the fi lling to the removal of Curb & Gutter Evaluation Evaluation Sidewalk, Sidewalk,

and setting up the appropriate concrete the mould, without interruption and within an 2 veriﬁ cation system is one of the major tasks elapsed time of 2 minutes. (Equipment shown Management

of the pre-construction meeting. Through in Figure 16.2) Pavement and Rigid Selection Asset the process of measuring key indicators, 3 monitoring the concrete placement and

analyzing the results of the testing program, Concrete Bridges we can; (1) evaluate the consistency of the 4 concrete supplied to the project; (2) improve the concrete production and placing process; Sustainability and (3) evaluate the effectiveness of the 5 concrete testing system in ensuring quality Cost Analysis Life-Cycle

concrete is supplied to the project. (LCCA) 6 Where Ontario Provincial Standard Unshrinkable Specifi cation, Municipal Edition (OPSS.MUNI) Fill (U-Fill) 1350, Material Specifi cation for Concrete – 7 Materials and Production, is referenced in the Architectural project specifi cations, it should be noted that Concrete the exposure class, compressive strength, and Figure 16.2: Concrete slump test (cone) 8 air content of the concrete being designed apparatus Concrete must meet the requirements of CSA A23.1- Provided by Concrete Ontario Jointing 9 14. Testing of all concrete must meet the

requirements of CSA A23.2-14. CSA A23.1-9C Compressive Strength of Procurement

Cylindrical Concrete Specimens: Calibration 10 16.2 Normal Plastic (On-site) Concrete Test of testing equipment to ASTM E4 is required

Methods every 12 months maximum. Construction Placement Meetings & Pre- Pre- 11 The standard concrete test methods that 16.3 Standard Frequency of On-site Testing

can be used on all projects include (with Procedures Concrete Ordering highlighted clause): Delivery Ticket Information: Upon arrival, the 12 delivery ticket must be checked for the mix Transportation Transportation CSA A23.2-1C Sampling Plastic Concrete: Take design number, concrete type and batch time. and Receiving Concrete the sample between the 10% and 90% points 13 of the discharge. Consolidating and Finishing Concrete Convey, Placing,

CSA A23.1-3C Making and Curing Concrete 14 Compression and Flexural Test Specimens: Requirements and Curing Protection Mould the specimens in as close proximity as Concrete is practicable to the place where they are to 15 be stored during the fi rst 28 h ± 8 hr. Acceptance of Acceptance of Measurement, Measurement, Testing and Testing and Concrete CSA A23.2-4C Air Content of Plastic Concrete 16 by the Pressure Method: Complete the test for Improvement Closeout and Continuous air content within 10 minutes after obtaining Project the sample, including transporting and 17 remixing. Figure 16.3: Concrete air content test Provided Troubleshooting 18 CSA A23.2-5C Slump and Slump Flow of by Concrete Ontario Concrete: Carry out the entire operation, Appendix Best Management Practices82 for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure the concrete and the concrete supplier supplier concrete and the concrete the to the test immediate access must have to are in the position since they information action to address corrective take immediate test While 7-day problems. any potential used for acceptance, are not typically results this information be supplied it is critical that team since these results to the construction to the mix designs on may prompt changes before the 28-day results the project even testing as shown in are available. Maturity also be used to determine how Figure 16.4 can performing without waiting the concrete is to a new development 28 days. With respect it is best practice that or subdivision project; are municipal staff and / or their agents and receive a included on the distribution list when they copy of the concrete test reports team. are provided to the construction 83 Figure 16.4: Concrete cylinder and maturity monitoring gauge to Figure 16.4: Concrete cylinder and maturity monitoring gauge determine real-time strengths insitu (provided by Concrete Ontario) determine real-time strengths insitu (provided by Concrete Best Management Practices for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure ed in ed fi cally addressed cally fi Concrete test reports should be immediately distributed to all members of the construction team preferably using Concrete Test Forms & Reporting (CMATS™) provided in Appendix C to ensure that everyone has immediate access to the test information. In all instances, both the person ordering 16.4 Distribution of 16.4 Distribution Concrete Test Reports the contract documents and speci during the pre-construction meeting. Air Content: should All concrete mixes (whether air be tested for air entrainment C-2, C-1 and entrained or not). For classes is attained, C-XL, every load until consistency air test must every 3rd load thereafter. An test as per be performed with every strength (Pressure CSA A23.1-14, Clause 4.4.4.1.1.3. 16.3) method air meter shown in Figure Speciality Testing Requirements: Non-standard test methods such as Hardened Air Void System (AVS) and Rapid Chloride Permeability (RCP) shall be identi Slump: It best practice to test the slump for Slump: It best practice strength test cylinders and at each casting of to ensure the concrete is periodic intervals supplied to the jobsite. being consistency Strength: The frequency for casting concrete for casting The frequency Strength: compression testing for concrete cylinders 100 one test for every be less than should not placed, with no less than one m³ of concrete of concrete placed on any test for each class CSA A23.1-14, Clause 4.4.6.3.1. one day as per The maximum allowable time from batch time batch from time allowable maximum The is 90 minutes. to delivery 3 11 14 2 Asset 6 Pre- 12 13 Convey, 15 16 17 1 Sidewalk, 4 7 8 9 Concrete Measurement, Project Curb & Gutter Management Concrete 5 Life-Cycle Unshrinkable Architectural Concrete 10 Construction Concrete Transportation Placing, Protection Testing and Closeout and 18 Appendix Introduction and Rigid Sustainability Cost Analysis Procurement & Pre- Ordering and Receiving Consolidating Troubleshooting Evaluation Pavement Bridges (LCCA) Fill (U-Fill) Concrete Jointing Placement Procedures Concrete and Finishing and Curing Acceptance of Continuous and Inspection Selection Meetings Concrete Requirements Concrete Improvement Introduction 1 and Inspection 16.5 Recording and Reporting of Test Clause 4.4.6.4.4. (Field cured specimens are Curb & Gutter Evaluation Evaluation Sidewalk, Sidewalk,

Reports used to determine the actual strength of the 2 concrete in place to assist in project planning Management

Access to the concrete test result information for form removal, cold weather protection Pavement and Rigid Selection Asset should be supplied instantaneously to all removal or other special conditions and 3 parties identiﬁ ed on the concrete test therefore the lower acceptance criteria does

result distribution list developed at the pre- not apply.) Concrete Bridges construction meeting. The testing company 4 should provide an electronic copy of the For in-situ core testing of concrete standard test report in Portable Document constructed on-site, CSA recommends that Sustainability

Format (PDF) for use by the construction this method should be used in cases where 5 team. In addition to the standard test the strengths of the cylinders cast during Cost Analysis Life-Cycle

reports, the material testing company should construction fail to satisfy the requirements (LCCA) identify and provide a detailed summary of mentioned above, or where the casting 6 non-conforming concrete test results with of cylinder testing was not done as in Unshrinkable potential risks / recommendations highlighted. accordance with the standard sampling / Fill (U-Fill) curing requirements. CSA states that the 7 16.6 Evaluation of Concrete Hardened compressive strength of the concrete in Architectural Properties the area represented by core tests shall be Concrete considered adequate if (1) the average of each 8 This section describes some of the typical set of 3 cores from the portion of the concrete Concrete hardened properties speciﬁ ed in concrete being evaluated is at least 85% of the Jointing 9 construction; provides guidance to the speciﬁ ed strength; and that (2) no single core

interpretation of test results; and offers is less than 75% of the speciﬁ ed strength. Procurement

recommendations for additional testing in Figure 16.5 shows a typical compression test 10 order to provide supplementary information of a core sample performed in the lab. For

on the concrete evaluated on site. additional information, refer to CSA A23.1-14, Construction Placement Meetings & Pre- Pre-

Clause 4.4.6.6.2. 11 Compressive Strength: CSA A23.1-14 lists the

minimum compressive strength for a variety When combined, maturity testing and Procedures Concrete Ordering of classes of concrete based on its intended concrete cylinder testing can determine the 12 use and exposure condition to the elements. compressive strengths of the pavement prior Transportation Transportation In addition, CSA provides circumstances to opening the roadway to vehicular trafﬁ c. and Receiving Concrete where the following tests should be performed As part of this process, the contractor and / 13 on concrete cylinders cast on-site during or consulting engineering ﬁ rm can develop Consolidating and Finishing

placement of the material, as well as cores a quality control plan with details of all Concrete Convey, Placing, that can be drilled from the hardened equipment and procedures to be used for 14 concrete constructed. estimating the in-place compressive strength Requirements and Curing Protection of concrete pavement by the maturity Concrete CSA states that the strength level of each method. Once available, the test results can 15 class of concrete shall be considered be provided on a regular basis to determine Acceptance of Acceptance of Measurement, Measurement, Testing and Testing and satisfactory if (1) the average strength tests when the roadway can be re-opened for Concrete results for all sets of 3 consecutive cylinders vehicular use. The plan can generally include 16 for that class (at one particular curing time the following information; (1) fi eld procedure Improvement Closeout and Continuous range) are equal or exceed the specifi ed and equipment to be used for maintaining, Project strength; and that (2) no individual strength monitoring and recording the internal 17 test is more than 3.5 MPa below the minimum temperature of the in-place concrete with Troubleshooting specifi ed strength for the concrete. Although, respect to time; (2) laboratory calibration 18 these requirements shall not apply to fi eld procedure and equipment for developing cured specimens as described in CSA A23.1-14, the equivalent age vs. strength relationship; Appendix Best Management Practices84 for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure ed prior to use on a project. project. ed prior to use on a fi Provided by exp Services Provided by exp Services testing of a cation shall include fi Figure 16.6: Hardened air void test sample Figure 16.5: Concrete core compression test Figure 16.5: Concrete core compression Pre-quali made minimum 2 cylinders, cast of concrete and with the same materials, mix proportions use on the mixing procedures intended for for a period project. Test results shall be valid shall be pre-quali 85 m, with μ cation fi m and the air μ 230 ≤ Best Management Practices for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure cation range of 100-125 fi for use on the project. rmed fi 3.0% as per CSA A23.1-14, Clause 3.0% as per CSA A23.1-14, Clause ≥ Rapid Chloride Permeability (RCP): The permeability of concrete is important in reinforced concrete structures that are exposed and susceptible to chlorides. The resistance to chloride ion penetration shall be determined in accordance with ASTM C1202, on cylinders cast in accordance with CSA A23.2-3C using the equipment in Figure 16.7. Any mix for which RCP is a requirement AVS testing can be used to determine if the quantity of air voids is adequate after cores have been drilled from the concrete. This type of testing is typically carried out if there is concern with early deterioration or if test results of the plastic concrete are inconclusive or not available. The testing for hardened air voids shall be The testing for hardened air voids Society for in accordance with the American speci Testing and Materials (ASTM) C457, using a magni no single test greater than 260 content is times, with testing performed on concrete times, with testing performed concrete in cylinders cast from delivered A typical test accordance with CSA A23.2-3C. The air void sample is shown in Figure 16.6. when system is considered to be satisfactory the average spacing factor is Hardened Air Void System (AVS): A suitable (AVS): A suitable Air Void System Hardened is important for the long- air void system of concrete exposed to term performance and to chlorides. The freezing and thawing shall be determined prior to AVS properties once the materials, the start of construction and mixing procedures mix proportions have been con (3) calibration chart indicating temperature- indicating chart (3) calibration (4) calibration vs. time; and time factor of the vs. time temperature chart indicating air temperatures. and ambient concrete Presently, there is no standard requirement Presently, there testing although, it is for frequency of cast on-site recommended that cylinders are for exposure for AVS purposes every 500 m3 classes C-XL, C-1, and C-2. 4.3.3.4. 3 11 14 2 Asset 6 Pre- 12 13 Convey, 15 16 17 1 Sidewalk, 4 7 8 9 Concrete Measurement, Project Curb & Gutter Management Concrete 5 Life-Cycle Unshrinkable Architectural Concrete 10 Construction Concrete Transportation Placing, Protection Testing and Closeout and 18 Appendix Introduction and Rigid Sustainability Cost Analysis Procurement & Pre- Ordering and Receiving Consolidating Troubleshooting Evaluation Pavement Bridges (LCCA) Fill (U-Fill) Concrete Jointing Placement Procedures Concrete and Finishing and Curing Acceptance of Continuous and Inspection Selection Meetings Concrete Requirements Concrete Improvement Introduction 1 and Inspection Cement Association of Canada (CAC), Curb & Gutter Evaluation Evaluation Sidewalk, Sidewalk,

