BABS No. CA-2669

Travis Air Force Base H North of State Highway 12 Fairfield Solano County California

PHOTOGRAPHS

WRITTEN HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE DATA

Historic American Buildings Survey National Park Service Western Region Department of the Interior San Francisco, California 94107 HISTORIC AMERICAN BUILDINGS SURVEY TRAVIS AIR FORCE BASE HABS No. CA-2669

Location: Fairfield, Solano County, California U.S. Geological Survey 7.5-rninute quadrangle, Elmira, California (1980), Universal Transverse Coordinates: Point A: 10.4237959.591814 Point B: 10.4237552.597010 Point C: 10.4233924.594248 Point D: 10.4233115.592639 Point E: 10.4233115.590222 Point F: 10.4236316.589745

Present Owner: U.S. Air Force

Present Occupants: Various units of Travis Air Force Base (AFB)

Present Use: Various, including hangar, shop, administration, and storage

Significance: Various uses, including aircraft maintenance, support, nuclear weapons production and storage

Project Information: This project was undertaken by the Air Force Center for Environmental Excellence (AFCEE) for Travis AFB. Travis Air Force Base HABS No. CA-2669 (Page 2)

Travis Air Force Base Overview

Originally constructed as Fairfield-Suisun Army (AAB) in May 1943, the installation operated as an embarkation point for Army Air Force tactical bombers for the Pacific Theater of Operations (PTO) during World War II. With the development of the atomic bomb and the onset of the , the base expanded its war mission, making it a major Air Transport Command (A TC) installation. Renamed Travis Air Force Base (AFB) in 1950, the base saw increased aircraft activity, especially with the establishment of a (SAC) B-36 bomber wing. The B-36 "Peacemaker" was the first truly long-range aircraft able to carry nuclear weapons. With the introduction of nuclear weapons, several new facilities, including the "Q Area" and the Air Defense Command (ADC) Area, were constructed at Travis AFB. The following section provides an overview of the history of the development of the atomic bomb, the Cold War, and a brief history of Travis AFB.

Development of the Atomic Bomb

Albert Einstein wrote a series of papers in 1905 examining electromagnetic energy, mass and energy, the theory of relativity, and statistical mechanics. In one of these papers, Einstein postulated that energy would result from the destruction of matter. His studies and the resulting formula, E=MC2, led to future studies of quantum mechanics and nuclear physics.

In 1932, scientists John D. Crockfort and Ernest R. Walton confirmed Einstein's theory that mass could be converted into energy. Physicist Enrico Fermi unknowingly split the nucleus of a uranium atom by bombarding it with neutrons in 1934. Approximately 4 years later, in 1938, physicists Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassman discovered the fission process. The following year, Lise Meitner and Otto Frisch published the results, explaining that "the nucleus of an atom contains two kinds of particles - protons and neutrons - that can store energy. When free neutrons bombard heavy atoms, a chain reaction, called nuclear fission, is caused, and energy is the product" (Cochran et al., 1984; Jones and Stokes, 1997; McCaulay, 1988; Outlaw Labs, 1996; Center for Air Force History, U.S. Department of Defense, 1994; Geo-Marine, 1996).

On August 2, 1939, President Franklin D. Roosevelt received letters from Albert Einstein and several other leading scientists, warning that Germany could soon develop an atomic bomb. As a result, within a few years, the began a research program called the "Manhattan Project" in Los Alamos, New Mexico. The program, named after the Manhattan District of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), where much of the earliest research was carried out, focused on constructing a viable atomic bomb for the United States. One of the leading forces behind the Manhattan Project was J. Robert Oppenheimer, who oversaw the project from conception to completion.

The scientists of the Manhattan Project conducted research based on the assumption that nuclear fission would create the explosion of the atom bomb. They found that the uranium isotope U-235, one of the few elements capable of fission, makes up only 0.7 percent of naturally occurring uranium. Experiments led to the discovery of a second fissionable element, Pu-239, which was created by combining excess neutrons from U-235 with the more stable form of Travis Air Force Base HABS No. CA-2669 (Page 3)

uranium, U-238 (Cochran et al., 1984; Jones and Stokes, 1997; McCaulay, 1988; Outlaw Labs, 1996; Center for Air Force History, U.S. Department of Defense, 1994; Geo-Marine, 1996).

