Winter 2020 Urban Design Group Journal 153Urban Issn 1750 712x Design southeast asia

URBAN DESIGN GROUP URBAN DESIGN GROUP NewsUDG NEWS

In October, we held a joint event with Perkins + Will on City Resilience, where we heard about the new British Standard BS 67000:2019. We learnt about how urban design and engineering are evolving to meet new challenges, and how it is critical for both to weave considerations of climate, social and economic resilience into built environment projects. In November the Annual UDG Kevin Lynch Lecture by Professor Kate Jeffery was hosted by University College London. Professor Jeffery explained how mammals make their own mental maps and showed how our human brains enable our sense of direction, and the sorts of environments that get us confused or lost. This welcome and very relevant lecture linked back to 1 Kevin Lynch’s principles, which have stood infrastructure is immensely important, but the test of time over the last 60 years. NEWS FROM THE so too is local infrastructure. UDG CHAIR 2019 has been the year when public The UDG in 2020 concern over climate change widened Over the coming year, we will be focusing and intensified, along with the will to do on a number of topics which will include: something about it. But it is not just what climate change, zero-carbon and urban de- Welcome to the Winter issue of the UDG we think or say that matters, it is what sign, strategic urban design, urban design Journal. The topic of this edition is South- we do. Many new developments remain in skills, and towns and cities fit for children. east Asia, making for a warm winter break locations dependent on private car use. We We are currently reviewing the projects for for readers in the northern hemisphere. need to think long and hard about this and our special one-off format of the National At the time of writing the UK general elec- our own responsibilities as urban designers. Urban Design Awards event in the spring, tion is looming and the political agenda On the upside, in Manchester, one of the where we will investigate lessons learned has moved on to much-needed debate cities which led the Industrial Revolution, from the 80 winners and finalists of the pre- about housebuilding, affordable housing there is talk of the city leading a new revolu- vious ten years. We plan to mine the wealth and climate change. Any election campaign tion, giving clean air back to its people. of experience of our past shortlists and find leads to promises of multi-billion pound Similar debates on air quality, carbon-free out what these projects can teach us about investment programmes. It is the grand developments and climate change are how to deliver best practice urban design. projets that tend to get the headlines. What happening across the globe and the UDG Further UDG events for 2020 already gets lost are the little projects: the local will be running a campaign on sustainable confirmed include our annual January Film park or playground, the street outside one’s urban design during 2020. Night, a half-day conference on Urban front door; in short, urban design. And yet Climates and a half-day conference on it is these local measures that could trans- A UDG snapshot of the last Children and Urban Design. form people’s lives. three months We reckon that the cost of creating Throughout 2019 our underpinning theme Get involved low traffic pedestrian-friendly neighbour- has been Making People-Friendly Places, I would like to remind members of our three hoods across Great Britain, along the lines to celebrate Francis Tibbalds’ book Making objectives: to be relevant, to be cutting of those pioneered in the London Borough People-Friendly Towns, whose ideas are as edge and to be fun. As ever, if you have an of Walthamstow, would be around £4 billion relevant today as they were when the book idea for an urban design event, or would like for a basic specification, and around £18 was first published in 1992: putting people to get more involved, please do get in con- billion for a specification that would include back into the heart of planning, design and tact with us at [email protected] planting and quality materials. This is the engineering. • sort of urban design that would transform In September, we had our annual con- Leo Hammond, Chair of the Urban Design neighbourhoods and the health, well-being ference, which was our biggest yet with over Group and Associate Director at Lambert and quality of life of tens of millions of 200 people. I won’t steal the thunder of the Smith Hampton people. It compares with around £30 billion report later in the journal, only to say we for the national roads programme, £20 bil- had a wonderful time in Birmingham, tak- 1 The newly pedestrianised lion for Crossrail 1, £40 billion for Crossrail ing in High Speed 2, the canal network and Francis Road, London Borough 2 and £57-100 billion for HS2. Strategic Peaky Blinders. of Waltham Forest

Thursday 9 January 2020 Thursday 9 January 2020 Diary of events Urban Climates UDG Annual Film Night proudly The Gallery, 70 Cowcross Street, London presents... ‘City Dreamers’ EC1M 6EJ 1:00pm - 5:00pm The Gallery, 70 Cowcross Street, London EC1M 6EJ 6:15pm - 8:15pm

Please check the UDG website www.udg.org.uk for the latest events and details of venues.

Urban Design ― winter 2020 ― Issue 153 1

Winter 2020 Urban Design Group Journal SAVILLS URBAN DESIGN STUDIO 153URbAN ISSn 1750 712x

Savills Urban Design Studio specialise in the design of complex masterplans, urban design and architectural studies at a range of scales DESIGN SOUTHEAST ASIA and planning stages. Our place-led approach combines exemplar urban design with commercially informed and market driven expertise. Contents

This issue has been kindly sponsored 21 — Conserving Yangon’s Colonial by Savills Heritage, David Wallace Mathewson 24 — Jakarta: A Case Study for Flood COVER Challenges, David Wallace Mathewson Nan Lian Garden, Kowloon, Hong Kong. 26 — Recent Urban Development in Jakarta Photograph by David Wallace Mathewson and Palembang, Priscilla Epifania

Contact Urban 33 Margaret Street Ariaji Offices London W1 0JD URBAN Design Birmingham . Cambridge . London . Oxford . Southampton +44 (0) 20 3320 8255 DESIGN Studio [email protected] GROUP 29 — urban Conservation in Hong Kong, URBAN DESIGN UPDATE Dawn Hayunga Shapiro GROUP 3 — Parking in Towns and Cities 31 — The Next Big Metropolis in the Urban Design Group 3 — City Resilience Philippines, Jennifer Chua 70 Cowcross Street 4 — Global Climate Change Digest 34 — Putrajaya: A New Green Intelligent London EC1M 6EJ 5 — Olympic Park: Workable Exemplars In City, Fanan Ujoh Tel 020 7250 0892 East London 37 — Bangkok: The Cost of Resilience, Patri Email [email protected] 6 — National Urban Design Conference Vienravi and Gregory Galligan Website www.udg.org.uk 2019: Making People-Friendly Places 8 — Urban Design Group’s Annual General BOOK REVIEWS Office Meeting 40 — No Little Plans, How Government Robert Huxford, Director 9 — Urban Design Group Kevin Lynch built America’s Wealth and Jacqueline Swanson, Manager Lecture: Neuroscience and Urban Infrastructure, Ian Wray Esther Southey, Events & Membership Design 40 — Inside Smart Cities, Place, Politics Coordinator 10 — My Favourite Plan: Ben Flippance and Urban Innovation, Andrew 11 — Urban Design Library #32, The Essex Karvonen, Federico Cugurullo & Chair Leo Hammond Design Guide Federico Caprotti (ed.) Treasurer Katja Stille 12 — Behind the Image, Exhibition Road, 41 — Municipal Dreams, The Rise and Fall Secretary Paul Reynolds London of Council Housing, John Boughton Patrons Irena Bauman, Alan Baxter, 41 — Why Cities Look the Way they do, Dickon Robinson, Lindsey Whitelaw VIEWPOINT Richard J Williams and John Worthington 14 — Seven Points for Delivering Successful Trustees Arnold Linden, Marcus Community Retail, Sebastien Miller 42 — PRACTICE INDEX Wilshire, Janet Tibbalds, Marion Roberts 47 — EDUCATION INDEX TOPIC: Southeast Asia Editorial Board 16 — Introduction, David Wallace ENDPIECE Matthew Carmona, Richard Cole, Mathewson, guest topic editor 49 — Le tour s’approche de la tour, Richard Crappsley, Amanda Gregor, 18 — Riding the Sands of Time: Urban Joe Holyoak Tim Hagyard, Joe Holyoak, Malleability and the Legacy of Sebastian Loew, Daniela Lucchese, Marina Bay, Daniel Ong Jane Manning, Chris Martin, Malcolm Moor, Geoff Noble, Judith Ryser, Louise Thomas

Editors Sebastian Loew (this issue) [email protected] Louise Thomas [email protected] FUTURE ISSUES Book Review Editor Richard Cole UD154 Future High Design UD155 Streets Design Quality Claudia Schenk, trockenbrot www.trockenbrot.com

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Urban Design ― winter 2020 ― Issue 153 2 leader Vote for Urban Design

In a timely fashion, two issues ago we dedicated but as the articles gathered by David Wallace our topic to politicians and urban design, and Mathewson show, those countries are facing them observed that the former did not put the latter head on, accepting that they have no choice. It is high on their agendas. To confirm our doubts, as often thought that far away countries are learning I write we are in the middle of a general election from us. Yet some of the problems that they are campaign and politicians of all hues are promising facing result from having adopted Western models to spend money on all sorts of priorities in order of urbanisation, poorly adapted to their climate, to make us healthier, happier, richer, better culture and environment. They are now correcting housed, more equal, more connected, etc. But has past mistakes and small countries like the UK can anyone heard a reference to urban design? learn from them.

Of course climate change is mentioned by As announced in UD152, we are starting our new every candidate, there are many references to regular section in this issue dedicated to climate a greener environment, trees will be planted change (see p4). Jane Manning and her expert by all parties, and the intentions to build more colleagues summarise current research and housing are welcome. But once again no-one reports dealing with climate change and how they seems to be making the connections between impact on urban design. We hope that you find properly-designed towns, attractive pedestrian this relevant as well as challenging. Please give us areas, available public transport, sound mixed your feedback and feel free as usual to contribute neighbourhoods in the right locations, and to this or other features in the journal. these general campaign promises. The impact of good planning and urban design on health, We wish you all a very happy New Year!• well-being and economic prosperity is now well Sebastian Loew, architect and planner, writer, consultant and joint editor proven, but it doesn’t seem to reach the brains of manifesto writers. As large parts of England are being flooded (again), some commentators have mentioned the need to build in the right places and to reduce the concreting over of land, but their warnings will likely be forgotten as the waters recede and the election is over. Brexit will How to join probably dominate all other matters. To join the Urban Design Group, visit www.udg.org.uk and see the benefits of Meanwhile on the other side of the world, in taking out an annual membership. Southeast Asia, some of the same problems Individual (UK and international) £55 are being faced but at a much larger scale. The UK student / concession £35 Recognised Practitioner in Urban Design £85 challenges caused by fast population growth Small practice (<5 professional staff) £275 and climate change are of a different magnitude, Large practice (>5 professional staff) £495 Education £275 Local Authority £100 UK Library £90 International Library £120

Urban Design ― winter 2020 ― Issue 153 update 3

the way that the planning system resulted in Parking in Towns housing being located in places where cars and Cities were essential, cyclists had to cope with unlit lanes, and buses failed to negotiate 17 September 2019, The Gallery, parked cars. The first half ended with Aman- Cowcross Street, London da Reynolds (AR Urbanism, shown here) describing how opportunities for rationalis- ing parking provision in small market towns were thwarted by a lack of cash and politi- Esther Kurland of Urban Design London cal will, and lamenting the predominance of (UDL) opened this parking extravaganza male, pale and grey councillors. or half-day seminar jointly hosted by UDL The discussion raised questions on the and the UDG. Jane Roberts of Living Streets need to change public attitudes, the problem introduced the eleven speakers participat- of two-worker households, and the need for ing in the event to a capacity audience at the car owners to bear the full costs of parking Gallery. provision. In the first half David Harrison (Lon- In the second half, Adam Harrison (Cam- where in spite of direct train and tram con- don Living Streets) told the history of the den Council Cabinet member) presented the nections, 30 per cent of householders still highway, from medieval footpaths to the Council’s evolving workplace levy scheme. owned cars. Locomotive Acts and the growth of the car- Julian O’Kelly (British Parking Association) The key points drawn from this part of based lobby. Martin Wedderburn (Transport offered a vision of a digitally-informed park- the seminar were that a workspace levy Planning Society) and Silviya Barrett (Centre ing system with information as key, and could result in lower car usage, parklets for London) debated the economics of pric- parking wardens as a community service could be introduced by a range of means ing parking, including an exploration of the provision. Jeremy Leach revealed the emerg- including direct action, and that there was a myth of free parking, and the opportunity for ing kerbside strategy for Southwark and clear inequity between car users and others. technology to redirect drivers and set prices. Brenda Puech (Streets for People) demon- It was clear however that in the hierarchy of David Birkbeck followed with an exploration strated how the removal of parked cars can home owners’ concerns, a new car close to of a buried Kent County Council survey on provide space for ‘parklets’, giving room home was a high priority. Until that changed, housing, which exposed serious dissatisfac- for cycles, sustainable drainage and wider parking problems would remain. tion with current residential layouts. Jenny footpaths. Finally Emma Griffin presented a • Raggett (Transport for New Homes) deplored vision of car-free living in Vauban, Freiburg, Richard Cole, architect and planner

the overall long-term interest of the scheme City Resilience or of society. Delegates at this event received a set of 16 October 2019, Perkins + Will presentations from Robert Hall (Resilience offices, London First), Richard Look (Thornton Tomaset- ti) and Peter Baird and Asif Din (Perkins + Will). We were given the ISO definition of The time to declare an emergency is before Resilience: ‘the ability to absorb and adapt a disaster happens, not afterwards when in a changing environment’, and shown ex- the damage has been done. Yet this is not amples of the lack of it, such as the 2004 the way we do things. Humans have a track Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami which record of solving problems, rather than an- claimed the lives of over 200,000 people; ticipating and avoiding them. In many ways, lives that could have been saved had a tsu- this is what resilience is all about: being nami warning system been in place, but at aware, far-sighted, creative, intelligent, and the time it had been deemed too expensive. considering potential environmental, tech- thinking on a systems basis. And this is the We were introduced to the Five Funda- nological or economic shocks, and how these essence of BS 67000 City Resilience to help mentals for Resilience: might affect its fortune. towns and cities anticipate and respond to Inclusive: community cohesion and qual- Few people can have failed to see the change and disruption, with the objective of •ity of life for all news about coastal erosion and flooding, ensuring our quality of life, community well- Durable: prepared and robust against flooding from main rivers, devastating fires being, sustainability, financial stability and •identified shocks and stresses in California and Australia, and increasing- future proofing. Reflective: learning, getting evidence and ly frequent heat waves exacerbated by the While resilience may seem like a man- •continuous improvement urban heat island climate effect. BS 67000 agement jargon term, urban designers will Adaptive: agile and flexible to change in- City Resilience offers a tool to mitigate these recognise the problems that have developed •tegrated: working together, solving multiple impacts; but the worry is that politicians, over the years in the way that we design problems planning authorities and clients will continue and manage the built environment. Silos Integrated: working together, solving to be focused on the short term, and bring exist so professionals are prepared to offer •multiple problems. upon society the consequences of problems opinions but not take responsibility. There that could have been avoided, had there is a disjointed approach to project manage- The importance of measuring resilience was been the wit and wisdom to see what lies ment often with little continuity as a scheme highlighted, both as a scheme develops to ahead and act in advance. moves from vision into planning, design, check that its objectives are being achieved, The UDG is grateful to Perkins + Will for construction and maintenance, with different and at different scales, from local through to organising and hosting this event. consultants and contractors being involved national. A city can create nested resilience • at each stage, and no one available to act in strategies taking an overall vision, and then Robert Huxford, UDG Director

Urban Design ― winter 2020 ― Issue 153 4 update

simultaneously putting the environment at Photo source: Knepp Castle Estate Global Climate the heart of any definition of growth. Change Digest Preparing a spatial strategy for the •plan: the decisions on where growth is Our panel of climate experts share steered towards and how it is supported will the latest key reports and research, probably necessitate a new level of scrutiny and a sustainability assessment at a stra- highlighting what they mean for urban tegic level. The approach to infrastructure, designers. in particular transport infrastructure, will be key. A significant shift in emphasis away from car travel to walking, cycling and public Planning in a climate transport will be needed. In many cases it emergency will be difficult for local planning authorities For information on the councils that have The commitments that local authorities have to go far enough without county, regional or declared an emergency and the commit- signed up to in declaring climate emergen- national support to underpin this shift. ments and targets signed up to, please visit: cies are about to be tested. Client Earth Identifying sites: the site allocation pro- https://www.climateemergency.uk/blog/ has written to 100 planning authorities that •cess will need to be underpinned by a spatial list-of-councils/ are about to start a full local plan review. strategy which finds the best use for sites Planners will now be under considerable informed by a carbon assessment. Allocating Natural Climate Solutions and pressure to demonstrate action whilst also more space for nature conservation, flood Rewilding Britain hitting housing and development targets. management and biodiversity projects will Over the last two years, the role of natural https://www.clientearth.org/press/lawyers- no doubt compete with the need for the plan habitats in mitigating climate change has put-local-authorities-on-notice-over-cli- to show a deliverable stream of sites to meet been increasingly acknowledged and is gain- mate-inaction/. This will be a challenging housing targets. ing real traction in the mainstream media. test for authorities and will be a difficult Undertaking capacity studies: the as- A few key reports have been instrumental tight-rope to walk. •sumptions which have traditionally been in this. Staying true to the declaration made used for capacity assessments will probably In 2017 a group of international climate by councils will bite at many levels in the need to change. Density assumptions will experts and conservationists published an plan-making process. For urban designers need to balance a wide set of potentially article on Natural Climate Solutions: https:// interacting with the production of new local conflicting factors, with high densities sup- www.pnas.org/content/114/44/11645 plans, the following are some examples of porting an efficient use of land, but lower Their comprehensive analysis of natu- the challenges that will be faced: overall site densities being required to ral climate solutions shows that they can properly accommodate nature and the green ‘provide over one-third of the cost-effective Establishing the headline objectives infrastructure to underpin a new level of climate mitigation needed between now •and vision for the plan: balancing economic sustainable masterplanning. and 2030 to stabilize warming to below growth, housing provision and ecological Setting design standards: establishing a 2°C’. They propose a set of 20 actions that objectives in the overarching strategy will be •new quality threshold for design will be es- would ‘increase carbon storage and/or avoid tricky. As an emergency has been declared, sential for the local planning systems to de- greenhouse gas emissions across global for- there will be increased weight given to liver on declaration commitments. This will ests, wetlands, grasslands, and agricultural carbon reduction in the planning balance. be particularly challenging for the first 100 lands’. By far the most beneficial actions Local plans will have to set out a convincing councils given the need to be in conformity concern forests, and the reforestation of new style of vision that will allow them to with national planning policy and the recent land in particular. keep to the housing and job targets attrib- government consultation on Part L Building Related to this conclusion, several or- uted to them by national government, whilst Regulations, which could set the bar too low. ganisations across the world have been

Client Earth letters Climate Emergency declaration Knepp Estate case study Natural Capital

We are providing Quick Response (QR) codes which give instant access to key sources of information and further reading. Simply hold your smartphone over the QR code whilst in camera mode and you will be taken to the relevant web page.

Natural Climate Solutions paper Rewilding Britain report Rewilding projects

Urban Design ― winter 2020 ― Issue 153 update 5 focusing on the role of forests and trees in is an increasingly well-known example of natural management in coastal and flood- climate mitigation with a view to persuad- rewilding in the UK: https://www.rewilding- plain environments. ing governments to radically change their britain.org.uk/rewilding/rewilding-projects/ approaches to natural asset management. In knepp-estate. The 1,400ha estate, south The strategic approach advocated for rewil- the UK the Rewilding Britain group published of Horsham in West Sussex, has let nature ding also begs questions for how we plan, a report in May 2019 calling for much greater take over the management of land and, from design and regenerate urban areas. Urban recognition of natural climate solutions: this, radically changed and diversified the designers will increasingly need to draw on https://www.rewildingbritain.org.uk/blog/ business model for the estate. Wild-range climate experts and ecologists to inform new-report-how-restoring-nature-can-help- organic meat, camping and safaris are now designs. Masterplans will need to consider decarbonise-the-uk the focus for income. Whilst the Knepp Es- how wildlife can be more significantly drawn The approach would require the rewild- tate is a rare example at the moment, the into areas in meaningful and productive ing of significant areas of land across the approach is replicable across the less pro- ways. The design of green infrastructure country, supported by a new set of finan- ductive marginal agricultural land in the UK. networks across masterplans will need to cial incentives. The report argues that ‘this Beyond agricultural land, the Rewild- give greater space and emphasis to both can be achieved without the loss of high ing Britain report significantly ups the ante climate mitigation and adaptation. This will quality, productive farmland or a net re- for the protection and extension of existing be an important theme for designers over duction in agricultural output’. Indeed it is natural habitats in the UK. It also suggests the coming years and collaboration across ‘the least productive marginal lands, where a wide-ranging emphasis on the creation disciplines will be key to delivering on it. the opportunity cost for food production is of new habitats. For urban designers, this For further reading on this theme, please comparatively small, that provide the best could mean thinking very differently about look at https://www.rewildingbritain.org.uk/ options for carbon sequestration, rewilding approaches at the urban edge and beyond: rewilding/rewilding-projects/ and other ecosystem services’. Conversion of marginal farmland to natu- https://naturalcapitalcoalition.org/natural- These reports may take a little time to •ral habitats capital-2/ influence national policy but many on the Reconsideration of Green Belt land and its • ground have grasped the potential of natural •future role Jane Manning supported by climate experts climate solutions already. The Knepp Estate • Re-emphasis on habitat creation and Joanna Wright, Julie Futcher and Mitch Cooke

