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The Cults of Ancient Trastevere Author(s): S. M. Savage Source: Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome, Vol. 17 (1940), pp. 26-56 Published by: University of Michigan Press for the American Academy in Rome Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/4238609 Accessed: 01-02-2020 16:27 UTC JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at https://about.jstor.org/terms American Academy in Rome, University of Michigan Press are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome This content downloaded from 132.66.7.134 on Sat, 01 Feb 2020 16:27:47 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms THE CULTS OF ANCIENT TRASTEVERE S. M. SAVAGE (PLATES 1-4) Page Page Introduction ....... ....... 26 Portuensis, 52; Single Dedications to Oriental Part I, The Greek and Roman Gods of Trastevere . 29 Gods, 54. Public Cults, 29; Fons, 30; Fors Fortuna, 31; Conclusion ..... .*. 55 Furrina, 355 Ludi Piscatorii, 39; Divae Cornis- List of Abbreviations used ............ 56 cae, 40; Lares, 40; Private Cults and Cults of Plate 1, Map of the Janiculum and Trastevere. Collegia, 42. Plate 2, Plan of the Syrian Temples. Part II, The Oriental Gods of Trastevere ..... 43 Plate 3, Fig. 1, Inscription of M. Antonius Gaionas. Dea Syria, 435 The Syrian Sanctuary of the Plate 3, Fig. 2, Gilded Bronze Image from the Syrian Sanctuary. Janiculum, 44; The Sanctuary of Sol on the Via Plate 4, Altar to Sol Sanctissimus. THE CULTS OF ANCIENT TRASTEVERE' INTRODUCTION In ancient as in modern Rome, the quarter With of three the public temples, the Aventine could not city on the right bank of the Tiber maintained a long remain apart from the religious life of Rome.3 character of its own. It was sufficiently remote to In Rome the district on the right bank of the possess some individuality and at the same time Tiber was always called Trans Tiberim, Trastevere in close enough to be affected by influences from Italian. The term was and is used carelessly, but in other quarters of the city+ In the religious life of general it designates the long Janiculum ridge and the city, it was always a section of few public the low land between it and the Tiber. It extends cults or public gatherings, undoubtedly because it from the steep northern end of the Janiculum at was not incorporated within the limits of Rome S. Onofrio as far as the more gradual southern slopes until the time of Augustus. Since the pomoerium of Monteverde. In ancient times, the section north seems never to have been extended to include the of the Janiculum was properly the Vaticanum or ager quarter, its numerous foreign residents were free to Vaticanus, the Prati or Prati di Castello of to-day.4 build sanctuaries to the gods of their choice.2 Of the This study concerns only the Janiculum and the short other parts of Rome, the Aventine alone had a similar strip of land below it along the river bank. Together development. It also was extra pomoerium for a long they may properly be called Trans Tiberim or Tras- period and, geographically, was relatively isolated tevere; and the location would be evident at once to from the rest of the city. However, two of its three an ancient or modern Roman. temples of Roman gods were said to have been In the history of Trastevere, the effect of its foundations of Servius Tullius, and the temple of locationi upon its fortunes is constantly apparent. Minerva was known as early as the second Punic war. The geological formation of the Janiculum ridge extended originally almost due north and south for ' This study was written while I was a Fellow at the 5 km. from Monte Mario at the north to a southern American Academy in Rome during 1936-1938. I am grateful point in Monteverde opposite the Aventine. At the to Professor A. W. Van Buren of the American Academy in Vatican there was an artificial valley, formed by Rome for arousing my interest in the history of Trastevere, and to him and Professor Mason Hammond of the Academy ancient clay pits. The Janiculum itself from S. Onofrio and also to Professor Lily Ross Taylor and Professor Agnes to its southern extremity is a ridge about 2 km. in Kirsopp Lake of Bryn Mawr College for valuable criticism. I am indebted to my brother, Robert Savage, for making the 3 On the Aventine temples, see JORDAN-HOLSEN, i, 3, drawings, and to Commendatori Settimo Bocconi and 157-161. Giuseppe Morettil Cavaliere Riccardo Davico, and the Firm 4 Two examples from Latin literature will suffice to of Fratelli Alinari, for courtesies regarding the photographs. show how loosely the geographical terms were used. HO- 2 A boundary cippus (CIL vi 31538c) of the pomoerium RACE'S lines (Od., i, 20, 7 f.), redderet laudes tibi Vaticani I was found in Trastevere, built into a wall under the church montis imago, must refer to the greater heights of the Janiculum. of Sta. Cecilia. It had been almost certainly moved there Similarly MARTIAL, iv, 64, describes as viewed from the from its original position somewhere across the Tiber; see Janiculum places in Rome which are only visible from Monte PLATNER-ASHBY, s. v. Pomerium, p. 395 f. Mario, about 3 km. further north. This content downloaded from 132.66.7.134 on Sat, 01 Feb 2020 16:27:47 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms THE CULTS OF ANCIENT TRASTEVERE 27 length. At the Porta S. Pancrazio habitation of the it right attains bank was practicable. its greatest This height of 83 m. above the Tiber, while its average review of the physical disadvantages of Trastevere height is between 60 and 70 m. above the Campus makes obvious the chief reason for its late settlement. Martius.5 The soil is a marine formation of the older According to ancient etymologists, the name of the Pliocene period, consisting of an upper layer of coarse Janiculum was derived from Janus, its mythical yellow sand and a lower layer of grayish-blue clay. founder.12 There was one dissenter, Festus (Paulus): As it happened, both clay and sand became famous. Ianiculum dictum quod per eum populus Romanus From the golden color of the sand, the hill was called primitivus transierit in agrum Etruscum.13 The name, Mons Aureus in the sixth century after Christ.6 then, would be derived from ianua, "door." From The clay was used, under the Empire at least, for the the strategic position of the hill in all its relations manufacture of a cheap, fragile pottery.7 Finally, with Etruria, both military and peaceful, the force large tufa quarries at Monteverde were an important of this etymology is clear. The Via Aurelia, which source of building material in Republican times.8 runs across the Janiculum, appears to represent an The presence of such a high, long ridge naturally ancient line of communication with Etruria.14 created drainage problems which were grave enough From traditional accounts, it was Ancus Martius to tax the ingenuity of Roman engineers. As a who first joined Trastevere by a bridge to the city on hydrographic map of Rome shows, several small the left bank, and at the same time set a fortified post streams flowed down from the slopes of the Janiculum with garrison upon the hill.'5 Possibly the union of and collected into stagnant pools in lower Trastevere.9 Trastevere with Rome was motivated by commercial Remains of a Republican viaduct which followed the interests as much as by a desire to defend the city. line of the Via Lungaretta bore witness to the condi- The Sabine king Ancus was the legendary founder tion of the swampy lowlands at an early period when it of Ostia at the Tiber mouth, where lay the salt-beds was necessary to raise the level of a road on arches.10 which formed the basis of a prosperous trade in which At the same time, there was an accompanying lack of the Sabines - served by the Via Salaria - were drinking water, a shortage which was always to vex the entrepreneurs for central Italy.16 Control of the roads quarter. Of the two aqueducts in Trastevere, the to Ostia on both sides of the Tiber was therefore Aqua Alsietina of Augustus was intended to supply essential. water for his naumachia in the region, while the In addition to its commercial value, Trastevere was Aqua Traiana was mainly used for the Janiculum indispensable to Rome as a military outpost. In mills.1' Neither provided drinking water. The histories of the Etruscan wars the Janiculum seems difficulties of communication were another of the to have been the object of frequent Etruscan attacks, undesirable features of Trastevere, and it was not and every account of Lars Porsenna's siege of the until several bridges spanned the Tiber that intensive city emphasizes his vantage point on the Janiculum.17 " This account of the geological formation is based on According to Dio, it was to prevent a recurrence of NISSEN, Italische Landeskunde ii (Berlin, 1902), 489. See P1. 1. 12 DION. HAL., i, 73, 3 relates that Remus was the " Cf.
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