J.Anthrop.Soc.Nippon 人 類 誌 97(3):407-420(1989)

LETTER TO THE EDITOR

The Excavations by DUBOIS (1891-1900), SELENKA (1906-1908), and the Geological Survey by the Indonesian-Japanese Team (1976-1977) at Trinil (, )

John de VOS1) and Fachroel AZIZ2)

1) Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The 2) Geological Research and Development Centre, Bandung, Indonesia

Abstract The excavations by DUBOIS (1891-1900) and SELENKA (1906-1908) are reconsidered and compared. Recent information of the geological survey of the Indonesian-Japanese team (1976-1977) at Trinil is added.

Keywords Trinil, Java, Pithecanthropus erectus, E. DUBOIS, M. L. SELENKA, Excavation

vising the excavations ; he visited the locali- Introduction ties regularly to check the progress made, Trinil has been known for nearly a cen- to examine the site, and to issue new in- tury as the locality that yielded important structions. The letters KRIELE and De paleontological collections, including the WINTER sent to DUBOIS, to report their remains of Pithecanthropus erectus (DUBOIS) progress, contain much valuable information (= erect us, found by DUBOIS about the excavations. These letters are in during excavations in 1891-1892. The magni- the files of the DUBOIS Collection (Ri jks- tude of DUBOIS' excavations has always been museum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden) ; underestimated, partly because DUBOISnever they are referred to by the name of the published data concerning his excavations writer, followed by the date in parenthesis, at Trinil. e. g. KRIELE (27-7-1895). Based on the let- During the investigations in Java, DUBOIS ters, his visits and notes, DUBOIS made was stationed at Tulung Agung. From monthly reports, which were not published ; there he explored in the surroundings of drafts are present in the files of the DUBOIS Madiun, Kediri, Surakarta, Rembang and Collection. These reports will be referred Japara. At several places he had carried to by indicating the month and year they out excavations, under the supervision of cover (e. g. DUBOIS, August 1890). From two sergeants of the Engineer Corps, G. these reports quarterly reports were deduced, KRIELE and A. De WINTER, with the assis- which were included in the published tance of local labourers. DUBOIS was super- "Verslag van het Mijnwezen" (Report of the

Received April 25, 1989 408 J. de Vos and F. AZIZ

Mining Service) ; drafts have been retained reconstruct DUBOIS' excavations, compare in the files of the DUBOIS Collection. The them with the excavations by SELENKA and published reports do not mention DUBOIS as to include some recent information concern- the author, and hence they are cited as: ing Trinil. ANON., 1891, etc. From all these data, un- DUBOIS' Excavations published, it transpires how the excavations were carried out. The locality of Trinil (7*22'S-111*21'E; After DUBOIS Mrs. Lenore SELENKA ex- 10 km west of Ngawi on the river Solo, Java, cavated at Trinil during the years 1906-1908. see Fig. 1) was visited by DUBOIS in August Detailed reports on the excavations by the 1891. He visited Trinil, because, according SELENKA Expedition (SELENKA and BLANC- to a story told in 1985 by a local villager, KENHORN,1911) were prepared by OPPENOORT bones of giants had been reported from the (1911), CARTHAUS (1911), and by Dozy (1911). site. Local people had reported this to the During 1976 and 1977, the Geological Survey garrison commander at Ngawi, who informed of Indonesia in collaboration with Quaternary DUBOIS' superiors. DUBOIS was charged scientists from Japan (CTA-41 Project), con- with the carrying out of palaeontological ducted a field survey in the Trinil area and investigations and, for this purpose, he was produced a geological map on scale 1: 250. placed at the disposal of the "Directeur van The aim of joint survey was to reconfirm Onderwijs, Eeredienst en Ni jverheid" (Di- the stratigraphic position of Pithecanthropus rector of Education, Religious Activities, and erectus DUBOIS (1894) (SOERADI et al., 1985). Industry). As there is no clear picture where DUBOIS Excavations were carried out at the Trinil excavated and of the magnitude of his ex- site from 1891 untill 1893. In 1895 DUBOIS cavations, the purpose of this paper is to left for Holland. However, the excavations

Table 1. Survey of the duration and the surfaces in m2 of DUBOIS' excavations during 1891-1900 The Excavations by DUBOIS (1891-1900), SELENKA (1906-1908) 409

continued from 1895 to 1897 and from 1899 marked on a grid. to 1900. KRIELE and WINTER were in charge The 1891 excavations of the daily routine and they continued to send letters to DUBOIS. The trenches made The excavations started in August 1891 in the periods 1895-1897 and 1899-1900 were (DUBOIS, August 1891) on both sides of the