Kosmatka, Steven H.; Kerkhoff, B.; Panarese, 2 William C.; MacLeod, Norman F.; and McGrath, Management

R.J. “Design and Control of Concrete Pavement and Rigid Selection Asset

Mixtures, 8th Canadian Edition” (2011). 3

Ontario Provincial Standard Speciﬁ cation, Concrete Bridges

Municipal Edition (OPSS.MUNI) 1350, “Material 4 Speciﬁ cation for Concrete – Materials and Production“ (2014). Sustainability 5 Cost Analysis Life-Cycle (LCCA) 6 Unshrinkable Fill (U-Fill) 7 Architectural Concrete 8 Concrete Jointing

Figure 16.7: Rapid Chloride Permeability test 9 apparatus (provided by exp Services). Procurement

of 12 months and may be obtained from the 10 supply of concrete to another project. Construction Placement Meetings & Pre- Pre- The suggested ASTM C1202 acceptance 11 testing parameter for concrete exposure Procedures Concrete class C-1 is 1500 coulombs average with no Ordering single result greater than 1750 coulombs 12 when tested at 56 days. Considering that Transportation Transportation and Receiving and Receiving

the ASTM C1202 test is subject to variations, Concrete it is recommended that the target coulomb 13 value be less than 1150 to have a reasonable Consolidating and Finishing Concrete Convey, assurance that the 1500 coulomb requirement Placing, will be met. 14 Requirements and Curing Protection Presently, there is no standard requirement Concrete for frequency of testing although, it is 15 recommended that RCP testing be conducted Acceptance of Acceptance of Measurement, Measurement, Testing and Testing and for every 500 m3 of concrete delivered to the Concrete 16 site for exposure classes C-XL and C-1. Improvement Closeout and Continuous References: Project 17

Canadian Standards Association (CSA) Troubleshooting

A23.1/2-14, “Concrete Materials and Methods 18 of Concrete Construction” (2014). Appendix Best Management Practices86 for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure cate of cate fi ciencies. fi ciencies or ciencies fi cate, prior to the fi work, ed the outstanding fi cate, the contractor shall fi be released ciency holdback can fi work as part of the statutory ciency fi the estimated determine cient work and/or fi walkthrough of the project to document to document project of the walkthrough de this amount outstanding work and deduct from the payment certi process commencement of statutory holdback Once the and 45-day construction lien period. contractor has recti then the de accordingly. and payment can be processed 17.2 Substantial Completion and Contract Maintenance Period Conditions In accordance with the General Lien Act, the of Contract and Construction on the maintenance period commences (or date of date of substantial completion the contractor substantial performance); and acceptable has completed the project to state use or is by the agency, and is ready for being used for its intended purposes. Once this date has been established, the contract administrator should prepare a certi substantial performance and issue a formal notice to the general contractor. Upon receipt of the certi publish the date of substantial performance in a construction newspaper (such as the Daily Commercial News) and the date of advertisement shall form the commencement of the 45-day lien period required by the Construction Lien Act. Within the context of the tender document and the contract, it is imperative that the contract administrator identify the conditions of the contractor’s responsibilities and duration of monetary value to rectify these defects. these defects. value to rectify monetary to has the right administrator The contract incomplete or defective payment for holdback the contractor such time that work until product de addresses these of the project, it is important During this phase that the Construction Lien to keep in mind funds to be held back Act does not permit for de For that reason, the holdback process. needs to determine contract administrator of de the monetary value 87 nal fi nal fi cation fi ed before ed fi cation and cation fi Best Management Practices for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure and Recti cation fi ciency Identi ciency Figure 17.1: County Road 22 fi Provided by County of Essex ciencies to be recti cation Work cation fi ciency Identi ciency fi fi Recti Prior to completion of the construction phase, it is important to revisit the work completed on a project and identify any quality defects or de 17.1 De Work; and Contract 2. Substantial Completion Maintenance Period; and Lessons 3. Continuous Improvement Learned; and Performance 4. Contractor and Consultant Evaluation. 1. De As the construction phase nears completion nears completion phase As the construction project infrastructure concrete on a municipal agency representatives in Figure 17.1, as shown administrator for the and/or the contract consider the following closeout project should procedures / processes; Chapter 17 – Project Closeout and and Closeout – Project 17 Chapter Improvement Continuous acceptance / closure of the contract. The contract administrator and general contractor performing the work should conduct a 3 11 14 2 Asset 6 Pre- 12 13 Convey, 15 16 17 1 Sidewalk, 4 7 8 9 Concrete Measurement, Project Curb & Gutter Management Concrete 5 Life-Cycle Unshrinkable Architectural Concrete 10 Construction Concrete Transportation Placing, Protection Testing and Closeout and 18 Appendix Introduction and Rigid Sustainability Cost Analysis Procurement & Pre- Ordering and Receiving Consolidating Troubleshooting Evaluation Pavement Bridges (LCCA) Fill (U-Fill) Concrete Jointing Placement Procedures Concrete and Finishing and Curing Acceptance of Continuous and Inspection Selection Meetings Concrete Requirements Concrete Improvement Introduction 1 and Inspection the maintenance period. For the construction collaboratively by all parties involved and was Curb & Gutter Evaluation Evaluation Sidewalk, Sidewalk,

of concrete pavements, it is recommended there the proper level of mutual respect? 2 that a two (2) year maintenance period is Management

considered when preparing these conditions, Team Identiﬁ cation / Performance: Did Pavement and Rigid Selection Asset as cracks have been found in the second year all members of the project team fulﬁ ll their 3 after completion. Otherwise the maintenance responsibilities and meet the objectives /

period is typically one (1) year following expectations of the contract? Are there any Concrete Bridges the date of substantial completion. It is the recommendations to improve the delivery of 4 responsibility of the agency and the contract the project and relationship between these administrator to evaluate the needs of each parties to ensure project success? Sustainability project and determine the most appropriate 5 maintenance period for the work. Concrete Testing: Was the inspection and Cost Analysis Life-Cycle

quality control testing performed properly? (LCCA) 17.3 Continuous Improvement and Lessons Were the results shared completely and 6 Learned expeditiously with all of the appropriate team Unshrinkable members? Are there any quality control Fill (U-Fill) Following closure of the contract and/or changes to be considered as part of future 7 completion of the concrete phase of a project, projects? Architectural team members should reconvene to conduct Concrete a post-construction meeting to review and Concrete Ordering / Delivery: Were there 8 document issues encountered on the project. any communication problems ordering and Concrete This meeting will provide an opportunity delivering the concrete while the work was Jointing 9 for stakeholders to reﬂ ect on problems taking place? If so, how were issues managed

experienced during the implementation of the and corrected during construction? Procurement

project; discuss lessons learned from these 10 issues; identify opportunities to improve best Placement and Finishing: Were any problems

practices; and mitigate similar problems on or speciﬁ c issues during construction? Are Construction Placement Meetings & Pre- Pre- future contracts. In addition, key stakeholders there any recommended changes to the 11 should have an opportunity to provide input construction speciﬁ cations and placement

to the contract administrator on the general requirements for concrete? Procedures Concrete Ordering contractor’s performance completing the 12 work. The meeting discussions / outcomes Payments: Was there an acceptable progress Transportation Transportation should be documented by the governing payment process and have all monetary issues and Receiving Concrete agency and considered further as part of been resolved? 13 the continuous improvement process when Consolidating and Finishing

planning work on similar projects. Topics to 17.4 Contractor and Consultant Concrete Convey, Placing, be considered as part of the post-construction Performance Evaluation 14 meeting include, but are not limited to: Requirements and Curing Protection The client / agency may elect to conduct a Concrete Speciﬁ cations / Drawings: Were the concrete formal performance evaluation of the contract 15 speciﬁ cations / design drawings clear and administrator and or the general contractor Acceptance of Acceptance of Measurement, Measurement, Testing and Testing and complete? Are there any recommendations and shall rate the performance of the Concrete and how the work was completed or carried- contractor (or consultant) based on standard 16 out during construction? set of criteria adopted by the organization. Improvement Closeout and Continuous

A copy of the Performance Evaluation Project Communication: Was the communication form should be provided to the contractor 17 process well defi ned and understood by all for information in advance of the contract Troubleshooting parties involved in project? Were construction commencing. Signifi cant performance 18 communiques provided with clear and issues should be noted in writing with a copy concise directions? Were problems addressed provided to the contractor, the agency’s Appendix Best Management Practices88 for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure cations; cations; fi ed fi nalize settlements nalize fi The effectiveness The extent to which The extent of work. in the scope cant changes fi Project Supervision: Project of takes control contractor the general a the work has manages and effectively the successful completion direct effect on evaluating agency of the project. The the experience / knowledge should consider supervisory staff / of the contractor’s the contractor’s ability superintendent; the work; provide to promptly commence and project updates; realistic schedules work plan; promptly provide a comprehensive quotations for contract provide reasonable quality change orders; establish effective correct control procedures; promptly progressed; defective work as the project the work effectively coordinate and manage when of subcontractors; and co-operate directions are issued by the agency. Contract Compliance: the of the general contractor to administer with the work of a contract in accordance outlined conditions and special provisions evaluating in the drawings/documents. The agency should consider the contractor’s performance when providing speci problems; quality of plans and speci plans of quality problems; and signi managing documents for contract execution; provisions; occupational health and safety to submitting payment claims accurately and material represent the work completed delivered to the site; notifying the agency of all subcontracting activities in a timely fashion; dealing with any claims from members of the public; maintaining records of the project; and ability to during contract disputes. References: Construction Lien Act R.S.O. 1990, Chapter C.30 OPSS General Conditions OPSS.MUNI 100 November 2006 89 Best Management Practices for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure cations. Performance fi For the purpose of The contract administrator issues should le. Performance fi Quality of Work: Time Management: evaluation topics may include, but are not evaluation topics may include, limited to; may consider how the workmanship compares with industry standards; the quality of workmanship provided by other contractors on similar projects; and the contractor’s compliance with provisions outlined in the drawings / contract documents. evaluating the contractor’s performance to manage the delivery of the project, consideration should be given to conditions beyond the general contractor’s control such as; availability / access to the site; unexpected changes in soil or site conditions; inclement weather; material / equipment supply Although the performance criteria may vary Although the performance criteria form from agency to agency, the evaluation document should be included in the tender and/or agency’s speci It is important to note that the intent of such note that the intent of such It is important to work with the contractor evaluations is to suppliers to improve their and/or concrete agency contracts. Numerous performance on implemented this evaluation agencies have has shown that process and experience has improved as a result of quality of work implemented. The results the program being be disclosed of a performance evaluation may bodies to other municipalities or government demonstrated upon request, where it can be listed the that the general contractor has on similar agency as a reference when bidding evaluation work. In order to ensure that the fair, an process is open, transparent and should be agency review / sign-off procedure should have established and the contractor the evaluation an opportunity to comment on results. purchasing representative and documented and documented representative purchasing in the project and progress meetings in project be discussed to in an effort in the minutes acknowledged during performance the contractor assist in process. / improvement evaluation 3 11 14 2 Asset 6 Pre- 12 13 Convey, 15 16 17 1 Sidewalk, 4 7 8 9 Concrete Measurement, Project Curb & Gutter Management Concrete 5 Life-Cycle Unshrinkable Architectural Concrete 10 Construction Concrete Transportation Placing, Protection Testing and Closeout and 18 Appendix Introduction and Rigid Sustainability Cost Analysis Procurement & Pre- Ordering and Receiving Consolidating Troubleshooting Evaluation Pavement Bridges (LCCA) Fill (U-Fill) Concrete Jointing Placement Procedures Concrete and Finishing and Curing Acceptance of Continuous and Inspection Selection Meetings Concrete Requirements Concrete Improvement Introduction 1 and Inspection Chapter 18 – Troubleshooting Curb & Gutter Evaluation Evaluation Sidewalk, Sidewalk, 2 18.1 Plastic Concrete Management Pavement and Rigid Selection Asset 3 Concrete Bridges 4 Sustainability 5 Cost Analysis Life-Cycle (LCCA) 6 Unshrinkable Fill (U-Fill) 7 Architectural Concrete 8 Concrete Jointing 9 Procurement 10 Construction Placement Meetings & Pre- Pre- 11 Procedures Concrete Ordering 12 Transportation Transportation and Receiving and Receiving Concrete 13 Consolidating and Finishing Concrete Convey, Placing, 14 Requirements and Curing Protection Concrete 15 Acceptance of Acceptance of Measurement, Measurement, Testing and Testing and Concrete 16 Improvement Closeout and Continuous Project 17 Troubleshooting 18 Appendix Best Management Practices90 for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure 91 Best Management Practices for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure

PCA – Concrete Information – Concrete Slab Surface Defects: Causes, Prevention & Repair 17

Concrete Ontario – Conc Troubleshooting 18 Appendix Best Management Practices110 for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure eers eers arly arly [email protected] or rements tickets mix designs and two two categories of concrete ment www.rmcao.org AO) at ial handling, methodsbatching and fTransportation (MTO), Ontario ing engineers, firmsdesign/build generaland weighing equipment, certificates and records is the assurance of quality concrete supply and production production and supply concrete quality of assurance the is m also includes a requirement to meet or exceed Ministry of Ministry or exceed to a requirement meet includes also m rge andrge It noise. is completedindependent third by party engin m in North in North America. m The certification process RMCAO implementedwas first in e the 111 Best Management Practices for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure Ensures meetsproducer or ofMinistry exceeds Environment requi Random plant inspections and audits Inspection and of certification mixing transportation and equip Standardizing minimum of information requirements for delivery Implementation of a mix design statistical analysis program for Record keeping Batching inspection and accuracy requirements Scale inspection calibrationand montha on 6 basis Raw materialRaw conformance to CSA, OPSS or requirementsMTO Third party consulting engineer inspections x x x x x x x x x x For additional information please contact Concrete Ontario (RMC Highlights theof RMCAO Plant Certification include: process and has become the most stringent concrete certification progra concrete certification stringent the become most has and 1960’s. Starting in 2015, the RMCAO Plant Certification Progra Certification Plant RMCAO 2015, the in Starting 1960’s. discha pollution air discharge, water for standards Environment RMCAO certification designation means that all materials, mater One of the of One valuable initiativesmost of Concrete Ontario (RMCAO) the executionthrough a strict of certification plant process. tolerances, statistical productquality analysis, truck mixers, meet or exceed CSA requirements.A23.1 Current concrete specifications as those such of the Ministry o Municipalities, Ontario Ministry of Agriculture (OMAF), consult contractors typically require RMCAO plant certification. Appendix Appendix PlantRMCAO A: Certification Program

Appendix B: OGCA Gold Seal Program Asset 3

The Ontario General Contractors Association (OGCA) remains a strong supporter of continuing education

for the construction industry. Gold Seal is an excellent opportunity for contractors to expand the Concrete Bridges

qualifications of their staff which in return improves the professionalism at every level from the site to the 4 office, and results in better productivity, fewer problems, safer sites and a better bottom line for the contractor. Sustainability

The Gold Seal Certification Program was developed by the Canadian Construction Association to recognize 5 the skills and competence of the key managerial positions of Superintendent, Estimator and Project

Manager on a national basis. Cost Analysis Life-Cycle (LCCA) 6 Certification Requirements Certification of Superintendents, Estimators and Project Managers requires satisfaction of 3 criteria – Unshrinkable

Experience – Education – Examination. Applicants must have a minimum level of experience and have Fill (U-Fill) undertaken at least five construction management courses totalling 150 hours of instruction to qualify to 7 write the Gold Seal examination. The only exemption from the three criteria permitted by the National Gold

Seal Committee is for “senior” managers who have a lengthy demonstrated track record in the industry. A Architectural separate guideline is available upon request by senior practitioners. A development category, known as the Concrete Gold Seal Intern (GSI), is available to candidates who do not meet the examination eligibility criteria. 8

Experience as a Superintendent, Estimator or Project Manager in a non-residential construction firm is the Concrete Jointing

first critical criterion to be met. In order to be eligible to challenge the Gold Seal examination, an applicant 9 must document a minimum of three years’ experience in the occupation.

Education in construction management courses is a key requirement. The Gold Seal Certification program Procurement will recognize construction management training in subject areas defined in the Gold Seal Curriculum 10 Standard. The Curriculum details the content of the following management courses:

x Law and Contracts in Construction Construction Placement Meetings & Pre- x Construction Planning and Scheduling Pre- 11 x Project Costing Control and Accounting x Construction Job Site Controls Procedures Concrete x Communication Ordering x Construction Safety 12 x Management of Human Resources Transportation Transportation x Construction Estimating and Receiving Concrete 13 For more information, please contact www.ogca.ca or www.cca-acc.com Consolidating and Finishing Concrete Convey, Placing, 14 Requirements and Curing Protection Concrete 15 Acceptance of Acceptance of Measurement, Measurement, Testing and Testing and Concrete 16 Improvement Closeout and Continuous Project 17 Troubleshooting 18 Appendix Best Management Practices112 for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure

by the by supervising company. Atcompany. the start a of project,new the ms the necessary ms testing the inputsnecessary and the test information (owner, architect, engineer, ately viewableately to all users. e new e project new updates and their security instantly obtaininstantly access to the test results for all the 113 mirrors the methodexisting paper of providing test information ¥ . CMATS . . Once the information been has entered, reviewed and certified Best Management Practices for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure ¥ ? ¥ ¥ Works ¥ WWW.CMATS.COM website theirvia browser web is a secure website where ¥ ¥ Log onto… What Is CMATS Is What Appendix Appendix C: - Test Forms Reporting Concrete & CMATS™ etc.) they project.when create a new The software immediately notifies all the users emailvia thof records to access. Theprovide them testingthen company perfor CMATS into results engineer of the testing company, the information is then immedi projects they withprojects are they involved Quite simply, users access the the access users simply, Quite CMATS and enter their toemail address password and to construction team members and is implemented by the testing testing company identifies those will be who given to access the CMATS construction industry concrete testdata can be recorded, viewed and distributed to owners, architects, engineers, testing companies, contractors materialand suppliers, a on project by project basis. How CMATS

Key Advantages of CMATS¥ include: Asset 3 x Instant secure access to the project data from any location via the internet x Rapid distribution of material test results to all members of the construction team Concrete

x Quality assurance features to identify trends and provide statistical analysis Bridges

x Graphing features allow users to view 4 control charts on material quality

x Electronic notification when new test Sustainability data is available 5 x Eliminates repetitive data entry x Eliminates paper handling and Cost Analysis Life-Cycle

distribution costs (LCCA)

x Creates greater accountability while 6 improving project communication

x Improved reaction times result in a Unshrinkable Fill (U-Fill) higher quality final project 7 x Download features allow users to create historic records electronically Architectural

and to perform additional statistical analysis Concrete 8 While CMATS¥ currently handles concrete test results, work is underway to add additional modules for both aggregate and hot mixed asphalt test data. In fact, CMATS¥ can be easily adapted to any reporting Concrete system that uses standardized reporting forms. Jointing 9

For more information regarding CMATS¥, please visit www.cmats.com and register as a new user you will then be able to try the system yourself and see just how easy it is to use. Procurement 10 Contact Information: Bart Kanters, P.Eng. @ (905) 507-1122 or [email protected] Construction Placement Meetings & Pre- Pre- 11 Procedures Concrete Ordering 12 Transportation Transportation and Receiving and Receiving Concrete 13 Consolidating and Finishing Concrete Convey, Placing, 14 Requirements and Curing Protection Concrete 15 Acceptance of Acceptance of Measurement, Measurement, Testing and Testing and Concrete 16 Improvement Closeout and Continuous Project 17 Troubleshooting 18 Appendix Best Management Practices114 for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure

COLOUR FIBRE DESCRIPTION

e No Yes /o

% " 0

ADDRESS AIR CALCIUM CONVEYOR

115

P PSI MPa

STRENGTH TIME

yd3

m3 Best Management Practices for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure

VOLUME CUSTOMER DATE Appendix D: Concrete Order Form Order Concrete D: Appendix

Appendix E: Mix Design Submission Form 2

Concrete Mix Design Submission Management Pavement and Rigid Selection Asset 3 Contract Date Submitted Location Submitted To

Contractor Contact Concrete Bridges

Batch Plants: Primary Secondary 4

Concrete Supplier: Name Sustainability Address

City/Province 5 Telephone Fax Email Cost Analysis Life-Cycle MIX CODE (LCCA)

6 Application / Element / Location Structural Requirements Unshrinkable - CSA Exposure Class Fill (U-Fill)

-MaximumW/CM 7 - Minimum Specified Strength, MPa @ Days - Nominal Maximum Aggregate Size, mm

Architectural -HVSCMType 1or2 Concrete - Plastic Air Content, % 8 DurabilityRequirements - Exposure to Sulphate Attack SPECIFICATION Concrete - Alkali Aggregate Reactivity Jointing Architectural Requirements 9 -Colour/Texture

- Other Procurement Rate, m3/h 10 Quantity, m3 Slump Range, mm Construction Placement Strength @ Age, MPa @ Days Meetings & Pre- Pre- Other 11 SpecialtyInformation - Concrete Set, Delay, Normal, Accelerated Procedures Concrete Ordering CONTRACTOR

REQUIREMENTS Method of Placement 12

Material Source

Transportation and Receiving and Receiving

Cement Concrete SCM - Slag 13 SCM - Consolidating Water and Finishing Concrete Convey, Fine Agg. Placing, 14 Coarse Agg. SECTION

MATERIALS A.E.A.

W.R. Requirements and Curing Protection

Concrete S.P. 15

Acceptance of Acceptance of

Form Submitted By: Measurement, Testing and Testing and Concrete

Print Name: Signature: Date: 16

Contractor’s Representative Receiving Form: Improvement Closeout and Continuous Project

Print Name: Signature: Date: 17 Troubleshooting 18 Appendix Best Management Practices116 for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure ) and shall be used by the the used by ) shall be and Certificate of Concrete Production Concrete of Certificate -mixedOntario), Association Concrete of as ( www.cmats.com CMATS™ 117 ” provides“ the to contractor, a valid ” Best Management Practices for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure ” as issued by Concrete Ontario (FormerlyConcrete Ontario Ready issued by as ” : Concrete Supplier Concrete measurement. All Concrete and A23.1-04.to shall be supplied in conformance CSA materials Concrete testing electronically shall incorporate testing company. toaccording CSA done Concrete tests not basis of for any accepted be shall not Standards material proportion(s). for any when responsible The Owner all concrete specifying shall be performance The “ Facilities described in CSA A23.1 Table 5. Table described in CSA A23.1 2) 3) 4) 5) NOTES 1)

Appendix F: Checklist for Concrete Pre-Construction Conference Asset 3 Concrete Bridges 4 Sustainability 5 Cost Analysis Life-Cycle (LCCA) 6 Unshrinkable Fill (U-Fill) 7 Architectural Concrete 8 Concrete Jointing 9 Procurement 10 Construction Placement Meetings & Pre- Pre- 11 Procedures Concrete Ordering 12 Transportation Transportation and Receiving and Receiving Concrete 13 Consolidating and Finishing Concrete Convey, Placing, 14 Requirements and Curing Protection Concrete CChheecckklliisstt ffoorr tthhee CCoonnccrreettee 15 Acceptance of Acceptance of Measurement, Measurement, Testing and Testing and Concrete PPrree--CCoonnssttrruuccttiioonn CCoonnffeerreennccee 16 Improvement Closeout and Continuous Project 17 Troubleshooting 18 Appendix Best Management Practices118 for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure and the American Society of Concrete use on Canadian use construction projects and the Ontario General Contractors quipment, ordering and scheduling dard. oncrete oncrete construction many work because ty ty of concrete construction. This checklist ed at pre-constructiona meeting and is not start the of project thewhen cost impact is ures relatedures to concrete construction – dress all dress safety issues. Please operate safely inting, curing and protection, testing and and testing protection, and curing inting, 19 119 18 Introduction Best Management Practices for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure subgrade preparation, forming, concrete mix design, e necessary materials and operations, placing, consolidating, finishing,jo acceptance, as well as safety and environmental issues. The checklist covers some theof that issues to need be discuss intended to be all-inclusive. This checklist is meant to guide be a and is not tointended ad and allwithin the legislations in your area. Pre-construction meetings are of prime importance in planning c potential problems can avoided atbe the righttime – before the low. relatively In the 1999, National Ready-mixed Concrete Association (NRMCA) Contractors (ASCC) joined in a partnership to quali the enhance is one theof ongoing initiatives of the partnership. With permission the of original author, Concrete Ontario (RMCAO) Association (OGCA) and revised reviewed have this documentfor following the requirements the of most recent A23.1/.2CSA Stan The checklist allocates responsibilities and establishes proced

