SDC Conflict Assessment Report Conducted in Oddor Meancheay and Banteay Meancheay

Keng BunChhoeuth, Alex Marcelino 9/19/2014

Funded by:

On behalf of:

A brief conflict assessment conducted by Cord on behalf of SDC and GIZ for the RED programme. Conflict Assessment in Oddor Meanchey and Banteay Meanchey

Contents Contents ...... 2 List of Acronyms ...... 4 1 Executive Summary ...... 5 2 Project Background and Approach ...... 6 2.1 Project Background ...... 6 2.2 Approach ...... 6 3 Conflict Context...... 6 3.1 General Context ...... 7 3.2 Conflict Components ...... 8 4 Conflict Assessment for RED III ...... 14 Outcome ...... 14 Output A ...... 14 Output B ...... 15 Output C ...... 17 Output D ...... 18 5 Recommendations ...... 19 Recommendation #1 ...... 19 Recommendation #2 ...... 19 Recommendation #3 ...... 19 Recommendation #4 ...... 20 Recommendation #5 ...... 20 Recommendation #6 ...... 20 Recommendation #7 ...... 20 Recommendation #8 ...... 21 Recommendation #9 ...... 21 Recommendation #10 ...... 21 6 Conclusion and Way Forward ...... 21 Appendix I – Table of RED III conflict increasing / reducing potential ...... 23 Appendix II – Details of Outmigration ...... 25 Appendix III – Table of Context Impacts on RED III ...... 26 Appendix IV – Table of Connectors and Dividers ...... 28 Appendix V - List of Economic Land Concessions in OMC...... 32 Appendix VI - List of Economic Land Concessions in BMC ...... 37 Appendix VII – List of Mining Companies in OMC ...... 38

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Annex A - Final TOR for conflict assessment agreed and signed by Cord and SDC ...... 39 Annex B - Cord Approach Paper included as part of the signed contract with SDC ...... 43 Annex C – Interview and Focus Group Discussion Questions ...... 49 Annex D - List of Informants interviewed ...... 51 Annex E – Tentative Activity Plan...... 52 Annex F – List of Works Consulted ...... 54

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List of Acronyms

Economic Land Concessions...... (ELCs) focus group discussions ...... (FGDs) gender based violence ...... (GBV)

German Agency for International Cooperation ...... (GIZ)

Local Economic development ...... (LED)

Non-Governmental Organisations ...... (NGOs) non-violent communication ...... (NVC )

Oddor Meanchey ...... (OMC)

Regional Economic Development Programme ...... (RED)

Social Land Concession ...... (SLCs)

Special Economic Zones ...... (SEZ)

Sub-National Administrative ...... (SNAs)

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Conflict Assessment in Oddor Meanchey and Banteay Meanchey

1 Executive Summary

Cord has undertaken in this conflict assessment a broad overview of the conflict context in Oddor Meanchey (OMC) and Banteay Meanchey (BMC). Within a shortened time frame, the team sought to better understand the dynamics in OMC and BMC. The initial visit to Siem Reap was a fruitful one, as it allowed the team to deepen their understanding of the RED II Programme - its aims, objectives, successes, as well as challenges. In keeping with the TOR, the study looked specifically at land concessions, social tensions, out migration, and a variety of other ‘miscellaneous’ factors affecting conflict in the target provinces. The overall finding is that the contexts, and by extension the conflict contexts, are very different in OMC and BMC, to what they are in SR. In fact, there is also considerable amount of variation between OMC and BMC as well. These findings can be categorized according to the 4 broad thematic areas of the TOR:

Economic land concessions - Economic land concessions are prevalent in both provinces, but the greater majority are in OMC. These land concessions deprive Cambodian citizens of their rights, as they involve land grabbing by private sector and the military, which is often not redressed. They worsen economic conditions for these citizens, and increase poverty levels. Moreover, they create secondary conflicts which create additional harm.

Out migration - is prevalent in the 20 - 40 age group in both provinces, as Thailand provides better opportunities for employment, either on a daily, seasonal, or permanent basis. Migration has its advantages and drawbacks. It brings capital, expertise, and vocational skills back to the country. On the other hand, it threatens to widen the gap between the rich and the poor, stretches the social fabric, and weakens the local labor pool which hampers productivity.

Social tension - there are a number of cleavages in the provinces we investigated; between men/women, among various ethnic groups, social tensions with former Khmer Rouge, and between political parties. Of these, the most pronounced is gender, with higher rates of gender based violence (GBV) in Oddor Meanchey (OMC). Ethnically speaking, the Vietnamese tend to hold the most lucrative commercial positions, thus creating potential jealousies among the ethnic majority Khmer. The divide between the younger generation (interested in economic opportunities, democratic change) and the older generation (esp. in OMC) reliant on patronage networks, and collectivism - is aggravated by youth out migration.

Other mitigating factors - In the border areas, additional social problems of drug use, human rights violations in the way of trafficking, as well as the sex trade, compound the conflict perspective considerable. There is also the issue of SEZ which are bringing in planned industrialization to the area, and foreign direct investment as well as mining, which doesn’t always have the appropriate safeguards. Governance is weak, and there are few mechanisms for resolving conflict.

Key Recommendations : We recommend considering an SDC comprehensive conflict sensitive programme management approach, based on the dynamics we have discovered during this research. RED III will need to take an explicit approach throughout the project to relationship building, dialogue, trust enhancement, in order to be successful. We also recommend carrying out detailed conflict analyses, political economy analyses and stakeholder analyses as part of the project start up - either at district or provincial level. And future studies on the impact of cross-border trade and migration should be carried out in advance of project start-up as well.

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2 Project Background and Approach 2.1 Project Background

In 2007, with technical and funding support from the German Agency for International Cooperation (GIZ), funded by German government (BMZ), the government of Cambodia initiated a-3 year pilot Regional Economic Development Programme (RED) in Siem Reap in order to lift up the local economic development. The programme has concentrating on three components: (1) Regional Management, (2) Value Chain, and (3) Local government in local economic development . The RED programme is now in its 2 nd phase of implementation in Siem Reap. According to the positive results of the RED programme implemented in SR, the Royal Government of Cambodia has proposed to scale up this programme to two more selected provinces, OMC and BMC. Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) has considered co- financing the 3 rd RED programme phase in the two new provinces, OMC and BMC. SDC strives to incorporate conflict sensitive programme management (CSPM) into all projects that it funds. Therefore, SDC has been contracted Cord to conduct a conflict assessment in the two new selected provinces to inform its decision making in relation to the co-funding the programme.

2.2 Approach The assessment was undertaken in a combination of approaches such as literature review, semi-structure interview and focus group discussions with various stakeholders: Sub-National Administrative (SNAs), Non- Governmental Organisations (NGOs), Community Based Organisations (CBOs) and private sector representatives. The main activities of the assessment included: Initial RED programme review : this involved consultations with RED program staff and key stakeholders in Siem Riep to understand RED programme. The findings and lessons learnt from the RED programme review in SR were utilized as the baselines for designing assessment framework and questionnaires for assessing the conflict context in OMC and BMC. The lessons learnt gained from the RED II review, the team were able to develop key questionnaires for detail discussion in relation to conflict assessment in the province, OMC and BMC. Moreover, all informants were inspired by RED II and most of them have expressed their interested in RED III and they were actively and friendly in the discussion. Desk Review and Research : Ongoing consultation of key RED III programme documents and other external reference sources (See Annex F ) has informed both the field work, analysis, and final report. Field work : Questionnaires were used for semi-structure interview and focus group discussions (FGDs) in OMC and BMC (See Annex C for details) with various stakeholders such as SNAs, NGOs, CBOS, villagers, private sector representatives. All informants are listed in Annex D . Data analysis : the data collected from the field were used to analysis and cross-reference and validation of findings with desk review to identify the potential conflict-increasing and conflict-reducing effects of the RED programme given the conflict context elements in OM and BM. Feedback session : After the analysis, the Cord team had conducted debriefing meetings with Senior RED’s programme staff in Siem Reap (SR) in order to validate the assessment findings and recommendations. Consultation session : the presentation of the initial findings was made to SDC and Senior RED’s programme staff to generate additional insights and recommendations for inclusion into the assessment report. Report Writing : the results of the feedbacks and consultation sessions were integrated into this present draft of the assessment report which is being submitted to SDC for comments and feedback for the final version. 3 Conflict Context

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OMC is located in the far Northwest of Cambodia and adjacent to BMC and Thailand with few entry points for economic exchange and tourism. The total population is 231,390, and 115,299 of whom are female. The annual growth rate is 1.78% (from 2008-2013)-(source: State of Japanese Government, 2013). This province is subdivided into 5 districts and 24 communes. Situated in the northwest of Cambodia, BMC has a shared border with Thailand and adjoining OMC. There are two main cities in this province; the provincial town and Poi Pet city. Poi Pet is the international entry for economic exchanges from Thailand and tourism. Also, it is the entry point for Cambodian migrant workers in Thailand and other countries. According to the report 2013 from the State of Japanese Government, the total population is 729,569 with an annual growth rate of 1.47% (2008-2013), in which consist of 374,965 female persons. The province is subdivided into 8 districts, which are further subdivided in 64 communes.

3.1 General Context In general, it was reported that 80% of the population in OMC and BMC are farmers, most of whom own around 2-5 hectares per family, which means that their livelihood depends on subsistence farming, mainly rice cultivation. However, many of the population are still considered poor and highly vulnerable to economic shocks, climate change risks, and international conflict crises (e.g. dispute with Thailand). The majority of the population have been encountering a lot of challenges in overcoming rural poverty due to low agricultural production, low value added to agricultural produce because lack of post-production processing and inadequate employment opportunities due to weak economic growth and enterprise initiatives. The challenges mentioned above are aggravated by limited water sources & poor irrigation systems, poor soil quality, lack of technical know-how / farming innovation, limited market opportunities and information, and poor diversification and competitiveness in agricultural products. It seems that the farmers tend to replicate their traditional agricultural techniques which are not suitable to the current climate change. A lot of NGOs, in cooperation with department of agriculture, have been providing agricultural techniques training to a numbers of farmers including animal raising etc. However, they have not been trained in climate change mitigation and adaption. The other main factor which demoralises farmers to scale down their volume of rice production is low market price. The local authorities have identified that low market price of rice as a concern as it affects economic development. But they have not been able to tackle this problem due to the fact that they have limited capacity to do so and also lack of inspiration and support from the central government. The volume of cash crops such as cassava, beans, has been decreased because of the fluctuation of the market price and lack of processing facilities in the province. The network for leveraging value chains that would lift up agricultural productions and market price is relatively underdeveloped.

Migration to Thailand has become a main source of income and it has significantly increased over the last several years. Migration has contributed to the improvement of the livelihood of the poor families, even though much of the population is still considered poor and highly vulnerable to economic shocks, climate change risks, and international conflict crises ( e.g. dispute with Thailand ). Underdeveloped social services, particularly health services, contribute to poverty. This has led a numbers of poor families to migrate to Thailand to seek better services. The Royal Government of Cambodia, through sub-national democratic development strategies and cooperation with CSOs, has been striving to strengthen the local administrations to improve the public services and better respond to the needs of the citizens. However, the limited capacity of the local government officials and their limited resources to respond to these expectations remains a great challenge.

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3.2 Conflict Components

3.2.1 Land Conflicts-Economic Land Concession (ELCs) Economic Land Concessions (ELCs) in OMC and BMC has increased over the past few years. In particular ELCS to be more widespread in OMC; there are 17 ELCs distributed in all districts of the province. In BMC, there are now 5 ELCs reported to be operating in Thmor Pouk, Phnom Srok, Svay Chek, Ou Chrouv districts where villagers’ lands and community forests were seized and it has severely affected the livelihood of the villagers. In OMC, in particular in the districts of Samrong and Chongkal, 3 ELCS were given to sugar production and processing. The concessions were granted in 2007 to Angkor Sugar Co. Ltd., Tonle Sugar Cane Co. Ltd., and Cane and Sugar Valley Co. Ltd (all headed by Thai nationals) for a period of 70 years. These ELCS have led to forced evictions, land seizures, forest clearance and increased militarization in the area, affecting more than 2000 families in two districts. The tendency of ELCs seems to be very much focusing on cutting the trees. Moreover, ELCs have not led to increased agricultural productivity or economic growth in Cambodia, and large areas of conceded land have been left idle or under-utilized. 1 They are often granted without consultation, and in 1 case study only 1% of villagers interviewed said they were consulted. Some companies other have grown industrial crops such as cassava, rubber plantation in OMC. Villagers reported only being able to get back only 50% of the size of their land which has been taken by ELC. Even though families received this land, it took some time to make land productive (e.g. had to clear forest) and this has worsened their economic status. In addition, ELCS negatively impact a family’s ability to send their children to school, and to access quality health services, due to increased poverty. It was reported that ELCs have been offered some job opportunities to villagers, but it is relative small percentage. According a research report done by NGO Forum, only 3% including the villagers who have suffered by the ELCs have been employed by the ELC granted companies.