Fig. 1. The surroundings of Trinil (1891). Map by DUBOIS, on which he indicated the excavation sites on the right (b) and the left (a) banks of the river Solo. 410 J. de Vos and F. AZIZ

Fig. 2. Rough sketch of DUBOIS' excavation sites on the left and right banks of the river Solo (KRIELE, 18-9-1891), river (Fig. 1). KRIELE and De WINTER of about 3*4=12 m2. On both banks fossils (18-9-1891) gave a rough sketch (Fig. 2) to were obtained from a sandy layer extending show where on both banks of the river the from 0.20 m below the water level during excavations took place. De WINTER worked the dry season up to 0.75 m above that level on the right bank. Data concerning the (KRIELE, 18-9-1891). Since the water rose at size of the trench are lacking. Working on the end of November, they transferred their the left bank, KRIELE (18-9-1891) dug a pit activities to a higher level of the bank. The

Photo 1. The Trinil locality in 1894. The Excavations by DUSOIS (1891-1900), SELENK.A.(1906-1908) 411 excavation was stopped at the beginning of reach the rich lower fossil layer on the left January as the water level had risen too bank, the workers excavated from the top high. The excavations lasted six months. of the bank downwards, their aim being to The most important discoveries on the left open up a large area of the rich fossil layer bank consisted of a right upper third molar (ANON., 1892: 16). It was in this year that (September 1891, ANON., 1891a: 13), and at the femur of Pithecanthropus erectus was a distance of a few metres a skull cap found. In order to look for more material (October 1891, ANON., 1891b: 13). At first of Pithecanthropus a trench was dug, DUBOIS attributed both of these to a species measuring 25* 9* 9 m (DUBOIS, September of chimpanzee (Anthropopithecus), but even- 1892; see also Figs. 5 and 6). The surface tually they became two of the syntypes of of this trench was 225 m2. In mid-Novem- Pithecanthropus erectus (DUBOIS, 1894: 14). ber, just when the fossil layer was reached, the excavations had to be terminated due The 1892 excavations to the high water level (ANON. 1893a: 11). The excavations started in May (DUBOIS, The 1892 excavations lasted seven months. May 1892), again on both sides of the river. As the water level was still too high to

Photo 2. The Trinil locality in 1900, seen from standpoint II (see also Fig. 8 this paper). 412 J, de Vos and F. AZIZ

tions were terminated in December, and The 1893 excavations lasted seven months. The excavations started again at the end of May. Due to the persistently high level The year 1894 of the river Solo, the deeper and richer In the year 1894 no excavations took place fossil layer was not accessible. Therefore, at Trinil. A photograph of the site was a trench at the left bank of 40*5=200 m2 taken in 1894 (Photo 1). was dug at some distance from the river The 1895 excavations (see Fig. 5). The hardness of the sediment hampered the work (ANON., 1893b: 11). This When DUBOIS returned to the Netherlands trench went down to 1.75 m below the level in 1895, the excavations at Trinil continued. in which the skull and the femur were found They started in July under the direction of and about 3 m below the water level during KRIELE with the help of 20 local labourers the East Monsoon (dry season). Black argil- (KRIELE, 27-7-1895). A trench measuring laceous layers were reached but no fossils 20*5=100 m2 was dug. Few fossils were were found (ANON., 1893c: 15). The excava- found down to a depth of 6 m2 (KRIELE, 21-

Photo 3. The Trinil locality in 1900, seen from standpoint III (see also Fig. 8 this paper). The sticks point to the sites, where (from left to right) the molar, the skull and the femur of Homo erectus were found. The Excavations by DUBOIS (1891-1900), SELENKA (1906-1908) 413