Olympic Park: emerging from the industrial bedrock that had existed on today’s building site. Sadlers Workable Exemplars Wells, a UCL open campus, the Victoria & In East London Albert Museum, and other cultural and edu- cational anchors will sit adjacent to West A Bob-Mk / Udg Visit Ham’s Stadium and Zaha Hadid’s pool. It was 15 October 2019 refreshing to see a pragmatic approach to detail and behaviour. Gone are the railings that confound us all in parks and play areas; instead there is an acknowledgement that The BOB-MK design network runs visits for people are responsible and ownership of the local authority officers to projects around park by the surrounding neighbourhoods is the South East. Last year, officers visited increasingly apparent. Cambridge and High Wycombe to look at Paul then took us through Fish Island, housing exemplars. This part of the South to the new Peabody estate in Hackney, cur- be at developing a high quality, high density, East is under enormous pressure to provide rently a somewhat bleak environment that is mixed housing and commercial neigh- housing, and whilst the number of dwellings already appearing in BBC TV thrillers. Some bourhood, was the climax of the visit. The built has been high, the location and quality very clever designs for mixed use and hous- process – masterplan, codes, design team, of much of the development has been poor. ing, much of it over six stories high, enthused procurement, review and other carrots and As this has been a continual issue, this year’s everyone with their urban form and atten- sticks to ensure an appropriate response trip to the area around the Olympic Park in tion to detail and character, although many to the character of the area – resulted in East London proved to be very popular. thought that such high density might not be some excellent housing within understand- Meeting on the 19th floor of Workable, appropriate in the rural areas with which able neighbourhoods. Innovative ideas on a new workspace development adjacent they were dealing. ‘generational housing’, maisonette design, to Stratford’s Westfield, some 40 people, Many remnants of old industries in Hack- and flex-in regulations made this an exem- seduced by the amazing views, listened in ney Wick have been taken over by purveyors plar that delegates from BOB-MK could take rapt attention to two fascinating presenta- of the hipster economy, who in turn are now home with them. A major lesson learned was tions. Based on his 15 years working in the being ousted by developers, changing the that with the right process, proper place- area, Paul Reynolds of Urben, who helped character of the area from small art stu- making can happen. It doesn’t need to be to organise the day, outlined the history of dio and industrial space to more lucrative little detached houses with garages. the area. He was joined by Neil Mattinson of housing development. Some survive or are • LDA, who were responsible for the outstand- reborn. A visit to the Gantry in Here East re- Jon Rowland, Chair BOB-MK ing Olympic Park and the new legacy Queen called small cottage industries of the past. Elizabeth Park. Together they explained the Indeed for those who remember the famous process of change, technical, landscape and SITE design of stacked bungalows to illus- urban design plans for the area. They then trate the inconsistency of the suburban idyll, led the group onto the site to talk about con- this redevelopment of the Olympic Media tinuing development, local neighbourhoods Centre made perfect sense. and housing in particular. The tour of Chobham Manor, an indica- A new cultural quarter for London is tion of how good volume house-builders can

Urban Design ― winter 2020 ― Issue 153 6 update

and cooperative bodies’ ownership. Wendy Maden (Bath and North Somerset Council) explained the local actions taken to revital- ise town centres through street initiatives, pop-up shops and workshops, much of it with external funding. Damon Smith (Homes England) showcased their town centre work for Northstowe, Cambridgeshire, where they focused on SMEs, local food and village fa- cilities and included workspaces, residential and other commercial uses. The town has had good public transport from the start and the spatial strategy improved accordingly. Ben van Bruggen, streamed live from New Zealand, presented the Access for Eve- ryone project in Auckland. In 2005 the city had the highest number of cars per person in the country and the city centre had been depopulated. Now public transport is being prioritised and streets are being reclaimed with direct interventions, including quick and easily reversible changes to the streets, to test possibilities. As a result the city cen- tre population has grown from 2,000 to 25,000. Katja Stille (Tibbalds Planning and Ur- ban Design) introduced the second theme, Frameworks and Strategies, referring to 1 Chris Martin addressing the Francis Tibbalds’ ten principles and the conference during the RIBA’s ten characteristics of places where afternoon session people want to live. She pointed out that 1 positive elements such as drainage or waste and Redrow presented their own in-house management can sometimes undermine National Urban design guidance which they have adopted to friendly places, and emphasised the impor- Design Conference raise the quality of schemes. tance of collaboration between disciplines. A series of rapid-fire presentations We should design for play and children: 2019: Making People- competing for a UDG award included ideas streets for seven-year olds, neighbourhoods Friendly Places for cycling boulevards; connected solar PV for nine-year olds and towns for twelve-year canopies for all-weather cycling; restoring olds. 26–28 September 2019, Birmingham lost ways in Newcastle; ‘locavorism’ (eat- Paul Reynolds (Urben) and architect Jas ing locally) as a response to the climate Bhalla followed by showing how dysfunc- emergency; upgrading the design of night- tional the current system of planning for time lighting; and a Super Sausage cluster new homes is: landowners and developers A variety of pre-conference events were of- hypothesis of urban development patterns. put forward sites with no reference to avail- fered on Thursday at the offices of Birming- The judges awarded a year’s free mem- ability or affordability and no interface with ham architects Glenn Howells, beginning bership of the UDG to Liz Reynolds for her infrastructure, leading to car-dependent with a Design Quality Summit. Glenn and people-friendly places beneath your feet – housing. They argued for national priori- City Council design leader Simon Delahanty Underground Urbanism. ties of where to build, sub-regional policies Forrest shared their knowledge and love of agreed by local authorities, a call and search the city and announced the launch of Design Main Conference Day for appropriate sites by local authorities, and Midlands, a design review service. Andy The conference’s main events took place in the separation of development management von Bradsky (MCHLG) referred to the new the impressive Millennium Point and was from plan-making. Stephen Bate (Derby City National Design Guide and future street well attended. The day was divided into five Council) followed by wondering who is to guidance. Valentina Giordano (Place Alli- themes under the umbrella of the confer- blame for the numerous poor schemes that ance) presented the Ladder of Place Quality ence title: Making People-Friendly Places. can be seen up and down the country. He which contains a highly practical tool to Leo Hammond, UDG’s chairman, welcomed criticised ‘the system’ which includes leg- raise design standards. Copies of the booklet delegates reminding them that much needs islation, guidance and policies and offers rapidly disappeared. to be done to achieve the theme’s goals and too much information but not enough clar- Louise Wyman, Design Lead for the West that the UDG wanted to be relevant, cutting- ity; stakeholders with different agendas; the Midlands Combined Authority, highlighted edge and fun. inconsistencies of the process and the lack how entrepreneurs were moving to Bir- Making People Friendly Towns and Cit- of collaboration; and, the lack of resources, mingham. She mentioned a Design Charter ies was the first theme of the day. Howard particularly in terms of staff. As remedies he and other initiatives to attract investment, Gray (GreenBlue Urban) opened by arguing suggested better leadership and the estab- including the expansion of the metro in prep- for more tree-planting as a way to improve lishment of an urban design culture in local aration of the 2022 Commonwealth Games. the quality of cities and lamented that that authorities. Laura Alvarez not only highlighted a range of trees weren’t seen as an asset. Neil McIn- Mike Fox (Nash Partnership) and Linda effective design guidance produced by Not- roy (Centre for Local Economic Strategies) Morgan (Southmead Development Trust) tingham City Council, but also the strength showed the benefits of the Preston expe- presented their work for Southmead, a very of the city’s design culture and consistent rience in capturing and retaining much of deprived area of Bristol, for which a plan was leadership on design. Housebuilders Barratt the local economic value through public developed with the community and under

Urban Design ― winter 2020 ― Issue 153 update 7 its leadership. Achieving this was not simple as they had to find funding, manage local politics and a multiplicity of stakeholders, get information, and establish new ways of decision-making. But they have an ambi- tious plan based on social value and not profit, achieved greater consensus, and built capacity in the community. The last speak- ers Lora Brill (JLL) and Neil Murphy (TOWN) were responsible for the award-winning Marmalade co-housing scheme. They listed eight factors that were important for the success of such a scheme: smart policies and procurement; a committed membership involved throughout; street-based urbanism; a public realm free of cars; common space 2 (shared garden); a communal house; cus- tomisable dwellings; and, a modern method of construction. Overall they thought it was important ‘to follow your passion, have a sense of trust, work together and don’t for- get to have fun!’ One of the reasons for the success of this conference was the generous time given to questions and answers, which covered 2 UDG members the danger of gentrification, the impact of admiring the view from consultation on designs, how to improve the terrace of the new site allocations, the longevity (or lack of Library of Birmingham it) of plans, and how to manage different 3 Delegates networking during one of the interests. conference’s breaks at Meanwhile, Hannah Smart and Sa- the Millennium Point rah Murray (Edge Urban Design) hosted an 3 alternative drawing workshop that began Katie Christou (David Lock Associates) who demolished and the third partially, and yet with quick mental maps of Birmingham. dealt with design for health, which she the existing community will be kept in situ. An iterative process of repeated sketching equated to good planning. She referred to There will be a total of 2,800 new dwellings, took place as people learned the essentials recent reports produced by the NHS and of which 740 will be socially rented, plus of visual communication. Teams were then Sport England, emphasising the need for commercial and community space. Quinn ac- asked to draw alternative scenarios for the places to encourage activity, and suggested knowledged that Clarion can borrow money adjacent HS2 site which led to key elements that compact neighbourhoods with ameni- on the market because of its size, but one of and sketchy masterplans. ‘Big ideas’ were ties within 10 minutes pleasant walking, their main commitments is to social justice. communicated by ‘fat pens’, a good reminder encouraged activity and led to good health. Martin Ellerby (Placefirst) also deals with of how to get ideas across in a visual way, en- Architect Mark Andrew Kelly emphasised the regeneration but their housing is for rent suring that our message is clear and concise. advantages of cycling and cited examples of which means that they invest for the long- Chris Martin (Urban Movement) opened cities that encourage it. He suggested that term hoping to attract a stable clientele. He the first session of the afternoon on the rewards for cycling (such as vouchers) were showed examples of transforming challeng- theme of Human Need and Behaviour, sug- more successful than penalties. Ending this ing neighbourhoods in Accrington, Liverpool gesting that although urban places are good theme, Lukas Schaefer (Buro Happold) ar- and Morecambe where they retained and for people, cities built in the mid-20th cen- gued for better ways to deal with waste and converted most of the existing fabric and tury often gave greater priority to transport for designs with waste prevention in mind: improved the public realm. The last speaker, efficiency than to people. As a result people encouraging sharing, raising awareness, and Kevin Parker (Redrow Homes) spoke about are dying because of inactivity, there is a cli- thinking about consumption. their commitment to design ‘A Better Way mate emergency and inequality is growing. The final theme of the day was Paying for to Live’, by listening to customers; their pri- Better designed places can change behaviour and Profiting from People-Friendly Places. orities include proximity to green spaces, and Chris advocated ‘hedonistic sustainabil- Andrew Raven (Savills) presented research access to amenities and things to do, and ity’ that is fun, easy and convenient. Emma on the financial added value of creating being part of a community. Spierin (Conroy Crowe Kelly Architects & sustainable communities. Having looked After a further Q&A session, Leo Ham- Urban Designers) referred to the United Na- at two contrasting schemes, Fairford Leys mond thanked the contributors, sponsors, tions approved Sustainable Development on the edge of Aylesbury and Poundbury, staff and attendants before closing the con- Goals (SDGs) to limit global warming, sug- the research undertaken by Savills with the ference. This was followed by a walking tour gesting that most of them are relevant to Prince’s Foundation, concluded that residen- led by Joe Holyoak which ended in Digbeth the work of urban designers and that they tial development values and the retention where the conference dinner took place. need to be viewed holistically. She gave the of value over time were higher, and their Kevin Murray, in his after-dinner speech, paid counter-example of an excellent transport resilience to market cycles was stronger tribute to Francis Tibbalds, a big presence, a plan for Dublin that resulted in hundreds in schemes based on sustainable urban- big laugh and the pioneer of people-friendly of trees being felled, as factors were being ism than in those that were not. Paul Quinn places. considered in isolation. As governments have (Clarion Housing Group) followed present- • signed up to the SDG agenda, we need to put ing the Merton Regeneration Project which Sebastian Loew and Tim Hagyard, formerly pressure on them to implement it. covers three housing estates Eastfields, local government planner and urban designer. Towards Urban Environments that Ravensbury and High Path, in one busi- Currently working with CPRE Hertfordshire Work was the next theme, introduced by ness plan. Two of the estates will be totally

Urban Design ― winter 2020 ― Issue 153 8 update

Urban Design Group’s Financial Review 2018 – 19 2019 2018 Totals £ Totals £ Annual General Incoming Resources Subscriptions 108,816 96,075 Meeting Publications and Awards 46,755 8,842 Conference Fees and Sponsorship 21,026 18,975 The following is a summary of London Events 3,010 2,456 Study Tours & Job Ads 46,758 41,170 the Trustees’ Report presented to Donation from Urban Design Services Ltd 0 0 the AGM in Birmingham on Activities to Generate Funds Interest Received 85 32 27 September 2019 Inland Revenue: Gift Aid 0 0 Miscellaneous Income 5,638 703 Total Incoming Resources 232,088 168,253

Resources Expended Membership Charitable Expenditure The total number of UDG members across Publications & Awards 63,953 36,584 the various categories shows a small decline Conference Expenditure 9,836 12,774 from 1,179 the previous year to 1,140; an in- General 104,980 90,280 Study Tours Expenditure 15,300 22,284 crease in Recognised Practitioners, Practices Governance Costs (Accountancy) 1,680 2,753 and Local Authorities members was bal- Total Resources Expended 195,749 164,675 anced by a decrease in individual members, Net Income/(Expenditure) For The Year 36,339 3,578 libraries and universities. Although the num- Fund Balances Brought Forward 205,998 202,420 Fund Balances Carried Forward 242,337 205,998 bers are small, the trend is downwards. On Current Assets 257,188 218,879 the other hand, the take-up of the free Urban Current Liabilities 14,852 12,881 Update email newsletter continues to grow (1,380 compared to 1,131 the previous year). Total Net Assets 242,337 205,998

Urban Design Journal As in previous years, a number of high qual- Events – London demonstrated a systemic failure by local ity contributions were received on a variety The UDG has continued to develop and authorities to reflect Manual for Streets or of subjects, occasionally fairly controversial. expand its programme of events at Cowcross equivalent best practice in their own street The main topics were Streetscape, The Value Street. Led by Paul Reynolds, the 2018-2019 design guidance and standards. of Design Review, Urban Design and Climate programme included presentations, a film Change and North Western Europe. Members night, and walks. Urban Update are always encouraged to contact the editors The UDG’s email newsletter Urban Update to offer contributions or suggest subjects Urbannous–Video on Demand continues to be a valuable resource for that they would like to see covered in future Thanks are due to Fergus Carnegie who urban designers. It is received by over 2,000 issues. continues his largely voluntary work to re- individuals and provides a concise monitor- cord the UDG’s monthly events at Cowcross ing service of the government websites in National Urban Design Awards Street, making them available to a global England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, Wales Led by Nidhi Bhargava, Sebastian Loew and audience through the Urbannous website. and the Republic of Ireland, as well as news the UDG Awards Group, this year’s National This is a great resource and a tremendously of research in a wide range of areas. Urban Design Awards event took place at the valuable archive of the presentations given Tab Centre in Shoreditch, and was very suc- at the UDG over recent years. Executive Committee Members cessful. The Francis Tibbalds Trust continued The operation of the Urban Design Group is its generous support through the provision of UDG Regions the responsibility of the Executive Commit- financial prizes in the Practice and Student Colin Munsie, in his role as UDG Vice-Chair tee appointed by election at the AGM. Its Award categories. The 2019 winners were: for the regions, has continued working to members for the year 2018-19 were: Practice Award: Studio Partington for the strengthen the Group’s links throughout the Leo Hammond (Chair), Paul Reynolds (Hon •Andover Estate, Islington UK and beyond. The following are leading Secretary), Katja Stille (Treasurer), Colin Public Sector Award: South Cambridgesh- activities in their areas: Pullan (Past Chair), Daniela Lucchese*, Katy •ire District Council for Marmalade Lane Solent: Peter Frankum Neaves*, Laura Alvarez*, Philip Cave, Michael Co-housing East Midlands: Laura Alvarez Cowdy*, Andrew Dakin* (corresponding), Student Award: Owen Reading of Oxford North East: Georgia Giannopoulou Stefan Kruczkowski*(corresponding), Colin •Brookes University for Using urban change North West: Mark Foster and Rebecca Munsie, Mat Procter*, Monica Qing*, Brian to create an inclusive area in intensifying Newiss Quinn*, Amanda Reynolds, Raj Rooprai*, Brisbane Scotland: Francis Newton and Jo White Barry Sellers, Graham Smith*, Alan Stones, Book Award: Beyond Mobility, Planning Yorkshire: Rob Thompson Mattias Wunderlich*. •Cities for people and places, Robert Cerveo, Wales: Noel Isherwood * Denotes that this member was co-opted to Eric Guerra, Stefan Al the Executive Committee for 2018-19 Lifetime Achievement Award: John Urban Design Study Tours •Thompson. In April 2018, Sebastian Loew took a group For the year 2019-20 the following were to Stockholm and Alan Stones led another elected or co-opted: National Conference on Urban group to the Abruzzi towns in Italy. This was Paul Reynolds Barry Sellers Design 2018 the last tour to be organised by Alan Stones. Katja Stille Hannah Smart The 2018 Conference was held at Winches- Colin Pullan Alan Stones ter’s City Hall under the theme of Expanding Research Project – Street Philip Cave *Graham Smith Towns and Smaller Cities. The conference Design in the UK Chris Martin Andrew Dakin was generously sponsored by GreenBlue Ur- A survey of Recognised Practitioners’ views Colin Munsie (corresponding) ban, Boyer, Boyle and Summers, JTP, Savills, was undertaken to assess street design Amanda Reynolds SLR and Tibbalds. practice in local authorities. The survey Raj Rooprai

Urban Design ― winter 2020 ― Issue 153 update 9 Urban Design Group Kevin Lynch Lecture – Neuroscience and Urban Design: Professor Kate Jeffery

14 November 2019, University College London

Leo Hammond, chair of the Urban Design from a combination of these functions. This Group, reminded the audience that after was identified by studying how parietal lobe more than half a century, Kevin Lynch’s damage was causing perceptual problems. work remains a reference for urban design- She also found that habit-based behaviour ers and is taught widely on urban design was controlled by the structure of the en- courses. Inviting Kate Jeffery to talk about vironment while long-range navigation was ‘Neuroscience and what it can tell us about based on an internal map of the brain. our sense of place and sense of direction’ Through neuroimaging and listening to was an inspired choice and it attracted a the language of neurons, she was able to full house. As a new view across the silos, gain insights into human brain activity. When evoked by Matthew Carmona in his intro- studying the map in the brain, researchers duction, the neuroscientist is interested in resorted to working with rats which have Lynch’s work on perceiving and representing smaller and simpler brains. O’Keefe’s ex- the city. Although Lynch’s city image and periments, with what he called place cells its five elements – paths, edges, districts, and head direction cells, studied orienta- is that Kate Jeffery saw a correspondence nodes and landmarks – have its critics, the tion and found that there was consistency, between the neurological cell typology and simple clarity of his geometries continues although the brain’s compass was not tied to Lynch’s spatial elements of the city. to have its followers. On the other hand magnetic north. Place cells were also found Looking ahead, Kate Jeffery aims to Richard Sennett, in his recent book Building in human brains. From their studies of the explore whether neural representation and Dwelling, proposes five different open ‘sense of direction’ in the brain, researchers of space was only surface referenced or urban forms from his social-philosophical were able to impute how people perceived volumetric. Other open questions were standpoint – synchronic, punctuated, po- space and found that some way of link- how orientation and direction maps are rous, incomplete, multiple – to capture the ing information was required for the head constructed in multidimensional spaces interaction between what he defines as ville direction system to function. Kate Jeffery il- including time, how different spaces relate and cité. He sees the conviction that places lustrated this with the example of Piccadilly to each other, and whether the brain holds should have a clear visual identity, as pos- Circus in London where the underground a master map. The work of Rene Thom on tulated by Lynch, as a barrier to flexibility spaces are distinct from the spaces at street mathematical models of morphogenesis seeking complexifying and seed-planning, level and people experience disorientation may provide some inspiration for these or to Venturi’s difficulties, ambiguities and between them. Studying the forms of spaces questions. complexities of cities. in greater detail and their influence on the From the ensuing discussion it appeared In a language easy to understand for sense of direction, she found that rotational that a universal explanatory model of spa- urban designers, Kate Jeffery explained the symmetry was disorienting while irregular tial behaviour was improbable as individual various parts and functions of the human and even symmetrical spaces were easier to variations of mental maps were unlikely to fit brain and the simpler one of rats, and how navigate. Equally, distant landmarks giving a into a single meta-map. Transposed to urban they are engaged in spatial behaviour. Her bigger picture with more coherence were as- design it may mean that the pursuit of a sin- research focused on four elements of a spa- sisting the head direction system more than gle integrated mapping device of orientation tial map: place cells, head direction cells, closer or superimposed landmarks. and direction in urban space may be unreal- grid cells and border cells. Identifying the Kate Jeffery stated that representation istic, and no universal design of urban space four types of cells was the outcome of exper- has some kind of isomorphism with the thing would be able to accommodate all spatial iments which observed the spatial behaviour it is representing, thus a map is isomorphic behaviours. of rats. She took the elements in turn and in the spatial domain. Studies with taxi driv- • showed their influence on the rats’ paths in ers who had passed ‘the Knowledge’ showed Judith Ryser, researcher, journalist, writer controlled situations, and made several de- that the hippocampus was involved in creat- and urban affairs consultant to Fundacion Metropoli, Madrid ductions of relevance to general behaviour in ing mental maps which assist in navigation, space and orientation. while a damaged hippocampus led to rats She gave examples of confusing build- getting lost. The hippocampus was also ings where people had difficulties orientating needed for imagination beyond memoris- themselves and needed signage, and she ing space and learning to navigate through asked how the brain was conceptualising existing space. Other neuroscientists dis- space. Different parts of the major cortical covered that the brain uses a grid reference brain system exercise different functions, and explored whether it was hexagonal or which is also the case for major subcorti- orthogonal. Experiments showed that grid cal brain systems. These different parts do cells in the brain integrate distance and di- not operate in isolation: spatial orientation, rection, but found that boundaries are also direction and behaviour generally result very important. Relevant to urban designers