In most cases, villagers cannot meet the ELC owners directly, so they turn to local authorities for help in negotiation. This tends to create secondary conflicts and mistrust among ELCs actors, for instance among villagers due to jealousy over ELC compensation, competition over reduced resources and stress on social fabric. In addition, there is the conflict between villagers and authorities leading to mistrust-villagers are pessimistic about authorities to be collaborated and/or co-opted with ECLs holders. Because of this suspicion, villagers have low confidence in local authorities to protect their rights / interests, and also the tension between villagers and ELCs holders has increased. Here the villagers perceive that the private sector is responsible for worsening rural poverty and therefore don’t trust them. It was also reported that there are 8 Social Land Concession (SLCs) in OMC and two SLCs in BMC. The team was not able to get details for these SLCs. Details of ELCs are provided in Appendix IV and V.

3.2.2 Land Conflicts-Land encroachment by military The Cambodian armed forces units have appropriated parcels of land for setting up military camps and for providing housing to soldiers and their families. Some villagers are forced out of land they have been living and working on for years. It seems that the main purpose of this land encroachment is to slash the trees, thus depleting local forest products. This has impacted negatively on people’s livelihoods/lives and on the environment, which similar to the effects of the ELCs. Military activities inside forests (e.g. cutting of trees) also put them in conflict with sub-national authorities. The disputes involving the military are not just with villagers, but also the conflict among military units, for example, two military units are in conflict over

1 Economic Land Concessions in Cambodia, a Human Rights Perspective, UNHCR, 2007

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Conflict Assessment in Oddor Meanchey and Banteay Meanchey control of a military base in Preah Netr Preah. The conflict potentially leads to violence and leads to human insecurity, unless appropriate solutions have found.

3.2.3 Negative Effects of Land conflict According to informants, land concessions where they are associated with land grabbing, have deprived villagers of their basic economic rights and leading them to become landlessness. In addition, the community people have limited access to Non-Timber Forest Products and other resources, which have been degraded their food security and loss of livelihoods. In it is fact, these ELCs and land grabbing is the contributing factor in increasing poverty and deprivation of human rights.

3.2.4 Actors in Land Conflict Land conflict usually involves various actors, both perpetrators, victims and those who are involved in conflict resolutions. Villagers are those whose rights are being violated. CSOs are often working with them to advocate for their rights; companies (local and international) are grabbing the land with permission from national authorities. Local authorities often assist the companies by negotiation compensation with villagers. The military are also involved in land and forest dispossession; with no apparent rights of compensation or evidence of complaint mechanisms (i.e. situation is worse than ELCs). Finally, sub-national authorities: (district, provincial governors): are often powerless as they have not granted the ELCs and by law are not allowed to involve in ( titled ) land or forest disputes.

3.2.5 Land Conflicts and Democratic Governance Moreover, according to negative experience, villagers may mistrust economic initiatives related to ELCs, as they view companies as the ‘enemies’ who have either unfairly (in their minds) bargained prices for their agricultural products, or dispossessed them from their land through ELCs. ELC-related conflicts also weaken relationship between villagers and local authorities, as the latter often work out the “compromise” with villagers on behalf of companies. Local authorities are caught between defending villagers’ rights and working for ELC. These civil servants are becoming paid employees for the companies, which is effect a breakdown in the system of democratic accountability between the people and the state.

3.2.6 Natural resource extraction - Mining Company Informants reported that there are also 14 companies engaged in mining in OMC and 3 mine companies from Thailand, Korea and China are operating in BMC, and in some cases extracting local resources ( e.g. gold, iron, coal, stone quarrying ) without transparency or oversight by local authorities or communities in many cases. Villagers are concerned about the impact of the mines on their health and farmland due to mine tailings. No proper solution has been found.

3.2.7 Outmigration All informants interviewed reported that out migration keeps increasing from time to time due to the fact that it has become a major livelihood/ survival strategy for villagers. Recently 30,000 migrants were forcibly deported by Thai police, but about 13,000 have gone back due to new Thai-Cambodian immigration agreements. There are three groups of out migration: daily migration, Seasonal migration, and Permanent migration (see in Annex 2 - Details of Outmigration). The employment opportunities for those migrants in Thailand are working in the farms, restaurants and in the construction and services industries. Many of those interviewed say that if stable work is available in BMC that provide same/better wages, they would prefer to work in Cambodia. Push Factors: there are major factors pushing out migration such as lack of local livelihood opportunities, underdeveloped infrastructure, insufficient inputs for production and lack of access to credit. Pull Factors: At the same time, there are also pull factors, which motivated migration. They are

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Conflict Assessment in Oddor Meanchey and Banteay Meanchey included better wages offered by Thai employers, improved social services, access to high quality Thai goods and ability to improve vocational skills and network opportunities.

Positive Impacts: Migration has contributed significantly to improving the livelihood among those migrant families and the provincial economic growth. For example, the income from migrant employment has enabled farmers to modernise their families’ means of production (i .e. ploughing machinery to help their farm work and transportation equipment like motorbikes). Remittances from abroad provide families means to acquire properties such purchasing more land. Negative Impacts: Migration has increased financial resources, which contributes to the economic development in the province, but at the same time, it also creates some social issues and tensions as most able producers ( some say more than 50% are 20-40 years ) are leaving for opportunities abroad. Also, the use of modern machinery has reduced demand for wage labour, which is a main livelihood activity for the poor villages. The property that is being acquired by the migrants with increased income, moreover, often belongs to the ultra-poor who are forced to sell their land or offer as collateral for loans. The socio-economic gap between families of migrants and those not able to migrate is increasing. Equally important, out-migration has caused communities to become more opportunistic, less focussed on the need for future planning and development, savings, or even innovation and entrepreneurial activities. The divide between the ‘haves’ who migrate and the ‘have not’s who don’t is of concern. Finally, social relations between migrants and villagers, and even within households, are facing difficulties due to changing lifestyles and behaviour.

Furthermore, there is also a specific challenge to be considered in relation to the migration issue. Because of the lure of relatively lucrative livelihood opportunities across the border, serious efforts at the creation of viable and sustainable income generating alternatives in Cambodia are not being pursued. Capitalizing on this flow of migrant labor is not being done; entrepreneurship among migrants is not being promoted. There is no technical support to migrants to help them become entrepreneurs or assistance to migrants on how they could use/maximise their incomes. There has been no assessment of needs to serve as basis for developing markets and creation of value chains. Failure to address these issues is negatively affecting the long term viability of these communities.

3.2.8 Tensions among groups

Khmer Rouge Perpetrators v. Survivors There are no reported tensions between former Khmer Rouge combatants and villagers; they have been living together for quite some time and have been getting well with each other.

Younger generation v. older generation The emerging issue is that the elders seem to focus on the old ways of doing things ( i.e. culture of violence, reliance on dominant leaders and lack of questioning), but youth nowadays are interested in new ideas, democracy, civic education, progress, technology, etc. This creates a gap in expectations, future outlook, and, in many cases, future outlook and aspirations between youth and elders, the former who tend to be more individualistic, the latter more collectivist in their thinking.

Political We gathered some information that help the team to understand the dynamic and relationship between two political parties, but we did not deeply explore this topic. According to the informants, since people have gone through a lot of experience and are mature in politics, it seems that after the national elections in

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2013, there are no considerable tensions between different political parties’ supporters. The belief is that it doesn’t matter whatever party win, they still can co-exist in their communities, so there is no reason to regard each other as enemies. Based on NEC data from 2013 elections, CPP is dominant in both provinces. But NDI election data indicates that while CNRP has very little support in OMC, they are a very close second place to CPP in BMC. With this regard, in the case of OMC, no political tensions were reported, while it was reported that in BMC, some local authorities - especially from ruling party - still discriminate against the opposition party’s supporters. This happens in the form of withholding information about public services or refusing to help the opposition supporters when they need help. If this type of discriminatory behavior continues, the tension between these two political parties' supporters will likely increase.

Gender According to the NCDD online database for 2010, BMC has thrice the population of OMC, but OMC has twice the incidences of GBV comparing to BMC. In both provinces, however, GBV is reportedly on the decline. This is confirmed by 2010 data. One important issue is that males who return from working abroad often do so with enhanced social status, more income, feelings of self-importance, and thus a greater likelihood to be a dominant ( perhaps overly so ) head of family. Some husbands who have migrated to work in Thailand are able to improve their families’ economy, but at the same time they could also use this ability to reinforce their decision making power over their wives. Anecdotal evidence also suggests that women do not receive a fair trial in court ( i.e. in cases of GBV ).

3.2.9 Other Conflict Components Illegal Drugs & trade In Poipet and Thmor Puok, some say there is as high as 90% usage among youth. This is a major problem which has not been effectively tackled by the government, and is compounded by the fact that these youth often engage in other illegal activities as a result of drug use. So the public health is declining, and it is also affecting and increasing school drop outs, which are some of the highest in the nation in these 2 provinces. In 2009/2010, for example, BMC had the highest dropout rates in the nation for lower secondary level. 2 The negative impact is there will be a great loss of human resources in the town and the city of Poi Pet that will affect the economic development. Based on some informants, it seems that illicit trade involving corrupt border officials is also a problem.

Casinos There are about 7 or 8 Casinos in Poipet. Only one of these casinos allows Cambodians to play. Casinos have created jobs for the youth; it is not known how many are employed and how much percentage they are of the number of youth in the areas where casinos operate. It also appears that casinos have engendered young female workers in prostitution. In connection with casino - related work (in urban areas ), young female staff suffer ostracism within their communities. Casinos also bring a rapid shift in social values, and cause dislocation with local culture.

Sex trafficking Poi Pet is an international entrance for economic and trade exchanges between Cambodia and Thailand. This has also drawn a lot of Thai and other tourism, which is often implicated in sex trade. Many women are implicated in prostitution, and the sex trade is flourishing in Poi pet. Sexual trafficking will impact negatively on human resources development and will divide different classes among those families whose their members were trafficked and those non-trafficked families/members. 2009 figures show that Banteay

2 Source: http://schooldropoutprevention.com/wp-content/files/reports/Trend_Analysis_Cambodia_English.pdf

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Meanchey was among the top 3 destinations for trafficking victims (NGO Joint Statistics report).

Special Economic Zones (SEZ) and mining There are three Special Economic Zones (SEZ) in Poipet city. It was reported that currently there are three factories operating in these SEZs; Japanese company (hard disk factory), Nike Company (sport materials factory) and SCVADO company (Jewellery Factory). Each factory is able to employ from 600 to 2,000 workers; wages, however, are lower than those paid in Thailand. The tendency is that youths have become more interested in industries rather than farm work. In light of that, the local government seems to understand that factory and industrial development is the only means for economic development. Because of their limited capacity to think of local economic development alternatives that could stimulate entrepreneurship initiatives, there is little diversification. If this issue continues, the gaps between those who have opportunities to work in the factories and those who are not able to do so will increase, which will potentially create social tensions.

Cross-border issues The dispute between Cambodian and Thai governments around border issue has negatively affected both countries’ economies, but in particular Cambodia because cross border trade in rice, cassava has been restrained by both countries. The relationship between Cambodian and Thai people who live along the border has not been affected, however, they still across the border to exchange their goods with each other. The other issue is that when the situation between Cambodian and Thai government becomes tense, both countries deploy military forces. On the Cambodian side, soldiers based along the border in some cases face food shortages, which sometimes causes them to exploit the local population for their own survival needs. In short, the ongoing instability in Thai-Cambodian relations creates pervasive social, economic, cultural, tensions, and human security issues.

Economic Because BMC has border with Thailand, the casino business and trades is booming and becoming the main economy to the province. Certainly outmigration has contributed to improving the family economy of those who have migrated to work in Thailand and also contributed to increasing financial resource in particular in the provinces. For example, some of the migrated families are able to provide small loans to some non- migrated families. The migrated families are also able to extend their farm lands by purchasing more land from the poor or vulnerable families, which would somehow, increase the landlessness (see below for more details ).

Ethnic Minority Groups

According to the informants, there are four ethnic minority groups in OMC and BMC; Cham (Muslim) and Lao communities who live in Cambodia for generations and have their own land, a few indigenous groups and a few small communities of Vietnamese living in the urban areas/cities. No tension and discrimination has been reported among those ethnic and indigenous groups as they live in Cambodia for long time already and they are able to access to natural resource the same as Cambodian people. Given the current political situation in Cambodia and international politics between Cambodian and Vietnamese governments, it seems that the relationship among Cambodian and Vietnamese is sensitive, although no violence reported so far. Most of the Vietnamese rent house and shops from Cambodians for living and for their businesses. Their businesses are mainly involved in casinos, wooden handicrafts and construction etc. Their children can

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Conflict Assessment in Oddor Meanchey and Banteay Meanchey access to the public and private schools. There is no restriction from the local authorities. However, since almost all of Vietnamese are engaged in businesses and living in the urban areas, there may be tensions with Khmer majority due to perceptions that the latter have better access to livelihood opportunities.