7-1895). The excavations on the left bank a trench of 10*10=100 m2 was dug (KRIELE, were stopped in September. In October 7-9-1896) to a depth of 11.50 m, which was again a small trench was dug on the right one metre below the lowest-level. In October bank. As the water level was as low as in the work was stopped, due to a lack of the first year of the investigations, there money (KRIELE, 12-10-1896). In this year was a dry surface of 6 m in the rich layer the excavations lasted five months. Fig. 3 of fossils (KRIELE, 15-10-1895). The work shows a rough sketch of the trenches made was terminated at the end of November in 1896 on both sides of the river (Taken (KRIELE, November 1895). The 1895 ex- from a letter by KRIELE, 31-12-1896). cavations lasted five months. The 1897 excavations The 1896 excavations The excavations started in August(KRIELE, The excavations started in June and a 2-8-1897) and two trenches were dug on the trench measuring 10*5 m was dug on the left bank of the river. One trench was left bank of the river (KRIELE, 15-6-1896), downstream and measured 10*8=80 m2, the and at the end of the month the trench was other one was upstream and measured 12* enlarged to a length of 14 m (KRIELE, 30- 17=204 m2 (KRIELE, 16-10-1897). Fig. 4 6-1896), totalling 14*5=70 m2. In August shows rough sketches of those trenches work was being done again on the right (KRIELE, 16-10-1897). Fig. 5 is a proposal bank of the river (KRIELE, 15-8-1896). Here for the 1898 excavations, in which the down-

Fig. 3. Rough sketch of the trenches made in 1896 on both sides of the river (KRIELE, 31-12-1896). 414 J, de Vos and F. AZIZ

stream and the upstream trenches are located (KRIELE, 14-4-1898). The excavations came to an end in November and lasted four months.

The year 1898 KRIELE (14-4-1898) made proposals for excavations to be carried out at Trinil in 1898, but it did not come to this. In a sketch (Fig. 5), accompanying the proposals, the trenches of previous years are clearly shown.

The 1899 excavations The excavations started in September (KRIELE, 16-9-1899). Fig. 6 shows the work-plan for that year. The trench is divided into a square metre grid system. From that figure we can deduce that the surface of the trench is 510 m2. Totally there was excavated during four months.

The 1900 excavations Fig. 4. The trenches made on the left ban The excavations lasted from January untill of the river Solo in 1897; A : the upstrear May with assistance of 25 local labourers ; trench; B : the downstream trench (KRIELE from May until November with 50 local 16-10-1897).

Fig. 5. Proposal for the 1898 excavations (KRIELE, 14-4-1898). The Excavations by DUBOIS (1891-1900), SELENKA (1906-1908) 415

Fig. 6. A sketch by KRIELE of the 1899 trench, in which DUBOIS added the outline of the 1900 excavation. Also shown in this sketch are the positions of the trenches of 1891, 1892, 1893 and 1897. labourers. This year was the last of the cavations to a sketch by KRIELE of the 1899 palaeontological searches, started by DUBOIS trench). Fig. 7 shows a situation sketch of in 1891. A very large excavation was made, the 1900 excavations, and from this figure measuring 75 by 6 to 14 m. It surrounded we can deduce that the surface of the trench on three sides all previous excavations on was about 916 m2. In November 1900, three the left bank of the river Solo made since photographs (see photographs 2 and 3) were 1891 (DUBOIS,1932: 719, our Fig. 6, in which taken of the excavations on the left bank DUBOIS added the outline of the 1900 ex- (KRIELE, 21-11-1900) ; the positions from

Fig. 7. The excavations of 1900. 416 J. de Vos and F. AZIZ

Fig. 8. The trinil locality. Map by DUBOIS, on which the positions are indicated from where the photographs 2 (point II) and 3 (point III) were taken. where these were taken, are indicated in Figure 8. The excavations lasted eleven SELENKA'S Excavations months. SELENKA excavated at Trinil during the years 1906-1908. It was De WINTER, one of Summarizing, we may deduce from the DUBOIS' assistants, who pointed to SELENKA data mentioned above (Table 1) that the the sites where the skullcap and the total surface of the trenches was about 2423 femur were found by DUBOIS. Detailed m2. About 2317 m2 on the left bank and reports on the excavations were prepared by about 106 m2 on the right bank. Further- OPPENOORTH (1911), CARTHAUS (1911) and more, we can deduce that DUBOISexcavated Dozy (1911). From these reports the data at Trinil for about 49 months. From the of the SELENKA excavations used in this letters of KRIELE and De WINTER, the month- paper, are taken. ly- and quarternary reports we can deduce The 1906 excavations (OPPENOORTH, 1911) that the numbers of labourers varied be- tween 25 and 50 and that almost all fossils From the beginning of July till mid-October came from the main fossil layer (the so- preparations were made with the help of 20 called Hauptknochenschicht). labourers, and the following trial-trenches were made: The Excavations by DUBOIS (1891-1900), SELENKA (1906-1908) 417