Index Asset 3

A. Project Information Concrete Bridges 4 B. Construction Process Sustainability C. Concrete Requirements 5 D. Ordering and Scheduling Concrete Cost Analysis Life-Cycle E. Environmental Aspects (LCCA) 6

F. Quality Control/Assurance Unshrinkable Fill (U-Fill)

G. Safety 7 Architectural Concrete 8 References Concrete Jointing

Canadian Standards Association 9 CSA A23.1 CSA A23.2 CMATS™ www.cmats.com Procurement 10 Construction Placement Meetings & Pre- Pre- 11 Procedures Concrete Ordering 12 Transportation Transportation and Receiving and Receiving Concrete 13 Consolidating and Finishing Concrete Convey, Placing, 14 Requirements and Curing Protection Concrete 15 Acceptance of Acceptance of Measurement, Measurement, Testing and Testing and Concrete 16 Improvement Closeout and Continuous Project 17 Troubleshooting 18 Appendix Best Management Practices120 for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure ______121 Best Management Practices for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure Sample for Conferencethe Concrete Pre-Construction Checklist ______Contact ______Owner Architect ______Structural ______Engineer Construction Manager/General Contractor ______Concrete Contractor ______Concrete Supplier ______Concrete Pumping ______Contractor Concrete Finisher ______Testing ______Laboratory Inspection ______Agency Other______5. Project participants 6. Background information about the project ______7. featuresUnique the projectof ______2. Location ______date start Project 3. ______4. Project completion date 1. Project name Project 1. ______A. Project Information

______Asset 3 ______Concrete

______Bridges 4 8. Distribution of completed checklist

Project Participants ______Sustainability 5 Others ______Cost Analysis Life-Cycle (LCCA)

B. Construction Process 6 1. Review notes and changes on drawings that may affect construction process Unshrinkable Fill (U-Fill) ______7 ______Architectural

______Concrete 8 ______

2. Sequence of construction and milestone dates Concrete Jointing 9 Foundations ______

Walls ______Procurement

Structural slabs ______10

Slab-on-grade interior ______Construction Placement Meetings & Pre- Pre- Slab-on-grade exterior ______11 3. Construction/acceptance of base/subgrade, compaction, elevation. Responsibility for: Procedures Concrete Ordering Providing base and subgrade elevations to contractors 12

______Transportation and Receiving and Receiving Concrete

______13 ______Consolidating and Finishing Concrete Convey, ______Placing, 14 Stability of the base and or subgrade under construction traffic Requirements and Curing Protection ______Concrete 15 ______Acceptance of Acceptance of ______Measurement, Testing and Testing and Concrete

______16 Protecting the base and/or subgrade from water damage Improvement Closeout and Continuous Project

______17 Troubleshooting 18 Appendix Best Management Practices122 for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure ______plumbing installations are area grade,forms, air)and required e during placing finishing and 123 Best Management Practices for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure In trenchedsubgrade backfilledand rock with ______complete In rock subgrade ______Access for two trucks pump, to one side each on ______Staging forarea testing and slump adjustment ______Protection from truck traffic if required ______Location of electrical lines (conduit) ______Compacting final and grading the of subgrade and base after all ______6. responsiblePerson for directing trucks to pump or placement ______7. for Responsibility directing/backingtrucks up ______8. for Responsibility power, lighting, water, waterand pressur ______9. for Responsibility controlling the ambient temperatures (sub 4. for Responsibility site access roads their and maintenance ______5. for Responsibility available space for operationspumping if

______Asset 3 10. Forms Concrete Form sizes, types Bridges 4 ______Sustainability Lifting equipment required 5 ______Cost Analysis Life-Cycle

Form materials, accessories (LCCA) 6 ______Unshrinkable

Review location of reinforcement, embedded items, waterstops, drains, openings, openings for Fill (U-Fill)

frames, etc. 7

______Architectural Concrete

Scheduling form erection and removal correlated to reinforcing and concreting operations 8 ______Concrete Jointing

Responsibility for installation and inspection 9 Reinforcement Procurement

______10 Embedded items Construction Placement Meetings

______& Pre- Pre- 11 Waterstops Procedures Concrete ______Ordering 12 Drains Transportation Transportation ______and Receiving Concrete

Opening frames 13 ______Consolidating and Finishing Concrete Convey, Placing,

Responsibility for form inspections 14 Preliminary – prior to rebar placement Requirements and Curing Protection Concrete

______15 Semifinal – with rebars, embedded items, waterstops and drains Acceptance of Acceptance of Measurement, Measurement, Testing and Testing and ______Concrete 16 Note: Reinforcement inspection must include: Improvement Location and spacing to allow access for vibration equipment and proper coverage Closeout and Continuous

Spacing of reinforcement in relation to aggregate size Project 17 Troubleshooting 18 Appendix Best Management Practices124 for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure ______talled ring ring materials (wood, carpet, tiles) 125 on of moisture sensitive floo sensitive moisture of on Best Management Practices for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure ______Testing and reporting the of test results ______Acceptance the of slab ______Moisture emission requirementsfor flooring materials to ins be Final – before placing concrete ______Belt conveyor Responsibility for Deposit from truck ______Buggy ______Type of membrane ______Location membraneof relative to subgrade ______Effect on curling ______Effect bonding flooron of applied coverings ______Basis of for acceptance installati on the slab 11. Vapor retarder or vapor barrier membrane 12. Placing concrete: equipment procedures and

______Asset 3 ______

______Concrete Bridges 4 Bucket placement

______Sustainability

______5 ______Cost Analysis Life-Cycle

Pumping (LCCA) 6 ______Unshrinkable

______Fill (U-Fill)

______7

Other Architectural Concrete

______8 ______Concrete ______Jointing 9 13. Consolidation of concrete: equipment and procedures

Vibrators Procurement 10 ______

______Construction Placement Meetings & Pre- Pre-

______11 Vibratory screeds (surface vibrators) Procedures Concrete ______Ordering 12 ______Transportation Transportation and Receiving and Receiving

______Concrete 13 Back up equipment Consolidating ______and Finishing Concrete Convey, Placing,

______14 ______Requirements and Curing Protection Concrete

Power source 15 ______Acceptance of Acceptance of Measurement, Measurement, Testing and Testing and

______Concrete 16 ______Improvement Closeout and

Other Continuous Project 17 Troubleshooting 18 Appendix Best Management Practices126 for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure ______of concrete 127 Best Management Practices for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure Area 2 ______Area 3 ______Area 4 ______Area 1 ______During placement ______During finishing ______x x x x ______Hand strike off ______Vibratory screed ______Laser screed ______Other ______Typesfinishes of Type of test required ______Responsibility for ventilation: 14. for Responsibility inspection of placing consolidation and 15. Ventilation in spaces enclosed 16. Strike offtechnique 17. Finishing

Procedure to install Life-Cycle (LCCA)

______6

Tools and equipment required Unshrinkable Fill (U-Fill)

______7 Back up tools and equipment required Architectural Concrete

______8 18. Specified tolerances for Concrete Jointing

Vertical concrete surfaces: 9 Plumbness ______Procurement

Dimensions ______10 Thickness ______Construction Placement Meetings & Pre-

Texture ______Pre- 11 Colour ______Procedures Concrete Acceptable variances ______Ordering 12 Surface defects ______Transportation Transportation and Receiving and Receiving

Others ______Concrete 13 Slabs-on-grade and floors Consolidating and Finishing Concrete Convey, Flatness/levelness______Placing, 14 Dimensions ______Requirements and Curing Protection

Thickness ______Concrete 15 Texture ______Acceptance of Acceptance of Measurement, Measurement,

Colour ______Testing and Concrete 16 Acceptable variances ______Improvement Closeout and

Surface defects ______Continuous Project 17 Troubleshooting 18 Appendix Best Management Practices128 for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure ______e installere tradesotherand joint layout plans provided by provided the by concrete installer ial 129 Best Management Practices for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure Acceptable variances ______How itHow will be determined ______Joint spacing ______Surface defects ______Texture ______Colour ______Dimensions ______Thickness ______Flatness/levelness______Others ______Reporting F-numbers to concrete contractor______Others ______Accepting floors______Measuring tolerances ______Repairing “air or holes” bug in vertical surfaces ______Structures (walls) Yes No Removing curing priorcompounds to application of sealers______Elevated Elevated slabs Review specificationsReview for conflict between the surface profile and the surface profile required by installer finishedof mater Responsibility for Procedures for measuring tolerances (when and how) specificationsReview for possible conflict between the concret Review/verification of contraction, isolation, construction and 19. Jointing

Comments (number, location, spacing, details) ______Asset 3 Slabs-on-grade Yes No Concrete Comments (number, location, spacing, details) ______Bridges 4 Type of joints contraction isolation construction Sustainability Formed joints______5 Tooled joints ______Cost Analysis Life-Cycle

Early entry saw-cut (LCCA) 6 Timing______Unshrinkable

Depth of cut ______Fill (U-Fill) 7 Joint spacing ______

Equipment ______Architectural Concrete

Conventional saw-cut 8 Timing______Concrete Jointing

Depth of cut ______9

Joint spacing ______Procurement

Equipment ______10 20. Slabs-on-grade Construction Placement Meetings & Pre- Pre- Joints Yes No 11 Reinforcement Yes No Procedures Concrete Ordering

Position of reinforcement in slab ______12 Method of supporting reinforcement at specified elevation ______Transportation Transportation and Receiving and Receiving Concrete

Termination at joints ______13 Load transfer devices (e.g. dowel bars) ______Consolidating and Finishing Concrete Convey, Type, size, and location______Placing, 14 Check for specified alignment ______Requirements and Curing Protection Define unacceptable cracks (see surface defects in tolerances) ______Concrete 15 Method of repair of unacceptable cracks ______Acceptance of Acceptance of Measurement, Measurement, Testing and Testing and Responsibility for repair of unacceptable cracks______Concrete 16 Sealing (filling) joints Yes No Improvement Closeout and Continuous

Epoxy joint filler Yes No Project 17 Troubleshooting 18 Appendix Best Management Practices130 for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure ______for Elastomeric sealant) event concrete event dusting of, walls 131 Best Management Practices for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure ______Specify______If temporary heaters used,are responsibility for to venting pr Specify______Specify______Types______Specify______Depth fillingof ______Procedure (flush or slightly crowned for jointepoxy or concave Timing product (review directions ACIand Guidelines) ______Elastomeric sealant Yes No Responsibility forfuture touch up ______Fogging Yes No Applying sealers Responsibility for inspection of curing operations/timing Responsibility for removing curing compounds Excessive evaporationExcessive control Temperature Control Yes No Evaporation retarderOther ______Yes No ______Curing methods ______Curing periods ______Responsibility for curing floors priorplaced to erection of ro 21. Curing and Sealing

Locations______Asset 3 22. Protection of concrete Concrete Roof and walls Yes No Bridges 4 Specify______Sustainability Floors coverings Yes No 5 Specify______Cost Analysis Life-Cycle

Floor protection Yes No (LCCA) 6 Specify age/strength of floor prior to the use of floor by Unshrinkable

Foot traffic ______Fill (U-Fill) 7 Pneumatic tire traffic______

Hard wheel traffic ______Architectural Concrete

Construction traffic ______8 Specify age/strength of floor when Concrete Jointing

Equipment is installed ______9

Racks are erected ______Procurement

23. Responsibility for storage areas and site security 10 ______Construction Placement Meetings & Pre- Pre- ______11 24. Form removal Procedures Concrete Ordering

What is the minimum strength requirement for form removal? ______MPa 12 What formal report is required before form removal? Transportation Transportation and Receiving and Receiving Concrete

______13 Type of field or in-place strength tests (if used) and evaluation criteria? Consolidating and Finishing Concrete Convey, ______Placing, 14 Name(s) of personnel authorized to approve form removal Requirements and Curing Protection ______Concrete 15 25. Procedures for hot weather concreting Acceptance of Acceptance of Measurement, Measurement, Testing and Testing and ______Concrete 16 ______Improvement Closeout and Continuous

26. Procedures for cold weather concreting Project 17 Troubleshooting 18 Appendix Best Management Practices132 for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure ______ecification only 133 Best Management Practices for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure ______Testing laboratoryTesting Inspection agency Yes Yes No No Concrete finisher Yes No Concrete pumping contractor Yes No Concrete contractor Yes No Construction manager or general contractor Yes No Comments: ______ArchitectStructural engineer Yes Yes No No Owner Yes No ______Gradation______Sand requirements ______Specify______Prescriptive requirementsPerformance requirements Yes Yes No No All concrete materials supply and shall conform to CSA A23.1 Have mix submissions receivedbeen Yes No Copies ofthe mix submittal provided to 5. Pumped concrete Yes No 4. Consideration foraggregates other than CSA – prescriptive sp 3. Additional mix designs required Yes No 1. Concrete mix designations 2. Concrete mix designs submittal ______C. Concrete Requirements Concrete C.