3.2.10 Governance, conflict resolution and peacebuilding

Governance Commune and District Councils are mandated to lead the local development initiatives to respond to the needs of the local people. However, because they have little room to initiate projects besides infrastructure projects capacity and their low capacity, those local officials are weak in taking the lead in planning, development. In addition, they are sometimes over reliant on NGOs and in some cases seem to only be following orders of provincial authorities without taking their own initiative. The other factor is that different government offices such as agriculture, environment, rural development and so on are not well coordinated with commune and district councils as it seems that each office still applies the old way of working; very much upward accountability. For example, local authorities are not able to cope with environmental issues created by mining companies, unless they can get strong cooperation and support from the departments or offices of environment, mine, and energy, agriculture etc. This case is even more complicated as those mine companies signed agreements with the upper level where local authorities were not involved. The capacity of Commune and District Councils related to economic development is also weak as they have not received training on various aspects of economic development and value chain. Because of this they are not able to generate any local economic development initiative to help their respective districts and communes.

Conflict resolution There are the general dispute resolution committees at commune, district, and provincial level, the various Dispute Resolution Mechanisms (DRMs): the Cadastral Commissions at district, provincial, and national level, the Administrative Commissions, the National Authority for Land Dispute Resolution, and the court system. There is also the Development Partners Land Group and the Technical Working Group on Land headed by the Ministry of Land Management and Urban Construction. However, those conflict resolution bodies are not interconnected. The other challenge is that the local officials do not have capacity or mandate to resolve conflicts. Given that a lot local conflicts, which includes small land issues, human rights violence remains pending, and most of the cases, the rich and powerful families are always win and successful.

Peacebuilding In general local authorities have expressed their appreciation for cooperation and support from NGOs and they also acknowledge that NGO has played important role in helping people. However, it has been perceived by one of local authorities that NGOs seem not trust local authorities as they are concern about corruption, abusing power or too much driven by political parities’ agenda. In one case study, 71% of villagers view local authorities negatively, 14% positively, 14% unsure. At the same time, NGOs have misgivings about local authorities, in terms of corruption, abuse of power, politicization of development actions, and co-optation by rich and powerful interests. This scepticism on both sides could potentially weaken the cooperation between local authorities and CSOs in the future. The mistrust is most especially seen between local authorities and human rights/advocacy NGOs. According to the informants interviewed, the cooperation between local authorities and CSOs has improved. At the same time, it has appeared that the level of trust is still low and even some case, communication style and language create confusion and misperception both local authorities and CSOs. For example, a few NGOs who have been involved in human rights and advocacy activities were blamed to be engaged in divulging or interfering government work. This

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Conflict Assessment in Oddor Meanchey and Banteay Meanchey sort of suspiciousness will affect the cooperation between, not only human right NGOs, but also other CSOs. This has revealed clearly that the peacebuilding approach is critical.

3.2.11 Potential conflict context impacts on RED

There are a number of critical impacts on RED III as a result of these conflict context components. They are more fully detailed in Appendix III.

3.2.12 Divider and Connector factors relating to RED III

The dividers and connectors which we have analysed in the two provinces are also more fully explained in Appendix IV. 4 Conflict Assessment for RED III

Outcome Broadly speaking, any development project, and RED III included, insofar as it works with the local government, risks being co-opted by the ruling regime. In particular, RED II lists the Council of Ministers as the lead executing agency. This is crucial and very important to encourage ownership and sustainability of the programme, but is not without its risks. The very fact of cooperation with the government (GIZ and SDC) could reinforce Cambodian citizens’ perceptions that these development partners accept the status quo, which can be considered as unfair and depriving people of their rights. This has to be carefully negotiated, and SDC and GIZ in particular should, through their external communications, create a public perception that they support sustainable, equitable socio-economic development, for a peaceful Cambodian society. Another risk is that SDC, as a donor in providing resources to enable RED III, may free up national level budget funds for the RGOC to use for non-peaceful or corrupt purposes. This is common in conflict environments where governments may be involved in the use of lethal force against enemies. In this case, the Thai - PVH conflict comes to mind as a possibility, and even the use of internal force against its own citizens. In short, where funds from external donors are providing monies to the RGOC for peaceful development purposes, this frees up the possibility that RGOC may use monies it otherwise would have allocated for economic development - for non-peaceful means. SDC funding for LED could, however, be constructively channelled and structured in a way to complement government resources, thereby reinforcing the development partnership. This would have to be done by SDC and GIZ communicating the need for RGOC to take ownership of the project, not only in name but also to commit financial or in-kind resources if possible to RED III. Another outcome level conflict risk is that the selection of project participants ( notice the use of participants, not ‘beneficiaries’ - in keeping with RBA terminology ) is poorly crafted and therefore exclusionary. If it excludes certain groups, this may reinforce feelings of discrimination. RED III can mitigate this by a careful selection processes, informed by district level conflict, political economy, and stakeholder analyses. Principles of transparency and openness should be followed in all selection processes.

Output A One of the findings from Siem Reap is that the project was not able to engage civil society at the provincial level as much as would have been hoped. One of the conflict risks for RED III is that Regional Management structures, with their focus on government leadership, may not be able to sufficiently engage civil society. In general, this could happen in particular with advocacy and HR NGOs, and where governments and civil

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Conflict Assessment in Oddor Meanchey and Banteay Meanchey society have differences of opinion. The challenge is that civil society in many cases more accurately and legitimately represent the views of citizens in the target provinces. A possible antidote for this risk are well- planned multi-stakeholder processes and forums for key stakeholders to collectively address, shape, and define local economic development priorities. RED III should conduct initial awareness raising activities with relevant SNAs ( and the private sector ) on the role of civil society as an equally important development partner in the LED and poverty reduction activities of RED III. On another level, of communication and decision making, it is often the norm in government and civil society operations that authority is exercised with a very top down approach. This undermines democratic participation and decision making. RED III, by encouraging ongoing transfer of power to district and commune authorities, and valuing shared decision making at every step of project design and implementation, contributes to democratic processes. Moreover, very real capacity needs exist in communication and facilitation skills. As such, RED III and GIZ staff should engage with key stakeholders at project outset and support them through reflective exercises to improve their communication styles through non-violent communication (NVC ), decision making arrangements (through consultation ), and information sharing practices ( transparency ). Speaking of D&D, there is presently a conflict of interest between district level governors and councillors. The same exists at the provincial level, whereby the two are uncertain as to roles, authorities, and power. Often times the mistaken assumption is that the governors are the seat of power, whereas it is the council who should be accountable to and respond to the needs of the people. With the focus on SNAs, RED III may contribute to conflicts of interests between governors and councils ( perhaps inadvertently reinforcing the governorship as the seat of power ) due to unclear division of roles and responsibilities in the decentralization processes. RED III could, through an enhanced emphasis on social accountability, strengthen the local government representatives to become more accountable to their constituents, and more clearly articulate the respective roles of the governors and councillors. RED III should integrate basic principles of social accountability ( awareness on delegations of authority, community scorecards and town hall forums ) such that there is a virtuous cycle of checks and balances between elected officials and the people. In terms of politics, and in particular In BM, where there is an apparent balance of CNRP and CPP influence ( i.e. voter bases ), competition among government officials for decision making power in RED III activities might deepen divides along party lines. Through constructive dialogue, however, RED III could improve the enabling environment and strengthen democracy in general by encouraging cross-party dialogue, constructive debate, and bi-partisan support of the project objectives. RED III, through its regional management approach, should provide opportunities for parties to engage with one another in planning LED initiatives, and in constructive debate about development in the Cambodian context. The last risk under this output, an important one, has to do with the national policy dialogue and debate - which is virtually non-existent in Cambodia – around the nature of poverty. The RED III poverty indicator which is focussed on economic output could tend to restrict the debate to socio-economic terms, thus discounting the important and deeply embedded social, cultural, and political dimensions of poverty. RED III’s willingness to both engage and transform the government’s understanding of poverty could widen the national dialogue working towards a more meaningful, inclusive definition. While engaging in confidence and trust building measures at the outset of RED III, the program should seek to engage local and regional civil society development experts, academics, and politicians to discuss the dimensions of Cambodian poverty, and acknowledge that RED III will deal with some, not all, of these dimensions.

Output B This output carries with it considerable potential for conflict sensitive work, but also some key risks as well. In terms of the cornerstone approach of RED III, which should be a rights based approach; more emphasis

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Conflict Assessment in Oddor Meanchey and Banteay Meanchey needs to be placed on including the business sector in these dialogues. If RED III follows rights based approaches for civil society and government actors only, leaving out the private sector, then there is a risk that companies involved in LED or poverty reduction activities may continue to ( knowingly or unknowingly ) violate the rights of RED III project participants. RED III could take a pro-active role in stressing the positive role of private sector in development, and working with them on terms they can understand (i.e. not human rights, but corporate social responsibility). When it comes to collaboration with the private sector, especially around ELCs, a careful approach should be taken. The RED III project should vet all private sector collaborators, and develop clear guidelines or criteria for engagement with them, in particular with a view towards possible histories of human rights violations. Human rights standards should be formally communicated and delivered in trainings. Ongoing compliance of RED III companies should be closely monitored. In the case of choosing to work with non-compliant businesses in order to transform their practices, a decision to work with these should be carefully considered, a separate risk analysis carried out, and a clear plan for improvement of human rights practices communicated to the company prior to engagement. Capacity building and awareness raising on RBA should accompany all stages in the process. From a rights based perspective, true meaningful participation is essential for rights holders to secure their rights. Mere token participation, or participation that does not touch the contentious issues, threatens to undermine this process. RED III could, however, provide forums for constructive debate around these issues, and thereby ensure meaningful participation of key stakeholder groups. RED III should conduct multi- stakeholder dialogues with due diligence, strong procedural safeguards, and provide ongoing opportunities for citizens to voice their complaints ( about issues ranging from ‘silencing’ to abuse of power ) through robust feedback mechanisms. In addition, capacity and facilities should be provided for resolution of conflicts should they arise.

RED II has taken an explicitly market approach to LED. This has many advantages, but as it targets active economic agents, the risk is that those who do not have access to the market, or a livelihood, or capital, are excluded from benefiting from RED III. This is a difficult conflict risk to address, as altering it might require changing the very outcomes and outputs of the planned project. Without changing the fundamental approach of RED III, however, it is possible to plan for and include social safety nets to protect the most vulnerable from further exploitation. RED III could investigate more effective ways to harness the ‘spill over effects’ from LED such that they benefit the marginalized communities. Public-private partnerships, for example, could explore how to provide livelihood opportunities for landmine victims or for women survivors of domestic violence. Speaking of women, there are higher rates of gender based violence recorded in OMC than BMC, though BMC has thrice the population of OMC. While a strong emphasis must be placed on gender equality in RED III, there is a danger that these initiatives to promote women may backfire in conservative household environments. To be specific, men who feel threatened or challenged by their wives may resort to violence to ‘put women down’ or ‘in their place again.’ RED III’s gender equality component can provide the necessary and critical space for women to express their views, articulate their rights, and defend those of their children as well. RED III’s gender mainstreaming should be structured so as to incorporate opportunities for awareness raising and capacity development for men as well, so they feel less threatened about the perceived changes in the social order. Perhaps the most important conflict risk for this output is that a focus on LED activities may contribute, inadvertently perhaps, to land dispossession. Insofar as local economic development activities are agriculturally focussed, and require arable land, then RED III, through its focus on these opportunities, may encourage increasing concentration of land in the hands of fewer and fewer small holders. One concrete example to be given is that due to increased mechanization of ploughing techniques ( i.e. hand tractors brought from Thailand ), laborers are not able to

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Conflict Assessment in Oddor Meanchey and Banteay Meanchey find subsistence wages in assisting with ploughing processes - as they are no longer needed. These laborers, who also have underdeveloped land holdings, are then forced to sell off their land to more capable farmers who are seeking to expand their agricultural investments. The military is also involved in taking away land and other natural resources (i.e. forests). RED III can set the standard for best practices, by adopting innovative, conflict sensitive approaches to bringing communities, public & private sector together can demonstrate best practice in equitable sharing of local resources ( i.e. land, forests ). RED III should carry out a more detailed analysis of ELCs in the target provinces, drawing also on lessons learned from the region in terms of successful conflict resolution around land practices ( i.e. VGR and Global Witness in Laos ).