Shortly thereafter, plutonium manufacturing plants were constructed, and soon the design and construction of an atom bomb was underway. On July 16, 1945, the first atom bomb was tested at the Trinity Test Site on the edge of the Jornado del Muerto bajada, on the northern portion of the White Sands Proving Grounds (now, White Sands Missile Range). Subsequently, on August 6, 1945, the Army Air Force dropped a uranium bomb, nicknamed "Little Boy," on Hiroshima, Japan, from the . The second bomb, nicknamed "Fat Man," was dropped on Nagasaki, Japan, 3 days later, shocking the world and bringing about a rapid end to World War II and the Japanese signing of a formal act of unconditional surrender on September 2, 1945 (Cochran et al., 1984; Jones and Stokes, 1997; McCaulay, 1988; Outlaw Labs, 1996; Center for Air Force History, U.S. Department of Defense, 1994; Geo-Marine, 1996).

In August 1945, shortly after the war, the Soviet Union established the Special Committee o_n the Atomic Bomb. Through the use of intelligence reports and detailed specifications of the American bomb, the committee announced a 5-year plan calling for the Soviet development of radars, rockets, jet propulsion, and atomic bombs (Holloway, 1994). At the same time, the U.S. War Department began issuing contracts for the first surface-to-air missiies for air defense, the Nike, and the P-87 interceptor aircraft. By autumn 1945, the War Department created the (ANG}, an instrumental force behind air defense efforts in the late 1940s (McMullen, 1971; Schaffel, 1991; Ray, 1964; Geo-Marine, 1996).

The Cold War

The atomic bombing of Japan called forth a new era of military strategy and international politics known as the Cold War. During this period, the Soviet Union gained control of much of Eastern Europe, and China became enveloped in Communism. The United States responded to the Cold War with a new mission: "to deter general war by maintaining sufficient American forces to contest any overt Soviet expansion, principally along the demarcation lines in Europe and Asia established at the end of World War 11" (Jones and Stokes, 1997; Center for Air Force History, U.S. Department of Defense, 1994). As a result, military and tactical air defense units began conducting 24-hour vigils against enemy invasion or nuclear attack.

Further agitated by the Cold War, in 1946, Congress established the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) to manage the use, control, and development of nuclear energy for both civilian and military applications. The AEC was the predecessor of the Department of Energy and operated as an independent civilian agency for the government. Directed by a committee of five persons, all appointed by the U.S. President, it established facilities throughout the United States to serve as weapon stockpiles, assembly, testing, and storage areas, and where further research of nuclear weaponry could be conducted. One such facility was constructed at Travis AFB.

In 1946, the War Department organized three operation commands within the Army Air Force: SAC, Tactical Air Command (TAC}, and ADC. By 1947, the United States had a stockpile of 13 atomic bombs and began development of an early warning radar system. That same year, the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project (AFSWP) was established Travis Air Force Base HABS No. CA-2669 (Page 4)

for the War Department's role in developing military uses for atomic energy (Geo­ Marine, 1996). In 1948, SAC enlisted the B-36 to carry nuclear payloads in addition to 60 B-29s (Holloway, 1994). Congress established the Department of Defense (DOD) in 1949, which replaced the War Department and consolidated the military services. In June 1949, the Hull Committee Report on mating atomic warheads to missiles recommended that fissionable materials be stockpiled for missiles scheduled to be operational by 1954. "Stockpiled bombs of the 1950s required the storage and testing of detonators (pits); the assembly and disassembly of live bombs for the SAC alert program; laboratory capabilities; a command post; ready crew (alert) quarters; radioactive dump sites; and ancillary units such as power and fire stations" (Geo-Marine, 1996). In response, the AFSWP developed four primary nuclear stockpile sites, named "Q Areas." "Q Area structures evocative of the emerging Cold War era are those tied to the assembly, checkout, and storage of the first atomic and thermonuclear (TN), or hydrogen, bombs. Q Areas were guarded sites, distinct from their surroundings" (Geo-Marine, 1996). The Sandia Corporation of Albuquerque, New Mexico, initially managed the Q Areas; construction of crew quarters was conducted by Sandia. Black & Veatch, of Kansas City, Missouri, oversaw the design and modifications of Fighter Interceptor Squadron (FIS) alert areas. Additionally, Holabird, Root & Burgee of Chicago, Illinois, were commissioned to design standardized semi-hardened command and control facilities. In 1951, the Air Force began construction of new alert hangars, designed by the architectural firm of Strobel & Salzman. Between 1952 and 1956, ADC and ANG readiness and maintenance hangars were constructed, along with a readiness crew dormitory in the hangar, a squadron operations building; an alert site weapons storage and checkout facility, and an off-site igloo storage area (Strobel & Salzman, 1951-1952, 1953, 1954). "Q Areas were critical during the first years of the Cold War, but were essentially active infrastructure only during the 1950s and early 1960s. Delivery of a nuclear retaliation fully shifted from the intercontinental bomber to the ICBM [intercontinental ballistic missile] by mid-decade, evolving through the Atlas and Titan missile series to the Minuteman" (Neufeld, 1990, as cited in Geo-Marine, 1996).

History of Travis Air Force Base

Shortly after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, the U.S. Army Air Force evaluated several sites along the coast as locations for airfields. Originally created as a temporary bomber base in 1942, the site of Travis AFB was quickly recognized as an excellent air transport location because of prevailing winds. The base was consequently assigned to the ATC in February 1943, and plans were canceled for the bomber base. Known as Fairfield-Suisun AAB, the original 945-acre site was activated on May 17, 1943 (National Park Service, 1987). By early 1943, however, the site had grown by an additional 1,312 acres and operated as a major point of embarkation for Army Air Field (AAF) tactical bombers headed for the PTO. Additional wartime expansions led to Fairfield-Suisun AAB being established as a Port of Aerial Embarkation for the PTO; it later became a distribution center for wounded air-evacuees flown in from the PTO. By the close of World War II, tactical unit embarkation had relocated to Mather Field in Sacramento, and Fairfield-Suisun now redesignated as an (AAF) had become the ATC's largest airfreight terminal on the West Coast.

Fairfield-Suisun AAF expanded again at the close of World War II, bringing its total area to more than 3,400 acres. Construction of permanent infrastructure and a new, 10,000-foot northeast/southwest permanent continued to make Fairfield-Suisun AAF a major ATC installation. In early 1945, the base was established as one of three Travis Air Force Base HABS No. CA-2669 (Page 5) training sites for the C-54 transport, and in late 1946, the base became the A TC's primary repair site. Fairfield-Suisun AAF was renamed Fairfield-Suisun AFB following the creation of the U.S. Air Force in 1947. The ATC. and its successor, the Military Airlift Transport Service (MATS), dominated activity at Fairfield-Suisun AFB until late 1948, when the A TC training and maintenance missions were transferred to Great Falls, Montana. On May 1, 1949, the base was transferred to the SAC (Travis Air Force Base General Plan, n.d.).

Fairfield-Suisun AFB was initially assigned units equipped with World War II-vintage B-29s. In October 1950, following the death of its Commanding Officer, General Robert F. Travis, in a B-29 accident, the base was renamed Travis AFB. In early 1951, Travis AFB became one of the first SAC units assigned the B-36, when the 9th Bombardment Wing (BW) received the first of 43 B-36 Peacemakers. By 1953, a second unit at Travis AFB, the 5th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing (SRW), received an additional 37 reconnaissance versions of the Peacemaker, the RB-36. Also in 1953, the 9th BW transferred its aircraft and activity to Mountain Home AFB, Idaho. In late 1955, SAC began preparing Travis AFB to receive the new Boeing B-52 Stratofortress, SAC's newest, all-jet, intercontinental-range strategic bomber; B-36 operations continued at the base until 1958.

History of the Q Area

In order to carry out its Cold War mission of launching a sustained attack in nuclear environments, the SAC needed its weapons sources fully protected. Additionally, FIS aircraft were assigned to SAC installations to intercept Soviet bombers and to protect Atomic Energy Commission (AEC)/AFSWP facilities where research, assembling, testing, and storage of nuclear bombs and components were being conducted. FIS aircraft guarded facilities and SAC bases that were exposed by the skeletal radar warning systems.

As part of the planned SAC occupation of Travis AFB, AEC constructed a 512-acre, high-security weapons storage reservation adjacent to the southwestern comer of the base for the storage of nuclear weapons. First called the "West River Depot," and later "Fairfield Air Force Station" and the "3083rd Air Depot Group," the area became known as the "Q Area" in the unit histories and by the local personnel. "The assembly, test, and storage sites, labeled Q Areas due to their AEC security clearance restrictions, were geographically dispersed, always associated with an abutting military reservation, and focused upon the stockpiling of atomic, and then, thermonuclear, bombs" (Geo-Marine, 1996). There were 20 Q Area locations constructed worldwide, including locations in Canada, Guam, Casablanca, Morocco, and Spain. The Q Area at Travis AFB was the fourth of the 13 such nuclear weapons storage areas constructed nationwide; others were constructed at Loring AFB, Maine; Ellsworth AFB, South Dakota; and Fairchild AFB, Washington. "The Q Areas were constructed immediately adjacent to selected SAC Air Force Bases, because SAC was the intended recipient of the bombs, with the purpose of delivery via aircraft" (Jones and Stokes, 1996).

In 1950, construction was initiated for five Q Areas. Black & Veatch of Kansas City, Missouri, designed the Q Area at Travis AFB. The first plans were drawn between 1950 and 1952, with original construction taking place between 1951 and 1960. By 1960, the Travis Air Force Base HABS No. CA-2669 (Page 6)

Q Area contained 49 buildings and structures, including an administrative/intelligence area, a laboratory section, an assembly and disassembly plant, testing pits, radioactive materials disposal areas, living/working quarters, infrastructure support, and numerous weapons storage igloos (H.D. Nottingham & Associates, 1960). These buildings were contained within a "larger segregated environment," "circumscribed by high, chain-link fences topped with strands of barbed wire, as well as patrol and maintenance roads" (Geo-Marine, 1996). Both government and contract personnel were required to have Q clearances. "The Q clearance mandated a Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) check for all personnel, AEC/AFSWP or contractor, with access to restricted data or excluded areas" (Geo-Marine, 1996).

The AFSWP planned and developed the Q Areas as four discrete concentrations of buildings: administration, communications-intelligence, power plant, and base spares warehousing. The "C" structure, warehousing, power plant, and guardhouse were initially constructed with the administration and communications-intelligence introduced in the mid- l 950s. The facility's nuclear weapons assembly plant, a group of five structures protected by earthen embankments and interconnected by means of a tunnel, with its own readiness crew quarters, shops, and warehousing were in the northwest comer. Segregated from the assembly plant, but documented as part of it, was the "A" structure, a detonator storage facility.

The buildings constructed in the Q Area at Travis AFB included:

• A base spares (inert) office - Building 902

• Five base spares (inert) warehouses - Buildings 904, 905, 906, 944, 938

• A detonator pits storage (A Structure) - Building 925

• A checkout and assembly building (C Structure) - Building 903

• A supply and issue shop - Building 908

• A special weapons readiness crew facility - Building 909

• A security and dispatch office - Building 911

• A base communications/intelligence office - Building 912

• A hazardous/flammable substances warehouse - Building 915

• A readiness crew and operations facility - Building 930

• A heavy equipment shop - Building 931

• Seven surveillance and inspection shops - Buildings 932, 933, 934, 935, 936, 942,943

• A power plant - Building 937, and an emergency power plant - Building 916

• A paint shop - Building 940. Travis Air Force Base HABS No. CA-2669 (Page 7)

Additionally, there were six weapons storage igloos constructed at Travis AFB: Buildings 956, 958, 966, 968, 976, and 978. Radioactive waste burial sites are at Buildings 1944 and 1947.

Initially, the Sandia Corporation of Albuquerque, New Mexico, managed the Q Area; Sandia transferred the operations to the Air Materiel Command (AMC). Nuclear stockpiling was slow during the late 1940s, but the leap came between 1950 and 1952, during the , when nearly 832 bombs were stored by the Sandia Corporation throughout the United States. By 1955, there were over 2,280 bombs being stored. Between 1959 and 1960, the Q Area assembly plants and laboratories were expanded to accommodate new technologies (Geo-Marine, 1996). In 1962, the property was assigned to SAC, and it became an official part of Travis AFB; the Air Force redesignated the installation as a depot or depot squadron.

History of the ADC Area

The Army established the ADC in 1940 "to test air defense systems for the American northeast" (Geo-Marine, 1996). The original mission changed, however, the following year, after plans for an early-warning radar and ground-controlled interception (GCI) program were discussed. Although air defense programming began with a slow start in 1940-1941, the Army Air Corps established four air districts for tactical and strategic handling of the Army's air forces, each assigned an interceptor command. The districts included the following:

• I Interceptor Command - responsible for air defense in the northeastern United States

• II Interceptor Command - responsible for air defense in the central United States

• III Interceptor Command - responsible for air defense in the southern United States

• IV Interceptor Command - responsible for air defense in the coastal west portions of the United States.

These districts, which had operated separately from the Army since 1941, helped provide the foundation of the U.S. Air Force, which was formed in 1947 (Geo-Marine, 1996). After the end of World War II, the Army reorganized, creating the SAC, the TAC, and restructuring the ADC. The ADC assumed responsibility for the radar and communications, fighter aviation and the antiaircraft artillery (AAA) (Geo-Marine, 1996).

Construction of an additional 85 Aircraft Control and Warning (AC&W) stations and 11 command and control centers followed the Communist coup in Czechoslovakia in February 1948 and the March blockade of Berlin. As a result, in March 1948, the U.S. Air Force began its first formal 24-hour continuous alert to protect Boeing manufacturing sites and the Hanford atomic energy plant. Fighter aircraft were redesignated with the FIS labeling associated with alert. Following the Soviet detonation of an atomic bomb in August 1949, and the subsequent "outbreak of the Korean War in mid-1950, the Air Force contracted for a modernized alert hangar with drawings produced in April 1951" (Geo-Marine, 1996). Approximately 12 alert hangars were constructed throughout the United States by 1952. Travis Air Force Base HABS No. CA-2669 (Page 8)

During the early 1950s, tactical air defense evolved rapidly. New aircraft necessitated longer and wider runways, as well as changes to ground command and control electronics, guided air rockets (GARs), radar-guided missiles, and other weapons. In late 1952, during latter stages of the Korean War, DOD grew worried over continental air defense. As a result, FIS aircraft were assigned to SAC installations, as well as AEC/AFSWP research, assembly, testing, and storage facilities, such as Travis AFB (Geo-Marine, 1996).

By 1952, Travis AFB began to prepare for a role in tactical air defense. During the 1951- 1955 time period, an aircraft control and warning radar site was established at Point Arena, California, under Travis AFB control. By 1953, jet fuel storage tanks, a first­ generation squadron operations facility, and a small arms storage area were planned, and permanent alert and readiness facilities were in planning or under construction for ADC interceptors.

Nine buildings were erected at Travis AFB in support of the ADC, including a flight simulator, squadron operations, a readiness and maintenance hangar, small arms storage, and a rocket check-out and assembly building. They include Buildings 365, 366, 369, 370, 1202, 1204, 1205, 1212, and 1772. The drawings for these buildings were designed by a number of architectural firms from 1952 to 1956.

In mid-1954, the ADC assigned the 413th FIS, equipped with North American F-86D Sabres, to Travis AFB. In 1955, the 413th FIS was replaced by the 82nd FIS, and 11 U.S. Army AAA units were emplaced around Travis AFB (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1955). In 1957, the 82nd FIS received F-102 Delta Dagger interceptor aircraft armed with air-to-air missiles (AAM). In 1958, the Army AAA mission was supplemented by the installation of nuclear-armed Nike-Zeus surface-to-air missiles (SAM) at Elmira AFB, approximately 7 miles northeast of Travis AFB. The fighter­ interceptor mission at Travis AFB continued until 1966 with the transfer of the 82nd FIS to Hickam AFB, Hawaii. The Elmira SAM site was upgraded with more advanced Nike­ Hercules missiles in 1967, which fully replaced the Travis AFB fighter alert and readiness mission.

During the late 1950s, the runway at Travis AFB was lengthened to 11,000 feet in anticipation of the arrival of B-52s to replace the RB-36s. In early 1960, the 5th SRW was redesignated the 5th BW and operated three bombardment squadrons (BSs) dispersed among three bases. The 23rd BS remained at Travis AFB while the 72nd BS relocated to Mather AFB, California, in mid-1958 and the 31st BS relocated to Beale AFB. Travis AFB retained the mission of centralized maintenance for all 5th BW aircraft.

Congress approved the construction of 67 dispersed alert facilities at bases nationwide, and Travis AFB received one of the firsts of these facilities. Following the activation of the 916th Aerial Refueling Squadron (AREFS) in 1959, Travis AFB received its first assigned KC-135 tankers. By 1962, the 916th AREFS was equipped with 15 KC-135s and 25 crews and provided tanker services to the three 5th Bombardment Wing (BW) squadrons, which were then dispersed among Beale, Mather, and Travis AFBs. Travis Air Force Base HABS No. CA-2669 (Page 9)

Coincident with the drawdown of SAC forces at Travis AFB, the 1501 st Air Transport Wing (ATW) of the MATS was activated at the base in 1955. The 1501 st A TW flew a wide variety of transport aircraft including the C-97, C-124, C-130, C-133, and later the C-141. In July 1958, the host command of the base returned to MATS, as the Air Force began shifting much of the remaining SAC mission to Beale AFB. Between 1961 and 1964, the 5th BW at Travis AFB continued to maintain B-52 aircraft carrying the Hound Dog air-launched, ground-attack missile and the Quail air decoy missile. While Travis AFB continued to host SAC bombers, the mission shifted to the air transport of cargo, equipment, and, by the mid- l 960s, medical evacuees returning from combat in Southeast Asia. As the West Coast terminus for aeromedical transports returning from Southeast Asia, Travis AFB also became the principal receiving station for war fatalities being returned to the United States for burial. In 1966, MATS was redesignated as the (MAC). During that same year, the 1501 st A TW was discontinued, and its equipment and personnel were organized into the 60th Military Airlift Wing (MAW).

In 1968, the SAC transferred the 5th BW to Minot AFB, North Dakota, leaving the 916th AREFS as the primary SAC presence at Travis AFB. In 1977, SAC activated the 307th Air Refueling Group (ARG) with the 916th AREFS assigned to it. During the late 1980s, the Navy took over occupation of the original SAC alert area.

During Operation Desert Shield/Desert Storm in 1990-1991, the 60th MAW flew approximately 3,000 C-5 and 2,000 C-141 missions. The 60th MAW was redesignated the 60th Airlift Wing in 1991 and in 1992-1993 played a major role in humanitarian operations such as Provide Hope, with missions to the former Soviet Union, and Restore Hope, with missions to Somalia.

In 1992, Travis AFB came under the control of AMC following the disestablishment of SAC, TAC, and MAC, and the concurrent establishment of AMC and (ACC). Travis AFB is currently the home of the 15th Air Force Headquarters, relocated from March AFB in 1993. In 1994, the 60th MAW was redesignated as the (AMW). Travis Air Force Base HABS No. CA-2669 (Page 10)

A

EXPLANATION AFSWPQand /•, ~ ~~· Base Boundary ADC Readiness Area ADC Readiness Areas D Roads/Pavement AFSWPQArea Airfield UTM Points A-F Residential Buildings - Industrial Buildings 2000 0 2000 4000 Feet A 1:48000 N Travis Air Force Base HABS No. CA-2669 (Page 11)

Sources

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Cochran, T.B., W.M. Arkin, and M.H. Hoenig. 1984. Nuclear Weapons Datebook: Volume I: U.S. Nuclear Forces and Capabilities. Natural Resources Defense Council. Ballinger Publishing Company, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Geo-Marine. 1996. Travis Air Force Base, Fairfield, California, Inventory of Cold War Properties. Mobility Cold War Series Report oflnvestigations No. 7. Prepared for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Fort Worth District, Texas.

Holloway, D. 1994. Stalin and the Bomb: The Soviet Union and Atomic Energy, 1939-1956. Yale University Press, New Haven & London.

Jones & Stokes Associates (Sacramento, California). 1997. Historic American Buildings Survey documentation for Travis Air Force Base, Building 925, HABS No. CA-2269-A. Prepared for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Sacramento District, California.

McCaulay, D. 1988. The Way Things Work. Houghton Mifflin Company. Boston, Massachusetts.

McMullen, R.F. 1971. The Air National Guard in Air Defense, 1946-1971. Air Defense Command Historical Study No. 38. Archived at the HRA, Maxwell Air Force Base.

National Park Service. 1987. Cultural Resource Management Recommendations, Travis Air Force Base, Solano County, California. Prepared by the Interagency Archaeological Services Branch, Division of National Register Programs, Western Region, National Park Service for Travis Air Force Base, and U.S. Air Force Military Airlift Command.

Neufeld, J. 1990. The Development of Ballistic Missiles in the United States Air Force 1945-1960. Office of Air Force History, Washington, DC., as cited in Geo-Marine. 1996. Travis Air Force Base, Fairfield, California, Inventory of Cold War Properties. United States Air Force Mobility Cold War Series Report of Investigations No. 7. Prepared for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Fort Worth District, Texas.

Nottingham, H.D. & Associates. 1960. Master Plan, Fairfield Air Force Station. Prepared for the Air Materiel Command.

Outlaw Labs. 1996. Documentation and Diagrams of the Atomic Bomb. World Wide Web. http://www.magnet.ch/serendipity/more/atomic.html.

Ray, T.W. 1964. The Air National Guard Manned Interceptor Force, 1946-1964. Air Defense Command Historical Study No. 23.

Schaffel, K. 1991. The Emerging Shield: The Air Force and the Evolution of Continental Air Defense, 1945-1960. Office of Air Force History, U.S. Department of Defense, Washington, DC. Travis Air Force Base HABS No. CA-2669 (Page 12)

Strobel & Salzman. 1951-1952. Hangar, Alert. Fighter AIC. Travis Air Force Base California. Elevations & Sections. Strobel & Salzman, New York. On file at the Engineering Office, Travis Air Force Base. 1953. Hangar, Readiness. Strobel & Salzman, New York. On file at the Engineering Office, Travis Air Force Base. [Note: Travis Air Force Base has a 25-sheet set of drawings for the Strobel &Salzman hangar.] 1954. Hangar, Readiness with Shops Optional Construction. Strobel & Salzman, New York. On file at the Engineering Office, Travis Air Force Base.

U.S. Air Force. 1996. Base General Plan, Travis Air Force Base, California. Various. Real Property Records, Travis Air Force Base. ----- Various. Architectural Plans, Travis Air Force Base.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Sacramento District. 1955. Travis Air Force Base, AAA Tactical Facilities.