6. High early strength Yes No Strength required _____ MPa at age _____ Asset 3 7. Lightweight concrete Yes No Concrete 8. Other Yes No Bridges 4 Comments ______Sustainability 9. Concrete supply 5 RMCAO Production Facility Certification received Yes No – do not proceed with Cost Analysis

supply Life-Cycle (LCCA) Primary Plant______Backup Plant ______6

Plant Contacts______Phone Number ______Unshrinkable Fill (U-Fill)

Revolutions or time limits for mixing concrete______7

Note: Refer to CSA A23.1 Architectural Concrete

10. Review project specifications for conflicts in performance requirements (compressive/flexural 8 strength, durability, shrinkage, curling and water-cementitious materials ratio, water content, Concrete slump, air content) Jointing 9 ______Procurement ______10 11. Other performance ingredient materials required Construction Placement Meetings

Mid range water reducing admixture Yes No & Pre- Pre- 11 High range water reducing admixture Yes No Procedures Concrete Non-chloride accelerator Yes No Ordering 12 Corrosion inhibitors Yes No Transportation Transportation and Receiving and Receiving

Fly ash Yes No Concrete 13 GGBF slag Yes No Consolidating and Finishing

Silica fume Yes No Concrete Convey, Placing, 14 Fibres Yes No Requirements and Curing Colour Yes No Protection Concrete Other Yes No 15 Acceptance of Acceptance of Note 1 Batching all ingredient materials at the plant ensures best quality control of concrete. Measurement, Testing and Testing and Concrete

Jobsite modifications to mixture shall be documented on the delivery tickets. 16 Note 2: Add appendices with the approved concrete mix design submittals Improvement Closeout and Continuous Project

12. Project specification requirements for air content 17 Troubleshooting 18 Appendix Best Management Practices134 for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure ______require a machine troweled 135 Best Management Practices for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure ______Comments______Comments______Comments______Comments______Comments______Making/permittingjobsite slump adjustments ______Comments______Recording of adjusted batch ______Comments______Water Mid-range reducerwater High-range reducerwater Air-entrained lightweight concrete for interior slabs Plasticized Plasticized concrete Max. ______Min. ______Conventional Conventional concrete Max. ______Min. ______Other requirements Are adjustments to air content on allowed the jobsite Yes No Normal weight air-entrained concrete (notrecommended floorsif finish, recommended but for all exterior work) Pumped concrete Max. ______Min. ______Other: Max ______Min. ______Responsibility for: Materials Materials permitted to adjust the slump: 13. Project specification requirements for slump limits 14. Jobsite slump adjustments

Procedure to be followed and limitations that apply to jobsite slump adjustment (maximum Asset 3 amount, subsequent mixing, sampling of the load) ______Concrete

______Bridges 4 15. Project specification requirements for temperature

Required temperature of concrete as delivered: ______Max: ______qC Sustainability 5 Min: ______qC Cost Analysis

Responsible person for requiring and approving special measures to meet concrete Life-Cycle (LCCA)

temperatures such as hot water, heated aggregate, cold water, ice, liquid nitrogen 6

______Unshrinkable Fill (U-Fill)

______7 Outline procedure to be followed and limitations that apply for measurement of concrete Architectural temperature and acceptance of concrete at the jobsite Concrete 8 ______Concrete ______Jointing 9 16. Project specification requirements for concrete delivery time – 120 minutes as per CSA A23.1/.2

Other ______Procurement 10 17. Project specification requirements for lightweight concrete Construction Placement Maximum unit weight______Meetings & Pre- Pre- 11 Slump______Procedures Concrete Air content ______Ordering 12 Pumping operations______Transportation Transportation 18. Architectural concrete and Receiving Concrete Finish details Location 13 Consolidating Exposed aggregate ______and Finishing Concrete Convey, Placing, Smooth finish______14

Rubbed finish ______Requirements and Curing Protection Concrete

Colored ______15 Acceptance of Acceptance of Imprinted ______Measurement, Testing and Testing and Concrete

Details (grouted joints, textured) 16 Special materials Improvement Closeout and Continuous Project

Cement ______17 Troubleshooting 18 Appendix Best Management Practices136 for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure ______tions e ordered by e mix by designordered code) prior toprior placement 137 Best Management Practices for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure Aggregates ______Water______Admixtures ______Location______Sealers ______Release agents ______Preservation ______Responsibility for acceptance ______Supplier ______Concrete contractor ______Construction manager or general contractor ______Architectural samples or mock-ups or samples Architectural Repair methods ______8. Person jobsiteon for responsible reviewing ticketdelivery 6.for Procedure revised ordershandling 7. Contact name(s) phone number(s)and for last-minute cancella 4. Minimum notice required for large and specialty placements 5.for Procedure callwill handling orders 2. Minimum time requirednotice for most placements 3. Define large ordersspecialty and ______1. Person(s) responsible for ordering concrete (concrete must b D. Ordering Scheduling Concreteand

9. Regular hours are between ______am and ______pm Asset 3 Regular workdays are ______through ______not including designated Concrete

holidays Bridges 4 10. Are there any anticipated holiday and/or overtime placements? P Yes P No

Comments ______Sustainability 5 11. Delivery schedules Cost Analysis

Location of placement ______Life-Cycle (LCCA) 6 Anticipated placement sizes ______cubic metres Unshrinkable

Minimum load size ______cubic metres Fill (U-Fill)

What are anticipated placement rates? ______cubic metres/hour 7

Approximate placements dates ______Architectural Concrete

Inclement weather plant capability______8 12. Concrete delivery Concrete Jointing

Acceptance/rejection responsibility______9 Any traffic restrictions at or near the jobsite Yes No Procurement

Comments______10 Any restrictions on entrance to or exits from jobsite Yes No Construction Placement Meetings & Pre- Pre-

Comments______11 Other Items Procedures Concrete Ordering

Comments______12 13. Trucks: Transportation Transportation and Receiving and Receiving Number of trucks ______Concrete 13 Interval schedule (turn around time) ______Consolidating and Finishing Concrete Convey, Placing,

E. Environmental Aspects 14 1. Environmentally sensitive areas around the project: Yes No Requirements and Curing Protection Comments ______Concrete 15 2. Contractor identified concrete wash out area at the jobsite______Acceptance of Acceptance of Measurement, Measurement, Testing and Testing and 3. Responsibility for clean up of the wash out areas ______Concrete 16 4. Person responsible for directing trucks to the wash out area ______Improvement Closeout and Continuous

5. Are spill response kits available on site? Yes No Project 17 Troubleshooting 18 Appendix Best Management Practices138 for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure ______139 Best Management Practices for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure Point of discharge ______Point of placement______Comments (agreement samplingon location)______CSA Certified TesterConcrete ______CCILType J Certified TesterConcrete ______ACI Grade I Certified______CSA Concrete Laboratory Testing Technician ______Slump ______Temperature ______Density (unit weight) ______Air content ______Compressive strength ______Flexural strength ______1. Samplingfrequency______2. Sampling location Strength tests______Other ______Field testingtechnicians name(s) Laboratory Laboratory testing name(s)technicians 3. Tests performed sample each on Comments ______F.1. Concrete Sampling F.1. and Requirements Sampling Testing Concrete 1. CSA/CCIL Accreditation requirements for laboratory ______2. Certification requirements for 3. for notice Advance scheduling testing personnel ______4. for Procedures verification of specified requirements 6. On-site emergency contact person ______7. for Responsibility disposal ofcuring compounds______8. Other items ______F. Quality Control/Assurance

Note: If beam breaks are low, compare acceptable concrete with suspect concrete by coring (LCCA) 6 6. Number of cylinders per sample ______Unshrinkable (hardened cylinder weight must be recorded on concrete strength reports) Fill (U-Fill) 7 7. Number of beams per sample ______Architectural

8. Number of cylinders/beams to be cured ______Field? ______Lab? Concrete

______8 9. At what ages are cylinders/beams to be tested? ______Concrete Jointing

10. Number of cylinders/beams per test (minimum 2) ______9

11. Are reserve cylinders/beams required? Yes ______No How many? Procurement 10

12. Frequency of yield tests and compliance checks (three-load average of unit weight) Construction Placement Meetings & Pre- Pre-

______11 F.2. Test Cylinder Storage and Transportation Procedures Concrete 1. As per CSA A23.2 Ordering 12 F.3. Acceptance/Rejection of Fresh Concrete Transportation Transportation and Receiving and Receiving 1. Who has the authority to accept/reject a concrete delivery? Concrete 13 ______Consolidating and Finishing Concrete Convey, Note: A second person may be designated as having the authority for FINAL rejection of a Placing, 14 concrete delivery Requirements and Curing Protection

2. What criteria will be used to reject concrete? Concrete 15 Slump ______Acceptance of Acceptance of Measurement, Measurement,

Air content ______Testing and Concrete Unit weight______16 Improvement Closeout and

Temperature ______Continuous Project 17 Troubleshooting 18 Appendix Best Management Practices140 for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure ______/______/______(% specified n –specified CSA A23.1 he structural engineer he boratory operations ests equired? 141 (to all participants) Refer to ACI 228.1R ACI to Refer Concrete supplier and concrete contractor must receive reports directly and reports directly receive contractor and must concrete Concrete supplier and deficiencies. any to response immediatelyto laboratory the from allow timely Best Management Practices for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure Note: Procedure forProcedure conditioning cores prior to testing ______Comments ______Penetration probe in accordance ASTM with C 803 Rebound hammer in accordance with ASTM C 805 Other (combined method) ______Core testing evaluation and in A23.1accordance CSA with Time limit______Other ______Procedure ______Other ______Note: Anticipated concrete strength for earlier breaks: age ______strength/days) Running average three of strengthconsecutive tests less thais Evaluation of testresults and testing procedures – including la Other ______Non-destructive testing Evaluation Evaluation of structural questionableadequacy of sections by t 1. Review 1. acceptance criteriaReview 3. before Are re-tests allowed rejection? Yes No 1. for shall CMATS™ used be project 2. Early age test resultstrength requirements 1. In what situations additionalwill (or referee)testing be r 2. Procedure(s) to be followed for evaluation of low-strength t F.4. Criteria Acceptance for Concrete Hardened F.5. Distribution of Test Reports F.6. Testing In-Place of Hardened Concrete

Load testing in accordance with CSA A23.1 Asset 3 Other ______Concrete Remove and replace Bridges 4 Comments ______Sustainability 3. How do the project specifications handle additional testing? ______5 ______Cost Analysis Life-Cycle

If additional testing is required, ______will notify the (LCCA) following parties 6

______Unshrinkable Fill (U-Fill)

______7

4. What investigative procedures will be used? Architectural Concrete

______8 ______Concrete Jointing

5. Who will be employed to conduct additional testing and who employs them? 9 ______Procurement

______10 6. How will the test results be evaluated? Construction Placement Meetings & Pre- Pre-

______11 ______Procedures Concrete Ordering

7. Who will pay the costs of additional testing? 12 Specified strength confirmed______Transportation Transportation and Receiving and Receiving Specified strength not confirmed______Concrete 13 G. Safety Consolidating 1. Personal protective equipment required: and Finishing Concrete Convey, Placing, Hard hats Yes No 14