1) on the right bank, about 60 m south OPPENOORTH worked at Trinil from 1 Feb- of DUBOIS' monument, a trench was made ruary till August. with such measurements that two man could The 1907 excavations (CARTHAUS, 1911) work in it. They excavated till 2 m below the lowest water level. To go any deeper In the report by CARTHAUS (1911) we can was impossible, because of the water. The read that trenches I and II, started by outcrop of the layer consisted of gritty clay, OPPENOORTH, were excavated down till the which contained Melania. This layer con- bottom of the bone-layer (Hauptknochen- tinued into the depth. The bonelayer was schicht). Besides, a small trench was made not found here. in the north continuation of Trench II. Also 2) On the right bank, north of DUBOIS' this trench was excavated down till the monument, a second trial trench was made. bottom of the bone-layer. Furthermore, a The length of that trench was 27 m, the trench was made about one km north of width 4 m (at the bottom it was about 11/2 trench II at the left side of the river Solo, m) and the deepest level was about 7-8 m. near Butu Gadja, and another one about 3 This trench became known as Trench I km north of Trinil near the village Saka. CARTHAUS worked at Trinil from August till (Grube I) of SELENKA. 3) On the left bank of the river Solo, November 1907. about 50 m south of DUBOIS' last excavation The 1908 excavations (Dozy, 1911) a third trench was made (Width 2 m, depth Dozy worked at Trinil from the 1st of 11/2 m). A few bones were found. August till mid-December. From his report 4) Also on the left bank, a few hundred we can learn that despite excavations in metres north of DUBOIS' excavations, a Trench II, the largest part of the excava- fourth trench was made. Depth 11/2 m tion concentrated in Trench I on the right below the lowest water level. Black clays bank of the river Solo. Surface measure- and a bone-layer of 0.35 m thickness were ments were not given, but from his ground found. plan (SELENKA and BLANCKENHORN,Table II, The 1907 excavations (OPPENOORTH, 1911) Fig. 4) we can deduce that the surface of Trench I was now about 450 m2. Accord- Excavations were started mid-March in ing to Dozy the bonelayer was lens-shaped, the trench on the right bank, north of and ended in Trench I as well as in Trench II. DUBOIS' monument, the so-called Trench I (Grube I). At the end of April, when the Summarizing, it can be deduced from the water level was at its lowest point, a trench data given above that the total surface of was dug at the left bank of the river Solo, the trenches was about 1060 m2: about 800 at the same place of DUBOIS' excavations, m2 on the right bank and about 260 m2 on but more landwards. This trench was in- the left bank. According to SELENKA (1911, dicated as Trench II (Grube II). The surface p. XXIII) the work at Trinil lasted some 18 of Trench I was about 350 m2, the surface months, including 7 months of preparing of Trench II was about 260 m2. During the the facilities. The number of labourers 1907 excavations 1225 bones were excavated varied from 25 till 75 or even 100. Al- in Trench I and about 700 in Trench II. though a Trench III was indicated in Table 418 J, de Vos and F. AZIZ

VI (SELENKA and BLANCKENHORN, 1911) it not surprising that their faunal lists are was not mentioned in their text. comparable (Vos and SONDAAR, 1982). According to Vos and SONDAAR (1982) the Comparison of the DUBOIS and SELENKA faunal list of Trinil is poor in species. Excavations, including some Vos et al, (1982) concluded that Java must recent information have been isolated from Asia during the From the data of the files present in the period when the Trinil layers were de- DUBOIS Collection it became evident that posited, so that endemics (like u oisia) DUBOIS excavated on both banks of the river could develop. Based on the fauna collected Solo. The total surface of the excavations by the Indonesian-Japanese team and listed was 2423 m2 of which 106 m2 on the right by AIMI and AZIZ (1985, which was in press bank and about 2317 m2 on the left bank. in 1984) SONDAAR (1984) suggested that the DUBOIS' excavations thus concentrated on Trinil H. K. (Trinil Hauptknochenschicht) the left bank. Also SELENKA excavated on fauna might be correlated with the fauna both banks of the river, at the same sites of the Grenzbank in the area. as DUBOIS (Fig. 9). The total surface of A detailed study had been conducted by her excavations was about 1060 m2; about SOERADI et al. (1985) in the vicinity of the 800 m2 on the right bank and about 260 m2 Pithecanthropus erectus I site. They gave on the left bank. SELENKA'S excavations the following report concerning their in- were more concentrated on the right bank. vestigation : "Here (at Trinil) only the DUBOIS excavated during about 49 months, Pucangan and Kabuh Formation crop out. while Selenka excavated during 11 months The lower limit of the Pucangan Formation at Trinil. Both investigators excavated can not be observed. In this area, this Forma- down till the bottom of the bone layer tion starts with clayey facies which consists (Hauptknochenschicht) from which almost of bluish grey silty clay, lahar or andesitic all the fossils originated. It is therefore volcanic breccias with fragments ranging up to