Urban Design ― winter 2020 ― Issue 153 10 update

1 The Markthal first floor plan in Rotterdam, MVRDV Architects

My Favourite Plan: indicate the life of the spaces. The interior spaces of the shops, restaurants and bars Ben Flippance are illustrated similarly to those of the public square. This approach demonstrates a spe- First floor plan, Markthal in Rotterdam, cific intent to communicate the building as by MVRDV an inviting and open plan that seeks to bring together the various uses and elements of the project as a single experience. The plan is also very detailed, with individual plants Why I like it… and furniture layouts giving a clear intent for This plan is a representation of a system of the role of the spaces, and engendering them spaces that form a leisure and retail environ- with a more intimate character. ment conceived as a public square within The plan also animates and hints at the a building. However, this is more than a role that this first-floor level plays as part of building and a space; it is a careful interplay a wider system of vertically layered spaces. where the lines that divide building from The roof spaces over the ground level stalls space are not drawn in the usual way, and are illustrated as gardens and zones con- Current Position this plan is a condensed representation of nected by bridges and stairways. Design Director, IDP this characteristic of the project. The building includes apartments on the What to learn from it… Experience upper levels and mixed uses on lower levels. Clearly the building and space represented At IDP over the past 20 years, affordable These are depicted in the plan by the cel- satisfy a very particular set of urban condi- housing and student accommodation archi- lular units along the top and bottom of the tions. However, it serves as a useful reminder tecture projects, and visions and the delivery plan. These units define the central public for practitioners to think carefully about how of large scale masterplans and urban regen- space, which is enclosed by glass screens at their drawings can be composed to com- eration projects, combining urban design, either end, allowing visual connections to municate different messages. By drawing the architecture and landscape design. the outside. interior plans in partnership with the public The plan provides a useful reminder of spaces as a single system, the experience Education how we consider public and private space, for users becomes more real in the plan. BSc Hons Construction Management, and how we can consider architecture and This needs not be forced though. We cannot Coventry landscape as a single interconnected system. pretend that the vaults of a bank can be il- RIBA Parts 1 & 2, Oxford Brookes The compartmentalised nature of design lustrated as part of the same experience as PG Dip Urban Design, Birmingham City disciplines and their orthodox outputs the public square outside. However, we can University (drawings, models etc.) can create missed carefully consider the community centre and opportunities for intelligent and creative village green as a single system for com- Specialisms ways to view public and private space, and munity activity, part of which happens to Integrated design of urban plans, detailed how they can interplay. This plan cleverly be a building, part of which happens to be a architecture and landscape, thinking across communicates the public and private interior landscape. each discipline, design without silos. Public spaces together. I consider it an evolution of There are so many ways in which a plan sector land competitions and major urban the principles of the Nolli Plan of Rome, in can tell a story; we need to carefully con- mixed use/ residential buildings. which the interiors of public buildings such sider which story we want to tell. I think the as churches are illustrated as public space plan of Markthal is an intriguing window into Ambition amongst the otherwise closed figure-ground a project which looks at space, building and To see the housebuilding sector build great forms of the private buildings. plan programme in a manner that we are not places and communities… unfailingly, every This plan also uses playful illustration to used to seeing.• time. Urban Design ― winter 2020 ― Issue 153 update 11

design rather than fixed standards. It pro- Another principle involved back gardens posed that for all residential development and car parking. Although layouts might in the lower density ‘rural situation’, space be tightly urban, it meant that land use should be enclosed by trees. In the higher overall was predominantly green and this density ‘urban situation’, space should be green space was both private and useful. If enclosed by buildings brought closer to the the house types were shallow in plan, this road, with significant back gardens, normally not only provided natural light and ventila- 100m2 in size. Building forms and mate- tion for the building but made the garden a rials should reflect, but not mimic, local square shape. It could then accommodate traditions. a garage accessed from the front through The real innovation was the design of an archway, avoiding rear lanes and parking narrower, low-speed access roads. The mews courts. court, serving a maximum of 25 dwellings, The fairly narrow local roads recom- was Britain’s first true shared surface. Unfor- mended by the guide did not allow for much tunately, access roads were to be connected visitor parking. The proposed solution was together in cul-de-sac dominated layouts parking squares designed as attractively as this was seen as almost the only way of paved urban spaces that would look good eliminating through traffic and ensuring low without cars in them. speeds. Implementation of the 1997 guide de- The immediate challenge was the 1974 pended on the commitment of planning reorganisation of local government when officers. There were a number of small but implementation became the responsibil- significant examples in Brentwood, Ten- ity of the new district councils. Rather than dring and Uttlesford but the big picture was Urban Design Library formal adoption by each district, individual in Chelmsford, Colchester and Braintree. #32 planning officers took up and promoted the Here, the new guide received strong politi- guide, and implementation was not nec- cal and officer support, and was adopted as The Essex Design Guide, Essex essarily uniform. Unusually, on their own supplementary planning guidance and later Planning Officers Association, initiative a small number of housebuilders absorbed into these councils’ own planning adopted the guide. A significant number of documents. From 2000 onwards most new Essex County Council schemes were built that could be seen as residential development in these districts true exemplars of the guide. conformed to the guide’s requirements. Another challenge came from substantial The Essex Design Guide represents a sig- groups within housebuilding firms and the The Essex Design Guide in the nificant achievement in planning practice architectural profession, who feared a loss New Millennium for four main reasons. The first is its early of freedom of action and the promotion of In 2005, the 1997 guide was reprinted in a start in 1973. The second is its remarkable traditional, if not pastiche, styles. It did not squarer, thicker format. There were some longevity. It has been substantially revised succeed, principally because the alterna- minor changes to accord with the evolution and updated on three separate occasions tive was not architectural creativity but the of government policy but it was essentially and reinforced by several reprints and the standard volume housebuilders’ products the same guide. In 2007, an Urban Place issue of special supplements. Each version and engineers’ roads. Supplement was published. It dealt with was implemented by a different generation. developments in excess of 50 dph. It contin- It is still being applied and may still be so The 1997 Guide ued the design aims of the main guide, while after 50 years. The third reason is that it has By the early 1990s, the need for a revision taking account of the latest policy concerns, not just been about Essex but has offered a of the old guide was becoming clear. Urban notably sustainability. In 2018 the guide was coherent design philosophy which learned design thinking had made substantial ad- again revised and placed online, incorporat- from, and converged with, other progressive vances. Traffic calming was now established ing elements of the Urban Place Supplement trends. Finally, it has been put into effect in a practice. The first full revision of the Essex and Manual for Streets. large number of schemes throughout Essex. Design Guide was published in 1997. It had The importance of the guide has al- the same message and philosophy as the ways lain in its emphasis on principles and The 1973 Guide original but there was one major change: criteria, amounting almost to a toolkit for The first version of the Essex guide arose cul-de-sac based layouts were now seen as designing both buildings and spaces. Al- from a convergence of two forces at the end definitely undesirable. This was argued from though it has proved particularly successful of the 1960s. The County Planning depart- principles of permeability and legibility. at delivering traditional form at densities of ment had started to put together a design Vehicle speed was to be controlled not just 25-35 dph, it also works beyond these. Many team to take advantage of the powers grant- through narrow carriageway widths and cur- see its particular achievement as meeting ed by the 1968 Civic Amenities Act. County vature, but the whole appearance of the road the ongoing challenge of road and parking councillors had also become concerned from its 3D design, illustrated by perspective requirements, and for this reason alone it about the potential loss of character in tradi- drawings that emphasised the enclosure can be read with advantage both within and tional Essex villages through unsympathetic of space by buildings and planting for each outside Essex. development. The design team was asked road type. • to address this and it became clear to them Other changes in content might best be Tony Hall, Emeritus Professor of Town Planning that not only was a substantial document re- described as a tightening up of the original at Anglia Ruskin University, currently writing a quired but that it would need to change the policy. The use of site appraisals and appro- history of the Essex Design Guide County’s highways standards, which were priately skilled architects was stressed and inimical to traditional urban form. Achieving a more explicit explanation of the character READ ON DETR and CABE, 2000, By Design this was one of the guide’s key achievements. of Essex provided. The one key requirement Urban Design London, 2017,The Design The document laid down systematic that would change things decisively on the Companion for Planning and Placemaking, physical and visual design principles and ground was to make continuous frontage RIBA publishing criteria. It argued that open space, fresh air compulsory over 20 dwellings per hectare and sunlight should be achieved through (dph): terraced houses should be the norm.

Urban Design ― winter 2020 ― Issue 153 12 behind the image Exhibition Road, London A decade on Ten years after it began, how is this most famous and controversial shared space standing the test of time?

In each issue of Behind the Image, one of our contributors visits a contemporary public space from around the world. The photography tries to reveal an alternative perspec- tive on a familiar precedent, famous space or place. These images illustrate how the public space works in practice: exploring its features (designed and unintended), and the way it relates to the surrounding context.• Lionel Eid, George Garofalakis, Rosie Garvey and Alice Raggett

A vast public space: Exhibition Road feels like a vast and truly public space. This is partly due to its generous width from building line to building line (30m on average), and the sense of continuity between the various cultural institutions situated along its length (approximately 720m). The road is well used as a pedestrian promenade and cycle route while passing vehicles have to negotiate a more complicated street environment.

Edges: The public realm scheme at Exhibition Road has been integrated with other schemes, usually seamlessly, but at times more abruptly. The visual continuity of the diagonal paving pattern is inconsistent with adjacent sites but this is partly because this design is newer than much of its surroundings. Large portions of the road are framed by buildings with blank façades which at times have a negative impact on the vibrancy of the street.

Urban Design ― winter 2020 ― Issue 153 behind the image 13

Clutter free: The stealthy re-colonisation of Exhibition Road by street furniture has generally been avoided. There are very few examples where elements such as bins interfere with the flow of movement and, interestingly, private electric bicycle parking has intuitively followed the arrangement set out by fixed cycle docking stations.

Security retrofit: Granite bollards have appeared in key locations, such as the intersection with Cromwell Gardens to provide a physical barrier, protecting crowded pedestrian areas around the museums from the threat of terrorism.

Level and material changes: The cracking or dislodging of street paving has generally occurred where there are level changes or the surface transitions from one material to another. By contrast, the central section of the road has proved to be resilient with far less wear and tear.

Ownership of spaces: Many cafés lay out tables and chairs along the southern end of Exhibition Road. Cumulatively, these provide a street environment with a much more continental feel, particularly in fair weather.

Reflection: Exhibition Road continues to be an innovative and successful public Maintenance: The repair of surface materials has not always been to the space that relies on the considerate interaction between its various users. The standard of the original palette, as asphalt replaces street paving in some absence of signal-controlled crossings presents risks to partially sighted or locations. Several instances of dislodged vertical bollards suggest that drivers blind individuals. Nevertheless, tangible efforts have been made to mitigate do not have a clear sense of the delineation of parking spaces. these risks through the provision of braille signage and maps.

Urban Design ― winter 2020 ― Issue 153 14 viewpoint

Seven Points for Delivering Successful Community Retail Sebastien Miller looks at the new rules for designers

to compete not only with each other, but also with the convenience and market pull of an ever-growing on-line shopping environment. The one advantage that physical retailing can offer is an experience, through participation or connection, and this is something that brands and developers are beginning to explore. As part of what has been dubbed the ‘experience economy’, retail developments are now being planned around a clear food-beverage-leisure-tourism-and- community positioning strategy. However it is not just about finding the right niche experience to support retail and commercial activities. The identity, price point and positioning of retail schemes still needs to consider market gaps, development surroundings, residential and income mix, as well as people’s daily needs.

3. Balanced Provision Developers and designers too often overlook the benefits that small- scale, everyday services bring, and instead place too much focus on high-end brands as the primary attractions within a scheme. Projects 1 need to balance the demand and provision of high-end versus The take-up of retail space is one of the key barometers of develop- middle-market occupiers and even non-commercial or community ment schemes, high streets and town centres. Where retail space uses such as libraries and clinics. In terms of attracting footfall and is commercially successful, it is often because it has been designed maximising a project’s commercial potential, it is often the boring, or has evolved to support both social and leisure activities, provid- everyday services that will draw people in regularly, more so than a ing a high degree of functionality, identity, and desirability within one-off visit to prime restaurants and exclusive boutiques. the wider community. Conversely, poorly performing retail space Retail demand is often misjudged from a consumer and opera- can drag the character of an area down and plays a role in reducing tor point of view, through the over or under supply of unit provision, investment potential. as well as gross floor area requirements. Successful retail space It is clear that mature markets like those in the UK and the United balances operators’ preferred unit sizes and needs, with its income- Arab Emirates (UAE) have reached the point of being oversupplied generating potential. Retailing and services that have lower rental with retail space, relative to consumer numbers, disposable incomes values should be modest in scale and location. Schemes should offer and changing consumer patterns. The ‘build it and they will come’ a mix of retail sizes for different uses and operators, with considera- attitude that designers, architects and developers previously held tion given to frontage ratios and public activation, back-of-house does not guarantee retail success. access and operations. High quality schemes are often evident by the Do we give enough consideration to the subtle aspects of place- seamless way that facilities have been designed, allowing for flexibil- making that create destinations and experiences which in turn ity without intruding upon the consumer’s experience. encourage successful retail areas? I believe that our industry often falls for easy assumptions, without a rigorous critique of what sup- 4. Enhance or Create Value ports mixed use centres. The following seven points can be seen Designers need to ask themselves whether a site’s attributes have consistently across most successful retail schemes and different been maximised to their full potential. Retail architecture provides disciplines. an opportunity to align the shopping environment with park or waterfront views, encourage natural light, create sheltered plazas, 1. Market Study: Understand Supply and Demand or provide connections to public transit. Yet so many schemes fail to Supply and demand are the key inputs into any market assessment maximise or even consider these assets, with units parcelled densely and will dictate business successes or failures. At the earliest stages together along a busy street or within a standard shopping mall ty- of a project, regardless of its size, the principal designers should pology. Where site value is limited, savvy designers understand that engage in a market study. This process will evaluate likely demand, a unit’s value can be enhanced by positioning meaningful ‘revenue identify competition, leasing risks and achievable rents. This gives generators’ and attractions in less advantageous locations. Destina- designers and developers a balance between their overall aspirations tions can be created through supermarkets, gyms, dining areas or (often overestimated) and financial realities. It provides a warning well-maintained gathering spaces, which result in a better overall bell for overly optimistic thinking, and directs schemes towards more commercial outcome than excessive and monotonous low-rent retail functional and resilient solutions that are better able to weather floor space. the shock of economic downturns. A market study is the difference between investing and gambling in any development scheme. 5. Experience: Journey + Destination Successful retail destinations satisfy both the convenience of daily 2. Positioning needs, as well as giving an experience that can be shared and retold Big box retail and high streets are facing an existential crisis and, in online. They offer a balance of intensities, uses and attractions. By some communities, this reflects negatively on the surrounding devel- co-locating retail with other activities, such as community facilities, opments in both identity and land value. Retailing and services have offices, education, or leisure attractions, this creates a critical mass

Urban Design ― winter 2020 ― Issue 153 viewpoint 15

1 Yas Mall, Abu Dhabi: spaces for shaded co-locates retail, food outdoor dining and & beverage, and leisure gathering. Monthly uses along with sheltered evening markets and gathering areas, away events support local from the harsh climate retail operators 2 Retail units can be co- 4 Vancouver, Canada: located with open spaces The public realm with as a complementary use active street fronts 3 Al Bandar, Abu Dhabi: provides character and Flexible promenade social focus that attracts different user groups at different times. Stand-alone retail areas will have significant quiet periods that can reduce opera- tor profits, failing to maximise commercial potential, and are more susceptible to longer voids between tenancies. The most successful retail schemes are the ones that go beyond their immediate boundaries, with well-defined and connected routes linked to surrounding streets, open spaces, and most importantly, 2 other developments. In such cases, retail sites position them- selves both as part of a journey through the urban fabric as well as a destination within it. This is achieved through clearly defined cir- culation routes, entrances, attractions and activities. Healthy retail schemes are self-evident, with a critical mass of floorspace, brands and footfall. Just as people attract other people to a site, the pres- ence of higher quality brands is often self-reinforcing within any development.

6. Flexibility As market conditions become more volatile and uncertain from a business or long-term economic perspective, designers and opera- tors are beginning to respond to retail spaces that are more flexible from the outset. The need to cater for shorter leases or higher unit turnover can provide retail areas with a more dynamic offering that steps away from the repetitive multi-national brands and experienc- es. For schemes that address these trends, it can offer an alterna- 3 tive or more resilient model in terms of leasing risk that reduces the burden of developer incentives and rent reductions often needed to attract long-term tenants. We can see this with food vans and pop-up kiosks, but this is just the beginning, particularly with small-scale entrepreneurship, the gig economy and millennials who not only provide new services through start-ups, but are beginning to demand it as consumers themselves. Such flexibility allows for an authenticity in terms of retail localism, nurturing a smaller, mixed economy of bespoke brands and services, unique to their location or city.

7. Future Proofing The world continues to change faster than ever and designers need to consider the implications of new technologies and behaviour pat- terns. Retail areas should be positioning themselves in relation to the changing patterns of both consumer and transport behaviour over 4 the coming years. While many retail developers have already begun Conclusion to install a small number of charging stations, few schemes consider Retail areas should be the vibrant centre and identity of any mixed how the user patterns of tomorrow will affect their circulation and use or residential masterplan. Despite challenging economic times arrival areas. for retailers and development schemes, designers should be attuned Dedicated drop-off and pick up zones will become essen- to changing market trends, rising consumer expectations, as well as tial to a scheme’s success, and even more so as we move to using basic operator requirements. In terms of placemaking, which lies at autonomous vehicles (AV). Retail projects that do not allow for the heart of any good design, physical retail has the opportunity to high-volume, fluid vehicle movements are signing their own end-of- provide a series of authentic and memorable experiences, something life-cycle. While AVs are still 10-15 years away for most drivers, these that internet-based retailing cannot offer on its own. Designers need facilities could be designed now as taxi bays. Architects should start to think more in terms of hospitality and experience, with a focus on to give thought to how large and underused parking bays will be the co-location of non-commercial, transport and social uses. Get treated in a society with reduced car ownership in the future. Park- that mix right, and you begin to develop a platform for a community- ing lots typically have a prime frontage to streets and these spaces focused retail offering. have the potential to be redesigned as complementary commercial • or community facilities. From the outset of any proposal, designers Sebastien Miller, urban designer, landscape architect and town planner, should offer a plan for phased future adaptation, ensuring that the working at GHD studio, Abu Dhabi on master planning and public realm retail schemes of today have the ability to adapt to meet the needs design projects of the future.

Urban Design ― winter 2020 ― Issue 153 16 Topic

china

• Hong Kong Myanmar

Laos

• Yangon Thailand Philippines Pampanga • Manila • Bangkok Vietnam Cambodia

Malaysia

• Putrajaya Malaysia • Singapore

Indonesia

• Palembang Indonesia • Jakarta

Urban Design ― winter 2020 ― Issue 153 Topic 17 Southeast Asia

Southeast Asia is undergoing rapid transformation as a refocus city imagery away from centuries of colonial rule result of unprecedented rates of urbanisation, population to international modernism. Grand urban projects were flows and climate change. The third most populated implemented in imitation of planned cities like Brasilia and region on the planet, it is home to more than 640 million Canberra, while infrastructure and strategic planning were people across 11 countries and five megacities. Both neglected. Informal settlements which had always existed, Jakarta and Manila have populations of between 20-30 now expanded rapidly as newly deregulated economies million people, while Bangkok, Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City boomed and authoritarian regimes relaxed control over hover at around 15 million. Tiny, but highly dense cities urban areas. This rapid urban growth and massive waves like Singapore and Hong Kong are inhabited by five and of rural to urban migration led to vast urban kampungs, seven million people respectively. It is a region of distinct land subsidence resulting from huge amounts of water and ancient cultures, well-developed urban centres and being pumped out of the ground, chronic traffic jams due vast informality: over 60 per cent of Jakarta’s built urban to under investment in transport infrastructure, and severe fabric is made up of some form of informal development, flooding in cities like Jakarta, Bangkok, Ho Chi Minh City, while Singapore, Kuala Lumpur and Hong Kong boast Hanoi and Surabaya. some of the most advanced urban infrastructure systems in the world. These cities are at once modern and historic, Therefore flooding and the associated challenges linked with gilded stupas appearing adjacent to modern office to rapid urbanisation feature in a number of articles in blocks or decaying European-style buildings, and the this issue, such as my own on urban development in most technologically advanced and sustainable green response to the problems of flooding in Jakarta, or Jennifer architecture in some, while others highlight the disparity Chua’s article on alternative locations for strategic urban between the rich and poor with huge informal settlements development on the island of Luzon in the Philippines. in view of luxury high-rise towers and exclusive gated Gregory Galligan and Patri Vienravi scrutinise Bangkok’s communities. role as one of the Rockefeller Foundation’s 100 Resilient Cities in terms of its flood resilience planning. Daniel Historically, the region experienced wave after wave of Ong and Priscilla Epifania look at different challenges cultural and religious cross-fertilisation as Indian and Arabic considering recent large-scale urban development in merchants sought routes to China’s fabled port cities. This Singapore and Jakarta, while Fanan Ujoh reviews the ushered in Hinduism and Buddhism as the state religions case for planned capital cities in his article on Malaysia’s of a number of regional powers, including the Khmer Putrajaya. Urban heritage is considered in Yangon, while and Srivijayan empires, resulting in an era of powerful, Dawn Hayunga Shapiro looks at how historic buildings have competing and centralised kingdoms in southeastern Asia, been utilised for urban regeneration in Hong Kong. the forerunners of Myanmar and Thailand. On the islands situated along major trade routes, a series of empires, Whether facing flooding, at-risk urban heritage, large-scale kingdoms and later Islamic sultanates arose. urban developments or strategic metropolitan planning, Southeast Asia continues to develop at a rapid pace. By the 19th century, these states or their successors, Although the region’s challenges will not be easily solved, no longer waging war with each other, were fighting for national and city governments are finally responding to autonomy against colonial powers. The Dutch had captured long-term structural issues that have long plagued urban parts of Sumatra, Sulawesi, Java and the Spice Islands areas. Some cities like Singapore and Putrajaya have from the 17th century, while the British controlled parts of successfully achieved a high level of development while Borneo, the Malaysian Peninsula, the Island of Singapore, others, such as Jakarta, Bangkok, Manila and Yangon Burma, Papua New Guinea and Hong Kong from the 18th continue to face significant challenges.• century. The French occupied Indochina (today Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam) in the 19th century, the Portuguese ruled David Wallace Mathewson, guest topic editor, Urban Design Course Leader and Lecturer in International Planning at the University of Timor and Macau, and the Spanish the Philippines from the Westminster 16th century. By the 1880s Siam (now Thailand) was the only independent country remaining in the region. Independence came between the late 1940s and the 1960s, at the same time that movements for new urban development emerged in Africa and Latin America, to

Urban Design ― winter 2020 ― Issue 153 18 Topic Riding the Sands of Time: Urban Malleability and the Legacy of Marina Bay Daniel Ong discusses the development and extension of Singapore’s central area

Origins of the City Barely half the size of Greater London, the island city-state of Singapore has grown from its infancy into one of today’s significant global economies. The settle- ment was founded in 1819 and declared a colony by the British Empire after trade and diplomatic agreements were estab- lished with local indigenous rulers of the adjacent Malay Peninsula. Nestled within the lucrative maritime commercial route between Europe and the Far East, much of Singapore’s prosperity was credited to its strategic location along major trade routes and by having a natural deep harbour in the south of the island where the free port was later established. It is this area surrounding the mouth of the Singapore River that has evolved into what is presently the central business district (CBD). The initial years of Singapore’s development were not without hardship. Its role as a trading outpost was fraught with many challenges. The administration 1 of the colony was ill-equipped to deal t is often the commercial and financial centres of cities that with the large volume of trade entering contain revelations of their historical founding and the the port. With insufficient funds at hand, Icircumstances governing their urban evolution. Of the many compromises had to be made to the origi- definitions that describe what downtown cores are or what city nal instructions in the settlement charter. centres and central business districts encompass, these central Several developments were erected in core areas provide insights into their urban origin. Some cities various styles contrary to the town’s exist- are founded next to lakes or the rivers that run through them, ing context, while merchants had begun while others are landlocked and have sprouted from inland to build warehouses along the Singapore migration or environmental necessity. River which intruded on the original land Singapore is no different to other coastal cities having had its plots assigned for government buildings, fair share of progressive development from a village by the sea and created a strange juxtaposition of to a sprawling global city. Yet its uniqueness is derived primar- uses and haphazard urban character. ily from an impetus to drive dynamic urban visions with great In response to this lack of order, speed and certainty, coupled with the ability to realise grand the Plan of the Town of Singapore was plans from economic reforms to social engineering and rapid proposed in 1822 by British planners industrialisation, to aggressive urban interventions. All of these and surveyors Lieutenant Philip Jackson are reflections of the undaunted political will of a tiny city state and Captain James Franklin. Commonly seeking to make a success of its strategic tropical location on a known as the Jackson Plan, the visionary small island of just over 719 km2. layout for the southern tip of Singapore Singapore city centre is the source of its urban history. Once revealed the hallmarks of early 19th cen- low-rise in scale, the Old City is now characterized by a cluster tury British town planning. With grand of commercial towers. Nonetheless it is this new city that is public squares and thoughtful road align- looking to take on the mantle of its predecessor. Marina Bay is ments, the plan was designed to create a the fresh face of downtown Singapore designed to rejuvenate and modern, rationally ordered settlement. complement the historical core, whilst proclaiming an economic 1 An ode to The town expanded gradually in the monumentality and prowess by capitalising on the future with signature iconic devel- internationalism – next few years and the presiding planning opments, aiming to stimulate the restlessness that comes when Marina Bay Sands. committee was able to ensure that most of economies falter or skylines become out-of-date. Source: Daniel Ong the Jackson Plan was executed properly.