Safety boots Yes No Requirements and Curing Protection Concrete

Eye protection Yes No 15 Acceptance of Acceptance of Safety vests Yes No Measurement, Testing and Testing and Concrete

Specific protective clothing Yes No 16

Respirators Yes No Improvement Closeout and Continuous Project

Other 17 Troubleshooting 18 Appendix Best Management Practices142 for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure ______ata (MSDS) Sheets and Spills 143 Best Management Practices for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure First suppliesaid ______Providing and maintaining information such as Material Safety D Response Plans at the jobsite ______Job site Ingress and Egress ______Fall protection ______Safety inspections ______Signalers ______Safety meetings______2. for Responsibility 3. Emergency contacts ______

Appendix G: CCIL Concrete Certification Program Asset 3

The Ready-mixed Concrete Association of Ontario (RMCAO) and the Canadian Council of Independent

Laboratories (CCIL) in conjunction with the major owner stakeholder, have created a new concrete Concrete Bridges

certification program to improve the quality of concrete field testing of both CSA and ACI certified field 4 personnel. Sustainability While the draft program is currently under review by the various industry stakeholders, RMCAO is very encouraged by achievements that have already been made. The draft CCIL Concrete Certification Program 5 has been modelled on the existing CCIL Asphalt and Aggregate certification programs and will include two new CCIL certification classes for concrete: Cost Analysis Life-Cycle Type H – Concrete Compressive Strength Testing (LCCA)

x 6 x Type J – Concrete Field Testing Unshrinkable The Type H certification will be strictly for concrete testing labs only and will be based upon the laboratory Fill (U-Fill) holding current CSA lab certification and the lab successfully participating in concrete strength correlation 7 program (based on the current MTO correlation program). Architectural The Type J certification will be for all concrete field testing personnel and will be based upon the technician Concrete holding either CSA or ACI certification. This class of certification will apply to both lab technicians and 8 concrete industry personnel alike. Concrete Jointing

The CCIL Concrete Certification Program will be managed by a program manager hired directly by CCIL 9 that reports to a Concrete Administration Committee of nine members. The proposed Administration Committee structure is as follows: Procurement x 3 Representatives from CCIL (including the Chair) x 3 Representatives from RMCAO 10 x 1 Representative from the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario (MTO) Construction Placement

x 1 Representative from the Municipal Engineers Association (MEA) Meetings & Pre- Pre-

x 1 Representative from the structural consulting engineering community 11

The proposed certification program represents a huge opportunity for all the industry stakeholders to work Procedures Concrete together and is a positive and constructive manner to ensure that all concrete testing is performed to the Ordering applicable CSA standards. This program also recognizes the importance and value of the existing CSA and 12 ACI certification programs while adding greater accountability to all components of the practice of testing Transportation Transportation concrete. and Receiving Concrete 13 For more information, please contact Bart Kanters, P.Eng. (905) 507-1122 or [email protected] Consolidating and Finishing Concrete Convey, Placing, 14 Requirements and Curing Protection Concrete 15 Acceptance of Acceptance of Measurement, Measurement, Testing and Testing and Concrete 16 Improvement Closeout and Continuous Project 17 Troubleshooting 18 Appendix Best Management Practices144 for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure

© 145 Mixed Concrete Best Management Practices for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure Checklist for Pumping Ready Appendix H: Checklist for Concrete Pumping for Concrete H: Checklist Appendix Appendix Appendix H: for Concrete Checklist Pumping

Introduction Asset 3

20 This short Checklist for Concrete Pumping was developed by National Ready-mixed Concrete

Association (NRMCA), American Society of Concrete Contractors (ASCC) and the American Concrete Concrete Bridges

Pumping Association (ACPA). With permission of the original author, Concrete Ontario (RMCAO) and the 4 Ontario General Contractors Association (OGCA) have reviewed and revised this document for use on Canadian construction projects following the requirements of the most recent CSA A23.1/.2. Sustainability

The intent of this document is to identify details of the process of pumping concrete prior to the start of the 5 placement so that all impacted parties are aware of the issues related to the construction specification, equipment and schedules, responsible persons and jobsite safety. Cost Analysis Life-Cycle (LCCA) 6 The presumption is that on larger projects the concrete construction team has been through a pre- construction conference and has addressed the pertinent items in the Checklist for Concrete Pre- Unshrinkable

Construction Conference and those items are excluded from this document. This document can be Fill (U-Fill) included in a broader pre-construction meeting agenda. 7

This checklist is not intended to be all inclusive of the items that need to be considered and depending on a Architectural specific project many items regarding specification requirements, testing details, construction logistics and Concrete jobsite safety may need to be addressed in greater detail than outlined in this document. Many of these 8 items will be critical to the success of the project and should be discussed and agreed upon prior to the placement of concrete with appropriate notification to the owner and his representative. Concrete Jointing 9 Procurement 10 Construction Placement Meetings & Pre- Pre- 11 Procedures Concrete Ordering 12 Transportation Transportation and Receiving and Receiving Concrete 13 Consolidating and Finishing Concrete Convey, Placing, 14 Requirements and Curing Protection Concrete 15 Acceptance of Acceptance of Measurement, Measurement, Testing and Testing and Concrete 16 Improvement Closeout and Continuous Project 17 Troubleshooting 18 Appendix Best Management Practices146 for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure Trailer No ______Point of Placement of Point Placement of Point Slick Pack HRWR Other Footings Other Yes Location: ______: Telescoping No No No Restrictions: ) 3 No MRWR No Walls Z-Boom (no larger than 1/3 pipeline diameter) Pipeline dia, dia, Pipeline mm Yes Yes Yes 147 Yes Regular Yes Point of Discharge Point of Discharge Grout Initial: Final: Slabs Regular /hr.) Volume (m 3 Best Management Practices for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure ) Lightweight 3 Who Name Phone Mobile Fax E-Mail Start Start Time Pump: am/pm Concrete: am/pm Wash Out Area Strength (MPa) 28 days: Safe Set Up Area Up Set Safe Water Addition Water Permitted Addition Power Lines Water Water Reducer Fibres Special Requirements Requirements Time Set (hr.) Max Size of Aggregate Max Size of Aggregate (mm) Density (kg/m Slump (mm) (%) Air Pumping Distance (m) Distance Pumping Slump/Air Spec Testing VerticalPriming Agent Horizontal Placement Location Placement Rate (m of Type Pump Size of Pump (m) 4. Jobsite/Safety 3. Concrete Mixture C. Contractor RMC Supplier Pump Contractor 2. General Conditions Location: Directions: ______1. Contacts Checklist Pumpingfor Concrete Project: (Map on (Map back)

______Asset 3 Clean Water Available for Washout Yes No Concrete

5. Notes Bridges 4 Sustainability

Courtes 5 y ACPA Cost Analysis Life-Cycle (LCCA) 6

CONCRETE PUMP OPERATORS HAND SIGNALS Unshrinkable Fill (U-Fill) 7 Architectural Concrete 8 Concrete Jointing 9 Procurement 10 Construction Placement Meetings & Pre- Pre- 11 Procedures Concrete Ordering 12 Transportation Transportation and Receiving and Receiving Concrete 13 Consolidating and Finishing Concrete Convey, Placing, 14 Requirements and Curing Protection Concrete 15 Acceptance of Acceptance of Measurement, Measurement, Testing and Testing and Concrete 16 Improvement Closeout and Continuous Project 17 Troubleshooting 18 Appendix Best Management Practices148 for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure principles principles and to overall mix g concepts. It ere ere is congested labour issues nts makents a structural fibres ruction periods. t meetwould e surface, e classes of classes ratures ratures d times one, of nments with or ty limit of <1000 le thatguides a reme flow flow reme dverse dverse site be applicable be in is productis to due its pment. This finish or pattern. ly generated by the d concrete d settingconcrete orm panel edges and ter resulting in a ion to concrete uality of surface of the concrete as as concrete the of s traditional omparison to another ist. The contractor contractor The ist. ete consolidation.ete This ollowing ollowing descriptions. tractors. e ofnumber e ways, some of – Concrete with extremely high slump and – Synthetic or steel fibres can offer a range of 149 – Concrete that been designedhas to meet orvisual other – Concrete that a provides strengthgain at earlier times than – Leadership in Energy Environmental and Design (LEED™) is – Concrete that proportionedhas been to normalprovide or – to New CSA A23.1-04, the C-XL designation is for structurally Best Management Practices for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure Decorative Concrete Decorative aesthetic performance characteristics such texture,colour,as These performance concretes are concerned concretewith relating consistency, flow and consolidation, and finish uniformity.and reinforced concrete to exposed chlorides severe or enviro other without freezing thawing and conditions,to concrete provide tha higher durability performance expectations C-1,than A-1 or S-1 exposure as per CSA A23.1. There a is chloride ion penetrabili coulombs within 56 d that generally is used as pre-qualificata supply. LEED™ Concrete a voluntary, market-based rating forsystem defining what eleme building “green” and to quantify “green”how a building is c in building. LEED™ is on based energy accepted environmentaland strikes known a between effectivebalance practices and emergin encourages buildingwhole a approach a over building's life cyc collaborative and integrated process. design construction and High Early HighConcrete Early normal concrete.set High early strengths at achieved prescribe three or seven days can offerthe opportunity to “fly” forms fas faster schedulingfor building construction labour and equiand concrete may also apply to faster a time set concrete that may areas there where by-laws are ornoise also concerns, and other such as cost equipmentand availability. Fibre Concrete Reinforced benefits to the owner. Sometimes referred to micro, macro and they can greaterresistance tooffer plastic cracking shrinkage well as other advantages. C-XL Concrete improved concrete set characteristics during weather cold const The objective is the to modify mix todesign offset the extende period that results from air,lower concrete formwork and tempe encountered in months.winter Winter Concrete Self Consolidating Concrete (SCC) Concrete Consolidating Self flow characteristics that can be with placed little or concrno concrete offers to the thadvantages and owner contractor where concrete reinforcing steel orrestricting formwork that prevent consolidation; architecturalimproved of the appearance concret significantly reduced labour placementand costs due to the ext characteristics; resistanceand to concrete segregation under a conditions. Cautionmust also firstexercised be when thusing high flowability and fluidity. The formwork must ahave highq finish since the will concrete mirror imperfections any that ex must also thatensure formwork is tightto leakageprevent f at they must for account the additional formwork initialpressures product x x x x x x x Appendix I: Speciality Concrete Applications Concrete Applications I: Speciality Appendix Appendix Appendix I: Specialty Concrete Applications While special concrete performance be can defined in an infinit the more common ofexamples specialty performance include f the Always consult your with concrete supplier concrete sub-conand

Surface Hardened Concrete – Typically concrete floors that require a “hardener” Pavement and Rigid x Selection Asset

to be applied need a concrete mix that has been designed so the concrete can 3 easily accept the “hardener” for its application to be monolithic. Several things must be carefully considered by the concrete supplier, such as water content, Concrete

SCMs (i.e. fly ash or slag) for available surface moisture, set and finish time, and Bridges

entrained air content. Concrete to receive a surface hardener should not be air 4 entrained. x High Volume Supplementary Cementing Materials Concrete (HVSCM 1 & 2) – Sustainability

CSA A23.1-04 has included these designations for concrete that contains a level of 5 supplementary cementing materials above that typically used for normal construction. Cost Analysis Life-Cycle (LCCA) 6 Unshrinkable Fill (U-Fill) 7 Architectural Concrete 8 Concrete Jointing 9 Procurement 10 Construction Placement Meetings & Pre- Pre- 11 Procedures Concrete Ordering 12 Transportation Transportation and Receiving and Receiving Concrete 13 Consolidating and Finishing Concrete Convey, Placing, 14 Requirements and Curing Protection Concrete 15 Acceptance of Acceptance of Measurement, Measurement, Testing and Testing and Concrete 16 Improvement Closeout and Continuous Project 17 Troubleshooting 18 Appendix Best Management Practices150 for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure – The The – – The designer 151 – T E C H N I C A L S P E C I F I C A T I O N S Minimum DurabilityBased Requirements upon the designer’s assessment of the Structural Requirements properties required to meet theloading applicable conditions. Architectural Requirements selecting various architectural finishes on exposure conditions, the CSA A23.1 standard sets minimum concrete properties. Applicabledesigner Exposure must assessconditions Conditions that the the concrete will environmental be exposed to during its service life. Directrequired input the from is owner also regarding possible future uses since they can significantly affect the exposure class selection. must determine the minimum concrete concrete material properties. Best Management Practices for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure Concrete Exposure Classes outline the durability requirements. minimum In cases where these various factors result in differing material properties, the designer must select the most stringent requirement as the minimum concrete performance requirement. Determination of the minimum concrete performance performance concrete minimum of the Determination key following the identifying upon based is properties requirements: CSAMethods A23.1-09 – of Concrete Construction, Tables 1 – 4, Concrete Materials and designer must consider the effects of Appendix J: Summary of CSA Exposure Classesof J:Appendix CSA Summary

C-1 Structurally reinforced concrete exposed to chlorides with or without freezing and thawing conditions. Cost Analysis Life-Cycle

Examples: bridge decks, parking decks and ramps, portions of marine structures located within the tidal and splash zones, concrete (LCCA) exposed to seawater spray, and salt water pools. 6 Non-structurally reinforced (i.e. plain) concrete exposed to chlorides and freezing and thawing.