Fig. 9. The locality Trinil. Map from SELENKA and BLANCKENHORN (1911, p. XII). The Excavations by DUBOIS (1891-1900), SELENKA (1906-1908) 419 bolder size, and a silty facies which is com- 抄 録 posed of sandy siltstone. Unconformally upon the Pucangan Formation lies the Kabuh トリ ニー ル遺 跡 の デ ュボ ワ(1891-1900)・ セ レ ンカ Formation which starts with gravel. Many (1906-1908)に よ る発 掘 お よび イ ン ドネ シ ア ・日本 mammalian fossils can be found in this lower の 合 同 地 質 調査(1976-1977) gravel bed, which corresponds to DUBOIS layer D (Hauptknochenschicht) and yielded J.de Vos and F. AZIZ Pithecanthropus erectus I. Upon this gravel bed-1, alternating clayey facies and sandy ピテ カ ン トロプ ス の発 見 で有 名 な デ ュボ ワの 発 掘 が f acies can be observed. Cross lamination 極 め て大 規 模 だ っ た こ とは,記 録 が公 け に な って い な い た め一 般 に は ほ とん ど知 られ て い な い.そ こで,当 can be recognized in the sandy f acies. Some 時 の 現場 監 督 に よ るデ ュボ ワ宛 の報 告 の 手紙 や 個 々の gravels could also be observed in the upper 記録 資料 を 調べ て,実 態 を 明 らか に した. part of the section. It seems that the fossil- デ ュボ ワは主 と して ソ ロ川 の 左 岸 を,の べ49ケ 月 bearing bed of the Trinil area, a conglo- 間,毎 日25～50人 の 作 業 員 に よ って,2423m2を 発 掘 merate with components of andesite and した.後 の セ レ ンカの 大 発 掘 で さえ,こ の発 掘 の半 分 limestone fragments, has a similar ap- 以 下 の 規模 で あ る. pearance to the fossil bearing bed, "Grenz- ピテ カ ン トロ プ ス1号 の 発 掘 現 場 写 真,そ れ らの撮 bank" of the basal part of the "Kabuh" (= 影 地 点 ・発 掘 現 場 ・発 見 記 念 碑 を 同時 に示 す 地 図,発 Bapang) Formation in the Sangiran area. 掘 区 計 画 図 な ど の原 資 料 を も 豊 富 に 掲 載 した.(馬 場 According to LEINDERS et at. (1985) the 悠 男 訳,追 加:Fig.8の 左 下 部 の Gedenkstein が 記 "Trinil H. K. fauna" from the Grenzbank in 念 碑 の 位置 で あ り,現 在 は小 さ な トリニ ー ル 博 物 館 も the Sangiran area has an age of about 1.0 建 て られ て い る.記 念 碑 には,P.e.175 M. ONO. 1891/93と 書 か れ て お り,1891～93年 の 発 掘 で,こ こ Ma. か ら東 北東 へ175mの 地 点 で,ピ テ カ ン トロ プ ス ェ The research of the Indonesian-Japanese レ ク トスが 発 見 され た こ とを 示 して い る.) team (SOERADI et at., 1985) gives up to date information on the stratigraphy of Trinil and References

