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Energy Storage Grand Challenge Roadmap December 2020

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Energy Storage Grand Challenge Roadmap December 2020 ENERGY STORAGE GRAND CHALLENGE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ROADMAP DECEMBER 2020 DOE/PA-0022 Energy Storage Grand Challenge Roadmap December 2020 Disclaimer This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government. Cover photo credits, counterclockwise from top: Dennis Schroeder, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2018; Argonne National Laboratory; Shutterstock, Inc.; and Shutterstock, Inc. i Energy Storage Grand Challenge Roadmap December 2020 Acknowledgements The Energy Storage Grand Challenge (ESGC) is a crosscutting effort managed by the U.S. Department of Energy’s Research Technology Investment Committee (RTIC). This Roadmap was developed by the Energy Storage Subcommittee of the RTIC, co-chaired by Alex Fitzsimmons, Deputy Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency in the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), and Michael Pesin, Deputy Assistant Secretary for Advanced Grid Research and Development in the Office of Electricity (OE). Significant contributions to the Roadmap were made by a technical team throughout the Department and at the National Laboratories. This included the ESGC Track Leads: Technology Development Track—Eric Hsieh, OE Manufacturing and Supply Chain Track—Valri Lightner, EERE Technology Transition Track—Marcos Gonzales Harsha, Office of Technology Transitions (OTT) Policy and Valuation Track—Alejandro Moreno, EERE Workforce Development Track—John Vetrano, Office of Science (SC) Additional contributors included Diana Bauer, Joe Cresko, Tina Kaarsberg, Sarah Garman, Paul Spitsen, Paul Syers, Steven Shooter, Changwon Suh, Alexis McKittrick, Karma Sawyer, Mary Hubbard, Nelson James, Sven Mumme Avi Shultz, Eric Miller, David Peterson, Steven Boyd, Mallory Clites, Peter Faguy, Ramesh Talreja, Lauren Ruedy, Rob Sandoli, and Rajesh Dham of EERE; Stephen Hendrickson, Katherine Harsanyi, and Rima Oueid of OTT; Ping Ge of SC; Vinod Siberry and Benjamin Shrager of OE; Bhima Sastri of the Office of Fossil Energy; Rebecca Onuschak, Alison Hahn, and Kelly Lefler of the Office of Nuclear Energy; Hugh Ho of the Office of Strategic Planning and Policy; Vikram Linga and Chris Namovicz of the Energy Information Administration; Monique Fridell of the Loan Programs Office; Scott Litzelman of the Advanced Research Projects Agency–Energy; Briggs White of the National Energy Technology Laboratory; Robert Podgorney of Idaho National Laboratory; and Vince Sprenkle of Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. ii Energy Storage Grand Challenge Roadmap December 2020 List of Acronyms AC alternating current AMO Advanced Manufacturing Office ANL Argonne National Laboratory ARPA-E Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy ASHRAE American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers ATES aquifer thermal energy storage BES Office of Basic Energy Sciences BESS battery energy storage technologies BTES borehole thermal energy storage BTO Building Technologies Office BTU British thermal unit CAES compressed air energy storage CCUS coal capture utilization and storage CESER Office of Cybersecurity, Energy Security and Emergency Response CHP combined heat and power CSP concentrating solar-thermal power DAYS Duration Addition to electricitY Storage program DC direct current DER distributed energy resource DOE Department of Energy DPUTB dual purpose underground thermal battery DR demand response EEI Edison Electric Institute EERE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy EIA Energy Information Administration EPRI Electric Power Research Institute ESA Energy Storage Association ESGC Energy Storage Grand Challenge ESIF Energy Systems Integration Facility ESS energy storage systems EV electric vehicle FCAB Federal Consortium for Advanced Batteries FE Office of Fossil Energy FERC Federal Energy Regulatory Commission FOA funding opportunity announcement GMLC Grid Modernization Laboratory Consortium GRIDS Grid-scale Rampable Intermittent Dispatchable Storage GTO Geothermal Technologies Office GW gigawatts HEMS home energy management system HES hydrogen energy storage HFTO Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technologies Office HTE high-temperature electrolysis iii Energy Storage Grand Challenge Roadmap December 2020 HVAC heating, ventilation, air conditioning IECC International Energy Conservation Code IEI Institute for Electric Innovation INL Idaho National Laboratory IONICS Integration and Optimization of Novel Ion-Conducting Solids IP intellectual property IRS Internal Revenue Service ISO Independent System Operators JCESR Joint Center for Energy Storage Research LAES liquid air energy storage LBNL Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory LCO levelized cost of ownership LCOE levelized cost of energy LCOS levelized cost of storage LCOSS levelized cost of solar plus storage LDRD Laboratory Directed Research and Development LHV lower heating value LPO Loan Programs Office MCH methylcyclohexane MRL Manufacturing Readiness Level MSP minimum sustainable price MW megawatt NARUC National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners NASEO National Association of State Energy Officials NE Office of Nuclear Energy NERC North American Electric Reliability Corporation NETL National Energy Technology Laboratory NREL National Renewable Energy Laboratory OE Office of Electricity ORNL Oak Ridge National Laboratory OTT Office of Technology Transitions PCM phase change materials PE power electronics PEC photoelectrochemical PEM proton exchange membrane PES power electronic system PNNL Pacific Northwest National Laboratory PSH pumped storage hydropower PUC Public Utility Commission PV photovoltaics RFB redox-flow battery RFC reversible fuel cells RFI request for information ROI return on investment RTE roundtrip efficiency iv Energy Storage Grand Challenge Roadmap December 2020 RTES reservoir thermal energy storage RTIC Research Technology Investment Committee RTO Regional Transmission Organization SC Office of Science SETO Solar Energy Technologies Office SMR steam methane reforming SNL Sandia National Laboratories STCH solar thermochemical hydrogen STH solar-to-hydrogen TA technical assistance TCL thermostatically controlled loads TES thermal energy storage TOU time-of-use UPS uninterruptible power supplies VRE variable renewable energy VTO Vehicle Technologies Office WETO Wind Energy Technologies Office WPTO Water Power Technologies Office v Energy Storage Grand Challenge Roadmap December 2020 Table of Contents Executive Summary ................................................................................................................... 11 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 13 ESGC Structure............................................................................................................................ 13 Background ................................................................................................................................. 15 Energy Storage Technologies Included in the ESGC ................................................................... 17 Mission, Vision and Goal ............................................................................................................ 19 Key Challenges and Strategic Goals ............................................................................................ 19 Measuring Success ..................................................................................................................... 20 Technology Development .......................................................................................................... 23 Track Overview ........................................................................................................................... 23 Addressing Key Challenges through Technology Development ................................................. 24 Impact ......................................................................................................................................... 24 Activities ..................................................................................................................................... 24 Activity 1: Use Cases as Technology-Neutral Guideposts ................................................. 24 Activity 2: Building a Portfolio of Technologies ................................................................ 27 Activity 3: Accelerate the Innovation Ecosystem .............................................................. 29 Measuring Success ..................................................................................................................... 33 Manufacturing and Supply Chain ............................................................................................... 36 Track Overview ........................................................................................................................... 36 Addressing
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