Output C Examples of unhealthy competition in the course of RED II project activities were uncovered in the research. The marketplace is inherently competitive, of course, but there is a danger that this competition could be damaging, deprive others of their economic or other human rights. Safeguards that keep in mind these risks should be designed into all aspects of the program, in particular those that deal with businesses. By doing so, RED III could encourage healthy competition that benefits all market participants, and provide protection for those who may be targets of unfair or unethical business practices. RED III may want to go one step further by developing principles of DNH into a code of good business practice, which could be used as a best practice or standard throughout the programme. Incentives for compliance to the code could be integrated as well. RED II self-identified one of its weaknesses as not doing enough to address the needs of very vulnerable groups - such as those with HIV/AIDS, ethnic minorities, or differently abled individuals. There is an inherent challenge that a focus on government priorities, where those groups have often been excluded, will only reinforce this exclusion, thereby perpetuating discrimination. RED III, through its focus on conflict sensitivity and do no harm, can take a more holistic approach to identifying the needs of these marginalized groups in OMC and BMC, in particular by consulting NGOs who are working in these sectors. In order to ensure the participation of marginalized groups, RED III should conduct district level stakeholder analyses and use consultative processes to determine the needs of marginalized populations, and adapt indicators to reflect their inclusion in project implementation and planning. Under this output, services which are being delivered that are crucial for the success of business ventures or small holdings undertakings, could possibly be captured for private benefit. In other words, RED III may see these services being delivered inequitably (i.e. through patronage networks, familialism, or nepotism ). Again, social accountability programme design can help to mitigate this issue, as can informing the associations / networks as to the availability of these services, and encouraging virtuous feedback loops from users that promote both efficiency and equity in the delivery. RED III should make project participants aware of the complaint mechanisms mentioned elsewhere in these recommendations, and train them on how to use these channels for feedback on both the effectiveness and fairness of services being delivered. There is a division between haves ( usually those who can migrate, or who have developed their small land holdings ) and the have not’s (those who have little or no skills, no access to migration and/or capital ). RED III potentially could create conflict in that with increased livelihood options, there is a real risk that the ‘already capable’ ( i.e. migrants in border provinces who often have better vocational skills ) might disproportionately take advantage of these opportunities, further increasing their wealth and widening income distribution gaps ( i.e. with non-migrants ) in these 2 provinces. This can be addressed through judicious selection criteria, and RED III should leverage the expertise and resources of those who already have vocational skills or employability (i.e. migrants ) – by using them as peer resources, and should have an explicit focus on entrepreneurship, job creation, and skill development for those who are most in need of both capacity building and who are most economically vulnerable.

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Output D It would seem that the output focussed on generating lessons learned for the project is a relative risk free, and conflict free undertaking. Upon closer inspection, however, there are a number of key issues that obtain. Firstly, given the political environment in the country in the moment, there is a risk that RED III project outputs or outcomes, especially if successfully, could become politicized or ‘claimed’ by one political party or another as ‘their own.‘ This is particularly true given the government orientation of the programme. RED III, by integrating principles of community empowerment and involvement, should and can engender pride and ownership by the project participants, and a clear understanding that this project is driven by the needs of the people, made possible by donor funding, and coordinated with the support of private sector, the government ( both parties ), and civil society. Most importantly, GIZ and RED III should declare their apolitical, nonpartisan approach to development, and to ensure that their visibility plan plainly communicates that the RED III project and its outcomes are not given as hand outs to the people by any political party. Rather participation in RED III is in fact government’s duty in order to fulfil the rights of its people. Secondly, and related to the debate about poverty above, and the inherent exclusionary characteristics of market activity, there is a conflict risk that the successes of RED III can reinforce RGOC’s belief that ‘the market knows best’ and there is no need to put in place social safety nets for the most vulnerable. RED III, through thoughtful and careful analyses of the limits of the market approach, should seek to balance the importance of supply and demand value chain initiatives with protection measures for those at risk. This can also begin a process whereby SDC and GIZ reach out to other donors to who are implementing subsidies as a strategy in their poverty reduction / LED initiatives and begin earnest dialogue on the role of these mechanisms. RED III could also seek the views of academics, elected officials, and the private sector as to their advantages / disadvantages, as well as the potential for expanding, evolving them into more effective mechanisms for poverty reduction. Thirdly, often times ‘best practices’ models end up being one-way flows of information, where good things being done at the grassroots level flow up to the national level, are documented, and shared. More often than not, the very important flow back loop of feeding back into the communities is ignored. The danger with RED III is that in focussing on the ‘grassroots to national’ flow of information in the way of best practices and lessons learned, potentially ignores the need for an organic, living feedback loop between sub national levels and national levels, where information, knowledge, experiences are flowing bi-directionally for the benefit of all stakeholders. RED III could get around this by treating project stakeholders as potential discussants in national policy dialogue. To be specific, if RED III treated the smallholders, business people and job seekers, as potential influencers of national level policy, could give them agency through encouraging and incorporating their views into national debates on LED and poverty reduction strategies. RED III should form local committees of producers, network / association members, CBOs, even smallholder or small business owners to get together and produce concrete recommendations for best practice, that are brought to the national level debates by their representatives. In addition, RED III should encourage the national level to develop their own best practices in policy formulation around MDGs, civic engagement in LED, and share / exchange these with other governments in the region. Fourthly and lastly, RED III’s focus on documentation of best practices could tend to reduce the importance of recognizing and accepting the ‘worst practices’, which are precisely those which need to be recognised and learnt from to avoid during further harm to project participants. Any effective, CS programme needs to have strong internal mechanisms for self-appraisal and evaluation. RED III, through solid M&E systems which allow for ongoing honest appraisal of the project’s ‘mistakes’, derives equally meaningful learning from where the project has gone wrong. RED III should encourage and stimulate the project participants, through aforementioned complaint resolution mechanisms & participatory M&E processes, to identify potential weaknesses in the project design & actual negative effects in the project,

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Conflict Assessment in Oddor Meanchey and Banteay Meanchey especially those that have the potential to create ore ae creating conflict, and use these pointers to engage in ongoing course correction of RED III. 5 Recommendations

The socio-political, economic, cultural, and environmental landscape of Cambodia has changed since the beginning of RED II implementation (2007). Over the last 5 years, the country has seen dramatic change in the rise of human rights violations, the closing of civic and democratic space, followed by the recent protests and demonstrations. In the last 18 months only, a credible opposition party has emerged to challenge the ruling party and provide increased democratic accountability and the citizens of Cambodia themselves are clear in delivering a message of change to the government. The north western provinces of the country, in particular OMC and BMC, have historically faced some of the greatest challenges in achieving the Cambodian Millennium Development Goals. Isolated, under-resourced, and under-capacitated, these provinces need stronger connectivity with the center, enhanced capacity of local government officials, increased economic opportunities, and carefully implemented D&D reforms in order to grow. There are resources, however, and opportunities exist - the SEZs, the proximity and trade with Thai border, the amount of arable land, the existing timber and non-timber community resources to name a few. RED III is well-poised to make a positive difference in these provinces, as it has done in Siem Reap. However, the present conflict assessment has generated several key recommendations which should be considered in order for this to take place. They are presented below.

Recommendation #1 RED III should be more focused on building bridges and promoting peace (through sustainable development), rather than just conflict sensitivity. The conflicts analyzed and understood through this assessment are aggravated by cross-border tensions, political competition, human rights violations, and overall fragility of the local contexts. RED III falls under SDC’s assessment of being a CSPM - basic intervention. This would involve conflict transformation through a number of venues, “building bridges of understanding, creating room for dialogue, strengthening marginalized or discriminated actors, promoting local alliances for peace, or supporting the development of competencies for the transformation of a conflict.” 3

Recommendation #2 In order to maximise participation from various stakeholders, the programme should invest initial resources in trust and confidence building activities among public and private sectors and CSOs. The overall programme outcome of RED – increased civil society – private and public sector cooperation in LED – fits well with this recommendation. We have discovered varying levels of mistrust, misunderstanding, and outright hostility among all three key stakeholder groups in OMC and BMC. In particular, villagers may mistrust economic incentives driven by the private sector, in light of their negative experience with ELCs. In order for RED III to have a meaningful impact, these relationship deficits will need to be addressed and shored up at the project outset.

Recommendation #3 The programme should also raise awareness of rights holders and capacity of duty bearers, which could create a virtuous cycle for better local governance. RBA is often something which is done piecemeal, or is

3 SDC Primer on CSPM, page 5

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Conflict Assessment in Oddor Meanchey and Banteay Meanchey done at the outset of a project, but then forgotten half way through. In order for the rights based approach to be meaningful, concerted efforts and activities need to be aimed at strengthening the supply of rights provision (i.e. duty bearers) and the demand for same (i.e. rights holders). This can be done in the context of providing training, awareness raising, joint collaborative work, between local elected officials, and their citizenry.

Recommendation #4 RED III should incorporate programmatic flexibility to allow it to respond to the differing needs of its participants (i.e. women, youth, those with disabilities, such as land mine victims ). As with any project, a one-size-fits-all approach to the participant groups, may not work effectively. With RED III, smallholders, small business persons, and job seekers are the intended project participants. We have gathered evidence to lead us to the conclusion that the needs of the various population groups - women, youth, disability groups, etc. - are sufficiently different as to require a detailed rights based analysis. In particular, creative ideas need to be explored to ensure that youth are attracted to the project. What is meant by this is a thorough understanding of how the interests and motivating factors for participation of each of these groups will be different from province to province, and even district to district. RED III’s management structure, its style of implementation and its participatory approach need to be flexible enough to allow for this variation.

Recommendation #5 For RED III to be effective and sustainable, project activities will need to be adapted to suit the particular conflict contexts of OMC and BMC. With issues ranging from excessive drug use among youth, to regional tensions on the Thai border, to lack of transparency in natural resource extraction, again the RED III activities will need to be tailored to the local context. In particular, as the nature and types of conflicts are so varied and ranging, in order to truly be conflict sensitive RED III will need to factor in strong feedback and participatory M&E systems. The risks of each conflict context are substantial, and need also to be studied in more detail.

Recommendation #6 To this end, the programme should consider conducting detail conflict analysis, political economy analysis, and stakeholder in each province / district where the programme is supposed to be working . Following on from Recommendation #5, the present team recommend that more detailed work be carried out in OMC and BMC to more deeply understand the conflict dynamics in these areas. The present piece of work is an initial investigation, and has provided some interesting leads which can be pursued in later analyses. In particular, RED III should be looking at a national level conflict scenario, together with district level conflict analyses in the areas where they intend to first start programming. It is possible that these initial district level conflict analyses can be conducted in a participatory fashion, involving project stakeholders themselves.

Recommendation #7 RED III should also consider learning more about the risk of cross-border issues (trade, migration, trafficking) and seek to mitigate these risks in project design and implementation. The present study was able to look at these only very briefly. It is estimated that there are both considerable risks - as well as considerable opportunities to be explored here. In particular, better understanding of the cross-border trade issues will be important for any thorough design of RED III activities in LED. Trafficking and the accompanying rights violations need a more detailed look in order to understand the risks of operating in the semi-urban areas

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Conflict Assessment in Oddor Meanchey and Banteay Meanchey such as Poipet. Finally, migration carries important disadvantages and advantages, both of which need to be more fully understood.

Recommendation #8 RED III would profit from providing capacity development on business development and management to farmers, particularly those who are willing to start their own business. Some NGOs, in cooperation with departments of agricultural, provided trainings on agricultural techniques to a lot of farmers aiming at helping them to improve the quality and increase the volume of the farm products. It seems that the majority of farmers have not been able to initiate further family economic development strategies beyond their subsistence stratagems. Due to lack of agribusiness initiatives that could provide sustainable supplies and meet the market standard requirements, the volumes of agricultural products imported from neighboring countries has been increased significantly. Therefore, there is a need for providing farmers business development orientation and capacity development that would inspire them to shift gradually from subsistence strategy toward commercial level, which is aligned well with RED III.

Recommendation #9 The project may need to take into account proximity to the border, higher levels of (planned) industrialization – i.e. through the SEZ, and the focus on agricultural development may need to be adapted as such. The focus of RED II was squarely on agricultural, as it seems to be for RED III as well. To the extent that some industrialization ( i.e. the SEZs in BMC) is planned for these 2 provinces, however, it might be worth re- considering or revising this strategy. Trade and cross-border activity with Thailand are an important revenue generator, and the SEZs are attracting / planning to attract semi-skilled workers from the region. In short, and in particular when coupled with the lure of migration, the agricultural opportunities for livelihood could seem less attractive to local citizens. This should be taken into account in program design.

Recommendation #10 In addition, RED III should try to engage regional business interests as well, given the proximity of OMC and BMC to the border and the existing presence of foreign investment. Given the fact some of the corporate stakeholders in Cambodia are from Thailand, Vietnam, Korea and China, it makes sense to engage these key players at least in dialogue phases at the outset, and perhaps during project implementation. Engaging the SEZ, and perhaps encouraging the business good code of conduct as a way of participation in RED III, could be a possible alternative. These business interests should also be involved in discussions about how to facilitate and take advantage of cross-border flows in human, intellectual, and financial capital. 6 Conclusion and Way Forward

This brief report has sought to provide an overview of the conflict context in OMC and BMC, with a view to the expansion of the RED III programme into these areas. Initial findings confirm that these are complex environments in which to operate, which merit further study and analysis before programme design and implementation commence. Cord understands that SDC and GIZ are interested in conducted follow-up work to this report, in specific a more detailed do no harm, CSPM study. Further SDC will work with GIZ to incorporate conflict sensitive programme management into RED III. Cord has forwarded its key recommendations that CSPM comprehensive be adapted for RED III, and that the programme considers including more peacebuilding approaches given the context of OMC and BMC. Cord has also strongly suggested that a detailed conflict analysis, political economy analysis, and stakeholder analysis should be

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Conflict Assessment in Oddor Meanchey and Banteay Meanchey carried out at the province / district levels before operationalization. In terms of the next steps forward, it is suggested that SDC, GIZ consider the recommendations provided herein and take measures to incorporate the relevant ones into the RED III Operationalization Plan for 2014. Cord would be more than happy to be involved in these future processes, to the extent that its services are deemed relevant and appropriate for the upcoming stages of this programme.

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Appendix I – Table of RED III conflict increasing / reducing potential # Potential for RED III Potential for RED III Recommendations to contribute to dividers to reinforce connectors Outcome : Smallholders, small businesses and jobseekers make sustainable use of economic opportunities - enabled by local government action, public and private sector and civil society cooperation and new or better performing services RED III creates positive perceptions of SDC and GIZ as Clear, consistent messaging to all 1 RED III reinforces status quo conscientious development project stakeholders partners RED III, through RED III releases government conditionalities, supports RGOC can be encouraged to allocate 2 funds for non-peaceful means constructive development resources to RED III. relationship with RGOC. RED III selection carefully done Selection of RED III participants Conduct conflict and political economy 3 mitigates any existing feelings is exclusionary. analyses prior to selection. of prejudice, discrimination Output A : Sub -national Authorities (SNA) improve framework conditions and take action for Local Economic development (LED) and poverty reduction. Awareness raising activities for RM structures do not Multi-stakeholder processes 4 government, civil society, private sector sufficiently engage civil society. engage all key target groups on their respective roles. Decentralization of decision Top down approaches Support in NVC and participatory making in RED III (in line with 5 undermine democratic decision making for key project existing D&D plans) supports principles. stakeholders. power sharing Integrate civic engagement, Through social accountability, RED III contributes to governor strengthened local governance into 6 RED III clarifies these roles. – councilor conflicts of interests project design.

In BM C, RED III deepens party Provide opportunities for cross-party lines (CPP v. CNRP) due to RED III engages positive, cross- 7 planning, implementation of RED III competing influence in project party dialogue. project activities. decision making. The RED III definition of poverty Engage local civil society experts, RED III sparks dialogue at the is overly limiting and academics, and politicians in defining 8 national level on the definition contributes to structural the ‘poverty’ scope of RED III, and clear of poverty. violence. messaging on same. Output B : Public, private and civil society stakeholders jointly develop and implement LED activitie s Carefully vet private collaborators, RBA for civil society and Demonstrate value of private define minimum standards for RBA, government alone (and not sector to other stakeholders; when exceptions are made conduct risk 9 focusing on private sector) may engage them in responsible assessments and carefully monitor; leave project participants business practices throughout train, disseminate RBA through vulnerable. RED III. awareness raising. Market approach excludes ‘non - RED III market approach is Explore spill -over effects from market 10 economically’ active – or most flexible to include safety nets approach, and ensure they benefit non- vulnerable for most vulnerable. project participants in some way. 11 Token participation undermines RED III gives meaningful Provide venues for town hall dialogue

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voice and smallh olders, small opportunities for exchange, and mechanisms for complaint business persons’, job seekers’ debate, and venues for resolution when bias or abuse of power rights. conflict resolution. has been spotted. RED III provides space for In OMB, where GBV is higher, Gender mainstreaming components in women to articulate views, strengthening women (through RED III should address men as well, 12 free from fear, and to seek gender equality in RED III) may educating and raising awareness about services they need to be expose them to increased GBV. GBV. strong, active social actors. RED III , taking DNH approach, RED III inadvertently brings private sector, civil Carry out detailed conflict analyses at encourages land purchases that 13 society together in equitable district level; learn from success stories are harmful to citizens. allocation of resources in ASEAN region.

Output C: Services available to smallholders and small businesses improved and the range of job opportunities increased. RED III engenders harmful RED III incorporates RED III should promote a formal code of 14 market competition (i.e. safeguards in market good business practice for project. among suppliers, buyers) competition for vulnerable Conduct district level stakeholder analyses, RED III may ignore minorities, RED III, through CSPM, project log frame has indicators to ensure 15 HIV / AIDS, disability groups, carefully analyses needs of inclusion of such groups. thus doing harm marginalized groups.

Through civic engagement Services to small holders are and strengthened local Encourage use of feedback / complaint 16 delivered inequitably governance, citizens demand mechanisms mentioned elsewhere. (patronage, familialism). equitably delivery of same services. RED III distributes RED III widens income gap opportunities evenly among RED III leverages expertise and resources of 17 between haves and have not’s stakeholders in target migrants who have gone abroad districts

Output D: RED lessons learned and best-practices are used by stakeholders on national level RED III engages in clear Develop marketing materials that RED III programme results 18 messaging to show that the emphasize the ownership of this become politicized project is community driven programme by the people RED III successes falsely RED III also seeks to link its SDC and GIZ should have a dialogue with encourage RGOC to believe outcomes with existing or other donors about the value of subsidies, 19 that ‘market always knows planned protection and how to transform them into suitable best’, exposing those who are measures to most social safety net mechanisms. most vulnerable to poverty. vulnerable. RED III treats project RED III’s one way loop of best beneficiaries as active practices (grassroots to informants and participants Engage community members in national 20 national) ignores the dynamic in local level development level policy dialogue. nature of development processes, and national processes. policy debate RED III emphasizes the best RED III is open and honest RED III should plan for participatory M&E practices, and ignores the ‘not about the ‘not so good’ that looks at project mistakes and reflects, 21 so good’ practices, which may practices, learning to avoid improves on them for future do harm. doing further harm. implementation.

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Appendix II – Details of Outmigration

• Daily migration: villagers who live by the border and employed in Thai enterprise/farm accessible to go to on a daily basis and able to come back home at evening with transportation support from Thai employers. Most of them are the residents of Poi Pet city.

• Seasonal Migration: Seasonal migrants seem to be the main form of migrant work of OMC/BMC villagers because of and their relative proximity to Thailand and they live by the border. They normally migrate to Thailand after their rice cultivation and harvest time. Those migrants are from other districts in Banteay Meanchey and other neighboring provinces.

• Long term migration: Most of the long term migrants seem to be those coming from other provinces. Some of them come back home yearly, particularly during Khmer New Year and Pchum Ben holidays.

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Appendix III – Table of Context Impacts on RED III

No. Current Contexts Potential Impacts on RED

1. Mistrust and scepticism The existing lack of trust and mutual suspicion among some local authorities and civil society organizations will serve as a main barrier to cooperative development under RED. Villagers may tend to mistrust, be cynical of both local authorities and private sector representatives regarding economic development initiatives (such as those by RED)

2. Lack of effective Lack of effective models for public -private -civil society cooperation model and collaboration will make collective engagement in RED more mechanism challenging and difficult.

3. Inadequate mechanism Weak social accountability ( government officials to people ) for applying social will also potentially undermine the effectiveness of RED accountability intervention activities.

4. Sub -consequent Secondary conflicts (villagers v. villagers and villagers v. local conflicts from ELCs authorities) created by ELC and / or military land grabbing are straining the social fabric, which could make it more difficult for RED to implement LED initiatives.

5. Out migration RED may find it difficult to work in communities where the allure of cross-border livelihoods is a strong alternative to agricultural activities, and the failure to develop social, intellectual capital makes it difficult to start value chains in LED. Lack of human security due to cross-border issues and potential influx of migrants (now working in Thailand) could destabilize RED activities and programming outcomes.

6. Lack of mechanism for The presence of at -risk populations, in particular youth, will ensuring youth’s require a nuanced approach to beneficiary needs (not all are participation in the same), and demand additional planning to incorporate development activities these sensitivities.

7. Sex trade & human The prevalence of human trafficking (sex trade, arranged trafficking marriages to foreigners, etc.) presents a unique challenge to the programme, in particular in BMC.

8. Lack of social The economic, political, social, ethnic, and gender divide s in infrastructure these two provinces may affect the ability of the RED programme to build constituencies needed for change, thereby weakening its overall impact.

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9. Working in industrial In urban areas of intervention (if chosen), where there are tendency casinos and SEZs, the strategy of LED may be less effective due to prevailing challenges with drugs, illegal trade, trafficking.

10. Weak governance Local authorities, especially district governors will be driven by their political parties, which may lead to dominating programme and may somehow limit the participants of other stakeholders.

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Appendix IV – Table of Connectors and Dividers

Description Relevance to RED III

Connectors

Common goal of When all SHs (donors, government, civil RED III can take a positive economic society, private sector) are working for approach, focussing on MDGs, in development, commonly defined development goals (i.e. order to galvanize all stakeholders achieving MDGs Towards MDG), this reinforces cohesion toward a common goal.

“Rising tide The idea that business, or rising incomes, in RED III can build bridges between floats all boats” – particular those in areas of poverty, will the private sector and what’s good for benefit everyone, and ultimately the communities, restoring broken business is good country – can connect disparate segments relationships and enhancing the for people and as well public perception of the role of the good for the private sector in the development country of the country.

Increasing When citizens see their local This will in turn make the project confidence in representatives working with them for stakeholders have more confidence D&D processes change, this can increase their belief and and faith in the outcomes of RED trust in the fact that power is being handed III. down from the central government to their communities.

Promise in the Democratic accountability deficits still exist RED III can incorporate democratic democratic - that is processes for citizens to elect their principles throughout, reform that is representatives with fairness and strengthening these processes and dawning on transparency. Successful RED III initiatives allowing people to have greater say Cambodia involving SNAs can increase everyone's in project implementation. hope that the democratic space is widening.

Land and Most of OMC and BMC being agricultural, RED III can attempt to valorize , or common it means that the citizens face common raise the profile of agricultural agricultural challenges; they have common goals, production, which is sometimes heritage brings interests, needs, and desires. This is a good seen as inferior to industrialized people together connector. activities.

Common The majority of the population is ethnic This can also b e a divider. RED III language, Khmer - with Buddhist religion. It means will need to work carefully to religion, cultural they are drawing on a common belief ensure that exclusion does not practices ( of system, language, and life experience. This marginalize project participants.

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Conflict Assessment in Oddor Meanchey and Banteay Meanchey majority group ) can bring them together as well.

Institutions of Though taken for granted, there was a The marketplace is inherently money, trade, time in Cambodia when the institution of competitive; if RED III can focus on and retail (i.e. money (i.e. the banking sector) had no the positive aspects of market commerce social trust whatever. That has changed, economies, and introduce social unites) and the uniting value of commerce (trader safety nets; this will be positive. and seller) is recognized.

Creativity and Development challenges engender A great deal of potential lies in this innovation creativity; people working together to solve connector. Entrepreneurship and needed for common obstacles. The private sector can gathering lessons learned, in business ventures often be a driving force, but adversity particular from out migration, brings out people’s innovation and would be part of this strategy. resourcefulness.

Hope for a better A general feeling - among all RED III The political climate is such that future (rallies stakeholders, that the future will bring RED III is entering at a time of people around more promise and economic opportunity - change, and could represent a agenda for can be a strong connector. more sustainable future for change) Cambodians, where they take more active part in their own development.

Dividers

Economic – In reality these divides are between the This is part of the reality of the divide between middle class, the lower middle class, and country, and RED III will need to rich and poor the very poor. They are determined by take care not to exacerbate these (often urban v. access to livelihoods, business divides, as it could undermine the rural) opportunities, and skill levels. In general, programme’s effectiveness. citizens in the semi-urban areas tend to be better off than those in rural areas, who focus on agriculture. The majority of the population in these provinces is in the rural areas.

Political – CNRP In OMC, there is almost no (recorded) Although not the focus of RED III, v. CPP, lack of presence of CNRP, but in BMC, CNRP and political accountability can be plurality in CPP are neck-in-neck for voter support. indirectly encouraged by modelling processes That being said, political accountability in best practices in D&D, and also Cambodia is weak. The political processes democratic decision making generate much more division than they do procedures in the programme social coherence. itself.

Social – Khmer We did not find much evidence of this in Bridging these gaps – between the

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Rouge the 2 provinces; OMC is suspected to be young and the old – can be done perpetrators v. mostly due to its continued CPP allegiance, through creative LED enterprises victims; also and the fact it was a strong KR area. In and through collaborative activities young v. old BMC, however, KR perpetrators and that require collaboration of youth generation survivors appear to get along well. Youth and elders together. Encouraging and the elder generation, however, do not transfers of wisdom and experience always see eye to eye, and there is a both ways will also help. fundamental difference in outlook on the future.

Ethnic - Sometimes Vietnamese enjoy trading and This is a problem throughout the Vietnamese v. commercial opportunities that the Khmer country; through selection Khmer v. Thai do not; this can be seen as a potential processes RED III will need to be etc. divider due to jealousy. aware not to worsen this.

Gender – men v. Socially constructed gender roles, Gender wi ll be mainstreamed; RED women misunderstanding, and lack of awareness III could contribute to positive about human rights contribute to GBV in awareness raising as to women’s both provinces; this is a critical divider. important role in economic development.

Locals vs. The “other” plays strongly into perceptions Engaging FDI stakeholders, and in foreigners (in in the border areas, where Thais, general treating the border as an particular in Siem Vietnamese, Cham, and ethnic Khmer live opportunity for transfer of skills / Reap) side by side. Particularly this is the notion resources, will help RED III to that foreigners/outsiders are to blame for mitigate some of these negative some of Cambodia's political problems. tensions.

Injustice – This is common; very few of the people Again, RED III can model best corruption, rent have faith in their local elected officials; practices and introduce complaint seeking of this loss of trust due to abuse of power is resolution mechanisms to deal with government perhaps the greatest divider and deficits in social accountability. officials impediment to sustainable local development.