C-2 Unshrinkable Examples: garage floors, porches, steps, pavements, sidewalks, curbs, and gutters. Fill (U-Fill) 7 C-3 Continuously submerged concrete exposed to chlorides but not to freezing and thawing. Examples: underwater portions of marine structures. Architectural C-4 Non-structurally reinforced concrete exposed to chlorides but not to freezing and thawing. Concrete Examples: underground parking slabs on grade. 8

F-1 Concrete exposed to freezing and thawing in a saturated condition but not to chlorides. Concrete

Examples: pool decks, patios, tennis courts, freshwater pools, and freshwater control structures. Jointing 9 F-2 Concrete in an unsaturated condition exposed to freezing and thawing but not to chlorides. Examples: exterior walls and columns. Procurement N Concrete not exposed to chlorides nor to freezing and thawing. Examples: footings and interior slabs, walls and columns. 10

A-1 Structurally reinforced concrete exposed to severe manure and/or silage gases, with or without freeze-thaw exposure. Concrete Construction

exposedtothe vapour above municipal sewage or industrial effluent, where hydrogen sulphidegas may begenerated. Placement Meetings & Pre-

Examples: reinforced beams, slabs and columns over manure pits and silos, canals, pig slats, access holes, enclosed chambers, Pre- 11 and pipes that are partially filled with effluents.

A-2 Structurally reinforced concrete exposed to moderate to severe manure and/or silage gases and liquids, with or without freeze- Procedures Concrete thaw exposure. Examples: reinforced walls in exterior manure tanks, silos and feed bunkers, exterior slabs. This publication Ordering 12 A-3 Structurally reinforced concrete exposed to moderate to severe manure and/or silage gases and liquids, with or without freeze-is intended for thaw exposure in a continuously submerged condition. Concrete continuously submerged in municipal or industrial effluents. general

Examples: interior gutter walls, beams, slabs and columns, sewage pipes that are continuously full (e.g., force mains), and Transportation and Receiving and Receiving

information Concrete submerged portions of sewage treatment structures. purposes only. 13 A-4 Non-structurally-reinforced concrete exposed to moderate manure and/or silage gases and liquids, without freeze-thaw exposure.The Ready Examples: interior slabs on grade. Consolidating Mixed Concrete and Finishing Concrete Convey, Placing,

S-1 Concrete subjected to very severe sulphate exposure (Tables 2 and 3). Association of 14 Ontario S-2 Concrete subjected to severe sulphate exposure (Tables 2 and 3). disclaims any Requirements and Curing Protection and all Concrete S-3 Concrete subjected to moderate sulphate exposure (Tables 2 and 3). responsibility 15 and liability for Acceptance of Acceptance of Measurement, Measurement, Testing and Testing and

the accuracy Concrete Notes: and the 16 1. “C” classes pertain to chloride exposure. application of Improvement 2. “F” classes pertain to freezing and thawing exposure without chlorides. Closeout and

the information Continuous

3. “N” class is exposed to neither chlorides nor freezing and thawing. Project

contained in 17 4. “A” class pertains to agricultural, municipal or industrial projects exposed to human or animal wastes. 5. All classes of concrete,exposed to sulphates, s hall comply with the minimum requirements of “S ” clas s noted in Tables 2 and 3. this publication to the full Troubleshooting extent permitted by 18 law. Appendix Best Management Practices152 for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure by his publication

extent responsibility and liability for general information Ontario to the full permitted law. T is intended for purposes only. The Ready Mixed Concrete Association of application of the information contained in the accuracy and the disclaims any and all this publication ementing materials ratio. The ratio. materials ementing

within 56 d within 56 d < 1,000 coulombs <1,500 coulombs

osion inhibitor is to be used,the be to is inhibitor osion in his Table. addition ofsupplementary addition cementing ned air. ned nd thawing. nd

22 32 22 22 32 32 22 22 22 Curing Type (see Table 20)

None 1 1 33 3 23 2 eflect proven relationships between strength and the water-to-c the and strength between relationships proven eflect given class of exposure. of class given ng term, if thatrequired. isif term, ng cated may be specified by the owner. Where calcium nitrite corr nitrite calcium owner.Where the by specified be may cated equalified to meet the requirements for the permeabilityindexrequirementsforthethe tomeet equalified should be waived whenawaived be steelshould istrowelled required.The finish e air content Category 2 for concrete not exposed to freezing a freezing to exposed not concrete for 2 Category content air e 153 d finish have been found to perform satisfactory without entrai § § †† 22 21 1or2 1or2 12 21 21 12 2 22 CSA A23.1 – CSA A23.1 TABLE 2

Minimum 32at 56 d 30at 56 d 50within 56d 35 at 28 d 32 at 28 d 30 at 28 d 25 at 28 d 30at 28 d 25at 28 d 35at 56 d compressive Airand age content (d) at as per Normal Chloride ion requirements and Best Management Practices for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure DefinitionsofC,F,N,R,SandAclassesofexposure (SeeClauses4.1.1.1.1,4.1.1.3,4.1.1.4,4.1.1.5,4.1.1.6,4.1.2.1,4.3.1,7.4.1.1,8.8.3,and8.8.6.1,andTable1.) 0.45 0.50 0.4 0.55 For structuraldesign For structural 0.40 design Maximum specified materials water-to- cementing strength (MPa) category penetrability test materials may be used to provide reduced permeability in the lo the in permeability reducedprovide used to be may materials water-to-cementing materials ratio shallberatioexceeded notmaterialsfor water-to-cementing a calciumshallnitrite,without prconcretebe mixture,butsame The minimum specifiedcompressivestrength minimum The may be adjusted to r Interior ice rink slabs and freezer slabs with a steel trowelle steel a with slabs freezer and slabs rink ice Interior For classFor of C-4,exposure fortheair requirement entrainment See Clause 8.12 for concrete mixes for concrete floors. In accordance with ASTM C 1202. An age different from that indi thatfrom different age An 1202. C ASTM with accordance In Use Category 1 for concrete exposed to freezing and thawing. Us thawing. and freezing to exposed concrete for 1 Category Use See Table I for description of classes of exposure of classes of description for I Table See †† ** †† ‡‡ * † ‡ § N S-1 S-2 S-3 C-2 or A-2C-3 or A-3C-4** or A-4 0.45 F-1 0.50 F-2 0.50 0.55 C-XL C-1 or A-1 0.40 Requirements for specifying concrete exposure * ratio † test † Table 4 Concrete HVSCM 1 HVSCM 2 age at test ‡ Class of

CSA A23.1 TABLE 3 Bridges 4 Additional requirements for concrete subjected to sulphate attack* (See Clauses 4.1.1.1.1, 4.1.1.6.2, 4.1.1.6.3, Tables 1 and 6, and Annex L.) Sustainability 5 Water soluble Performance requirements § sulphate Maximum expansion when

(SO4)in Cementing Cost Analysis

testing using CSA A3004-c8, % Life-Cycle

Water soluble Sulphate (SO4) recycled materials (LCCA)

Class of Degree of sulphate (SO4)† in groundwater aggregate to be used At 12 months 6 exposure exposure in soil sample, % sample, mg/L ‡ sample, % §†† At 6 months †† Unshrinkable

S-1 Very severe > 2.0 > 10,000 > 2.0 HS or HSb 0.05 0.10 Fill (U-Fill) 7

S-2 Severe 0.20–2.0 1,500 –10,000 0.60–2.0 HS or HSb 0.05 0.10 Architectural

MS, MSb, LH, Concrete S-3 Moderate 0.10 – 0.20 150 – 1,500 0.20 – 0.60 0.10 HS or HSb 8

* For sea water exposure, see Clause 4.1.1.5 Concrete † As per CSA A23.2-3B Jointing

‡ As per CSA A23.2.B 9 § Where combinations of supplementary materials and Portland or blended hydraulic cements are to be used instead of the cementing materials listed, the

performance requirements shall be used to demonstrate performance against sulphate exposure (see Clauses 4.1.1.6.2, 4.2.1.1, and 4.2.1.3, and 4.2.1.4). Procurement Such combinations shall not be designated as blended cements. 10 ** Type HS cement shall not be used in reinforced concrete exposed to both chloride and sulphates. Refer to Clause 4.1.1.6.3. †† If the expansion is greater than 0.05% at 6 months but less than 0.10% at 1 year, the cementing materials combination under test shall be considered to Construction Placement

have passed. Meetings & Pre- Pre- 11 Procedures Concrete Ordering

CSA A23.1 TABLE 4 12 Transportation Transportation Requirements for the air content categories and Receiving

This Concrete

(See Clauses 4.1.1.1.1, 4.1.1.3, 4.1.1.4, 4.1.1.5, 4.3.1, 4.3.3.1, 4.3.3.2, and 4.4.4.1.1.1 and Table 2.) 13

Range in air content * for concretes with indicated nominal maximum sizes of coarse

aggregate, % Consolidating and Finishing Concrete Convey, Placing,

Air content category 10 mm 14 – 20 mm 28 – 40 mm 14

1 † 6 – 95– 84-7 Requirements and Curing Protection

2 5 – 84– 73-6 Concrete

* At the point of discharge from the delivery equipment, unless otherwise specified. 15 † For hardened concrete, see Clause 4.3.3.2. Acceptance of Acceptance of Measurement, Measurement,

Notes: Testing and Concrete (1) The above difference in air contents has been established based upon the difference in mortar fraction volume required for specific coarse aggregate 16 sizes. (2) Air contents measured after pumping or slip forming may be significantly lower than those measured at the end of the chute. Improvement Closeout and Continuous Project 17 References 1 CSA A23.1-14 – Concrete Materials and Methods of Concrete Construction, Canadian Standards Association International Troubleshooting 18 Appendix Best Management Practices154 for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure

d d d d e n e n x a x a

i g g M M n n i i y y r r d

r r g g r r c o c o 155 n o n o C n C i i f f l

t t u u s s i d i d l l e e k k h h c c Best Management Practices for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure c c e e S S h h C C Appendix K:Appendix and forScheduling Ordering Checklist Concrete

Introduction Asset 3

A Task Group of the National Ready-mixed Concrete Association (NRMCA) and the American Concrete

Society of Concrete Contractors (ASCC) has developed this checklist for Ordering and Scheduling Bridges

Ready-mixed Concrete. With permission of the original author, Concrete Ontario (RMCAO) and the 4 Ontario General Contractors Association (OGCA) have reviewed and revised this document for use

on Canadian construction projects following the requirements of the most recent CSA A23.1/.2 Sustainability Standard. 5 The intent is to simplify the ordering process through a logical approach while establishing the Cost Analysis

necessary information from the supplier’s and the purchaser’s perspective, especially on smaller Life-Cycle (LCCA)

projects. The presumption is that on larger projects the concrete construction team has been through 6 a pre-construction conference and has addressed the pertinent items in the Checklist for Concrete Pre-Construction Conference and those items are excluded from this document. The ordering Unshrinkable requirements of CSA A23.1/.2 Concrete Materials and Methods of Concrete Construction/Methods of Fill (U-Fill)

Test and Standard Practices for Concrete generally govern unless over-ridden by the purchaser. 7

A Task Group of Concrete Ontario (RMCAO) and the Ontario General Contractors Association Architectural (OGCA) has revised this document for use on Canadian projects with the co-operation and Concrete permission of the RMC Foundation and NRMCA. 8

Besides items covered in this checklist other items that need to be defined and clarified between the Concrete Jointing

supplier and purchaser include: 9

Advance notice for concrete orders x Procurement x Add-on orders 10 x Change orders x Will call orders and advance confirmation Construction Placement

x After hours placements and charges, Meetings & Pre- Pre- x Weekend/holiday orders and charges 11 x Cancellation of orders Clean-up load estimates and advance notice

x Procedures Concrete x Additional charges for items such as returned concrete, short loads, etc. Ordering 12 x Requirements for personnel and plant certification Transportation Transportation and Receiving and Receiving

This checklist will facilitate the person taking the order to assist the person placing the order by Concrete walking him/her through these items and documenting the order. 13 Consolidating

The section on type of construction is to facilitate tracking changes in concrete market segments for and Finishing Concrete Convey, promotion activities. Placing, 14 Requirements and Curing Protection Concrete 15 Acceptance of Acceptance of Measurement, Measurement, Testing and Testing and Concrete 16 Improvement Closeout and Continuous Project 17 Troubleshooting 18 Appendix Best Management Practices156 for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure Site- added Plant- added , mixture CMaximum: CMaximum: q No Chloride Non- Chloride Slump(mm) Air Content(%) ) 3 ) Other Other 3 Yes Minimum: Maximum Aggregate Size (mm): (mm): Size Aggregate Maximum Admixtures or Other Ingredients High Range Water Water Range High Reducer Accelerator /hr.) Quantity(m (m 3 Min. cement Bucket content (kg/m Site- added No Yes ± No Yes 157 No Plant- added Conveyor Conveyor (MPa) Strength Strength No Name Phone Mobile Fax Checklistfor Concrete Orderingand Scheduling for schedule changes, equipment breakdown, plant/truck breakdown Contact Phone Mobile Home Phone Pumping Code Best Management Practices for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure C q Location Mix adjustments Contractor Placement Method Placement Emergency Contacts Supplier Site Access Site Transportation Units Access Safety Info to Drivers Areas Wash-Out Other Steel Fibres Steel High Early Strength Mid-Range Water Reducer Directionsto the Jobsite Concrete Temperature Limits Admixtures or Other Ingredients Fibres Synthetic Time/Date Called Date Required TimeStart Truck Spacing/Duration Rate Placement Location: Location: Order taken by Ordered by Purchased by Project: Project:

General Asset Contractor 3

Type of Project Concrete Bridges

Highway Streets and local roads Recreational paving 4 Airports Parking garages Tilt-Up construction

Bridges Transit Buildings Sustainability Water resource structures Waste management structures Flowable fill Parking areas Driveways/residential flatwork Basement walls 5 Residential walls (ICFs) Other: Cost Analysis Life-Cycle (LCCA) 6 Unshrinkable Fill (U-Fill) 7 Architectural Concrete 8 Concrete Jointing 9 Procurement 10 Construction Placement Meetings & Pre- Pre- 11 Procedures Concrete Ordering 12 Transportation Transportation and Receiving and Receiving Concrete 13 Consolidating and Finishing Concrete Convey, Placing, 14 Requirements and Curing Protection Concrete 15 Acceptance of Acceptance of Measurement, Measurement, Testing and Testing and Concrete 16 Improvement Closeout and Continuous Project 17 Troubleshooting 18 Appendix Best Management Practices158 for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure ) ) ) ) ) tario General Contractors and Association thein document. supplied alliedby concrete relatedand www.concretefloors.ca www.nrmca.org ) www.ascconline.org www.concretepumpers.com www.ogca.ca ) ) ) 159 www.rmc-foundation.org www.csa.ca www.aci-int.org www.concreteconstruction.net www.rmcao.org www.worldofconcrete.com Best Management Practices for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure Ontario General Contractors Association (OGCA) ( Concrete Ontario (RMCAO) ( Ready-mixed Concrete Foundation ( (RMC) World of Concrete ( American Concrete Institute (ACI) ( Canadian Standards Association (CSA) ( Concrete Floor Contractors Association Ontarioof (CFCAO) ( Concrete Construction ( Magazine National Ready-mixed Concrete Association (NRMCA) ( the Concrete Ontario. Additional technical information also was associations in and theboth Canada United as States identified Website Links American Concrete Pumping Association (ACPA) - American ofSociety ContractorsConcrete (ASCC) - This created document as was jointa publication of theboth On

am am and Inspection CONCRETE CURB & GUTTER DATE: ______TIME: ______/ to______/ Curb & Gutter

pm pm Evaluation Sidewalk, Sidewalk, 2

MUNICIPALITY: ______CONTRACTOR: ______Management Pavement and Rigid Selection

PROJECT / CONTRACT NO.: ______PROJECT LOCATION: ______Asset 3

WEATHER: ______TEMP: ______CONTRACT / PAY ITEM NO.: ______Concrete

CURB & GUTTER TYPE (OPSS; OPSD): ______APPROXIMATE QUANTITY: ______Bridges 4 LOCATION OF POUR:______

______Sustainability 5 GRADE IS GRADE COMPACTED PROPERLY?: yes / no If no, list remediation measures: ______

IS THERE ADEQUATE MOISTURE IN GRADE?: yes / no If no,: too wet too dry Cost Analysis Life-Cycle

If no, circle remediation measures: remove/replace existing material dry existing material add moisture (LCCA) 6 other: ______Unshrinkable FORMS (If applicable) Are all forms placed correctly and securely?: yes / no Fill (U-Fill)

If no, list remediation measure(s): ______7

Have all forms been checked to ensure they do vary more than 1/4" from plane in any 3 metre section?: yes / no Architectural

If no, list remediation measure(s): ______Concrete 8

CONCRETE SUPPLIER: ______APPROVED MIX DESIGN: yes /no Concrete Jointing

PLANT LOCATION: ______MIX DESIGN #: ______9

TESTING (frequency of testing is based on qty of pour) NO. TESTS REQUIRED / FREQUENCY: ______Procurement 10 TESTING COMPANY: ______RECORD TEST RESULTS IN FIELD DIARY: yes / no Construction

CONCRETE TESTING TECHNICIAN'S NAME AND CREDENTIALS: ______ACI / CSA / CCIL Placement Meetings & Pre- Pre- 11 CONCRETE PLACEMENT Have concrete tickets tickets been checked for correct mix design? yes / no

Has concrete ticket information been entered into field notes? Ie. time, load #, truck # yes / no Procedures Concrete Ordering 12 Has water been added to mixer truck? yes / no If yes, when? ______Concrete re-tested? Yes / no

Was concrete discharged from the truck within the allotted time frame?: yes / no (90mins in hot weather, 120mins in other) Transportation Transportation and Receiving and Receiving

If no, note result: ______Concrete 13 JOINTS Are expansion / isolation joints installed correctly (FULL DEPTH) and at the proper spacing?: yes / no If no, list remediation measure(s): ______Consolidating and Finishing Concrete Convey, Placing,

Are expansion joints a minimum of 1/4" thick?: yes / no If no, list remediation measure(s): ______14

FINISHING CONCRETE Is proper floating equipment being used to smooth out concrete?: yes / no

If no, list remediation measure(s): ______Requirements and Curing Protection Concrete

WATER MUST NOT BE ADDED TO AID IN FINISHING SURFACE ______(Inspector must sign to verify) 15

Are proper edging tools being used to provide clean edges so concrete doesn't spall or tear?: yes / no Acceptance of Acceptance of Measurement, Measurement,

If no, list remediation measure(s): ______Testing and Concrete 16 What method is being used to add texture to concrete surface: burlap turf drag broom other:______Is the amount of texture as specified in contract documents?: yes / no Improvement Closeout and Continuous Project

CURING CONCRETE Circle curing method: curing compound burlap other: ______17

Approximate time curing application placed after texturing: ______mins Is entire exposed area of concrete covered: yes / no Troubleshooting If no, list remediation measure(s): ______18

Are Cold Weather Curing Practices Required (Temp < 5ȗͿ͗ǇĞƐͬŶŽ Appendix Best Management Practices160 for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure _ pm / am ______to______ins in other) ins pm / am Concrete re-tested? Yes / no Concrete re-tested? ______gn? / no yes DESIGN: yes /no yes DESIGN: IELD DIARY: yes / no yes IELD DIARY: : ______hot weather, 120m : yes / no yes : ______o dry measures: ______es / no es ______ATION: ______dry existing material add moisture ______ACI / CSA / CCIL rlap turf drag broom other:______TH) and at the proper spacing?: yes / no yes spacing?: proper and at the TH) ______(Inspector must sign to verify) RECORD TEST RESULTS IN F RESULTS TEST RECORD APPROXIMATE QUANTITY: ______list remediation measure(s): ______4" from plane in any 3 metre section?: yes / no yes section?: in any 3 metre plane from 4" frame?: yes / no (90mins in / no (90mins yes frame?: 161 ncrete doesn't spall or tear?: spall doesn't ncrete / no yes ______mins Is entire exposed area of concrete covered: yes / no es / no es Ie. time, load #, truck # load #, time, Ie. / no yes NO. TESTS REQUIRED / FREQUENCY: ______material _ ȗͿ͗ǇĞƐͬŶŽ aced correctly and securely?: y and securely?: correctly aced DATE: ______DATE: TIME: ______s installed correctly DEP (FULL ADE?: yes / no yes ADE?: no,: If too wet to TEMP: ______CONTRACT / PAY ITEM NO.: ______Have concrete tickets tickets been checked for correct mix desi _ es: remove/replace existing existing remove/replace es: Best Management Practices for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure Circle curing method: curing compound burlap other: ______Is proper floating equipment being used to smooth out concrete? to smooth used being equipment floating proper Is ______APPROVED MIX BE ADDED TO AID IN FINISHING SURFACE IN FINISHING TO AID ADDED BE (If applicable) all forms pl Are IS GRADE COMPACTED PROPERLY?: yes / no yes PROPERLY?: COMPACTED IS GRADE remediation no, list If Are expansion / isolation joint / isolation expansion Are CONCRETE SIDEWALK CONCRETE If no, circle remediation measur remediation circle no, If TESTING (frequency of testing is based on qty of pour) of based on qty is testing of (frequency TESTING If no, list remediation measure(s): ______than 1/ more do vary they to ensure checked been all forms Have If no, list remediation measure(s): ______CONCRETE SUPPLIER: FORMS CONCRETE TESTING TECHNICIAN'S NAME AND CREDENTIALS: ______LOCATION OF POUR:______GRADE ______PROJECT / CONTRACT NO.: ______WEATHER: ______PROJECT LOC MUNICIPALITY: ______CONTRACTOR: SIDEWALK TYPE (OPSS; OPSD): ______What method is being used to add texture to concrete surface: to concrete to add texture used being is What method y in contract documents?: specified as texture of amount the Is bu 5 < (Temp Required Practices Curing Weather Cold Are Are proper edging tools being used to provide clean edges so co so edges clean to provide used being tools edging proper Are If no, list remediation measure(s): ______CURING CONCRETE If no, list remediation measure(s): ______Approximate time curing application placed after texturing: ___ texturing: after placed application curing time Approximate PLANT LOCATION: ______MIX DESIGN # TESTING COMPANY: ______CONCRETE PLACEMENT IS THERE ADEQUATE MOISTURE IN GR MOISTURE ADEQUATE IS THERE WATER MUST NOT Has concrete ticket information been entered into field notes? notes? field into entered been information ticket concrete Has Has water been added to mixer truck? yes / no If yes, when? ____ Was concrete discharged from the truck within the allotted time allotted the truck within the from discharged concrete Was If no, note result: ______JOINTS If no, list remediation measure(s): ______If no, list remediation measure(s): ______Are expansion joints a minimum of 1/4" thick?: yes / no yes thick?: 1/4" of a minimum joints expansion Are no, If FINISHING CONCRETE other: ______

OGRA MunicipalOGRA Municipal Concrete Concrete Liason Liaison Committee Committee