Urban Design ― winter 2020 ― Issue 153 Topic 19 Apart from the introduction of zoning to accommodate civic and mercantile uses, the plan also contained ethnically-partitioned dwelling enclaves to the northeast and southwest of the Singa- pore River, so as to manage the existing residents as well as the burgeoning arrival of diverse peoples from various parts of Asia. Although fragments of the original grid layout were not entirely fulfilled, the old buildings, street patterns, and parcellation of neighbourhoods are still visible today. When Singapore was recovering from the effects of the Sec- ond World War and the colonial rule of the British Empire in the mid-20th century, the island was thrust into the international limelight. It declared its independence, first from Britain in 1963 and subsequently from the Federation of Malaysia in 1965. These milestone events marked the beginning of Singapore’s journey as a state in the making, signalling the rise of a modern and ‘almost instant’ city. 2 Singapore was apparently fertile ground ready to deploy new and experimental ideas for city planning and nation-building. Its 581km2 represented an urban laboratory where contemporary town planning theories could be tested and implemented. In 1967, the United Nations (UN) was called in to assist with Singa- pore’s urban renewal programme known as the State and City Planning Project. The UN planners identified the inadequacies of the previous 1958 plan which underestimated automobile use, depended on low-density housing, and displayed a certain Euro- centric tendency for the preservation of heritage buildings. A new concept plan was devised with a pragmatic and eco- nomically-driven approach which asserted an island-wide (re) development programme to be conducted at an unprecedented scale. This brought forth strategies for spatial planning and the 3 distribution of land use through infrastructure building, satellite that are owned by local and foreign devel- town development and the building of industrial districts, high- opers or state investment corporations. rise social housing, transport interchanges, land reclamation, The steady takeover of these once vacant and the expansion of the city centre. With the support of the plots of land, such as the commercial tow- UN Development Programme (UNDP), the notion of creating a ers of One Raffles Quay or the mixed use ‘cookie-cutter’ city on a clean slate in the shortest time possible development of Asia Square, is the physi- was an indispensable catalyst in fuelling the country’s insatiable cal manifestation of speculative prime appetite for modernisation. property yielding to an urban form where context is overruled by economics. Claiming the Unclaimed Land reclamation is synonymous with Singapore’s urban Extending the Plan and development history. Since the founding of the colony, the act Creating Context of altering its coastline and topography has become something The densification of the Old City of very close to an obsession and certainly a regular occurrence. Singapore has witnessed the construction The Jackson Plan set a precedent when it included instruc- of numerous high-rise buildings, many tions to infill portions of swampland along the south bank of of which are now towering at heights of the Singapore River making up Commercial Square, which is more than 150 metres. With at least three currently Raffles Place. Although segments of the seashore of Singapore's tallest buildings rising had increased fractionally in the first 150 years of Singapore’s from this dense urban grain, some of the history, it was very clear that the limited size of the island and its original built fabric still exists along the lack of natural resources were limitations to its purported post- narrow streets and irregular sites. This independence advancement. gradual alteration of urban morphology The practice of reserving land for future growth started in has driven the physical conditions of the the late 1960s and was aimed at providing the city-state with a Old City beyond its past confines. degree of flexibility in managing its investments by periodically In 1983 the Urban Redevelopment releasing parcels of real estate for development. This landward- Authority proposed an urban design plan bound ambition was dependent on international markets for the new city centre. Coupled with for- making it susceptible to global recessions. Since that time almost ward-looking state-wide planning strate- 25 per cent of Singapore’s total land area has been made up of gies, the urbanism of the city’s extension reclaimed land and most of these land holdings have been used was meant to deliver a thematically for the construction of major infrastructure projects such as optimistic impression of 21st century airports, harbours, parks and the extension of the CBD. Singapore. In what seemed like a choking, The expansion of the city-centre was proposed officially in tightly-packed mélange of skyscrapers the Concept Plan of 1971. A massive reclamation exercise began built along the Singapore River, Marina from the eastern end of the island towards the southern coast 2 The 1828 Jackson Bay was a breakaway from the strangle- of the greater downtown area. The process was carried out in Plan – National hold of the original downtown area. The consecutive phases to accommodate the time needed for the set- Archives Of Singapore new district was envisioned as a cluster 3 Satellite image of tlement and consolidation of soil. By 1985, the result of securing Marina Bay and the of towers of steel and glass, purposefully 360 hectares of man-made land at Marina Bay was completed. greater downtown area built and handsomely articulated on a Today the new downtown is occupied by many distinct buildings – Planet. grid plan, where buildings would encircle

Urban Design ― winter 2020 ― Issue 153 20 Topic

The insatiable thirst for variety and the imbalance of architectural plurality may have culminated in a possible dilution of the local downtown vernacular, if such existed in the first place

4

Kenzo Tange, and of course the modern and postmodern classics of Paul Rudolph, Philip Johnson, John Portman, and IM Pei, to name a few. Oddly enough, importing international expertise demonstrates the dual needs of having to provide for the greater good in planning and urban design, as well as the branding of down- town Singapore. However, the insatiable thirst for variety and the imbalance of architectural plurality may have culmi- nated in a possible dilution of the local downtown vernacular, if such existed in the first place. These architectural additions cer- tainly enrich the dialogue between the on-going and ever-changing canvas of the new downtown area and the existing fabric of the Old City; and it is this pursuit of newness and the setting of gargantuan urban gestures and edifices that is now the characteristic of Marina Bay. Time will tell whether the next icon will contribute to or undermine the visitor’s experience entirely; a reminder of the repetitive, 5 relentless, and often tiresome cycle to achieve novelty. a large body of water reflecting these marvels. The expansive patch of land was designed to appear as con- Conclusions tinuous as possible, making only a few references to the fringes While Singapore has plans to reclaim of the Old City. The existing primary arterial roads were length- more land in the coming few decades, ened southwards into avenues and boulevards thereby creating Marina Bay will undoubtedly continue to regular parcels of land which were then sub-divided into smaller evolve as an extension and expansion of lots. These streets extended seamlessly over the reclaimed ter- the city centre. The planning authority rain as if to prevent any disjointed context in the urban fabric has already encouraged more mixed use of the city when viewed from above, though where the new city developments to be built in this area, to started and the old ended was not clear. generate vibrant and diverse residential, Over the years, the accumulated skyline of Marina Bay and retail, and commercial spaces. In essence the greater downtown area has grown into what is now a collec- Marina Bay is never really complete, and tive display of architectural trophies; meticulously assembled 4 City model – Urban with hectares of unbuilt reclaimed land Redevelopment in this gathering space some of the world’s most prolific design Authority still on hold, it is the waiting game that practices have contributed buildings, from the works of Ameri- 5 Expanding the sustains this urban district as Singapore's can architects SOM, KPF, HOK, Murphy-Jahn, the UK’s Foster context between the perennially new downtown. urban form of the • & Partners and Wilkinson Eyre, to Germany’s Ingenhoven and Old City and the new Australia’s Denton Corker Marshall and Philip Cox, not to men- downtown. Source: Daniel Ong, architect and urban designer, tion the Japanese contributions of Toyo Ito, Kisho Kurokawa, and Daniel Ong living and practising in Singapore

Urban Design ― winter 2020 ― Issue 153 Topic 21 Conserving Yangon’s Colonial Heritage David Wallace Mathewson shows the importance of conservation policies to this Myanmar city’s image

During the Second World War the city was occupied by the Japanese and was heavily damaged. In 1945, after it was retaken by the Allies, Yangon became the focus of pro-Independence movements. This culminated in the independence of the Union of Burma in 1948 with Yangon as its capital. It remained the capital until Naypyidaw, 320km to the north, was established in 2005, but it remains the economic and commercial hub of the country, as well as its largest metropolitan region with over 7 million inhabitants. Due to its colonial history and location as a major hub of the British Empire in Asia, the city developed into one of the most spectacular and varied cityscapes, with impressive Buddhist temples like the Shwedagon and Sule Pagodas, Anglican and Catholic cathedrals, Protestant churches, an Armenian church, numerous mosques, Hindu, Zoroastrian and Sikh temples, even a Jewish synagogue. Yangon retains one of the largest and best pre- 1 served colonial architectural ensembles angon was founded during the early 11th century CE in anywhere in the world, although it is in the period when the Mon ruled what is now Southern a precarious state, with many buildings YMyanmar. The earliest settlements developed around the in an advanced state of decay, others Shwedagon Pagoda, the city’s most famous monument built by dilapidated, abandoned or ready to the Mon kings between the 6th and 10th centuries. As it devel- collapse. This risk from years of neglect oped, the city was part of successive kingdoms until 1755 when places many buildings in danger due to it was conquered by King Alaungpaya of the Konbaung Dynasty, the intense pressure from new develop- the last royal house to rule Burma prior to the British capture of ment taking place all over the city. The Upper Burma (the Kingdom of Burma) during the Third Anglo- rate at which many historic buildings are Burmese War of 1885. being demolished amidst the rise of new British colonial control was initially formalised during the developments is alarming. Second Anglo-Burmese War in 1852, when Rangoon became the Within this context, the Yangon capital of the newly established British Burma (Lower Burma). Heritage Trust (YHT) was founded in 2012 The city was transformed into the colony’s political, economic by Dr Thant Myint-U from a group of like- and financial hub. It was laid out in a grid pattern on what had minded architects, historians, planners, been marshland in the Yangon River Delta between the Yangon business people and other concerned River to the west and south, and Pazundaung Creek to the east. members of the community wishing to This area remains the heart of the city today. preserve the unique architectural legacy By the 1890s the British had conquered the remainder of the city. The notion of a heritage organ- of Burma when they took control of Mandalay, capital of the isation was initially developed through Konbaung Dynasty. Upper and Lower Burma were reunified dialogue between Dr Thant Myint-U, the and annexed to the British Indian Empire to the west. The Chief Minister of the Yangon Region and resulting increase in trade and commerce gave rise to wealthy the then Minister of Industry, where the suburban districts north of the city centre around the Royal Lake YHT outlined the urgency of the situation. (Kandawgyi) and Inya Lake. Large institutions were built during A conference in 2012 entitled Towards this time including the Rangoon General Hospital and Rangoon a Conservation Strategy for Yangon in College (today the University of Yangon). The city became the 21st Century brought together local, known as the Garden City of the East due to its spacious layout, national and international experts, NGOs, 1 Yangon/Rangoon extensive parks and lakes. By the early 20th century, the city had and Environs 1911 community leaders, and government offi- infrastructure development on par with European capitals such map, Flickr Creative cials, marking the beginning of the trust’s as Paris and London. Commons 2019 activities. Since that time the YHT has

Urban Design ― winter 2020 ― Issue 153 22 Topic which was submitted to the regional gov- ernment later that year. It allows for the urban heritage structures and buildings, parks, streetscapes, conservation areas, moveable objects and archaeological sites to be comprehensively designated as pro- tected components with no limitations of age, acknowledging the city’s urban heritage as continually developing and of diverse importance.

The Yangon City Development Committee The economy of the country greatly improved after years of decline with the implementation of economic reforms instituted by the Tatmadaw (Burmese Military), following the 1988 uprising. This resulted in a surge of new develop- ment in Yangon’s historic centre, with a 2 number of significant heritage properties demolished. In 1996 an official list of 189 heritage buildings was drafted by the Yangon City Development Committee (YCDC) in response to these losses. This list continues to provide the only statu- tory protection for heritage buildings in the city today and the YHT sees it as an important basis for future heritage con- servation planning. It is hoped that the list will be incorporated into the Yangon Urban Heritage Conservation Law and be expanded to include conservation areas, streetscapes, neighbourhoods and districts that have collective heritage value. YHT’s work illustrates the value of thousands of heritage structures in the city, while demonstrating that an area- based approach to protecting districts and neighbourhoods, as well as individual 3 buildings, is needed to properly manage broadened its activities to liaise with the local planning process Yangon’s heritage. and further ensure the protection of architectural heritage in Yangon. The Yangon Zoning Plan A zoning committee was established in Urban Heritage Planning 2013 by the YCDC to consider compre- Currently there are no formal comprehensive legal frameworks, hensive height limits and a zoning plan processes or guidelines for the management of Yangon’s heritage for the wider city. YHT was included in affected by new development. However the YHT recognises the committee along with the Department the unique opportunity to draft the first planning controls and of Human Settlements and Housing incorporate best practices from cities with similar heritage Development, the Ministry of Science assets. The organisation works closely with the city’s develop- and Technology, the AMA and the Japan ment authority, the Yangon City Development Committee, the International Cooperation Agency (JICA). Department of Human Settlements and Housing Development, Implementing a height strategy to main- national and regional ministries, and the Association of Myan- tain the low-rise character of the historic mar Architects (AMA) to undertake its work. The Protection and city centre is seen by the YHT as central Preservation of Cultural Heritage Regions Law of 1998 provides to discouraging high-rise development the primary existing statutory cultural heritage protection, in the small scale, densely developed together with the Antiquities Act of 1957. Both were designed downtown neighbourhoods. A number of for ancient monuments, ruins and archaeological sites such business figures and government officials as those of Pagan (Bagan). The 1998 law does not include the also support the YHT’s Paris Model, breadth or flexibility required to ensure the proper conservation where Yangon’s central core is preserved of the city’s diverse and evolving urban architectural heritage, with high-rise development pushed to and only applies to structures more than 100 years old, meaning surrounding districts. that much of Yangon’s interwar heritage does not fall under the provisions of the legislation and remains unprotected. 2 Yangon Railway National Building Codes station A joint initiative between UN-HABITAT, 3 View over the historic The Yangon Urban Heritage Conservation Law centre looking south the Myanmar Engineering Society and However in 2013 the YHT was tasked with assisting in the draft- towards Yangon River the Ministry of Construction resulted in ing of the country’s first urban heritage and conservation law, and Sule Pagoda. the establishment of a national building

Urban Design ― winter 2020 ― Issue 153 Topic 23 code led by architects, engineers, government and professional associations. The development of these long-needed regula- tions incorporates YHT advice, which is a key stakeholder in the process still in its early stages. The YHT has been tasked by the Myanmar Investment Commission (MIC) to draft a series of principles for investment and development in areas with signifi- cant heritage throughout the country. These standards will form part of the formal planning approvals process whenever new development is considered by the MIC. This initiative has been designed to guarantee that the unique urban heritage of the city is given due consideration and preserved for future generations.

Conservation Projects A number of pilot projects overseen by the YHT are currently under way in Yangon, to demonstrate best practice for the adap- tive re-use and renovation of historic buildings. They include: 4 the restoration of an historic building at 491-501 Merchant •Road, with a mix of commercial and residential uses, undertaken by the YHT in partnership with the Prince’s Foundation for the Built Environment and funded by the Canadian Department of Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development, as well as the Alphawood Foundation Yangon General Hospital, sensitively renovated and restored • the conversion of the historic courts building (the New Law •Courts) into a new hotel designed by Purcell to sympathetically conserve the important historic elements of the building the adaptation of the Former Reserve Bank of India into the •country’s first stock exchange the State Fine Arts School (formerly the Chin Song Palace), •one of Yangon’s most ornate and impressive heritage building 5 the renovation of U Thant House, the former residence of the •UN Secretary General the restoration and conversion of Waziya Cinema, the oldest •film theatre in the city into a modern theatre.

Formerly the Ministers’ Building and Myanmar’s parliament, the Secretariat Building is currently undergoing a sensitive historic conservation and restoration programme. Funded by the Conservation Management Plan (CMP), the iconic building, one of largest and most visible in the city, is being overseen by the Secretariat Conservation Trust (SCT) and undertaken by Edinburgh-based conservation consultancy Simpson & Brown for the Anwar Group, leaseholder of the site. The client has worked closely with the heritage consultants and the YHT to ensure a high standard of work, given that the building is one of the most historically significant in the city. Initially built by the 6 British in the late 1800s and enlarged in 1905, it was the seat of government until the legislature moved to Naypyidaw in 2011. It An area-based approach suffered serious damage in the 1930s when the central dome and to protecting districts and 10 of 18 towers collapsed, and was in 1947, the site of the assas- sination of General Bogyoke Aung San, the father of Modern neighbourhoods, as well Myanmar (and of current State Councillor Aung San Suu Kyi). as individual buildings, Conclusion is needed to properly The restoration and renovation of the historic Secretariat Build- manage Yangon’s heritage ing represents an important moment in the history of Myanmar. The former parliament and colonial legislature building stood at the centre of Burmese politics for nearly 130 years and witnessed a number of dramatic episodes in the political life of the colony and later Union of Burma. The building’s conversion into a national museum will ensure that the building is preserved for future generations while safeguarding the building’s place at the heart of national life. This project is also emblematic of the wider conservation efforts of a number of stakeholders in 4 Historic view of the Secretariat Building Yangon, including the YHT, to preserve the city’s remarkable 5 The Secretariat historic architecture and urban heritage and to return the city to today, undergoing its rightful place as one of the great cities of Southeast Asia. restoration • 6 The High Court building on Pansondan David Wallace Mathewson Street. All photos DW Mathewson

Urban Design ― winter 2020 ― Issue 153 24 Topic Jakarta: A Case Study for Flood Challenges David Wallace Mathewson discusses how this Indonesian city responds to climate change

Environmental challenges The city lacks effective flood control, partly due to upstream deforestation, resulting in flash floods downstream in the city. Jakarta’s numerous waterways flow northwards into the Java Sea and have historically been losing their capac- ity to carry flood waters as a result of long-term informal development along riverbanks and canals which has caused them to narrow, the dumping of refuse into the water causing a further reduc- tions in capacity, and the uncontrolled growth of water hyacinth, which slows water flows and allows silt to gather. If these problems were not enough, the ability for the ground in Jakarta to absorb water has also been reduced due to wide- spread urbanisation and deforestation, made worse by a lack of green space in the city and uncontrolled development on the urban periphery. There has also been a failure by the city administration to invest in infrastructure over several decades, illustrating the fact that problems of 1 flooding have been plaguing the city for akarta is an emerging global city, one of the world’s largest centuries. urban agglomerations, with a metropolitan population of Japproximately 30 million people. The largest urban region Historic development in Indonesia and Southeast Asia, it is the capital, business and Although Jakarta’s urban history dates economic centre of the world’s fourth most populous nation, set back to the 5th century, the Dutch were within an archipelago of 17,000 islands. The city is located on responsible for the layout of the surviving the north coast of Java, an island inhabited by over 141 million historic centre. This area, called Kota people, 57 per cent of the country’s 270 million inhabitants. It Tua (literally Old City), Batavia under continues to develop rapidly while facing significant challenges the Dutch, was capital of the Dutch East to sustainable development. Indies from 1619 until 1949. It was laid Jakarta’s accelerated urbanisation and growth have resulted out in 1617 using the Waterstad typology in large-scale infrastructure problems, which while acknowl- of regularised urban blocks and canal edged and analysed by the government, are experienced regu- systems loosely based on the port cities of larly and most directly by the public. These challenges include the Netherlands. urban sprawl, traffic congestion, the proliferation of informal Jakarta has been described as the pro- settlements, extensive flooding, a lack of potable water and solid totype Indonesian city that would define waste management systems, as well as some of the most rapid the character of cities in Indonesia and be land subsidence in the world. emulated elsewhere. By the 1700s, large Jakarta presents an informative case for how the city’s cities across the archipelago, including planned flood and water infrastructure interventions respond Jakarta, developed central areas modelled to some of these key challenges. Successive governments in the on idealised Dutch ports with canals, city have been grappling with these problems, although little churches, row houses and city walls. How- progress has been made until relatively recently, when they ever this European model was alien to the began dredging canals and rivers, embarking on the Jakarta Javanese landscape. The canals that were Coastal Defence Strategy (JCDS) and the subsequent National intended to draw water away from the city Capital Integrated Coastal Development Master Plan (NCICD), and into the sea, quickly became slow- which will be crucial over the next decades. However according moving, stagnant and malaria-infested, 1 Map of Batavia to recent studies, if Jakarta does not address the development (today's Jakarta) in with tall, narrow houses ill-suited for the problems and disaster risks it faces, significant portions of the 1681. Source: British tropical climate. Despite the city’s nick- city will end up permanently under water in the near future. Museum names as the Jewel of Asia, Pearl of the