shows that there are still fossils to excavate AIMI, M. and F. AZIZ,1985: Vertebrate fossils from the fossiliferous level in which Homo from the Sangiran Dome, Mojokerto, Trinil and erectus was found. Sambungmacan Areas. In : Quaternary Geology of the Hominid Fossil Bearing Formations in Acknowledgments Java, ed. WATANABE and KADAR, Geological Research and Development Centre, Special Pub- The authors are grateful to Dr. P. Y. lication no. 4: pp. 155-197. SONDAAR, Dr. L. T. G. THEUNISSEN, Dr. Anonymous, 1891a: Palaeontologische onderzoek- J. W. F. REUMER and Mr. R. van ZELST, ingen op Java. Verslag v. h. Mijnwezen over het 3de kwartaal 1891, pp. 12-14. who critically read the manuscript and pro- Anonymous, 1891b: Palaeontologische onderzoek- vided helpful suggestions to improve the ingen op Java. Verslag v. h. Mijnwezen over text. het 4de kwartaal 1891, pp. 12-15. Anonymous, 1892: Palaeontologische onderzoek- ingen op Java. Verslag v. h. Mijnwezen over het 2de kwartaal 1892: pp. 14-17. Anonymous, 1893a: Palaeontologische onderzoek- ingen op Java. Verslag v. h. Mijnwezen over hat 4:e kwartaal 1892: pp. 11-12. 420 J. de Vos and F. AZIZ

Anonymous, 1893b: Palaeontologische onderzoek- Ausgrabungen. I Teil. Die Arbeiten des Jahres ingen op Java. Verslag v. h. Mijnwezen over 1907 bis August. In: SELENKA-BLANCKENHORN, het 2de kwartaal 1893: pp. 12-13. Die Pithecanthropus-Schichten auf Java, Geolo- Anonymous, 1893c: Palaeontologische onderzoek- gische and Palaontologische Ergebnisse der ingen op Java. Verslag v. h. Mijnwezen over Trinil-Expedition (1907 and 1908). Leipzig: het 3de kwartaal 1893: pp. 15-17. XXVI-XXXVIII. CARTHAUS, E., 1911: Arbeitsbericht fiber die SELENKA, M. L., 1911: Einleitung. In: SELENKA- Ausgrabungen. II. Teil. Die Arbeiten von BLANCKENHORN,Die Pithecanthropus-Schichten August bis November 1907. In : SELENKA-BLANC- auf Java, Geologische and Palaontologische KENHORN, Die Pithecanthropus-Schichten auf Ergebnisse der Trinil-Expedition (1907 and Java, Geologische and Palaontologische Ergeb- 1908). Leipzig: I-XXV. nisse der Trinil-Expedition (1907 and 1908). SELENKA, M. L. and M. BLANCKENHORN,1911: Die Leipzig, XXXVIII-XXXIX. Pithecanthropus-Schichten auf Java, Geologische DOZY, C. M., 1911: Arbeitsbericht uber die Aus- and Palaontologische Ergebnisse der Trinil- grabungen. III. Teil. Die Arbeiten im Jahre 1908. Expedition (1907 and 1908), Leipzig. In: SELENKA-BLANCKENHORN, Die Pithecan- SOERADI, T. et al., 1985: Geology and Strati- thropus-Schichten auf Java. Geologische and graphy of the Trinil Area. In: Quaternary Palaontologische Ergebnisse der Trinil-Expedi- Geology of the Hominid Fossil Formations in tion (1907 and 1908). Leipzig: XL-XL II . Java, ed. Watanabe and Kadar, Geological DUBOIS, E., 1894: Pithecanthropus erectus, eine Research and Development Centre, Special Pub- menschenahnliche Ubergangsform aus Java lication no. 4: 49-53. (Batavia). SONDAAR, P. Y., 1984: Faunal evolution and the DUBOIS, E., 1932: The distinct organization of mammalian biostratigraphy of Java. Cour. Pithecanthropus of which the femur bears evi- Forsch. Inst. Senckenberg, 69: 219-235. dence, now confirmed from other individuals of Vos, J. de and P. Y. SONDAAR, 1982: The im- the described species. Proceedings Kon. Akad. portance of the DUBOIS Collection reconsidered. van Wet., Amsterdam, XXXV : 716-722. Mod. Quat. Res. SE Asia, 7: 35-63. LEINDERS, J. J. M., F. AZIZ, P. Y. SONDAAR and J. Vos, J. de, S. SARTONO, S. HARDJA-SASMITAand de Vos, 1985: The age of the hominid-bearing P. Y. SONDAAR, 1982: The fauna from Trinil, deposits of Java : state of the art. Geologie en type locality of Homo erectus. Geol. Mijnbouw, Mijnbouw 64: 167-173. 61: 207-211. OPPENOORTH, F., 1911: Arbeitsbericht uber die

John de Vos Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie P. 0. Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands