Role of Anaerobic Digestion in Next Generation Wastewater Treatment and Biosolids Management Damien Batstone Advanced Water Management Centre

Engineering Conferences International ECI Digital Archives Wastewater and Biosolids Treatment and Reuse: Proceedings Bridging Modeling and Experimental Studies

Spring 6-9-2014 Role of anaerobic digestion in next generation wastewater treatment and biosolids management Damien Batstone Advanced Water Management Centre

Follow this and additional works at: http://dc.engconfintl.org/wbtr_i Part of the Environmental Engineering Commons

Recommended Citation Damien Batstone, "Role of anaerobic digestion in next generation wastewater treatment and biosolids management" in "Wastewater and Biosolids Treatment and Reuse: Bridging Modeling and Experimental Studies", Dr. Domenico Santoro, Trojan Technologies and Western University Eds, ECI Symposium Series, (2014). http://dc.engconfintl.org/wbtr_i/3

This Conference Proceeding is brought to you for free and open access by the Proceedings at ECI Digital Archives. It has been accepted for inclusion in Wastewater and Biosolids Treatment and Reuse: Bridging Modeling and Experimental Studies by an authorized administrator of ECI Digital Archives. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ROLE OF ANAEROBIC DIGESTION IN NEXT GENERATION WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND BIOSOLIDS MANAGEMENT

Damien Batstone Advanced Water Management Centre From This…

N2, CO2

per person 200 L 200 L 1.3 MJ 10 gN 2 gP 500 g Sludge

0.15 kWh 2 gChemicals To This…

200 L per person 0.1-0.3 kWh 200 L 1.3 MJ 10 gN 2 gP

50 g Fertilizer Why?

• Peak P • Rise in P prices due to fertilizer demand • Recovered P can fully address fertilizer market • N price fluctuations are related to the LPG price • 2% of world energy dedicated to N production • N cycle management major challenge to long-term sustainability • N and P are major challenges for waste and wastewater management Options

• Sewer mining (Front-end MF-RO) – Verstraete • Mainline low energy - McCarty • Partition-release-recover - UQ

Verstraete W, Van de Caveye P, Diamantis V: Maximum use of resources present in domestic “used water”. Bioresource Technology 2009, 100:5537-5545. McCarty PL, Bae J, Kim J: Domestic Wastewater Treatment as a Net Energy Producer–Can This be Achieved? Environmental Science & Technology 2011, 45:7100-7106. Batstone DJ, Hülsen T, Mehta C, Keller J: Platforms for energy and nutrient recovery from domestic wastewater: a review. Chemosphere Mainline Low Energy Treatment

Biogas PO 2- energy 4 N2

McCarty PL, Bae J, Kim J: Domestic Wastewater Treatment as a Net Energy Producer–Can This be Achieved? Environmental Science & Technology 2011, 45:7100-7106. Batstone DJ, Virdis B: The role of anaerobic digestion in the emerging energy economy. Current Opinion in Biotechnology 2014 27: 142-149 Energy dominated by Anaerobic Step Modelling applied to AnMBR

Boyle-Gotla A, Jensen PD, Yap SD, Pidou M, Wang Y, Batstone DJ: Dynamic multidimensional modelling of submerged membrane bioreactor fouling. Journal of Membrane Science. Partition-Release-Recover

Batstone DJ, Hülsen T, Mehta C, Keller J: Platforms for energy and nutrient recovery from domestic wastewater: a review. Chemosphere Partition

• Activated sludge (2 d SRT)

• Algae Natural light

• Purple phototrophic bacteria IR – Yes these are anaerobes The key is in partitioning

• How to partition CPNK fully? • Activated sludge C,P only

• Algae need light & CO2 • PPB need IR light&COD

Hülsen T, Batstone DJ, Keller J: Phototrophic bacteria for nutrient recovery from domestic wastewater. Water Research 2014, 50:18-26. Where to get Carbon from?

High-VFA supernatant Biogas Supernatant to recovery to partition via P recovery

From partition

Solids to stabilisation Solids to reuse

Rotary drum / First stage thermophilic hydrolysis Second stage stabilisation Centrifuge gravity thickening

How to preferentially extract/release VFAs? How to predict VFA distribution?

Batstone DJ, Hülsen T, Mehta C, Keller J: Platforms for energy and nutrient recovery from domestic wastewater: a review. Chemosphere Modelling Challenges • Unlike any other process (ASM, ADM, etc) • COD from light changes carbon redox • Virtually no separate catabolism (under most conditions) • Light adds a degree of freedom – some key conditions… – Heterotrophic growth (light, COD, N) – Autotrophic growth (light, No COD, N) – Accumulation (light, COD, no N or P) – Photo-assimilative redn (light, No COD, no N or P) – All non-light process – All aerobic processes (with/without light) PRR Energy Flows

Batstone DJ, Hülsen T, Mehta C, Keller J: Platforms for energy and nutrient recovery from domestic wastewater: a review. Chemosphere Digester is also important

• 50%+ of Capex • mixing 10 kWh/kL/d • Energy recovery • Transport & disposal costs • Foaming etc Enhancement Technologies 60% THP 165C

50%

) Increase degradability fed

40% Increase rate

30% Heat & Enhanced Electrical Out

20% Biogas Methane Yield (gCOD MethanegCOD Yield 10%

0% 0 5 10 15 20 25 Time (d)

Influent

Heat or electrical energy in Treated sludge

Thermophilic Main digester Pretreatment TPAD

• 2-4 days 55C-65C • 12 days 35C • 2 MJ/kg DS (~4-5%) • Generally sufficient heat from cogen Does it Work? 20%-30% additional gas

4.5

3.5

2.5

1.5

1 Biogas Production Rate (L/day) Rate Production Biogas

0.5

0 0 5 10 15 20 25

Thermophilic Mesophilic

Ge H, Jensen PD, Batstone DJ. (2010) Pre-treatment mechanisms during thermophilic- mesophilic temperature phased anaerobic digestion of primary sludge. Water Research 44(1):123-130. Lots of Testing

70 % VS destruction in TP system Waste activated sludge % VS destruction in MP system 60 pH 5 pH 5 HRT 12 days

VS destruction (%) VS destruction 20

Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 Time in operation (days)

Ge H, Jensen PD, Batstone DJ. (2011) Temperature phased anaerobic digestion increases apparent hydrolysis rate for waste activated sludge. Water Research 45(4):1597-1606. Lots more Testing…

0.30 Pre-treatment Methanogenic stage stage 0.25

)

-1

0.20

0.15

0.10

production COD d (g

0.05 pH 4, 65 C pH 7, 65 C Uncontrolled, 65 C 0.00 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Days

Ge H, Jensen PD, Batstone DJ. (2011) Increased temperature in the thermophilic stage in temperature phased anaerobic digestion (TPAD) improves degradability of waste activated sludge. Journal of Hazardous Materials 187(1-3):355-361. Summary Outcome (WAS)

1.2

Continuous TPAD 65 C

1.0 Continuous TPAD 70 C

0.8 Continuous TPAD 60 C

)

-1

(d 0.6

hyd

0.4 Batch TPAD 60 C Continuous TPAD 50 C Batch TPAD 70 C

0.2 Batch TPAD 65 C

Batch TPAD 50 C 0.0 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

fd Why?

TP 65ºC TP 60ºC

0.4 208 days TP 50ºC MP 35ºC 489 bp 450 bp Feed 260-270 days

0.2 256 bp 412 bp 271 bp Circle size = days since start 187 bp of experiment 255 days

0.0 451 bp 35 340 PC2(10.9%) 253 bp 170 bp 158 bp 55 bp 449 bp 419 bp

-0.2 236 bp -0.4

-0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6

PC1 (34.7%)

Pervin, Dennis, Tyson, Batstone, Bond, Wat. Res. 3 d High-Rate Anaerobic Digestion

ADM1 generally OK for modelling, but need acetate oxidation

Ho D, Jensen P, Batstone D: Effects of Temperature and Hydraulic Retention Time on Acetotrophic Pathways and Performance in High-Rate Sludge Digestion. Environmental Science & Technology 2014, 48:6468-6476. Plant Wide Analysis Needs – Towards Generalized PCM • Emerging processes highly dependent on PC processes:- – Gas stripping and absorption – Adsorption – Precipitation – Electroseparation • Generally have wider swings in Ionic Strength, Controlling Mechanisms • Conventional modelling also needs better PCM

Batstone DJ, Amerlinck Y, Ekama G, Goel R, Grau P, Johnson B, Kaya I, Steyer JP, Tait S, Takaćs I and others. (2012) Towards a generalized physicochemical framework. Water Science and Technology 66(6):1147-1161. Generalized Precipitation Model

One contestable parameter Conclusions • Key processes are mostly anaerobic or physicochemical (Anammox is partly aerobic) • No nutrient recovery processes based on activated sludge • New challenges range from:- – Applying existing models & tools to new processes – Better integration of fields of modelling – Totally new fundamental models incorporating light

AWMC Position Paper (Chemosphere) [email protected]