Urban Design ― winter 2020 ― Issue 153 Topic 25 Orient or Queen of the East, its beauty had disappeared by the time the Dutch colonial government decided in the early 19th century to relocate the administrative centre to a new garden district called Weltevreden, 4km to the south. Old Batavia became neglected as Europeans sought the greener open spaces of Weltevreden, away from the compact and poorly drained old Dutch centre. The new district was situated at some distance from Batavia because swampy ground around the old city and a dense network of indigenous villages surrounding it made the development of suburbs impractical. Weltevreden was developed far enough from the old city that the smells of the canals were undetectable. In addition, drinking water was more easily sourced as wells did not suffer from salt water intrusion. This area emulated the then current trends in Europe, with the building of low, horizontal, neoclassical buildings and later Javanese-Dutch hybrid bungalows, that took account of the local tropical climate. The old city to the north 2 was gradually abandoned as Dutch-style port cities fell out of fashion. This led to the development of what initially was a linear city where urban development flanked the main north-south trunk road connecting Batavia to Weltevreden. This strip had by the mid 19th century developed into a dumbbell shape with the old and new centres at either end. Later in the 19th century the areas of development flanking the trunk road gradually filled with kampungs or desas (villages) in a new dumbbell-infill pattern which came to dominate the morphology of Indonesian cities that remains typical today. This model of development and the resulting disconnection from the historic port have presented a challenge for planners, officials and investors seeking change, as the city lacks a defin- able character, image, and spatial or visual relationship to the sea. What followed was a Post-War era of isolationism, virtually 3 devoid of waterfront development, apart from the 1960s Ancol land subsidence along the city’s northern leisure centre, until the 1980s when the first new residential coastline, with areas further south sink- developments were built at Muara Baru and Pluit. These luxuri- ing less rapidly. ous, gated waterfront communities were segregated from the existing fishing communities and surrounding kampungs. Current Responses to Flooding Since the mid 1990s, there has been a renewed interest The government of Indonesia and Jakarta among citizens groups and municipal conservationists to return in partnership with the Netherlands and to the northern coast, where Jakarta began. A series of sporadic several Dutch engineering consultan- efforts by NGOs and the municipal authorities have renovated cies is currently embarking on a bold historic buildings from the Dutch colonial era and regenerated response to chronic problems of flooding historic neighbourhoods for tourism, with limited success. and land subsidence. The JCDS of 2011 and the subsequent NCICD set along the Historic responses to flooding entirety of Jakarta’s northern coast aim to A European urban model was imposed on an alien landscape transform a large portion of the city into where the Dutch controlled coastal cities (e.g. Batavia, an international waterfront destination Surabaya) inhabited by Europeans and Chinese immigrants; the similar to those in New York, Singapore latter dominated the commercial activities, and the former the and Hong Kong. Since Jakarta spatially administration and military. Until the 19th century, the Javanese turns its back to the sea, this project aims were considered hostile and too dangerous and unskilled to be to change that relationship by creating allowed to inhabit the European enclaves, remaining in their a new coastal frontage, not unlike the traditional cities elsewhere, or kampungs and desas around spatial achievements of Barcelona in the Batavia. Thus under colonial rule, segregation was a spatial late 1980s or Lisbon since the 1990s. This tool utilised by the authorities. Those on the lowest economic ambitious strategy seeks to provide com- or social rung of the ladder were left with the worst problems, prehensive flood and sea defences along while the rich and well-off moved away from areas of flooding. the city’s entire coastline, while imple- This pattern is apparent today with large areas of kampungs menting new development in the form of clustered around waterways and flood-prone land. land reclamation. This will effectively cre- Jakarta is a magnet for rural migrants seeking jobs and ate a new face for Jakarta, re-imagining better opportunities, who flock to kampungs susceptible to it as a waterfront city and delivering flooding. The worst hit areas in recent major floods were the sustainable drainage systems and other districts along the riverbanks and canals, areas with higher 2 Kota Tua, former climate change mitigation measures. The Stadhuis City Hall concentrations of poverty. Over the past 20 years, the city has 3 Kota Tua, Museum new island developments will protect flooded approximately once every five years. During these flood of Fine Arts & Jakarta from flooding and deliver hous- events, around a third of the city’s land area is inundated, with Ceramics, Formerly ing to meet demand and future growth the Court of Justice large-scale displacement and even fatalities. Following the 2007 Building completed (Jakarta’s metropolitan population is floods, evidence revealed by Indonesian and Dutch scientists 1870. All photos DW projected to reach 70 million by 2050). suggested that the primary causes for inundation was rapid Mathewson The government hopes this project will

Urban Design ― winter 2020 ― Issue 153 26 Topic US$40 billion. Implementation will be undertaken in three phases with comple- tion of the sea dike set for 2022. The city government argues that the high cost will be offset by increased land values and associated economic benefits. Despite this, civil society groups and residents affected by these plans have raised strong objections, specifically to the lack of public consultation and opportunities for citizen involvement in the planning process. However, the type of developments envisaged do not appear to address the needs of the majority of the city’s residents. Much of the imagery of the proposed island developments appears 4 geared towards international investors or offer a new image and character for the city, encouraging visitors middle to upper class Indonesians, with and international investment, potentially forming a model of a character more akin to the developed development for cities facing similar challenges. rather than the developing world. While The NCICD calls for blocking off the Bay of Jakarta from some efforts seem to have been made to the sea, by constructing a 25km long seawall, behind which incorporate indigenous building designs the bay will be converted into a sealed reservoir regulated to for targeted coastal communities, most remain below sea level, allowing for controlled drainage of the of the island masterplans are charac- city. For this to be possible, the world’s largest pumping sta- terised by international-style high-rise tion is planned to draw water out of the reservoir and into the developments, low-rise detached villas sea. A series of associated improvements to the existing flood or shop houses. No efforts seem to have infrastructure and drainage system, including the restoration of been made to respond to the city’s other polders, dredging of drainage canals, and flood protection walls, pressing issues beyond flooding and land are included. subsidence, namely a lack of available Within the sealed reservoir, vast land reclamation projects 4 Kota Tua link to land tenure and crucially, affordable will provide a new central business district (CBD), residential Weltvreden. Image housing. based on Google Earth • areas, a new harbour and airport, accommodating an additional with addition by DW 650,000 inhabitants and 350,000 new jobs, estimated to cost Mathewson David Wallace Mathewson

Recent Urban Development in Jakarta and Palembang Priscilla Epifania Ariaji relates the effects on the two cities of hosting the 2018 Asian Games

espite the obvious urban chal- lenges of flooding, heavy traffic Dand rapid urbanisation in the Indonesian capital of Jakarta over several decades, major public investment is tak- ing place in transport infrastructure, pub- lic realm improvements and large-scale urban developments around the revitali- sation of sport venues. The goal is not only to provide the country with sporting venues capable of hosting international events, but more importantly, to generate revenue for the Jakarta government while providing much-needed sport and leisure spaces for inhabitants of the city seeking to pursue an active and healthy lifestyle. Indonesia was chosen in April 2014 1 Jakarta’s Main by the Asian Olympic Board as the host Stadium, Gelora nation for the 2018 Asian Games, with GBK interior. Jakarta and Palembang in Sumatra as Source: gbk.id 1 Urban Design ― winter 2020 ― Issue 153 Topic 27

2 joint host cities, as both locations already have extensive sports pavements along Sudirman-Thamrin and facilities built for similar events – the Jakabaring Sport Complex in the old colonial city centre in Kota Tua in Palembang hosted the 2011 Southeast Asian Games. In and Menteng to the north were widened. anticipation of budget constraints, the Indonesian government Pedestrians and cyclists’ experiences were chose to optimise resources in each city by renovating as many vastly improved with new landscaping existing facilities as possible, in line with current requirements and paving, providing access for the and standards. disabled, as well as the addition of street The 18th Asian Games were held from 18 August to 2 Septem- furniture and signage to improve the ber 2018 and included 28 Olympic and 6 non-Olympic sports. appearance of public spaces, and enhance Forty-five countries, 15,000 athletes and more than 30,000 the experience for tourists arriving for the officials participated in the events, competing in 462 games with Games. more than two million viewers and 7,000 local and international members of the media in attendance. The Asian Paralympic Renovation of the GBK Sport Games followed the main events and took place at the same Complex venues in both cities. GBK is the national sport complex named for Soekarno, Indonesia’s first President, Preparing the main stage in the Capital and it was built between 1959 and 1962 In early 2016, President Joko Widodo (Jokowi) of Indonesia to host the 1962 Asian Games. During gave the mandate to the Ministry of Public Works and Housing the Cold War era, its construction and (PUPR) to carry out the renovation of relevant sporting venues development was supported by a soft in the Gelora Bung Karno (GBK) Sport Complex, in Senayan, loan and with engineers from the Soviet Jakarta, and the construction of the Athletes’ Village in Kemay- Union. Meanwhile, the United States also oran, Jakarta and Jakabaring, Palembang. provided support for the construction of In order to carry out the President’s decree, the ministry nearby motorways. established the special taskforce of AG XVIII-2018 Infrastructure Soekarno chose the site to link stra- to supervise the work. Working closely with the taskforce were tegically with the central city’s expansion the Directorate General of Human Settlements and the Directo- southwards and the first satellite city in rate General of Housing Provision as the executing government nearby Kebayoran. The buildings in the agencies. GBK complex were designed by Russian Jakarta’s main sporting venue was the Gelora Bung Karno architects and engineers, with the main (GBK) Sport Complex. Other venues built beyond that were stadium ring roof being the first avant- the Velodrome, Equestrian Ground and International Athletes’ garde structure in the country. The devel- Village. Temporary venues were built in Ancol, North Jakarta, to opment of GBK was a major milestone for host water sports, and additional smaller existing venues in the such a young country in terms of hosting city were also used. a major international event, new archi- The Games were a pretext for the government to develop tectural icons and new urban planning in new infrastructure and public facilities, implement urban greater Jakarta. regeneration and enhance the built environment in many neigh- Originally, the site of the GBK covered bourhoods, especially around the GBK complex. Apart from 279ha, although this was reduced to renovating it, new public transportation infrastructure was built 137ha as land was sold off for commercial and existing access to it improved. A new high-speed airport Sky- development. Currently the GBK consists train was built to deliver passengers from Soekarno-Hatta Inter- of 13 sport venues and other supporting national Airport to BNI-Dukuh Atas station in the heart of the facilities, and is significant as the primary city. This station was integrated with the existing bus system to venue where opening and closing ceremo- ensure wider access. To support the Asian Games, the main bus nies, as well as prestigious matches, are 2 The GBK Sport stops along the Sudirman-Thamrin main thoroughfare through Complex, Jakarta held. the city’s central business district, were renovated, while the Masterplan, Source: In order to update the GBK complex, public realm surrounding the GBK complex was upgraded, and Dirjen Cipta Karya the PUPR took steps to appoint the most

Urban Design ― winter 2020 ― Issue 153 28 Topic

The Games were a pretext for the government to develop new infrastructure and public facilities, implement urban regeneration and enhance the built environment in many neighbourhoods

3 qualified Indonesian professionals to produce high quality work. visitors than ever before. In total, around The renovation of the GBK also involved cooperation with the 154,000 foreign tourists were recorded, Indonesian Institute of Architects (IAI). A team of architects uti- not including 16,000 athletes and associ- lised a design and build system as a new approach to all of GBK’s ated officials. rehabilitation and development. The 18th Asian Games were successful Eight principal architects were chosen by the IAI to work on in promoting Indonesia as a destination the renovation and rehabilitation of the main buildings in the for international games and providing GBK complex. Six of the buildings were registered as heritage new or improved local infrastructure. buildings, and therefore the work required the careful treatment However the tangible benefit for residents of the buildings’ fabric and sensitive design considerations. A and workers in both Palembang and key challenge for the architects was finding a balance between Jakarta is new access to international enhancing original features while providing a contemporary aes- standard sports venues, an improved thetic. The renovation of these buildings also had to comply with public realm and open spaces, public international sporting events standards, providing disabled and transport and other facilities that they VIP access, as well as incorporating current safety standards. can use on a regular basis. Because of its strategic location and flexible capacity, Preparing Palembang 2018 the GBK complex has been highly success- Although Palembang had previously hosted an international ful in hosting festivals, concerts, religious sporting event, the city did not have a public transportation events and political rallies. In addition, system sufficient to meet the needs of such an event. Only when the City Forest inside the GBK complex it was chosen as a host city for the Asian Games was the city was recently developed to function as government finally spurred on to build a public transportation a public open space, through a joint system. So a Light Rapid Transit (LRT) system, the first in Indo- collaboration with a private hospitality nesia, was established within a short time, covering 24.5km and company who will manage and develop serving 13 stations. The South Sumatra or Palembang LRT was around 3.2ha of the 4.5ha available. It is opened by President Jokowi in mid-2018, about a month before hoped that this kind of large-scale urban the games began. This LRT links Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II development will be replicated elsewhere Airport in the west of the city to the Jakabaring Sport Complex in Indonesia in spite of the vast array of in the east. Athletes and delegations, as well as spectators, could urban challenges in Jakarta, Palembang reach the main venue directly from the airport. and other Indonesian large cities. These The Jakabaring Sport City (JSC) is a 325ha sporting complex efforts contribute in a small way to the located in Seberang Ulu, 5km from the city centre. It was built improvement of urban conditions across originally for the 2011 Southeast Asian Games and in order to the archipelago. host the 18th Asian Games, some renovation and new develop- • ment was required. The main stadium in the complex, Gelora Priscilla Epifania Ariaji, architect, committee Sriwijaya also known as Jakabaring Stadium, was renovated with member of IAI, lecturer and researcher at Tarumanagara University, Jakarta and façades inspired by local Palembang woven cloth patterns. Other programme director at Jajak, Indonesia sports facilities were also refurbished. A new venue was built to host jet skiing and other water sports, plus an athletes’ village.

Conclusion The total cost for the construction of facilities and infrastructure was more than US$ 2.4 billion and the operational cost is around US$ 509 million, according to Bappenas (the Ministry of National Development Planning). They were seen to be a worth- while investment by the government, given the benefits to the wider city regions in terms of new infrastructure and increased economic output: the Ministry of Tourism reported an increase 3 Gelora Srivijawa Stadium, Jakabaring of 12.3 per cent in foreign visitors over the previous year, and Sport Complex in hotel occupancy rates also increased. Palembang in particular Palembang. Source: became a new tourism destination in Indonesia, with more Priscilla Epifania Ariaji

Urban Design ― winter 2020 ― Issue 153 Topic 29

1

awarded the project by the government’s Advisory Committee on Historic Build- Urban Conservation ings, the Hong Kong Jockey Club worked tirelessly to bring it to fruition. The Heritage Office governs this committee. in Hong Kong The project was initiated with Heritage Impact Assessments undertaken in 2007, Dawn Hayunga Shapiro argues for the reconciliation whereby government-owned historic of heritage preservation and new development buildings could be adaptively reused by non profit organisations (NPOs). Their goals were to preserve historic buildings while utilising them for publicly accessi- he people of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region ble functions. Getting the public involved have recently begun what looks to be a protracted fight for ensured a significantly greater degree of T their civil rights, putting the political future of the autono- interest in the project and value to the mous, self-governing territory on the south coast of China into local community. question. As an expat living in Hong Kong, I have observed first- The CPS compound which covers hand the extremes that define this vibrant city where many peo- 27,870m2 of land, was constructed in ple live in ‘coffin apartments’ or ‘cage flats’ and in conditions of several phases between 1864 and 1925. acute poverty, often in close proximity to buildings which house Conservation architects Purcell, executive millionaires. On many Saturdays and Sundays, I have seen the architect Rocco Design Architects Ltd. few parks and public spaces of the city fill up with Philippino and and architects and masterplanners Her- Indonesian domestic staff on their only days off, congregating in zog & de Meuron were brought together the few spaces available to them in this most dense of cities. to unite the 16 restored buildings and To understand Hong Kong, and the importance of open the two newly built facilities into one spaces to the character and sense of place of local communities, cohesive development. While essentially one must understand the premium placed on such spaces in a historic conservation project, not all a city with some of the highest real estate values in the world. buildings were retained and some that Hong Kong has developed over recent decades into one of the were not considered of heritage value, most expensive places to live on earth, like Paris and Singapore, were not restored. The overall design aim according to the Economist Intelligence Unit’s 2019 Worldwide was to return the compound to something Cost of Living Survey. Hong Kong struggles, as most large cities approximating the appearance and char- do, with buildings falling into decay and newer buildings pop- acter of the original design. ping up everywhere, whilst historic preservation is overlooked in favour of market returns. Despite this, the importance of historic Touring the CPS compound conservation is beginning to be recognised by a few government Entering the compound through the departments, looking at preserving the heritage of the city and pedestrian walkway brings you into the at the same time embracing the contemporary city and planning Parade Ground. This grand space is now for its future. used for art installations and traditional In May 2018, the long-anticipated opening of the converted Chinese cultural celebrations, depending former Central Police Station (CPS) finally took place. It was 1 Tai Kwun: former on the time of year. During the day, it renamed Tai Kwun Centre for Heritage and Arts, tai kwun Central Police Station's is a well-traversed space by both locals meaning big station in Chinese. For the past 11 years, after being Parade Ground and expats on their way to work, and

Urban Design ― winter 2020 ― Issue 153 30 Topic

2 3 numerous tourists lining up to engage in the history of Hong Many organisations promote the Kong. The Parade Ground houses a number of restaurants and heritage and restoration of historic shops catering to visitors. A unique element retained is a historic buildings in Hong Kong: for example, mango tree, located near the Armoury in a central location one of the government’s legislative acts which provides a focal point for local community memory. All in May 2001, was to establish the Urban the vegetation and plants inside the development are labelled Renewal Authority (URA) with the objec- for visitors’ information. Just off the Parade Ground are the tive of implementing the Urban Renewal Married Inspectors quarters that give a sense of how the workers Strategy adopted by the territorial employed on the site lived when it was in operation. government. The authority works toward QR codes are posted throughout the historic compound to a ‘people first, district-based, public par- provide information for people on self-guided tours. Further ticipatory’ process of urban renewal, and inside the compound, in the Prison Yard area, visitors can access has a broad scope of responsibility. It not former prison cells and communal halls for eating and other only works on new development projects functions, where the day-to-day lives of prisoners and related that incorporate sustainable buildings histories are exhibited. As the visitor continues towards the with intelligent technologies, but liaises Prison Yard, the new Jockey Club buildings come into full view. with property owners to improve existing Inside this is a gallery space and an open air presentation area buildings and try to prevent building where free films are screened on Sundays and which can be decay. The authority is under a great deal rented out for private events. The Prison Yard is also open and of pressure to start doing more, so it has has a space for gatherings. reached out to educate developers and The Tai Kwun Centre has a programme to educate and pro- building owners on how to make existing mote the value of historical preservation within a modern city. buildings more efficient and remove One of the organisation’s key aims has been to show, through the apartments that have been subdivided revitalisation of the historic prison, how heritage and contem- into cubicle flats or cage apartments. porary uses work well together while providing a much-needed In 2009, the URA also opened the public space for the inhabitants of Hong Kong. Urban Renewal Discovery Centre (URDC), Tai Kwun allows visitors to roam freely throughout the day where the community can learn what the and night, and locals are as prevalent as tourists, a sign that the URDC has discovered and what it is doing old prison remains an important place for local people. A variety to make the city a better place to live. It of seating ensures that adults, families and single people are has created full-sized replicas of cubicle accommodated all in one place, among the historic buildings flats, cage apartments, capsule flats, cof- and contemporary spaces of the development. The architects fin apartments and cocklofts, for people and planners, along with the developer, the Hong Kong Jockey to better understand the affordability Club, have set the bar high for future public space projects. The challenges in Hong Kong’s real estate use of high-quality materials, sensitive historic conservation market. The organisation also reclaims and the integration of contemporary architecture has ensured unused or abandoned apartments and the scheme’s success, which is apparent in the large numbers of buildings for redevelopment into new visitors present on most days of the week. living accommodation. Other high profile urban development Heritage vs. new development projects by the URA include Mallory Although the Heritage Office has a number of buildings listed for Street/Burrows Street, a project housed inclusion in similar high-profile projects, it remains an alarming in a renovated historic structure and fact that many historic buildings are privately owned and poorly designed as a platform for exchange and conserved. Due to lax planning controls, even if a building is interaction by the comics industry, which considered of historic value, a private owner can decide to was completed in 2013; Pak Tsz Land demolish it and build a luxury tower. The value of land in Hong 2 Barrack Block and Project, a park and stop on the Dr Sun Armoury Kong is so high that financial returns matter more than historic 3 Former Central Yat-sen, a location for revolutionary gath- value. Unless a structure is declared a monument, it is not safe Magistracy, part of the erings in 1911 which figures prominently from demolition. Tai Kwun complex in the history of China’s first republican

Urban Design ― winter 2020 ― Issue 153 Topic 31 revolution, and was completed in 2012; and the Central Market and better integrate its urban history Project to be completed by 2022, a renewed historic market with its plans for the future development building in Central Hong Kong, which preserves the historic of the city. There is hope that the govern- building, includes opening up some of its walls to increase ment will better ensure that its heritage accessibility and permeability, and will host cultural and retail is preserved amidst ongoing urban facilities. development, but more projects like Tai The Pak Tsz Land Project represents an important asset for Kwun will be needed. The people of Hong my own local neighbourhood: a hidden gem within the Mid- Kong are looking to the government to Levels. Locals describe it as a secret garden because it is one of enable changes to the planning system to the few open spaces and offers a retreat from the ever-present preserve historic heritage while ensuring construction and bustle of central Hong Kong. The park includes high quality developments deliver real pavilions, seating, planting and shade from large trees, as well as benefits for local communities and deal a children’s playground and is a vast improvement on the site’s with the lack of affordable housing. Amid former industrial uses. these everyday problems, the world is On the other hand, a number of large-scale urban develop- waiting to see what will happen in Hong ment projects have fallen short of what they promised the public Kong as the months go on and there is no for their neighbourhoods, for example new facilities, quality sign that the protests will cease. public open spaces or leisure destinations; many are given over • instead to expensive restaurants, hotels or upscale shopping, out Dawn Hayunga Shapiro, architect and urbanist of reach of many locals. based in Hong Kong

The future As the Tai Kwun Centre enters its second year of operation and with its level of public exposure, Hong Kong needs to reach out

The Next Big Metropolis in the Philippines Jennifer Chua describes the development of a counter-magnet to Manila

1 etropolitan Manila in the Philippines, one of the most Rapid urbanisation combined with a crowded city regions in the world, has a population lack of formal planning has led to stresses M density of over 20,000 inhabitants per km2 and a on key infrastructure and public services, population of nearly 23 million people. As population growth as well as environmental, health and continues to intensify, sustainable development will depend social challenges. Due to its geographical increasingly on the ability of cities to manage urban growth, 1 An artist’s vision of location within the Pacific typhoon belt particularly in places where most of the rapid urbanisation is New Clark City. Image and the volcanic Ring of Fire, the archi- expected to take place. courtesy of BCDA pelago is highly susceptible to geophysical

Urban Design ― winter 2020 ― Issue 153 32 Topic The BRT will reduce the number of vehi- cles, thereby reducing traffic congestion in the area. The stations will make use of sustainable architectural design reflect- ing inclusive accessibility, with greater passenger convenience and comfort. Elevated pedestrian walkways, sidewalks, cycle lanes with ample street lighting and landscaping have also been proposed to improve pedestrian access. In a province with severe flooding, measures have been identified to enhance mitigation and disaster prevention by protecting key industries and communi- ties. The masterplan takes advantage of growth corridors, districts and nodes to ensure an orderly development while accommodating future growth to revi- talise urban centres, and create buffer zones for hazard-prone areas. Solid waste 2 management programmes have been rec- and hydro-meteorological threats. These natural hazards of ommended to ensure key public service seismic activity and extreme weather events add to the vulner- resilience to disruption caused by natural abilities and challenges facing Manila. disasters. Integrated water resources and The urban landscape of Manila is characterised by formality supply planning, including water reten- and informality: scattered, disconnected and unplanned devel- tion ponds, reservoirs and water treat- opments, set amidst the formalised planning of international ment plants have also been included to style luxury developments and middle-class housing estates, ensure a ready supply of clean and potable some of which are exclusive gated enclaves. This built environ- water for domestic and industrial use, and ment is set within the context of severe annual flood challenges, accommodate increased demand. increasing climate change risks, an ever-growing urban popula- Four metropolitan clusters have been tion and chronic under-investment in road infrastructure and identified, each focusing on specific public transport systems, which are needed to combat some of sectors such as transport and road the world’s worst traffic congestion. Much more investment in infrastructure, tourism, integrated infrastructure and public services is needed to improve the qual- water resource management and supply ity of life of city residents and workers. planning, disaster resilience and flood The Philippines, through public-private partnerships, is protection, and agro-industrial develop- developing its next big metropolis in response to the challenges ment zones: facing Manila as well as to more equitably distribute economic Aerotropolis (airport-driven cluster) to benefits across Luzon, the country’s most populous island inhab- •serve as the centre for business, logistics, ited by over 53 million people. The Central and Northern Luzon technology, innovation and education region presents an opportunity to design a new urban growth Agropolis (agriculture-driven cluster) centre to optimise the potential of nearby provinces and address •to serve as the centre of food production, the major challenges of metropolitan Manila. By undertaking agri-industrial businesses and research this long-term strategic development, it can also enable older Aquapolis (water-driven cluster) to cities to embark on their own urban renewal and redevelopment •serve as the centre for waterfront devel- proposals, and empower them to develop into more liveable and opment and marine food production competitive centres. Ecopolis (ecology-driven cluster) to •serve as the centre for environmental A clustered approach tourism, education, and natural heritage. The Pampanga Megalopolis masterplan development, designed by Palafox Associates for the Provincial Government of Pam- Some of the proposed initiatives include panga, is expected to function as a counter-magnet to metropoli- tropics-inspired tourism education cen- tan Manila. With 218,100ha of land and comprising 23 cities and tres for tourism awareness, and riverfront municipalities, the rising Pampanga megalopolis will be three development to highlight the different times the size of Singapore and twice that of Hong Kong. bodies of water in the province that could Composed of various metropolitan areas, Pampanga has add value to real estate developments. adopted a clustered approach rather than focusing on any single There are also proposed agri-industrial city in order to better distribute the benefits of development estates and farm-to-market post-harvest while allowing for a less dense urban region where extensive facilities to boost the agri-industrial green open spaces will highlight the island’s natural environment sector. and stunning topography. One of Pampanga’s growth strategies is improving connectiv- A refuge from climate risk ity through existing infrastructure such as Clark International New Clark City (NCC) is one of the Airport, North Luzon Expressway (NLEX), and Subic-Clark- largest projects under the Philippine Tarlac Expressway (SCTEX), including the proposed growth cor- 2 Pampanga government’s Build, Build, Build Program ridors that will link various business opportunities and develop a Megaloplis: spearheaded by the Bases Convention and Sustainable Mass more cohesive transport and logistics network. Transport System. Development Authority (BCDA), which is Other connectivity measures include a bus rapid transit Image courtesy of tasked with converting former military (BRT) system that will connect Clark Airport to other stations. Palafox Associates bases into centres for economic growth.

Urban Design ― winter 2020 ― Issue 153 Topic 33 Located in Capas, Tarlac, the new site was chosen because much of the required infrastructure was already in place: an interna- tional airport, a seaport and a network of motorways. It also offers a strategic location only 80km north of Manila and access to tourist areas. Covering 9,500ha, this new smart city develop- ment will be divided into five districts: government, business, education, agriculture, and recreation, with an expected popula- tion of more than 1.2 million people. BCDA in partnership with the Japan Overseas Infrastructure and Investment Corporation for Transport and Urban Develop- ment (JOIN), AECOM, Nippon Koei, and Surbana Jurong have developed a masterplan focusing on five pillars of growth: transport-oriented development, branding and placemaking, mixed use development, pedestrian mobility and neighbour- hood planning to foster a community. The first phase includes construction of the National Government Administrative Center 3 (NGAC) and sports facilities aimed at hosting the 30th Southeast Asian Games in November and December 2019. NCC will be a hub of agri-industrial activities, new technol- ogy and logistics companies, well-equipped government facili- ties and international standard sports venues. It also aims to allocate more than 60 per cent of the land for green spaces. NCC will focus on connectivity to ease urban congestion and promote regional integration with metropolitan Manila. Clark International Airport will act as the gateway to the country and the region. High-speed train connections between Manila and Clark, and regional railway connections between the Subic Seaport and Clark Airport, will facilitate access to infrastructure, data and resources. The masterplan integrates international best practice urban design standards and guidelines, as well as ecosystem-based solutions that will reduce vulnerability and build resilience to 4 climate-related shocks. the immense pressures on the capital The location of this new metropolis was chosen for its itself. Hopefully these proposals will natural resilience, its elevation, topography and distance from result in a tangible increase in people’s fault lines. The mountain ranges (Sierra Madre and Zambales) quality of life in the region. surrounding New Clark City act as natural barriers enabling Pursuing these directives through natural resistance to heavy flooding. It is also 20km away from sustainable urban development is key the nearest fault line to the northwest. However, the site is not to maximizing the benefits of develop- earthquake-proof: buildings have been designed to withstand a ment whilst minimising environmental minimum magnitude-8 earthquake (Philippine building codes impacts, and addressing the needs of require a minimum of 7). Builders will utilise concrete mixed city dwellers (including the urban poor with a local organic building material called lahar (a type of mud and other vulnerable groups), including made of volcanic material, slurry, and rocky debris) which can equitable access to public services and withstand tremors. Another component is the development of infrastructure. Designing people-centric satellite offices of different government agencies, to ensure con- development will help cities to improve tinuity of operations and services in case of disasters or natural and grow sustainably. If the government calamities. can successfully create and design a new NCC will include an Innovation Corridor (an R&D driven counter-magnet for Manila, it can facili- industrial park) close to Clark Freeport Zone and Clark Interna- tate other cities to replicate these new tional Airport, which will create 600,000 jobs. The innovation- socio-ecological urban design approaches centric metropolis will offer a mix of educational institutions and create smart, climate-resilient and and commercial development alongside parks and other open cost-effective urban developments for the spaces, a sports institute, mixed used and industrial develop- future. ments, a food processing terminal and market, mixed tenure • housing and an agro-industrial park, which will be accessible to Jennifer Joy Chua Gadher, advisor on urban Manila via SCTEX and an integrated transport system. A pedes- resilience, The Resurgence Urban Resilience trianised public realm and a high-quality open space network Trust & Max Lock Centre, London include a natural river walkway around the city, with sustainable buildings to reduce water and energy usage, and improve water storage and drainage. 3 New Clark CIty: East Gate government Conclusions centre: building a The Philippine government’s new strategic development initia- climate resilient city. Image courtesy of tives will go some distance to alleviate a number of structural BCDA urban challenges while providing the tools to cope with and 4 New Clark adapt to the future impacts of climate-related risks. If followed City:Riverfront Development along the through, these new urban regions will have the potential to bet- Pampanga River. ter distribute economic development, access to capital and job Image courtesy of creation across Luzon, and will also go some way to alleviating Palafox Associates

Urban Design ― winter 2020 ― Issue 153 34 Topic

1 Putrajaya: A New Green Intelligent City Fanan Ujoh describes this Malaysian city as a model for the Global South

ocated in the west-central Peninsular Malaysia, about footpaths and cyclists a cycle network 25km south of Kuala Lumpur, Putrajaya was declared and parking racks throughout the city, L the 3rd Federal Territory of Malaysia in 2001, follow- giving a sense of convenience to all. In ing the relocation of the Prime Minister’s office earlier in addition, the road hierarchy discourages 1999. The city’s new status was a response to the congestion through traffic and improves access of Kuala Lumpur, and an emblem of a new capital city that further. Most important in reducing symbolised the state’s national ideology and aspirations, traffic congestion is the introduction of and replaced the colonial seat of government. Historically, a park and ride system. The objective is the planning of new administrative cities is not new for to reduce traffic congestion in the city example cities like Ottawa (1880), Canberra (1913), Chan- centre, one of the reasons for Putrajaya digarh (1952) or Brasilia (1960). Perhaps the significance of being named as the new Federal Territory Putrajaya is therefore the conceptualisation of its design as of Malaysia. a green intelligent city with a current population of 91,900 Parks have been divided hierarchi- and a planned population of 350,000 residents. cally i.e. metropolitan, urban, city The physical layout of the city is broadly divided into two: and pocket parks to serve residential the core area of 2,524ha comprising the government pre- neighbourhoods, commercial or tourist cinct, mixed development and commercial areas and a civic locations, and administrative centres. To and cultural centre; and the periphery covering 2,925ha, complement these parks is an equestrian comprising residential areas, parks and public facilities; 1 View from Putrajaya facility for international level competi- the two are separated by the man-made Putrajaya Lake and International tions, which includes a water polo area, adorned by the 100m wide, 4.2km long Putrajaya Boulevard. Conference Centre an Olympic-sized swimming pool and overlooking the 4.2 The city was designed and developed to cater for and km long Putrajaya other facilities. The Alamanda Shopping provide a sense of community for its dwellers. All facilities Boulevard. Photo: Mall offers retail and leisure facilities and are accessible to disabled people. Pedestrians have standard Sarah Moser an appealing water outlook.

Urban Design ― winter 2020 ― Issue 153 Topic 35 An underground utilities tunnel houses electric, multi-media, fibre-optic and telecommunications cables, plus water, gas and irrigation pipes. As a result, the city’s utilities work while remaining invisible and removed from the city’s landscape, and routine maintenance can be conducted without obstructing traf- fic flows in the city.

Planning Considerations The most prominent aspects of the city’s master plan are the man-made Putrajaya Lake and the main axis, which starts at the International Convention Centre, connecting most major gov- ernment buildings along the Putrajaya Boulevard to the Prime Minister’s Office. Putrajaya’s masterplan incorporates the formal geometry of many planned capitals including formal axes and radial roads, reminiscent of Paris, New Delhi and Washington. 2 The difference in Putrajaya however is that its secondary road layout is significantly influenced by topography. The city’s green agenda is anchored on the three pillars of low-carbon emission, reduced paved surfaces to limit the urban heat island effect, and the strategic adoption of the ‘3R’ principles (reduce, reuse and recycle) in its solid waste management regime. The layout of the city allocates 38 per cent of the total land use to parks, lakes and wetlands, and the lake serves as a climate moderator. Due to relatively high day-time temperatures, a lighting masterplan for streets and significant buildings encourages leisure activities at night time. Essentially, the city’s masterplan adopts a garden city concept where sustain- able development is at the core of design and implementation; neighbourhoods are surrounded by green belts, and contain 3 proportionate areas of physical development. By 2011, Putrajaya had 25ha of public space per 1,000 residents, compared to the 2ha recommended by the National Urbanisation Policy Target of Malyasia. The Integrated Transport Network (especially the inter-city and intra-city rail and bus systems) for the city and the park and ride concept are targeted at reducing the carbon footprint of the city. However, one weakness of the masterplan is the lack of consideration for the unique and mixed geological and geomor- phological features. The high terrain within the city, such as at the Prime Minister’ Office, should have been preserved during the planning process. Surface features such as rock faces, which result from geological and geomorphological process, were not incorporated into the planned development to give it a sense of 4 place. Also, the future environmental impact of the man-made house-to-house collection, special lake may have been downplayed or possibly ignored in the pur- facilities for apartment blocks, recycling suit of aesthetics. facilities at office complexes, and waste composting programmes. Collectively, Environmental Considerations these efforts continue to lower per capita Putrajaya has the largest man-made fresh water wetlands in the waste generation thereby lowering green tropics, with a total number of 24 cells which serve as filters house gas emissions. leading into the artificial lake that functions as a cost-effective A major environmental weakness flood mitigation tool for the Sungai Chuau valley. In addition, will arise in the future if tourism and it contributes to regional and international wetlands research, city expansion are not controlled and and supports diversity and the conservation of habitats. The regulated, in terms of mitigating the sig- recreational beauty and aesthetics of the Putrajaya wetlands nificant and residual impacts listed in the function as a tourism destination and help to regulate the city’s risk assessment studies and the subject of temperature. environmental commitments prior to the Putrajaya’s waterfront city concept allows for green cor- development of the city. ridors, parks and wildlife on city dwellers’ doorsteps. It provides development opportunities in prime waterfront locations, offer- Landscape Considerations ing a rich development mix and a range of water recreation and Landscape played an important role in sports activities. the planning of Putrajaya as evidenced There is a deliberate and planned shift from fossil fuel by the fact that 38 per cent of the land is sources to renewables such as solar photovoltaic panels, as is retained as green areas which serve as the case with the 5MW solar farm in Precinct 11. At bus stops, 2-4 Numerous carbon sink and temperature regulator. only LED lights are used, while interior building design codes are green spaces The city’s landscape is consistent with constantly being revised to save energy. adorn Putrajaya’s a sustainable planning concept where cityscape and perform The solid waste management regime is built on an incen- recreational and aesthetics and eco-support services are tivised platform known as the BBC (buy back centre) located in ecological functions. integrated to create a culturally sensitive Precinct 9. Other components include mobile recycling centres, Photo: Sarah Moser outdoor theme. This is exemplified in the

Urban Design ― winter 2020 ― Issue 153 36 Topic Tourist Destination As a tourist city, the buildings incorporate elements of French architecture, Roman architecture and Islamic concepts without neglecting indigenous technology. The mosque serves as a landmark of Putra- jaya, Malay and Islamic architecture, and dominates the Seri Perdana housing complex; some of the buildings in the city are influenced by Western and con- temporary elements to reflect a universal outlook. The Millennium Monument, another visitor attraction, serves as the country’s archive for future generations, by documenting historic and economic achievements. The city boasts eight unique and distinctive bridges, designed to be eye-catching. These bridges reflect local culture, Islamic architecture and 5 western design concepts. Tourists can take advantage of leisure cruises on the lake to see the city’s many stunning landmarks, or enjoy the view and attractions from the nature interpre- tation centre, a 80m high lookout tower, offering a bird’s eye view of Putrajaya. The major impediment to expanding tourism in the city lies in restrictions on visiting some places by tourists, such as dress codes or the exclusion of non-Muslims.

Conclusion In recent years, global concerns have focused more intensely on develop- ments that are based on sustainability as enshrined in many international proto- cols such as the United Nations’ Sustain- able Development Goals. It is evident that avoiding the retinue of problems associ- ated with unplanned cities particularly in the global south would require lessons to be adopted from contemporary successful cities. 6 Although there is room for improve- use of tempayans along the Putrajaya Boulevard, large ceramic ment, Putrajaya is a model constructed water pots that have an elegant narrow base and a flaring full with detailed planning, innovative urban form that tapers to a narrow opening at the top. design and significant concern for the While the city’s landscape has only minimal disadvantages, environment. Its beautifully landscaped it is important to note that if not properly maintained, it could roads and parks, modern buildings, serve as a convenient habitat for dangerous reptiles and pose a as well as green theme and responsive major risk to the public. There is also an obvious need for tree governance, reflect a well-planned city planting to provide shade along pedestrian and cycle routes for today and for the future. As nations around the city. within the Global South grappling with urbanisation challenges continue to Social Networks and Social Integration seek workable solutions, Putrajaya may Putrajaya has played a significant role in the interaction of present a number of useful lessons to be people from different parts of the world. This can be seen in learned. areas like Perdana Putra buildings, Alamanda Shopping Mall, the • lake and other areas around the mosque, all the main centres of Dr Fanan Ujoh, director of Research attraction in the city. The interaction between local and inter- BASE Consulting, Abuja, Nigeria; member of the Centre for Sustainability & national visitors has allowed for the exchange of cultures and Resilient Infrastructure & Communities at values. This is not only in the area of tourism but through the London South Bank University various functions that the city has been hosting, and the univer- sities and colleges in and around Putrajaya. In the future when all foreign missions have moved to the city from Kuala Lumpur, 5 Location of it is expected that social networks will blossom. Furthermore in Putrajaya. order to encourage interaction in residential neighbourhoods, Source: Sarah Moser 6 Community the design guidelines discourage fencing and encourage hedges, education about waste shrubs and trees. However, this has affected some people’s way sorting, reduction, of life by limiting privacy in their homes. reuse and recycling

Urban Design ― winter 2020 ― Issue 153 Topic 37

1

specialists at the Rockefeller Foundation suggested that any modern city in such Bangkok: The Cost circumstances had to respond promptly as an extraordinarily resilient organism. This is hardly a unique insight: few people of Resilience would take issue with the notion that cities ill-equipped to shoulder long-term Patri Vienravi and Gregory Galligan consider or sudden stresses, whether occasioned the barriers to make the Thai metropolis resilient, by nature or problematic human activity, are asking for trouble. Five years ago adaptive and proactive the United Nations convened a historic summit in order to hammer out a Sustain- able Development Agenda (2015), whose hen the floodwaters of October 2011 finally reached principles should be globally achievable metropolitan Bangkok, they proved devastating. within a decade (2030), all participat- W Water from overflowing dams and monsoon rains ing countries pledging to promptly had been threatening to lay siege to Thailand’s capital since ‘mobilize efforts to end all poverty, fight mid-summer. Yet even in September, city officials were giving inequalities and tackle climate change, sanguine forecasts, many predicting efficient water runoff and while ensuring that no one is left behind’. only minor incidents of flooding. This remained the case even as Nearly 200 countries, including Thailand, the Chao Phraya River, which runs through the capital’s ancient are official signatories to the original heritage district passing within metres of royal compounds, agreement. historical sites and revered Buddhist temples, seemed destined At roughly the same time, the Rock- to overrun its embankments. efeller Foundation decided to take a stab When the floodwaters arrived that October, riverside shan- at a critically important sub-category of ties, tourist hostels and temple grounds were swiftly inundated. the sustainability discourse. Acknowledg- Entire streets looked fit only for rowing boats. Even the most ing how one of the most important issues fastidiously laid break-walls seemed hopeless against the is the global trend toward concentrated deluge. Natural geography saved virtually nobody. Only the most population growth and attendant elevated streets in the royal district of Rattanakosin escaped the infrastructure development in dense met- scourge of over-bloated sewers and canals. A palpable collective ropolitan centres, in 2014 the Rockefeller anxiety arose among a nervous citizenry, many of whom knew Foundation launched the six-year initia- that a good proportion of the unstable estuary lands already lay tive 100 Resilient Cities (100RC). The precipitously below sea level. project officially ended recently and is 1 Bangkok: boat taxi currently in its after-phase of evaluation The 100 Resilient Cities Initiative worker on the Chao and impact analysis; 100 metropolitan Phraya River. Photo: Halfway across the world in New York City, where the troubling Udom Surangsophon, centres around the world would each phenomenon of annually rising waters presents a unique set of 2018, all rights receive U$1 million grants (along with problems in tandem with a huge climate crisis, policy and grant reserved a host of supportive, consulting, and

Urban Design ― winter 2020 ― Issue 153 38 Topic Rotterdam in 2017 and 2019. Bangkok’s appointed 100RC CRO, Supachai Tantikom, has served as a senior-level consultant and advisor to the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA) for well over a decade. He was responsible for producing (with Rockefel- ler Foundation-supplied advisors) the ambitious project brief Resilient Bangkok (2017), in which the city outlined the pri- mary projects deserving urgent attention. ‘In developing the resilience strategy,’ Tantikom stated, ‘we had to go through all the pre-existing city programs; if a pro- gram fell within the resilient framework, it would be included in the strategy’. Thus some projects constituted existing initiatives addressing how Bangkok might achieve a ‘desirable future’ (Bangkok Vision 2032, a collaboration between the city and Bangkok’s Chulalongkorn University); other initiatives were newly conceived to complement the 100RC’s mission. Since then Tantikom’s mandate has been to coordinate around 20 public works initiatives dispersed among three 2 strategic areas: improving the quality networking services) to develop and pursue resilient strategies of life of city inhabitants; reducing the targeting some of the major developmental, environmental and risk of and enhancing the adaptation to humanitarian crises that they may be facing. environmental disasters (such as floods and earthquakes); and, driving a strong New capitals and competitive economy. In sum, under Among five Southeast Asian cities selected to participate in the Bangkok’s resilience strategy, roughly 100RC initiative (Bangkok, Da Nang, Jakarta, Mandalay and 60 projects falling under these thematic Singapore), Bangkok presents an interesting case study, which umbrellas were to be carried out between sheds light on both the successes and challenges of instituting 2013 and 2021, extending well beyond the such an ambitious, parachute-style undertaking. In neighbour- official end date of the 100RC initiative. ing Jakarta, which has been sinking annually into the sea by Projects could last days, months or years several centimetres, President Joko Widodo has recently decided depending upon their scope or difficulty to move the capital elsewhere, requiring that a good proportion of execution, from a two-week Search and of the current population will migrate to higher ground in the Rescue seminar for staff of the municipal equatorial archipelago. While Jakarta will hardly grind to a halt fire department, to the engineering of a in this scenario, the relocation of the capital to manage the major flood tunnel linking several city looming, myriad troubles of an ageing metropolis, is hardly a districts’ drainage systems with the Chao practical or attractive option for most people. Phraya River. Thailand’s current Prime Minister Prayut Chan-o-cha has recently floated a capital relocation concept similar to that by Lessons Learned President Widodo; for years, there have been rumours about Five years on, after Bangkok submitted its moving the Thai capital to the northern, more bucolic province final progress report to 100RC executive of Chiang Mai. It remains equally doubtful, however, that mil- monitors, what insights can be gained lions of Thai citizens will find their city much improved by the about the operative principles and actual removal of the seat of government to a distant mountain city. accomplishments of such a global chari- table pursuit of urban resilience? The Resilience strategies official announcement of the initiative How the Rockefeller Foundation might catalyse the 100 selected by 100RC President Michael Berkowitz cities to rethink and ideally comprehensively retool their is conveyed in guarded optimism. As the resilience strategies would ultimately come to depend upon the Rockefeller Foundation pulls away from municipal expertise (and charisma) of a regionally appointed its CROs, how many of them will survive chief resilience officer (CRO). This role would act as an effective and achieve a continuous role in the orbit liaison between the Foundation, its programmatic agenda, and of the municipal bureaucracies currently the operative mechanisms of a city’s municipal bureaucracy. hosting them? Claiming to have ‘laid the What saved such a scheme from degenerating into a mere matrix groundwork for a global movement to for the one-way delivery of a centralised, Manhattan-based take hold’, Berkowitz knows that there is agenda to distant geopolitical contexts was the Foundation’s 2 Bangkok: King a real problem with seeding continuity generous provision of a complementary body of support Bhumibhol (Rama IX) over the years to come: ‘Institutionaliza- services and the seeding of lively cross-networking among all mega bridges at the tion is key to the longevity of the urban Chao Phraya River, participants. Resilience officers were compelled to exchange Bangkok. resilience movement; only when these stories and learn from each other’s experiences in fully-funded Photo: Nattawat principles are embedded into the bylaws participatory Urban Resilience summits held in New York and Tangthanakitroj and budgets of cities can we consider

Urban Design ― winter 2020 ― Issue 153 Topic 39

3 4 5 resilience to be a mainstream concept. That CROs have secured the world today). Notwithstanding the city funding and budgets is a good sign, but we need the prin- urgent problems brought on by urban ciples of resilience to permeate all aspects of the way cities are density, it is natural to question whether governed and run’. the concept of resilience will receive the best reception where an extreme Ensuring Continuity concentration of wealth suggests that In recognition of the potential difficulties that cities might the city is already in the best position to encounter after the abrupt closure of the 100RC initiative, the address these issues efficiently. And how Rockefeller Foundation recently announced that it was commit- does resilience play out in a context not ting up to US$8 million to a winding-down period, during which only of extreme wealth concentration, cities in need of further assistance will receive funding for the but also in one hosting a profoundly continued support of their CROs as fully independent actors, entrenched culture of corruption? especially where municipal governments fail to institute a Tantikom noted even more practical permanent seat for them within the official city administration. challenges to resilience, such as when Tantikom will benefit from such a stipend for the gradual phase- the central government must also be on out of the Rockefeller platform, a situation he welcomes as the board with the programme, especially most practical one for a city that has long suffered from frequent when addressing natural calamities such changes of government and the resulting collapse of ambitious as major flooding incidents requires the urban initiatives. ‘The success or failure of the program depends expert collaboration of a wide range of on the political will of the leader’, Tantikom notes astutely, and regional and national authorities. Given further elaborates that the goal of permanently integrating the these and other cautionary perspectives CRO into city government is hardly practical due to the myriad provided by the ambitious 100RC initia- difficulties in setting up such a position legally and politically for tive in Bangkok, the challenge implied perpetuity. in realising a truly genuine or durable If the challenge of achieving continuity may be key to form of urban resilience remains at once measuring the ultimate success of the entire 100RC undertak- fascinating and formidable. ing, Bangkok emerges as a cautionary bellwether. Tantikom • points out that he is hardly a lone practitioner upon the project’s Patri Vienravi, R.A., LEED AP, and Dr Gregory gradual downscaling. He confidently suggests that the establish- Galligan, director, Thai Art Archives, Bangkok ment of an on-going resilience steering committee by the city and the tenacious support of the current governor bodes well for seeing the principles of resilience instilled in second-tier career administrators (below the level of term-limited, politi- cally appointed officers). As Tantikom comments, ‘We think the best [practice] is to instil resilience thinking into… BMA middle management staff’. To this end, Tantikom will direct any further 3 Typical Bangkok city centre traffic funding from the 100RC initiative toward ‘resilience training’ for congestion municipal career administrators, hoping that they represent the 4 Bangkok city centre most effective means of ‘incorporating resilience thinking into traffic beneath the BTS formal city processes’. – the elevated train system 5 A Bangkokian waiting Conclusion for commuter train to Having been beset with political and social turmoil since the the outlying provinces early 2000s, and having recently experienced its 12th military All photos: Nattawat Tangthanakitroj coup since achieving democracy in 1932, Thailand is in a 6 Rockefeller Resilient precarious position to institute anything that might survive Cities Officer Supachai frequent changes of government and the careerist ambition of Tantikom at the New York 100 Resilient its bureaucracy. Bangkok is increasingly at odds with its prov- Cities Summit, July inces, positioning itself as the seat of a dubiously entrenched 2017. Photo: Supachai plutocracy (Thai society is ranked as the most inequitable in Tantikom 6 Urban Design ― winter 2020 ― Issue 153 40 Book reviews

No Little Plans, How dramatic and the results so tangible that resource efficiency, surveillance and secu- they provide an excellent primer for how cit- rity, citizenship and participation, evidence- Government built America’s ies change direction through technological based policy making, behavioural change Wealth and Infrastructure revolutions, and the role that government and social cohesion. needs to play. Chapters are grouped into four themes: Ian Wray, 2019, Taylor and Francis, Wray points out that ‘Planning built processes of grounding and contextualis- £34.99, ISBN 978-1138594104 American wealth before World War Two, but ing; integrating and aligning; contradicting really came into its own during and after the and challenging; experiencing and encoun- War, the great impetus supplied by wartime tering with smart as unifying characteristic. This review of American technological and production of material,… Government plans The studies make the case for functional physical achievements shows how plan- did not damage American wealth. They cre- objectives of technological innovation, but ning has been critical to their success. ated it and sometimes in the most profound their socio-cultural claims are less con- Eight examples as different as building the way. That is not to say that entrepreneurs vincing. Some argue that urban change has transcontinental railways, the National Parks and individuals have not contributed. They always taken place under a combination of or the digital revolution had little to do with have.’ pressures, including technological innova- individual enterprise, and depended on gov- A Green New Deal could still get our tion, and the preservation of ruling powers ernment-backed projects and programmes. economies going in the right direction. A and entrepreneurial opportunities to make Determined individuals, such as Robert new lifestyle is evolving, including reduced money. Although noted, the socially divisive Moses, may have transformed New York, but pollution, better health, a preference for nature of ICT provision does not come under it was public power that built America and purchased experiences over purchased much critique. created great private fortunes. products, and the sharing of services. The Starting with practice, smart approach- Sometimes leadership came from US kind of mission-oriented projects that put a es have been applied to less mainstream Presidents, such as Eisenhower who used man on the moon could enable cities to be concerns: the safety of women in Seoul, his war-time reputation to secure backing transformed. innovating for an ageing society in Japan, for a transcontinental road system, or Teddy • relationship between smart urbanism and Roosevelt who founded the National Park Dr Nicholas Falk, director, The URBED Trust greening in Manchester and Bristol. The system. At other times groups of business- changing nature of smartness in urban men siphoned off public funds to contractors transformation has been explored for other they owned, such as Leland Stanford, who places in different contexts. The chang- built the Southern Pacific Transportation Inside Smart Cities, ing relationship between smart ICT-based Company, and later endowed Stanford Place, Politics and Urban urbanism and people-centred urban devel- University. opment is addressed in Barcelona. Perhaps The turning point came in the 1960s Innovation the most provocative chapter on failing when losses in the Vietnam War led to disil- public participation was ‘Acknowledging the Andrew Karvonen, Federico Cugurullo lusionment with government. Excessive faith idiot in the smart city, experimentation and in free markets rather than in planning and & Federico Caprotti (ed.), 2019, citizenship in the making of a low carbon public procurement, and spatial segrega- Routledge £34.99, district in Santiago de Chile’. tion left cities with holes where their centres ISBN 978-0815348689 Two chapters address more theoretical once were. The internet, an offspring of the aspects. An anthropological analysis argues Defence Advanced Research Projects Agen- This collection of 18 case studies dealing that the relationship between collaboration cy, stimulated another industrial revolution, with 27 smart cities is a welcome sur- and subsidiarity amongst members of the with winners concentrated on America’s prise. The editors view smart innovation smart city consortium in Munich constitutes West Coast. as recursive: smartness changes cities and ‘smart equivocation’. ‘Smart innovations at Like his earlier publication Great British cities change smartness through iterative the margins’ are observed in other places Plans, Wray’s book is constructed around processes. Instead of a universal definition with enormous inequalities and growing spa- well documented and illustrated case stud- of ‘smart’, they recognise the importance of tial fragmentation. Access to mobile phones ies, with plenty of new insights. References specific contexts. They challenge the notion as tools for cyborg activism dominates ‘digi- are made to theories of leadership and gov- of Information and Communication Technol- tal urbanity on the move’ and places space ernance, but those who expect a book on ogy (ICT) providing universal, rational and at the intersection of policy-driven urban urban and regional planning will be disap- a-political solutions to contemporary urban techno-visions and bottom up solutions. The pointed. Nevertheless, the stories are so problems, but agree that it can contribute to book claims to be the first comprehensive

Urban Design ― winter 2020 ― Issue 153 Book reviews 41

reflection on how smart city initiatives are emphasises that the early housing was not cities of the global economy). Designers may realised in different locales and aims to ex- intended for the very poor, but for the rela- find this statement disheartening, but prob- plore what contribution smartness could tively well-off ‘respectable’ working class. ably not surprising. make to a more socially equitable, environ- The very poor were expected to occupy the To explain his thesis Williams selects mentally friendly and economically robust privately-rented housing vacated by their six topics and explores processes related urban future. betters, in a sort of trickle-down process. In to them: the circulation of money; political • 1949, Bevan promoted council housing that power; sexual desire; work; war and control; Judith Ryser served a cross-section of the community, and the industrialisation of culture. He in- believing the segregation of different income vestigates the physical expression of these groups to be ‘a wholly evil thing’. Thatcher- processes in cities, resulting in a ‘landscape ite policy reversed this, considering council made by power in its image’, by exploring a Municipal Dreams, The Rise housing to be a social service and implicitly, wide-ranging set of examples from around and Fall of Council Housing housing of last resort. I learned that there is the globe, from individual buildings and a word for this attitude: ‘residualisation’. The spaces, through to city districts. Many of the John Boughton, 2018, Verso Books, Thatcherite Right to Buy programme, instead examples are unsurprising: the chapter on £9.99, ISBN 978-1784787394 of achieving Bevan’s aim of social integration, power refers to Washington's National Mall, contributed to social polarisation, as well as Beijing's Tiananmen Square, and Farrell's reducing the stock of good council houses. MI6 HQ in London. I enjoyed seeing them The award of the Stirling Prize for the first Boughton is a strong defender of the through the eyes of someone trained in art time to a council housing estate, Goldsmith principle of municipal housing, and even history rather than design. These are jux- Street in Norwich, has been cheered as a while documenting the dismal record of the taposed with other less familiar examples, vote for excellent-but-ordinary everyday last few decades, remains positive about his such as Amsterdam's Broedplaatsen in the architecture and a welcome reaction against subject. He is scathing about the demonising Work chapter, and the cruising grounds of awards to expensive or funny-shaped office of council estates and their tenants. I par- the Hudson River piers in 1970s New York in buildings in London. I learned from John ticularly liked his assessment of the Utopia the Sex chapter. Williams’ exploration of the Boughton’s book that the decision has back- on Trial author Alice Coleman’s analysis as six topics is insightful but for a book about ground. Norwich in the 1950s had the highest ‘worthless – both methodologically flawed looking, more images and colour rather than proportion of people living in council housing and ideologically driven’. black and white photographs would have in the country. In the 1960s and 1970s David • been helpful. Percival led a remarkably expert and com- Joe Holyoak, architect and urban designer In his introduction and conclusion Wil- mitted City Architect’s Department, with at liams makes reference to the St Matthew’s its peak over a dozen architects. They built area of Leicester, drawing on his personal innovative and varied high-quality housing. experience of the city. He posits that it is This book is a history of council hous- Why Cities Look the Way remarkable because of its lack of spectacle, ing from the 1900 London County Council’s they do and that it has a sense of place lacking in Boundary Estate to the present day. It covers the central city: ‘a mixture of grit and neon the design issues of housing types, densities, Richard J Williams, 2019, Polity Press, that flouts conventional good taste’ provides plan layout, construction technologies, etc., £15.99, ISBN 978-0745691817 a visual richness and authenticity lacking in but the main thread is the changing politi- many global cities. It is a place formed by cal and social attitude to municipal housing. accretion rather than purposefully by design. The structure is chronological, moving from ‘Cities rarely have designers as such, howev- Williams ends by stating that medium-sized interwar Housing for Heroes to Aneurin Bev- er much we might want that to be the case’. cities like Leicester are the future of ur- an’s 1949 Housing Act, 1960s industrialised So Richard J Williams sets out his intention banisation, not the megacities of the global high-rise, the Thatcher government’s ending at the start of this short and enjoyable book. economy. It would have been interesting if of council housebuilding, revisionist govern- He argues that cities are the outcome of he had explored this conclusion further, per- ment programmes of Estate Action, New processes that are generally unconscious but haps considering how his six chosen topics Deal for Communities, City Challenge and have physical and visual manifestations, and relate to somewhere such as Leicester, as a Housing Market Renewal Initiative, through although design(ers) may respond to, or seek contrast to the global city examples. Perhaps to today’s limited mixed market approaches. to ameliorate these processes, they largely something for a future book. A continuing theme is the question of cannot control them (although Williams • for whom council housing is built. Boughton acknowledges that this only truly applies in Richard Crappsley, urban designer, Steer

Urban Design ― winter 2020 ― Issue 153 42 Index

A2 / URBANISM + ARCHITECTURE ANDREW MARTIN PLANNING BARTON WILLMORE PARTNERSHIP Unit 6, The Courtyard Town Mill, Mill Lane, Stebbing, READING Practice 707 Warwick Road Dunmow, Essex CM6 35N The Blade, Abbey Square Solihull B9 3DA T 01971 855855 Reading RG1 3BE T 0121 775 0180 C Andrew Martin T 0118 943 0000 Index C james Hughes E [email protected] C james de Havilland, Nick Sweet and E [email protected] W www.am-plan.com Dominic Scott W www.a2architecture.co.uk Independent planning, urban design MANCHEStER The following practices and urban A2 are a young, modern, forward and development consultancy. Advises Tower 12, 18/22 Bridge Street design courses are members thinking architectural practice public and private sector clients on Spinningfields of the Urban Design Group. recognised for its imagination, creativity strategic site promotion, development Manchester M3 3BZ Please see the UDG’s website and often unconventional approach. planning and management, planning T 0161 817 4900 www.urbandesigndirectory.com for appeals, masterplanning and community C Dan Mitchell more details. ADAM URBANISM engagement. E [email protected] Old Hyde House BIRMINGHAM Those wishing to be included in 75 Hyde Street ARC LANDSCAPE DESIGN 9th Floor, Bank House, 8 Cherry Street, future issues should contact the Winchester SO23 7DW & PLANNING Birmingham B2 5AL UDG T 01962 843843 Engravers House, 35 Wick Road T 0121 711 5151 70 Cowcross Street C hugh Petter, Robert Adam Teddington TW11 9DN C luke Hillson London EC1M 6EJ [email protected] T 020 3538 8980 E [email protected] T 020 7250 0892 [email protected] C Vanessa Ross W www.bartonwillmore.co.uk C Robert Huxford W www.adamurbanism.com E [email protected] Concept through to implementation on E [email protected] World-renowned for progressive, W www.arcldp.co.uk complex sites, comprehensive design W www.udg.org.uk classical design covering town and Landscape architectural with studios guides, urban regeneration, brownfield country houses, housing development, in London and the East Midlands with sites, and major urban expansions. urban masterplans, commercial expertise in both assessment and development and public buildings. design, we provide project specific BE1 ARCHITECTS pragmatic and creative design services. 5 Abbey Court, Fraser Road AECOM Priory Business Park Aldgate Tower, 2 Leman Street AREA Bedford MK44 3WH London E1 8FA Grange, Linlithgow LONDON T 020 7798 5137 West Lothian EH49 7RH The Green House C Ben Castell T 01506 843247 41-42 Clerkenwell Road E [email protected] C Karen Cadell/ Julia Neil London EC1R 0DU W www.aecom.com E [email protected] T 01234 261266 One of the largest built environment W www.area.uk.com C Selma Hooley practices in the UK offering an Making places imaginatively to deliver E [email protected] integrated life-cycle approach to the successful, sustainable and humane W www.be1architects.co.uk projects from architects, engineers, environments of the future. be1 is a practice of creative and designers, scientists, management, and experienced architects, designers, construction consultants. Urban design AREA LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS masterplanners, visualisers and is a core component in both the private Blackhouse Studio, Pin Mill technicians. We are skilled in the and public sectors in the UK and across Ipswich IP9 1JN design and delivery of masterplanning, the world. T 01473 781994 architectural and urban design projects C Charlotte Norman and are committed to designing the ALAN BAXTER E [email protected] appropriate solution for all of our 75 Cowcross Street W www.area-la.com projects. London EC1M 6EL We work on civic, commercial and T 020 7250 1555 occasional private development projects BIDWELLS C Alan Baxter across the UK and beyond, specialising Bidwell House, Trumpington Road E [email protected] in difficult sites with complex planning Cambridge CB2 9LD W www.alanbaxter.co.uk issues. T 01223 559800 An engineering and urban design C Chris Surfleet practice. Particularly concerned with ASSAEL ARCHITECTURE E [email protected] the thoughtful integration of buildings, 123 Upper Richmond Road W www.bidwells.co.uk infrastructure and movement, and the London SW15 2TL Planning, landscape and urban creation of places. T 020 7736 7744 design consultancy, specialising C Russell Pedley in masterplanning, townscape ALLEN PYKE ASSOCIATES E [email protected] assessment, landscape and visual The Factory 2 Acre Road W www.assael.co.uk impact assessment. Kingston-upon-Thames KT2 6EF Architects and urban designers covering T 020 8549 3434 mixed use, hotel, leisure and residential, BOYER C David Allen including urban frameworks and 24 Southwark Bridge Road E [email protected] masterplanning projects. London SE1 9HF W www.allenpyke.co.uk T 020 3268 2018 Innovative, responsive, committed, ATKINS PLC C Ananya Banerjee competitive, process. Priorities: people, Euston Tower, 286 Euston Road, [email protected] spaces, movement, culture. Places: London NW1 3AT W www.boyerplanning.co.uk regenerate, infill, extend create. T 020 7121 2000 Offices in Bristol, Cardiff, Colchester, C Richard Alvey London and Wokingham. ALLIES & MORRISON: E [email protected] Planning and urban design consultants URBAN PRACTITIONERS W www.atkinsglobal.co.uk offering a wide range of services 85 Southwark Street, London SE1 0HX Interdisciplinary practice that offers a to support sites throughout the T 020 7921 0100 range of built environment specialists development process. We believe in C Anthony Rifkin working together to deliver quality shaping places through responsive E [email protected] places for everybody to enjoy. design. W www.urbanpractitioners.co.uk Specialist competition winning urban BACA ARCHITECTS BOYLE + SUMMERS regeneration practice combining Unit 1, 199 Long Lane Canute Chambers economic and urban design skills. London SE1 4PN Canute Road Projects include West Ealing and T 020 7397 5620 Southampton S014 3AB Plymouth East End. C Richard Coutts T 02380 63 1432/ 07824 698033 E [email protected] C Richard Summers W www.baca.uk.com E [email protected] Award-winning architects with 100 per W www.boyleandsummers.co.uk cent planning success. Baca Architects Space-shapers, place-makers, have established a core specialism in street designers and development waterfront and water architecture. promoters. Value generators, team workers and site finders. Strategists, pragmatists, specialists and generalists. Visioneers, urbanists, architects and masterplanners.