National borders The national conflict with Thailand over RED III will be affected by any – Thailand, PVH PVH has been well documented elsewhere. instability at the borders; conflict, regional Suffice it to say that these tensions along maintaining close, open dialogue militarization the border contribute to a lack of human with the government at national security; the military is implicated also in level will help to mitigate any human rights violations (i.e. deprivation of insecurity here. land, natural resources, etc.)

Competition over As noted in the report, one of the most Working with the private sector will land – ELCs, small prevalent dividers is the conflict over land - be essential to reform, but doing so scale land conflict and natural resources - mostly that which in a conflict sensitive RBA will also

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has been taken unfairly by companies, the be critical to RED III success. government, or the military.

State v. non -state The government and civil society often Considerable resources could be actors – civil view each other with mistrust, suspicion, invested at the outset to build society & govt. lack of awareness, and prejudice. This is a bridges and to repair broken poor relations serious divider which needs to be relationships among these groups. overcome in RED III.

State v. citizens – This has been mentioned above - in many Social accountability mechanisms – lack of cases local citizens have not ‘fairly’ elected transparency of budget info, democratic & their representatives, and in many cases community scorecards, public social those elected do not represent their forums, can form a part of RED III accountability interests or will. This is a major cleavage in activities. Cambodian society.

Private sector v. The private sector continues in some cases The image of private sector in RED citizens – over to be an aggravator of conflict - through III will need to be refashioned for natural resources either ELCs or just poor business practices the people; so they come across as in the areas where they operate. a key stakeholder, not an enemy.

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Appendix V - List of Economic Land Concessions in OMC

No. Name of Company Name of employer District Commune Land Size Approval letter Main crops ELCs under Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries Mr. Risda (Cambodia) Cane and Monthienvi Chien 1 Sugar Valley Co. Ltd Chie (Thai) Samraong Kriel 6164 Temporary contract, 24.01. 2008 Sugar cane Tatwanakorn Kul 2 Angkor Sugar Co. Ltd (Thai) Samraong Kriel 6328 Temporary contract, 24.01. 2008 Sugar cane Lim Khun Nong Meang Ly Heng (Cambodian Taiwan, Cassava, Jetrophia & 3 Investment 011 933514 Samraong Kriel 959.328 Provincial contract, 05.01. 2007 rice

Development Old contract with province for Association for Mr. Som Yin (Cam.) Trapeang 1000ha, now expand 1500, in 4 Agriculture and Tourism 088 868 8810 Prasat Ou Svay 1500 process to MAFF Tonle Sugar Cane Co. Buntoeng Trapeang 5 Ltd Vongkusokit Prasat 5908 Temporary contract, 24.01. 2008 Sugar cane Anlong Oknha Bang Nam, Veaeng & 6 Samrong Rubber (Cam.) Varin, SR 9658 Contract 12.05.2006 Rubber ELCs under Environment Ministry

Mr. Hoh Thian Seng Trapeang letter no. 1402 ( ជសណ) 22.02.2012 7 Nature Plantation (Cam) Prasat 9020 Council of Ministers Rubber Khun Sea Import Export Trapeang letter no. 483 ( ជសណ) 04.05.2012 8 Co. Ltd Cambodian Prasat 8200 Council of Ministers Rubber No. Name of Company Name of employer District Commune Land Approval letter Main crops

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Approval

Oknha Beng Rithy letter no. 1388 ( ជសណ) 03.11.2011 9 Best Royal Co. Ltd (VN) 6500 Council of Ministers Rubber

Rubber Development Mr. Hok Ngok Tunhg, Trapeang letter no. 1389 ( ជសណ) 03.11.2011 10 Taininh - Siem Reap VN Prasat 7600 Council of Ministers Rubber

Mr. Moeksa Phana Trapeang letter no. 204 ( ជសណ) 22.02.2012 11 Huot MengRita Co. Ltd Reth Prasat 1195 Council of Ministers Rubber

Sok Samnang Mr. Sok Samnang, Trapeang letter no. 204 ( ជសណ) 22.02.2012 12 Development Cambodia Prasat 1865 Council of Ministers Rubber

Trapeang letter no. 371 ( ជសណ) 30.03.2012 13 Se Hong Cambodian Prasat 9700 Council of Ministers Agri-Indust. Trapeang Lon Agri. Tech Prasat and letter no. 249 ( ជសណ) 09.03.2012 14 Investment Cambodian Preah Vihear 4095 Council of Ministers Agri-Indust, Rubber

letter no. 662 ( ជសណ) 06.06.2011 15 Damring Rubber Co. Ltd Ms. Beng Borath Anlong Veng 7750 Council of Ministers Rubber

Data Rubber letter no. 662 ( ជសណ) 06.06.2011 16 (Cambodia) Co., Ltd. Ms. Beng Borath Anlongveng 7700 Council of Ministers Rubber Banteay Contract with 17 Cheat Apiwat Co.Ltd Cambodian Ampil 6000 Environment,09.02.2012 Cassava

Source: Forestry Administration of Oddar Meanchey

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List of Economic Land Concessions in OMC (Continued) DISTRICT, COMMUNE ELC

SAMRAONG , Samraong (Cambodia) Cane and Sugar (5,695 ha) Koun Kriel (Cambodia) Cane and Sugar Valley (6,595 ha) Koun Kriel Angkor Sugar (7,387 ha) Koun Kriel Angkor Sugar (6,523 ha) Koun Kriel Angkor Sugar Investment (6,595 ha) Koun Kriel Cane and Sugar Vely (7,831 ha) Koun Kriel Meang Ly Heng (1,000 ha) Koun Kriel Real Green Co., Ltd. (8,000 ha) Commune not specified Crystal Agro Company Limited (8,000 ha) TRAPEANG PRASAT , Development Association for Agriculture & Tourism (1,000) Ou Svay Commune not specified Tep Khunal Investment (1,500 ha) Commune not specified Nature Plantation (K.H) Co., Ltd. (7,220 ha) SAMRAONG , Samraong (Cambodia) Cane and Sugar (5,695 ha)

Koun Kriel (Cambodia) Cane and Sugar Valley (6,595 ha) Koun Kriel Angkor Sugar (7,387 ha) Koun Kriel Angkor Sugar (6,523 ha) Koun Kriel Angkor Sugar Investment (6,595 ha) Koun Kriel Cane and Sugar Vely (7,831 ha) Koun Kriel Meang Ly Heng (1,000 ha) Koun Kriel Real Green Co., Ltd. (8,000 ha) Commune not specified Crystal Agro Company Limited (8,000 ha) TRAPEANG PRASAT , Development Association for Agriculture & Tourism (1,000) Ou Svay Commune not specified Tep Khunal Investment (1,500 ha)

Commune not specified Nature Plantation (K.H) Co., Ltd. (7,220 ha)

SOURCE: NGO Forum

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Conflict Context: Case Study on ELC in OMC

Company Angkor Sugar Cambodia Cane & Sugar Tonle Sugar Cane Crystal Agro Co., Ltd. Valley

Location Koun Kriel Samraong CHONGKAL Koun Kril

Purpose Sugar cane Sugar cane Sugar cane, Teak Sugar cane, Teak

ELC size 9,734.61 ha 9,716.3 ha 9,804.3 ha 8,000 ha

Villager land affected Forest: 811.9 ha Forest: 292 Chamka: 112.7 Paddy: 496 ha Paddy: 1062.9 ha Paddy: 1059 Paddy: 1344.5

Villages, families 6 / 335 6 / 304 3 / 360 6 / 50 affected

Impact on livelihoods Reduced access to water sources, dwindling non -timber forest products including fish, dwindling wildlife (as food and security source), reduced timber for use in house building/repair, reduced production/income from agriculture and NTFP, increased food insecurity, increased indebtedness, loss of land and physical assets, psycho-social effect from threat/use of violence

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Appendix VI - List of Economic Land Concessions in BMC

Land Approval No. Name of Company Manager District size letter Main crops

1 Aphivat MeanChey Svay Chek 992 NA 2 But Bunthon Malai 676 NA Cheat Aphiwat Thmor Contract, 3 Co.Ltd Cambodian puok 6000 21.03.2011 Cassava 4 Hay Sour Ou'Chrov 6054 5 TADA investment Svay Chek 6105 Thmor 6 Leang Bo Company Cambodian puok 1783 no activity Thmor 7 Chhun Ly Group Australian puok 3000 Casava

Source: Forestry Administration in BMC

DISTRICT, COMMUNE ELC

SVAY CHEK , Svay Chek Aphivat MeanChey (992 ha)

Sla Kram TADA investment (6,105 ha)

Svay Chek Unknown (1,800 ha)

MALAI , Tuol Pongro But Bunthon (676 ha)

THMA POUK, Cheat Aphivat (6,054 ha) Banteay Chhmar OU CHROV , Ou Bei Choan Hay Sour (710 ha)

No specifics Leang Bour Construction (1,000 ha)

Source: NGO Forum

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Appendix VII – List of Mining Companies in OMC

No. Name of Company Main purpose Location Land size Anlong veng & 1 KDPower Group Co.Ltd Coal research Tropaing prasat 297 Km2 Multi-minerals Development Co. 138.40 2 Ltd Iron research Chongkal km2 Yun Kheanmined (Cambodian) Anlong veng & 3 Co.Ltd Coal production Tropaing prasat 12 Km2 Yun Kheanmined (Cambodian) Anlong veng & 4 Co.Ltd Coal research Tropaing prasat 144 Km2 Samnag Angkor Development Stone breaking for 5 Co.Ltd construction Chongkal 06 ha 6 Angkor wat Cement Limited Mines research Banteam Ampil 29.5 Km2 7 Angkor wat Cement Limited Mines research Banteam Ampil 200 ha Banteam Ampil, 8 Liberty Mining International Pty Ltd Iron research Chongkal 363.5 km2 9 Han Seng Coal Mine Co. Ltd Coal research Tropaing Prasat 168k2 10 Sorn Vatanak Co.Ltd Iron research Anlong veng 154 Km2 Ratanak Stone Cambodia Along veng & 11 Development Co.Ltd Coal reserch Tropaing prasat 144 Km2 Stone breaking for 12 Mrs. Tep Khorn construction Anlong veng 06 ha Stone breaking for 13 Gold & diamond Sand Co.Ltd construction Anlong veng 04 ha 14 Yalong (Cambodia) Mining Iron research Chongkal 176 km2 (Source: Forestry Administration of Oddar Meanchey)

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Annex A - Final TOR for conflict assessment agreed and signed by Cord and SDC TERMS OF REFERENCE

For a Study to outline options for the Regional Economic Development programme to address contextual factors in Banteay Meanchey and Oddar Meanchey, in a conflict sensitive way

1. CONTEXT

The Regional Economic Development Programme (RED): the German Agency for International Cooperation (GIZ) is implementing since 2007 an integrated economic development programme in rural districts and communes of Siem Reap (SR) Province funded by the German government (BMZ). RED is in its 2nd phase and aims at generating more employment and income opportunities for poor and vulnerable households and also includes important governance elements in this area. In the current phase it is made up of three components: (1) “Regional Management – Multi-stakeholder processes and regional economic development initiatives” supports interaction and cooperation between actors of the public and private sectors and civil society. (2) “Value Chain Upgrading and Business Development Services” aims at improving the competitiveness of local products. (3) “Initiatives of local government to promote economic development and poverty reduction” supports the implementation of the decentralisation reform in areas relevant for economic promotion. Local government bodies get advice and support to improve their responsiveness to citizens’ needs, service provision and framework conditions for inclusive growth and to undertake economic promotion measures. In 2013, the Cambodian government requested BMZ to scale up the successful programme and replicate it in additional provinces adjacent to Siem Reap (SR). SDC proposes to co-finance the next phase of RED, particularly the upscaling of this experience and the focus on the facilitating and enabling role of district councils together with Germany as part of its local governance programme. With SDC’s contribution, it will be possible to expand the programme to include the provinces of Banteay Meanchey (BM) and Oddar Meanchey (OM).

2. RATIONAL FOR ASSIGNMENT

In many regards, Cambodia remains a fragile setting marked by a legacy of social fragmentation, land grabbing, corruption, weak human resources, underdeveloped capacities for service delivery, as well as disrupted institutions of peaceful conflict resolution. Now the RED programme is expanding from Siem Reap to two new provinces in the border area which have a higher conflict potential and where the challenges in terms of local governance, inclusive development, poverty reduction and lack of resilient livelihoods are even more acute than in SR, with poverty rates in OM being among the highest in the country.

In such a context, it is of major importance to take into account these context elements in a conflict- sensitive way while planning and implementing the RED programme. In order to systematize conflict sensitive programme management (CSPM) in a meaningful way in the programme, we need a clearer idea of how the tensions in the two provinces are likely to impact on the Programme and

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Conflict Assessment in Oddor Meanchey and Banteay Meanchey how the Programme is likely to have a positive or negative effect on these tensions. This is why we propose to carry out a study to outline options for the programme to deal with several issues in BM and OM in a conflict sensitive way. SDC approved an entry proposal on the contribution to the GIZ RED programme which includes an opening phase. As planned for in the entry proposal, SDC will carry out the above mentioned study during the opening phase. 3. OBJECTIVES OF THE ASSIGNMENT

The objective of this assignment is to mandate a team of consultants to carry out the study mentioned above. The study has three objectives:

1. Provide an overview of the current conflict context in OM and BM (issues, cleavages, dividing forces, bridge builders), 2. Assess the potential impact of these context elements on the GIZ Regional Economic Development Programme 3. Assess the potential conflict-increasing and conflict-reducing impacts of the programme.

The study should formulate conclusions regarding RED’s potential conflict-increasing and conflict - reducing impact and formulate options for the programme to deal with the relevant context elements in a conflict sensitive way.

This study is not intended to carry out a detailed analysis of conflict potential in the form of a systematic assessment of each target district of RED in OM and BM. In future planning and monitoring of the RED programme, more detailed analysis will have to be carried out to have a closer look at the specific local conflicts and careful monitoring of the context will remain important. The programme intends to systematize “do-no-harm” / conflict sensitive programme management through different measures.

4. SPECIFIC TASKS AND DELIVERABLES

The tasks to be covered by this assignment include:

a) Providing an overview of the current conflict context in OM and BM (issues and root causes of conflict, stakeholders and their interests, conflict lines and power relations among the various population groups, dividing forces, bridge building forces). In particular, the following issues should be assessed:

• Conflicts over access and user rights to land ; disputes over access and user rights to water and other natural resources. Potential violent conflicts could emanate from the escalation of these disputes. In particular, assess the impact of Economic Land Concessions with regards to the traditional user rights of vulnerable members of rural society and to the political fragility of rural areas. • Out migration of rural communities to neighbouring countries , in particular Thailand, and return of migrants. The attractiveness of out-migration will continue to affect the labour market in Cambodia. Out-migration leads to labour shortages in agriculture that might

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hinder intensification (e.g. youth migration after wet season harvest in rice) and fosters generational conflicts (youths partially not interested in agriculture, don’t want to come back, break out of traditional role models etc.). • Tensions among various population groups, created by in-country migration contributing to increase the pressure on agricultural resources even further; tensions against former Khmer Rouge combatants; discrimination challenges including gender related discrimination and additional barriers disadvantaged groups and women might face in accessing services and opportunities. • Other broader context elements such as the political context in Thailand, the border dispute with Thailand, military interests, illegal trade, etc. OM and BM are border provinces, and this aspect is very dominant regarding economic and social structures (e.g. migration to Thailand, proximity of Thai traders and investors, special economic zones (SEZ), vulnerability to Thai-Royal Government of Cambodia conflicts, boarder businesses like Casinos, road infrastructure/traffic. b) Assess the potential impact of the identified context aspects on the RED programme c) Assess the potential conflict-increasing and conflict-reducing impacts of the programme and formulate options for the programme to deal with the relevant context elements in a conflict sensitive way to ensure that the programme will not worsen existing conflicts or create new ones, but contribute as far as possible to manage existing and emerging conflicts in a peaceful way. The following (non-exhaustive) list of questions should be considered:

• How can the programme take into account potential land issues for any economic development measures that it supports? • Are there opportunities to consider in the context of Economic Land Concessions, including potential cooperation with concession holders? (See Annex) • How can the programme target the various population groups in an inclusive and non- discriminatory manner and ensure disadvantaged groups’ and women’s equal participation in decision-making on RED related activities as well as in benefitting from RED results? • How can the programme limit the potential of contributing to conflicts and manage emerging conflicts among stakeholders? The study will be no longer than 15 pages plus Annexes. 5. METHODOLOGY

The study should include both a desk review of relevant documents and fieldwork including interviews with key informants and relevant stakeholders in Siem Reap, Banteay Meanchey (BM) and Oddar Meanchey (OM) (local authorities, NGOs and CBOs, communities). A detailed methodology will be developed and presented to SDC by the consultant team. 6. KEY QUALIFICATIONS AND REQUIREMENTS

This assignment is to be executed by a team of consultants with the following competences: in- depth knowledge of the Cambodian socio-economic and political context; extensive experience of the formulation, development and evaluation of programs. Thematically, the team members should

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Conflict Assessment in Oddor Meanchey and Banteay Meanchey have a strong knowledge of governance related topics, and on how to integrate conflict sensitivity in a programme.

7. REPORTING

The consultants will report to Myriam Gallio, SDC, Head of the Employment and Skills Domain. A written study report in English (no longer than 15 pages plus Annexes) will be submitted to SDC Office latest on the 05.09.2014. The draft written report shall be submitted for comments to SDC latest on the 29.08.2014.

8. SCHEDULE OF TASKS AND WORK TIMEFRAME

Table 1: Estimation of level of effort and timeline Days Tentative dates Desk study and preparation of fieldwork 3 30.07 – 01.08.14 Review RED in Siem Reap 4 4-8.08.14 Fieldwork in OM and BM 5 11-15.08.14 Analysis 5 18-22.08.14 Presentation of findings to GIZ and SDC 2 25-29.08.14 Report writing 3 25-29.08.14 Finalization of report after SDC comments 2 01-05.09.14 TOTAL 24

9. LIST OF DOCUMENTS TO BE REVIEWED

- Final GIZ PPR Report 2014 on the Regional Economic Development Programme - Brief Do-no-harm analysis, December 2013 - Relevant studies on gender-social discrimination issues in Cambodia and in particular in the provinces of Banteay Meanchey and Oddar Meanchey - Relevant studies on impact of specific issues like Economic Land Concessions (ELCs), in- country migration, etc. - Additional documents to be determined Annexes:

• Annex 1: Additional questions for the survey on economic land concessions in the new provinces, in view of potential cooperation with concession holders

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Annex 1 - Additional questions for the survey on economic land concessions in the new provinces, in view of potential cooperation with concession holders:

• Information about the ELC:

o status of registration (request, final approval, etc) o issuing ministry o contract duration o type of business activity (agricultural/mining concession, type of crops/plants; agriculture activity only or including storage, processing facilities, etc) o schedule and investment volume for implementing business activities o name, contact address, type of core business activities of the concession holder

• Current status of business activities implemented by the concession holder and/or sub-contracted businesses

• Existing or planned land use contracts between the license holder and other businesses and/or farmers

• Target markets for the main products produced/processed at the ELC (current and planned), as well as existing or planned processing facilities within or outside of the ELC

• Number and kind of workforce at present and in future

• Main agricultural activities in the neighboring areas

• Former land use of the ELC area

• Percentage of area of forest and wasteland within the ELC

• Number of HH living within the ELC

• Travel time by truck to the national road during the rainy and dry season

• Distance to the next existing power supply line

• Distance to year round water supply (water reservoirs, channels, etc)

Annex B - Cord Approach Paper included as part of the signed contract with SDC

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APPROACH PAPER FOR CONFLICT ASSESSMENT IN ODDAR MEANCHEY AND BANTEAY MEANCHEY Cord is excited to express its interest to undertake a conflict assessment in Oddar Meanchey (OM) and Banteay Meanchey (BM) to map out the conflict elements and generate recommendations which the extended RED programme will be able to draw upon to address the contextual factors in these provinces. Objectives of the Project 1. Provide an overview of the current conflict context in OM and BM (issues, cleavages, dividing forces, bridge builders), 2. Assess the potential impact of these context elements on the GIZ Regional Economic Development Programme 3. Assess the potential conflict-increasing and conflict-reducing impacts of the programme.

Cord will meet the objectives of the project by a combination of desk research and fieldwork, more thoroughly described in the methodology section below. The exercise will broadly take the form of a conflict analysis + a do no harm analysis, using the RED Programme as implemented in Siem Reap as the model for assessment and investigation. Deliverables a. Providing an overview of the current conflict context in OM and BM (issues and root causes of conflict, stakeholders and their interests, conflict lines among the various population groups, dividing forces, bridge building forces), and on the GIZ Regional Economic Development Programme. In particular, the following four key context components should be assessed:

• Land conflicts • Conflicts due to migration • Tensions among different groups, including discrimination challenges in accessing services and opportunities • Broader regional/international context issues arising from the proximity of the provinces to Thailand b. Assess the potential impact of the above four key context components identified on the RED programme c. Assess the potential conflict-increasing and conflict-reducing impacts of the programme and formulate options for the programme to deal with the four key context components in a conflict sensitive way to ensure that the programme will not worsen existing conflicts or create new ones, but contribute as far as possible to manage existing and emerging conflicts in a peaceful way. The following (non-exhaustive) list of questions will be considered:

a. If the RED programme in OM/BM supports economic development, how can it be sensitive to potential land conflicts that might be generated by the programme? b. Are there any opportunities to collaborate with holders of economic land concessions when considering economic development for the communities of OM/BM? c. How can the programme deliver its services in an inclusive and participatory manner, and to ensure maximum community involvement in RED project formulation and decision making? d. How can the program minimize contributions to existing conflicts and manage potential emerging conflicts?

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Conflict Assessment in Oddor Meanchey and Banteay Meanchey d. Formulate conclusions regarding RED’s potential conflict-increasing and conflict -reducing impact and formulate options for the programme to deal with the relevant context elements in a conflict sensitive way

Deliverable a) will be achieved by a basic conflict analysis at provincial level, looking in specific at: the conflict profile, the mapping of conflict actors involved for the various issues mentioned in a), and identification insofar as possible the causes of those conflicts. Deliverables b) and c) will be achieved by deepening the conflict analysis to analyse the trends and opportunities, using tools like the force field analysis, and then conducting a formal DNH assessment, again with the RED programme in Siem Reap as the baseline model for OM and BM. Deliverable d) will be delivered by synthesizing the analysis from the preceding 3 deliverables, and, these conclusions / recommendations will be presented to the GIZ RED team as well as the SDC stakeholders in Phnom Penh Methodology & Limitations In order to effectively meet the deliverables, a combination of activities will be required. In particular, a desk review will set the stage for the context / conflict analysis. An initial debriefing with GIZ staff in Siem Reap will help the consultant team to gather a better understanding of the key elements of the RED programme and lessons learned today. Iterative field work (first province, then reflection, then second province), will sharpen the tools for inquiry and analysis, and provide richer results within which to contextualize the final recommendations. There are a number of limitations to the research to be carried out, which should be named at the outset. They are as follows: 1) the limited time within which to carry out the assignment. Ideally, a participatory approach would be taken, and such an assessment would be fully integrated with and involve key local stakeholders as active agents. Given the short time frame, this will not be possible. the fact that there is not a fully developed log frame or project plan for OM/BM This will naturally impact the nature of the recommendations and conclusions that are drawn from the DNH – as it is difficult to accurately analyse the impacts of the project without knowing clearly what is being planned. These risks can be mitigated by a commitment on the part of SDC and GIZ to integrate the findings from the consultancy into program planning and implementation. Framework Cord will develop two sets of conflict sensitivity assessment frameworks for this assignment. • The first will be a framework to assess the conflict-increasing and conflict-reducing potential of the RED programme, based on experiences in the implementation of the RED programme in Siem Reap. This framework will be developed after an in-depth desk review of the RED programme related documents during the first phase of project implementation. This framework will address Deliverable c) of the assignment, i.e. “assess the potential conflict-increasing and conflict-reducing impacts of the programme.” In developing this framework, Cord will take into consideration the recommended questions in the ToR under Deliverable c). This framework will be used in conducting interviews and focus group discussions with RED stakeholders in Siem Reap during the Phase 2 of the proposed project implementation process (see more under Work Plan Overview).

• The second framework will be to assess the conflict context in OM and BM (issues, cleavages, dividing forces, bridge builders) in fulfilment of Deliverable a) of the assignment. In developing the assessment framework, Cord will first draw up a guide based on the CSPM framework of SDC as well as other prominent Do No Harm frameworks (e.g. by Mary Anderson). After conducting the conflict- oriented assessment of the RED programme in Siem Reap, Cord will refine the initial CSPM/DNH guide using the insights gained from the RED programme conflict oriented assessment to sharpen/focus the guide.

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Conflict Assessment in Oddor Meanchey and Banteay Meanchey

In particular, the project will be geared towards the understanding that DNH is the minimum approach required by future RED interventions, and will use this tool as a key component of the analysis. Moreover, the consultancy team believes that RED operates in conflict, rather than on conflict, and as such CSPM Basic is the appropriate methodological approach in this instance. Cord understand this as the intervention being prohibited from supporting dividers, but also to support existing connectors within the framework of its overall programmatic goals and objectives. As many of the conflicts mentioned in this TOR are latent, moreover, the analysis will pay attention to both structural and direct types of violence in both these provinces, and will also focus closely on the issues of gender, as Cord understands this as an important lens through which to view any conflict dynamics. Cord understands that the outputs from this consultancy will be used in the planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the RED intervention in OM, and BM, and will therefore attempt to structure its recommendations so that they respect the 4 SDC cornerstones: 1) minimum additional expenditure of time required to implement CSPM, 2) practice- oriented and able to be integrated into PCM, 3) recognizing that conflict dynamics vary from locale to locale, and 4) messages of conflict sensitivity are simple and easily communicated.

Work Plan Overview This project is an excellent match to the skills and capacities of Cord’s staff. In order to achieve the expectations spelled out in the Term of Reference, the entire process of the assessment will be conducted through a pre-work stage and 5 phases. Pre-work: Developing assessment framework Firstly, it is required to develop two assessment frameworks using CSPM lens, programme assessment framework for assessing the conflict-increasing and conflict-reducing potential of the RED programme, which will be based on the experience of the programme implementation in Siem Reap, and area assessment framework for assessing the conflict context in OM and BM. The consultant will utilize the practical experience and lessons learnt obtained from the conflict assessment of the RED programme in Siem Reap to modify the assessment frameworks to be used in OM and BM. Phase 1: Desk review Literature review will be happening at this stage. Some relevant documents were provided by SDC, but it is assumed that there is a need for seeking more documents such as research, evaluation, reports and so on, which will provide relevant information to better understand the conflict context in OM and BM. Upon completion of the literature review, the team will be in a better position to undertake the review of the RED programme in SR. At the same time, a desk research on Economic Land Concessions (ELCs in these two province will also be conducted in order to identify the current status of businesses with the inclusion of the concession holders, land use plan, products and markets and so on. This will be done in a view of defining potential cooperation with concession holders. In combination with the results of the RED programme review, the related ELCs information discovered will also be used to modify the areas assessment framework. Phase 2: Review RED programme in SR Given the fact that the formalized conflict assessment was not properly conducted prior to the implementation of activities in SR, it is fundamental to review and clearly understand the aims and objectives of overall RED programme. Furthermore, because the RED programme is being expanded

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Conflict Assessment in Oddor Meanchey and Banteay Meanchey to OM and BM (and in this sense, the programme is ongoing), it is important to deepen the DNH analysis done in December 2013 in order to identify conflict-related issues during the programme implementation process and, using this information, to help us focusing on the conflict assessment framework we will use in OM and BM, and more importantly, to generate lessons to make the expanded programme design more conflict sensitive. Therefore, this phase will require meeting with GiZ’s RED programme team and relevant stakeholders as needed, to deepen the understanding developed in the desk review. Phase 3: Field Work As mentioned under phase 2, the findings and lessons learnt from the RED programme review and research on ELCs will be utilized to contribute to the refinement of the areas assessment framework to be more focused on discovered conflict elements for assessment in OM and BM. The conflict assessment actions will be happening in this phase. The assessment will be concentrating on identifying and mapping out history, actors, dynamics and factors related to cause of conflicts and tensions in OM and BM. The actions to be carried out are included: • Individual interviews • Focus Group Discussions

There will be 40-50 informants to be interviewed in 2/3 districts in OM and 2/3 districts in BM. The methodologies, approached and questionnaires to be applied during the assessment will be reflected and tailored on a regular basis-at end of each day in order to ensure that they will not harm the process and informants. Phase 4: Analysis and Validation Following the insights gained from phases 1 to 3, the Cord field assessment team, with support from Cord’s regional peace building adviser, will analyse the potential conflict-increasing and conflict- reducing effects of the RED programme given the conflict context elements in OM and BM. Cord will assess both the impact of the context elements on the RED programme as well as the potential positive and/or negative effect of the programme on the environment/context. In light of that, this analysis will address Deliverable b), c) and d). In doing the analysis, Cord will re-visit the specific tasks and deliverables outlined in the ToR, to ensure that all the points/questions raised by SDC will be addressed. After the analysis, the Cord team will conduct two de-briefing/validation meetings on assessment findings and recommendations. The first one will be with senior officers of the RED programme team in Siem Reap. The second one will be with SDC officers in Phnom Penh. These meetings are expected to generate additional insights and recommendations for inclusion into the assessment report. The components to be included in the potential impacts analysis are: • Potential for increase in tensions and who are the key actors • Potential for reduction in tensions and who are the key actors • Gaps in capacity, knowledge and information

In fact, it is important to keep SDC and GTZ involved in process in particular at this stage as to get their inputs and feedbacks before drafting a report. In this regard, a presentation of a summary of the conflict assessment results will be developed and will be initially presented to SDC and GiZ for consultation. If possible, these results will also be validated with key stakeholders in the

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Conflict Assessment in Oddor Meanchey and Banteay Meanchey communities targeted for intervention. Additional actions in the fields or desk review may be required depending on the comments and inputs given during the presentation.

Phase 5 Report Writing

The final phase is to writing up a report, with the focus on how to make RED conflict sensitive, outlining key recommendations and options for the new RED programme to address the contextual conflict factors researched in OM and BM, which will address Deliverable d).

The draft report will be submitted to SDC (and GIZ, if necessary), for comments and feedbacks prior to finalization. The comments and feedbacks will be incorporated and finalized. Finally, the final report will be submitted to SDC.

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Conflict Assessment in Oddor Meanchey and Banteay Meanchey

Annex C – Interview and Focus Group Discussion Questions The key questions for Semi-Interview and Focus Group Discussion are included:

1) Self-introduction 2) Give an introduction and purpose of meeting/interview 3) Provide a brief ooverview of REDII and III including the purpose of the programme with the emphasis on: • Strengthening cooperation among public, private sectors and CSOS • Sustainable business development and services • Local governance support in local economic development 4) What are the main challenges in your (commune / district, province) in particular in terms of economics? What could be done to help these, in particular to improve economic opportunities? 5) What are some of the things which negatively affect relationship and cooperation among people (dividers) in your (commune / district / province)? • KR v. non-KR • Women v. men • Poor v. rich? • Youth v. Adult • Political Group A v. Political Group B • Ethnic minority groups 6) What are some of the things which bring people together (connectors)? • Religion, common language • Common hope for future … are some examples 7) Can you think of a development programme which has made these connectors stronger, or made the dividers weaker? How was this done? How do you think this could be done in the future? 8) What is the role of the business? Of NGOs? Of the government? How do they work together? What challenges have you observed? What do you think could be done to overcome the challenges? 9) In what area of development does your community needs the greatest support and why? 10) Can you give an example of a successful LED recently ? Of a failure? Why were they each way? 11) Can you talk about issues of land in your area? Please give an example – of a conflict and how it was managed – if you can. • Lead into ELCs, SLCs, small scale land conflict 12) Is migration (out or in) a problem? Why? Why not? What can be done to address this problem? 13) Who are the groups who are often left out – excluded – from development ? Is it women? Disabled? Youth and how does this happen? Why do you think it happens? To what extent we can better reach out to them in development projects? 14) How does being close to Thailand affect your community / area? Positively or negatively/ Why? • Across border trades

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Conflict Assessment in Oddor Meanchey and Banteay Meanchey

• Lead into questions about SEZ • Militarization, cross-border trafficking, etc./

15) Finally, a summary of what the informant provided by the informant was given to them for correction or adding more information. 16) Closing the discussion with thanks.

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Conflict Assessment in Oddor Meanchey and Banteay Meanchey

Annex D - List of Informants interviewed

Oddar Meanchey • Sub-national authorities: – 6 Provincial Departments: environment, agriculture, forestry, rural development, commerce and women’s affairs – NCDD – 2 District Councils: Samraong city and Anlong Veng district – 4 Commune councils: Samraong and Koun Kriel sections; Anlong Veng and Tlat communes) • 9 NGOs: FLD, CDA, CIDO, CHHRA/DANGO, BFD, ICS, ADHOC, KBA, FHI • Committee members of community forestry in Koun Kriel commune

Banteay Meanchey

• Sub-national authorities: – 5 Provincial Departments (rural development, environment, agriculture, commerce, women’s affairs) – Local authorities: Deputy Provincial Governor, District Governor of Preah Netr Preah, Deputy District Governor of Mongkol Borei, Commune Councils of Chhub Vary, Rohat Teuk, Poipet Governor and 2 section leaders of Poipet and Nimit

• 11 NGOs: – ADHOC, Licadho, Ockenden, VSG, KFD, JPDO, KNTO, CFEDA, CHRD, CWCC, CCSP

• Community representatives: – 2 committees of community forestry in Thmor puok district – Community fishery group in Mongkol borei

• Private sector: President and vice-president of Rice mill association • Taxi driver (former victim of land dispute in Poipet section)

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Conflict Assessment in Oddor Meanchey and Banteay Meanchey

Annex E – Tentative Activity Plan Person Key Activities No of Staff Tentative dates Place Days Alex (Senior Sambath BunChhoeuth Capacity (Capacity Tucker (Senior (Asia Regional Development Development Regional Advisor) Advisor) Advisor) Advisor) Literature review to refine 3 3 days 3 days - 1 day 30 July -1 August PP RED programme assessment framework

Coordinating and arranging 1 1 day in meeting with informants in OM and BM Departure from PP to SR 1 1 day 1 day 1 day 5 August Review RED programme in 4 4 days 4 days 4 days - 5-8 August Siem Reap SR -accomondations-3 rooms -perdiems -transportation (from PP to SR and in SR Departure from SR to OM 1 1 day 1 day 1 day 9 August and BM Conduct conflict assessment 5 5 days 5 days 5 days - 11 -15 August OM and BM in OM and BM -accomondations-3 rooms -perdiems -transportation (from SR to and in OM and BM) Travel back from OM and 1 1 day 1 day 1 day 16 August MB to SR 5 5 days 5 days 5 days 18 -22 August SR -Analyse information -accomondations-3 rooms generated from literature

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Conflict Assessment in Oddor Meanchey and Banteay Meanchey review, review of RED -perdiems programme with GIZ team, -transportation (from OM and and conflict assessment in BM to in SR, from SR to PP). BM and OM; -prepare draft presentation on findings, and -debriefing meeting with GIZ team

1 1 day 1 day 1 day 23 August Travel back from SR to PP Revise presentation based 2 2 days 2 days - 1 day 25 -29 August PP on debriefing with GIZ team and present adjusted findings and recommendations during debriefing meeting with SDC Draft report for SDC’s 3 - 3 days - 1 days 25 -29 August PP comments and feedbacks Revised and finalize report 2 - 2 days - 1 days 1-5 September PP Total 24 19 days 24 days 15 days 4 days

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Conflict Assessment in Oddor Meanchey and Banteay Meanchey

Annex F – List of Works Consulted # Document Title 1 Brief Do No Harm Analysis, GIZ Internal Paper #97, December 2013, Sonya Meyer Human rights relevance of the GIZ supported RED Program – Green Belt Siem Reap, GIZ Internal Paper 2 #98, December 2013 RED Annual Progress Report: Period 01/2013 to 12/2013, Submitted to the RED – Steering 3 Committee, First Steering Committee Meeting 2014 4 RED PPR Report 2014, 25 th March 2014 RED 2014 Plan of Operation 5 Plan of Operation 2014, Draft Short version for Steering Committee, January 2014, GIZ REDD+ Demonstration Activities in Cambodia: The Case of the Oddor Meanchey Com munity Forestry 6 Project, Donal Yeang and Julien Brewster, October 2012, PACT 7 The Report of land and Housing Rights, ADHOC, March 2012 Bittersweet, a Briefing Paper on industrial sugar production, trade and human rights (2010), 8 Cambodia, Bridges Across Borders Cambodia CDA Collaborative Learning Projects, Do No Harm Project, “The ‘Do No Harm’ Framework for 9 Analyzing the Impact of Assistance on Conflict: A Handbook”, 2004 10 Economic land concessions in Cambodia: a human rights perspective, Jun e 2007, OHCHR Joint Report on the Conduct of the 2013 Cambodian Elections, The Electoral Reform Alliance (ERA), 10 November 2013

Equitable Cambodia, A Year in Review, 2013 10 Report on Study of emerging gender issues among women, girls, and youth i n Cambodia, Plan, 11 October 2011 Human Development Report 2014, “Sustaining Human Progress: Reducing Vulnerabilities and Building 12 Resilience”, UNDP 13 Peacebuilding, SDC Guidelines Conflict Sensitive Programme Management, CSPM, Integrating conflict sensitivity and violence 14 prevention into SDC programmes, January 2006 15 Conflict Analysis Tools, Tip Sheet, SDC, DEZA, COPRET, 2005 16 Introduction to CSPM, SDC, COPRET, February 2006 17 Do No Harm, Tip Sheet, SDC, COPRET, June 2006 SDC brief summary of CSOM, November 2006 SDC Conflict Analysis Tools, December 2005 Migration in Cambodia: Report of the Cambodian Rural Urban Migration Project (CRUMP), August 18 2012, RGOC, Ministry of Planning OECD, Development Assistance Committee (DAC), Mainstreaming Conflict Prevention, “Water and 19 violent conflict,” Issues Brief, 2005

OECD, Development Assistance Committee (DAC), Mainstreaming Conflict Prevention, “Land and 20 violent conflict,” Issues Brief, 2005 21 LICADHO, “Land grabbing and pove rty in Cambodia, the myth of development”, May 2009 “Bittersweet Harvest, A Human Rights Assessment of the European Union’s Everything But Arms 22 Initiative in Cambodia”, Equitable Cambodia & Inclusive Development International, 2013 Food Security Atlas of Cambodia, M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation, India, and World Food 23 Programme, Cambodia; Chapter 3 Gender concerns of Cambodia Dec. 2005 24 NGO Joint Statistics, Database Report on Trafficking and Rape in Cambodia, 2009, ECPAT Cambodia NCDD Commune Online Database, http://db.ncdd.gov.kh/cdbonline/home/index.castle , Accessed 25 September 8, 2014

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