Urban Design ― winter 2020 ― Issue 153 Index 43

BROADWAY MALYAN CITY ID DESIGN BY POD FERIA URBANISM 3 Weybridge Business Park 23 Trenchard Street 99 Galgate, Barnard Castle Second Floor Studio, 11 Fernside Road Addlestone Road, Weybridge, Bristol BS1 5AN Co Durham DL12 8ES Bournemouth, Dorset BH9 2LA Surrey KT15 2BW T 0117 917 7000 T 01833 696600 T 01202 548676 T 01932 845599 C mike Rawlinson C Andy Dolby C Richard Eastham C jeff Nottage E [email protected] E [email protected] E [email protected] E [email protected] W cityid.co.uk Masterplanning, site appraisal, layout W www.feria-urbanism.eu W www.broadwaymalyan.com Place branding and marketing vision and architectural design. Development Expertise in urban planning, We are an international interdisciplinary masterplanning, urban design, public frameworks, urban regeneration, design masterplanning and public participation. practice which believes in the value of realm strategies, way finding and codes, briefs and design and access Specialisms include design for the placemaking-led masterplans that are legibility strategies, information design statements. night time economy, urban design rooted in local context. and graphics. skills training and local community DHA PLANNING & URBAN DESIGN engagement. BROCK CARMICHAEL ARCHITECTS CSA ENVIRONMENTAL Eclipse House, Eclipse Park, 19 Old Hall Street, Liverpool L3 9JQ Dixies Barns, High Street Sittingbourne Road, Maidstone, FLETCHER PRIEST ARCHITECTS T 0151 242 6222 Ashwell SG7 5NT Kent ME14 3EN Middlesex House C michael Cosser T 01462 743647 T 01622 776226 34/42 Cleveland Street E [email protected] C Clive Self C matthew Woodhead London W1T 4JE Masterplans and development briefs. E [email protected] E [email protected] T 020 7034 2200 Mixed use and brownfield regeneration W www.csaenvironmental.co.uk W dhaplanning.co.uk F 020 7637 5347 projects. Design in historic and sensitive Delivering masterplanning, design Planning and Urban Design Consultancy C jonathan Kendall settings. Integrated landscape design. coding and implementations. offering a full range of Urban Design E [email protected] Specialist knowledge across landscape, services including masterplanning, W www.fletcherpreist.com BUILDING DESIGN PARTNERSHIP ecology, archaeology and urbanism development briefs and design Work ranges from city-scale masterplans 16 Brewhouse Yard, Clerkenwell, leading to well-presented, high quality, statements. (Stratford City, Riga) to architectural London EC1V 4LJ commercially aware schemes. commissions for high-profile T 020 7812 8000 ENVIRONMENTAL DIMENSION professional clients. C Andrew Tindsley DAP ARCHITECTURE PARTNERSHIP E [email protected] 3-5 Hospital Approach Tithe Barn, Barnsley Park Estate FOWLER ARCHITECTURE W www.bdp.co.uk Chelmsford, Essex CM1 7FA Barnsley, Cirencester GL7 5EG & PLANNING LTD BDP offers town planning, T 01245 950401 T 01285 740427 19 High Street, Pewsey, Marlborough masterplanning, urban design, C Richard Maloney C Tom Joyce Wiltshire SWN9 5AF landscape, regeneration and E [email protected] E [email protected] T 01672 569 444 sustainability studies, and has teams W www.daparchitecture.co.uk W www.edp-uk.co.uk/ E [email protected] based in London, Manchester and We provide a comprehensive range The Environmental Dimension W www.faap.co.uk Belfast. of consultancy services relating to Partnership Ltd provides independent We are a family-run practice of architectural, interior and urban design. environmental planning and design architects, town planners and urban CARTER JONAS advice to landowners, and property designers with over 35 years of One Chapel Place DAR and energy sector clients throughout experience creating luxury family homes London W1G 0BG 74 Wigmore Street, the UK from offices in the Cotswolds, across the South of England. T 020 7518 3226 London, W1U 2SQ Shrewsbury and Cardiff. C johnny Clayton T 020 7962 1333 FPCR ENVIRONMENT E [email protected] C Simon Gray FABRIK LTD & DESIGN LTD W www.carterjonas.co.uk/ E [email protected] 1st Floor Studio Lockington Hall, Lockington masterplanning-and-urban-design W www.dar.com 4-8 Emerson Street Derby DE74 2RH Multidisciplinary practice working Dar is a leading international London SE1 9DU T 01509 672772 throughout the UK with dedicated multidisciplinary consultant in T 0207 620 1453 C Tim Jackson masterplanning studio: specialises urban design, planning, landscape, C johnny Rath E [email protected] in urban design and masterplanning, engineering, architecture, project E [email protected] W www.fpcr.co.uk placemaking, new settlements and management, transportation and W www.fabrikuk.com Integrated design and environmental urban extensions, urban regeneration, economics. The founding member of we are a firm of landscape architects, practice. Specialists in masterplanning, sustainability and community Dar Group, we are 10,000 strong in 40 landscape planners, urban designers urban and mixed use regeneration, consultation. offices worldwide. and arboriculturists based in Alton and development frameworks, EIAs and London. public inquiries. CHAPMAN TAYLOR LLP DAVID LOCK ASSOCIATES LTD 10 Eastbourne Terrace, 50 North Thirteenth Street, FARRELLS FRAMEWORK ARCHITECTURE AND London W2 6LG Central Milton Keynes, 7 Hatton Street, London NW8 8PL URBAN DESIGN T 020 7371 3000 Milton Keynes MK9 3BP T 020 7258 3433 3 Marine Studios, Burton Lane, E [email protected] T 01908 666276 C max Farrell Burton Waters, Lincoln LN1 2WN W www.chapmantaylor.com C Will Cousins E [email protected] T 01522 535383 MANCHEStER E [email protected] W www.terryfarrell.com C Gregg Wilson Bass Warehouse, 4 Castle Street W www.davidlock.com Architectural, urban design, planning E [email protected] Castlefield, Manchester M3 4LZ Strategic planning studies, and masterplanning services. New W www.frameworklincoln.co.uk T 0161 828 6500 area development frameworks, buildings, refurbishment, conference/ Architecture and urban design. A E [email protected] development briefs, design guidelines, exhibition centres and visitor attractions. commitment to the broader built Chapman Taylor is an international masterplanning, implementation environment and the particular dynamic firm of architects and urban designers strategies, environmental statements. FAULKNERBROWNS of a place and the design opportunities specialising in mixed use city centre Dobson House, Northumbrian Way, presented. regeneration and transport projects DEFiNE Newcastle upon Tyne NE12 6QW throughout the world. Offices in Unit 6, 133-137 Newhall Street T 0191 268 1060 GARSDALE DESIGN LIMITED Bangkok, Brussels, Bucharest, Birmingham B3 1SF C Ben Sykes High Branthwaites, Frostrow, Düsseldorf, Kiev, Madrid, Milan, T 0121 237 1901 E [email protected] Sedbergh, Cumbria, LA10 5JR Moscow, New Delhi, Paris, Prague, Sao C Andy Williams W www.faulknerbrowns.co.uk T 015396 20875 Paulo, Shanghai and Warsaw. E [email protected] FaulknerBrowns is a regionally-based C Derrick Hartley W www.wearedefine.com architectural design practice with a E [email protected] CITYDESIGNER Define specialises in the promotion, national and international reputation. W www.garsdaledesign.co.uk 14 Lower Grosvenor Place shaping and assessment of From a workload based initially on GDL provides masterplanning and London SW1W 0EX development. Our work focuses on education, library, sports and leisure urban design, architecture and heritage T 020 7630 4880 strategic planning, masterplanning, buildings, the practice’s current services developed through 25 years C lakshmi Varma urban design codes, EIA, TVIA, estate workload includes masterplanning, wide ranging experience in the UK and E [email protected] strategies, public realm design, offices, healthcare, commercial mixed Middle East. W www.citydesigner.com consultation strategies, urban design use, industrial and residential, for both Advice on architectural quality, urban audits and expert witness. private and public sector clients. design, and conservation, historic buildings and townscape. Environmental statements, listed buildings/area consent applications.

Urban Design ― winter 2020 ― Issue 153 44 Index

GILLESPIES HOSTA CONSULTING JACOBS LAVIGNE LONSDALE LTD LONDON 2b Cobden Chambers 2nd Floor Cottons Centre TRURO 1 St John’s Square Nottingham NG1 2ED Cottons Lane 22 Lemon Street, Truro London EC1M 4DH T 07791043779 London SE1 2QG Cornwall TR1 2LS T 0207 251 2929 C helen Taylor T 0203 980 2000 T 01872 273118 C jim Diggle E [email protected] W www.jacobs.com C martyn Lonsdale E [email protected] W www.hostaconsulting.co.uk We provide end-to-end innovative E [email protected] MANCHESTER An urban landscape design studio that solutions for a more connected BATH Westgate House uses an innovative approach to create sustainable world. First Floor Stable Block 44 Hale Road, Hale green spaces for people, biodiversity Newton St Loe Cheshire WA14 2EX and the environment. JB PLANNING Bath BA2 9BR T 0161 928 7715 Chells Manor, Chells Lane T 01225 421539 C jim Fox HUSKISSON BROWN ASSOCIATES Stevenage, Herts SG2 7AA Wwww.lavigne.co.uk E [email protected] 17 Upper Grosvenor Road, T 01438 312130 We are an integrated practice of W www.gillespies.co.uk Tunbridge Wells, Kent TN1 2DU C Kim Boyd masterplanners, urban designers, Offices also based in Oxford, Leeds and T 01892 527828 E [email protected] landscape architects and product Moscow. C Nicola Brown W www.jbplanning.com designers. Experienced in large Gillespies is a leading international E [email protected] JB Planning Associates is an scale, mixed use and residential multidisciplinary design practice W www.huskissonbrown.co.uk independent firm of chartered town masterplanning, health, education, specialising in urban design, Landscape consultancy offering planning consultants, providing expert regeneration, housing, parks, public masterplanning, strategic planning, masterplanning, streetscape and advice to individuals and businesses realm and streetscape design. design guidelines, public realm design, urban park design, estate restoration, on matters connected with planning, landscape design and environmental environmental impact assessments. property, land and development. LDA DESIGN assessments. London HTA DESIGN LLP JTP New Fetter Place, 8-10 New Fetter GLEN HOWELLS ARCHITECTS 78 Chambers Street, London E1 8BL London Lane, London EC4A 1AZ LONDON T 020 7485 8555 Unit 5, The Rum Warehouse T 020 7467 1470 Middlesex House, 34–42 Cleveland C Simon Bayliss Pennington Street C mark Williams Street, London W1T 4JE E [email protected] London E1W 2AP [email protected] T 020 7407 9915 W www.hta.co.uk T 020 7017 1780 W www.lda-design.co.uk C jack Pritchard HTA Design LLP is a multi-disciplinary C marcus Adams GLASGOW E [email protected] practice of architecture, landscape E [email protected] Sovereign House, BIRMINGHAM design, planning, urban design, EDINBURGH 158 West Regent Street 321 Bradford Street sustainability, graphic design and 2nd Floor Venue Studios, 15-21 Glasgow G2 4RL Birmingham, B5 6ET communications based in London and Calton Road, Edinburgh EH8 8DL T 0141 2229780 C 0121 666 7640 Edinburgh, specialising in regeneration. T 0131 272 2762 C Kirstin Taylor W www.glennhowells.co.uk Offices in London & Edinburgh. C Alan Stewart E [email protected] Clear thinking designers, exploring ideas E [email protected] Offices also in Bristol, Cambridge, of making buildings and places that HYLAND EDGAR DRIVER W www.jtp.co.uk Exeter, Manchester, Oxford & improve people's lives. One Wessex Way, Colden Common, JTP is an international placemaking Peterborough. Winchester, Hants SO21 1WG practice of architects and LDA Design is an independent GLOBE CONSULTANTS LTD T 01962 711 600 masterplanners, specialising in consultancy helping clients to create The Tithe Barn, Greestone Place, C john Hyland harnessing human energy to create new great places where people belong. We Lincoln LN2 1PP E [email protected] places and breathe life into existing provide landscape-led masterplanning, T 01522 563 515 W www.heduk.com ones. design and planning services to C lynette Swinburne Innovative problem solving, driven developers, landowners, communities, E [email protected] by cost efficiency and sustainability, KAY ELLIOTT universities and government. W www.globelimited.co.uk combined with imagination and coherent 5-7 Meadfoot Road, Torquay Provides urban design, planning, aesthetic of the highest quality. Devon TQ1 2JP LEVITT BERNSTEIN economic and cultural development T 01803 213553 ASSOCIATES LTD services across the UK and IBI GROUP C mark Jones Thane Studios, 2-4 Thane Villas, internationally, specialising in One Didsbury Point, 2 The Avenue, E [email protected] London N7 7PA sustainable development solutions, Didsbury, Manchester M20 2EY W www.kayelliott.co.uk T 020 7275 7676 masterplanning and regeneration. T 0161 696 4980 International studio with 30 year history C Glyn Tully C Neil Lewin of imaginative architects and urban E [email protected] GM DESIGN ASSOCIATES LTD E [email protected] designers, creating buildings and places W www.levittbernstein.co.uk 22 Lodge Road, Coleraine W www.ibigroup.com that enhance their surroundings and add Urban design, masterplanning, full Co. Londonderry BT52 1NB We are a globally integrated urban financial value. architectural service, lottery grant bid Northern Ireland design, planning, architecture, town advice, interior design, urban renewal T 028 703 56138 planning, master planning, landscape LAMBERT SMITH HAMPTON consultancy and landscape design. C Bill Gamble architecture, engineering and UK House, 180 Oxford Street E [email protected] technology practice. London W1D 1NN LHC URBAN DESIGN W www.g-m-design.com T 020 7198 2000 Design Studio, Emperor Way, Exeter Architecture, town and country planning, ICENI PROJECTS C leo Hammond Business Park, Exeter, Devon EX1 3QS urban design, landscape architecture, Da Vinci House E [email protected] T 01392 444334 development frameworks and briefs, 44 Saffron Hill W www.lsh.co.uk C john Baulch feasibility studies, sustainability London EC1N 8FH How things work and look matter. E [email protected] appraisals, public participation and T 020 3640 8508 LSH knit together commercial urban W www.lhc.net community engagement. C Nivedita D’Lima design advice and skills to deliver better Urban designers, architects and E [email protected] places and built environments, ensuring landscape architects, providing an HOK INTERNATIONAL LTD W www.iceniprojects.com enduring value. integrated approach to strategic Qube, 90 Whitfield Street Iceni Projects is a planning and visioning, regeneration, urban renewal, London W1T 4EZ development consultancy with an LANDSCAPE PROJECTS masterplanning and public realm T 020 7636 2006 innovative and commercially-minded 31 Blackfriars Road, Salford projects. Creative, knowledgeable, C Tim Gale approach aimed at delivering success. Manchester M3 7AQ practical, passionate. E [email protected] T 0161 839 8336 W www.hok.com IDP GROUP C Neil Swanson LICHFiELDS HOK delivers design of the highest 27 Spon Street E [email protected] 14 Regent’s Wharf, All Saints Street, quality. It is one of Europe’s leading Coventry CV1 3BA W www.landscapeprojects.co.uk London N1 9RL architectural practices, offering T 024 7652 7600 We work at the boundary between T 020 7837 4477 experienced people in a diverse range of C luke Hillson architecture, urban and landscape C Nick Thompson building types, skills and markets. E [email protected] design, seeking innovative, sensitive E [email protected] W www.weareidp.com design and creative thinking. Offices in W www.nlpplanning.com We are IDP. We enhance daily life Manchester & London. Also at Newcastle upon Tyne and through architecture. We use design Cardiff creativity, logic, collaboration and Urban design, masterplanning, pragmatism to realise places and space. heritage/conservation, visual appraisal, Ideas, delivered. regeneration, daylight/sunlight assessments, public realm strategies.

Urban Design ― winter 2020 ― Issue 153 Index 45

LIZ LAKE ASSOCIATES MOSAIC LTD NOVELL TULLETT PEGASUS GROUP Unit 1, The Exchange 9 Station Road, The Workary, Pembridge Square The Old Mess Room, Home Farm Pegasus House, Stansted, Essex CM24 8BE London W2 4EW Barrow Gurney BS48 3RW Querns Business Centre Essex CM24 8AG M 07734 867 866 T 01275 462476 Whitworth Road, Cirencester GL7 1RT T 01279 647044 C Steve Robins C Simon Lindsley T 01285 641717 C matt Lee E [email protected] E [email protected] C michael Carr E [email protected] W www.mosaicltd.co.uk W www.novelltullett.co.uk E [email protected] W www.lizlake.com A masterplanning practice focussing on Urban design, landscape architecture W www.pegasuspg.co.uk Urban fringe/brownfield sites where strategic greenfield land in the UK, we and environmental planning. Masterplanning, detailed layout and an holistic approach to urban design, work on a range of projects from smaller architectural design, design and landscape, and ecological issues can schemes of 50 homes for bespoke OPTIMISED ENVIRONMENTS access statements, design codes, provide robust design solutions. house builders through to 6,000-home OPEN sustainable design, development briefs, mixed use settlements. Quartermile Two development frameworks, expert LUC 2nd Floor, 2 Lister Square witness, community involvement and 37 Otago Street, Glasgow G12 8JJ MOTT MACDONALD Edinburgh EH3 9GL sustainability appraisal. Part of the T 0141 334 9595 10 Fleet Place T 0131 221 5920 multidisciplinary Pegasus Group. C martin Tabor London EC4M 7RB C Pol MacDonald E [email protected] T 020 87743927 E [email protected] PHILIP CAVE ASSOCIATES W www.landuse.co.uk C Stuart Croucher W www.optimisedenvironments.com 70 Cowcross Street, London EC1M 6EJ Urban regeneration, landscape E [email protected] A multidisciplinary design company T 020 7250 0077 design, masterplanning, sustainable W www.mottmac.com encompassing master planning, urban C Philip Cave development, environmental planning, London, Cambridge, Birmingham and design, landscape architecture, and E [email protected] environmental assessment, landscape Manchester architecture, with depth of experience W www.philipcave.com planning and management. Offices also Mott MacDonald’s Urbanism team at all scales, from tight urban situations Design-led practice with innovative yet in Bristol and Edinburgh. specialises in placemaking, streetscape to regional landscapes. We work in the practical solutions to environmental design, landscape architecture, security UK and overseas. opportunities in urban regeneration. MACE GROUP design, policy and research. Specialist expertise in landscape 155 Moorgate ORIGIN3 architecture. London, EC2M 6XB NASH PARTNERSHIP Tyndall House T 020 3522 3000 23a Sydney Buildings 17 Whiteladies Road PHIL JONES ASSOCIATES C Kevin Radford Bath, Somerset BA2 6BZ Clifton, Bristol BS8 1PB Seven House, High Street E [email protected] T 01225 442424 T 0117 927 3281 Longbridge, Birmingham B31 2UQ W www.macegroup.com C Donna Fooks-Bale C Emily Esfahani T 0121 475 0234 An adventurous and innovative E [email protected] E [email protected] C Nigel Millington company offering urban design and W www.nashpartnership.com W www.origin3.co.uk E [email protected] masterplanning services as part of Nash Partnership is an architecture, Planning and urban design consultancy W www.philjonesassociates.co.uk the consulting arm of the business planning, urban design, conservation One of the UK’s leading independent and alongside its Development, and economic regeneration consultancy OUTERSPACE transport specialists offering the Construction and Operational Services. based in Bath and Bristol. The Boathouse, 27 Ferry Road expertise to deliver high quality, viable Teddington TW11 9NN developments which are design-led MALCOLM MOOR URBAN DESIGN NEW MASTERPLANNING LIMITED T 020 8973 0070 and compliant with urban design best 27 Ock Mill Close, Abingdon 2nd Floor, 107 Bournemouth Road, C Richard Broome practice. Oxon OX14 1SP Poole, Dorset BH14 9HR E [email protected] T 01235 550122 T 01202 742228 W www.outerspaceuk.com PILBROW AND PARTNERS C malcolm Moor C Andy Ward Outerspace was founded in 2008 by 2-5 St John’s Square E [email protected] E [email protected] Managing and Creative Director Richard London EC1M 4DE W www.moorud.com W www.newMasterplanning.com Broome. Our designers strive to create T 020 3696 7000 Master planning of new communities, Our skills combine strategic planning places for the ‘everyday’, balancing C Gorana Shepherd, urban design, residential, urban with detailed implementation, design creativity with practicality, working Neng-Nio van Santvoord capacity and ecofitting studies, design flair with economic rigour, independent closely with our clients and communities [email protected] involvement with major international thinking with a partnership approach. to create better places for people and [email protected] projects. nature. W www.pilbrowandpartners.com NICHOLAS PEARSON ASSOCIATES METROPOLIS PLANNING AND The Farm House, Church Farm Business OVE ARUP & PARTNERS PLACE BY DESIGN DESIGN Park, Corston, Bath BA2 9AP Consulting West Team Unit C, Baptist Mills Court 4 Underwood Row, London N1 7LQ T 01225 876990 63 St Thomas Street Bristol BS5 0FJ T 020 7324 2662 C Simon Kale Bristol BS1 6JZ T 01179 517 053 C Greg Cooper E [email protected] T 0117 9765432 C Charley Burrough E [email protected] W www.npaconsult.co.uk C j Shore E [email protected] W ww.metropolispd.com Masterplanning, public realm design, E [email protected] W placebydesign.co.uk Metropolitan urban design solutions streetscape analysis, concept and detail W arup.com Urban Design and architectural drawn from a multi-disciplinary studio designs. Also full landscape architecture With 14,000 specialists, working practice working with some of the of urban designers, architects, planners service, EIA, green infrastructure, across 90+ disciplines, in more than biggest developers in the country, and heritage architects. ecology and biodiversity, environmental 34 countries, we offer total design to we are involved in projects from planning and management. help clients tackle the big issues and conception to technical drawing and METROPOLITAN WORKSHOP shape a better world. Our approach to construction, producing masterplans 14-16 Cowcross Street NINETEEN 47 LTD integrated urbanism acknowledges the and visualisations to support successful London EC1M 6DG Unit 4, Innovative Mews interdependence of urban systems and planning applications. T 020 7566 0450 Lake View Drive, Sherwood Park communities. C David Prichard/Neil Deeley Nottingham NG15 0EA PLACE-MAKE E [email protected] T 0330 818 947 PARC DESIGN SOLUTIONS LTD Alexander House, 40a Wilbury Way W www.metwork.co.uk/ C Richard Walshaw 68 Derngate Hitchin, Hertfordshire SG4 0AP Metropolitan Workshop has experience E [email protected] Northampton NN1 1UH T 01462 510099 in urban design, land use planning, W nineteen47.co.uk T 01604 434353 C David Edwards regeneration and architecture in the C Simon Charter E [email protected] UK, Eire and Norway. Recent projects: NODE URBAN DESIGN E [email protected] W www.place-make.com Ballymun Dublin, Durham Millennium 33 Holmfield Road W www.parcdesign.co.uk Chartered architects, urban planners Quarter, Adamstown District Centre Leicester LE2 1SE Parc specialises in residential and designers with a particular focus Dublin, Bjorvika Waterfront. T 0116 2708742 development and housing layout design, on placemaking. An independent team, C Nigel Wakefield as well as undertaking projects in the we support public and private sector E [email protected] commercial, leisure and healthcare clients across the UK and overseas. W www.nodeurbandesign.com sectors. Underpinning every project is a An innovative team of urban design, commitment to viable and sustainable landscape and heritage consultants who design and a passion for places. believe that good design adds value. Providing sustainable urban design and masterplan solutions at all scales of development with a focus on the creation of a sense of place.

Urban Design ― winter 2020 ― Issue 153 46 Index

PLANIT-IE LLP RE-FORM LANDSCAPE SHAFFREY ASSOCIATES STUDIO | REAL 2 Back Grafton Street ARCHITECTURE 29 Lower Ormond Quay Oxford Centre for Innovation Altrincham, Cheshire WA14 1DY Tower Works, Globe Road Dublin 1, Ireland New Road, Oxford OX1 1BY T 0161 928 9281 Leeds LS11 5QG T +353 1872 5602 T 01865 261461 C Peter Swift T 0113 245 4695 C Patrick Shaffrey C Roger Evans E [email protected] C Guy Denton E [email protected] E [email protected] W www.planit-ie.com E [email protected] The practice has undertaken W www.studioreal.co.uk Design practice specialising in the W www.re-formlandscape.com architectural, urban design and planning Urban regeneration, quarter creation of places and shaping of re-form specialises in creating enduring, projects throughout Ireland and possess frameworks and design briefs, town communities. Our Urban Designers work sustainable designs which create a a wide knowledge of Irish towns and centre strategies, movement in towns, at all scales from regeneration strategies sense of identity, support the local cities. masterplanning and development and conceptual masterplans through to economy and inspire communities. economics. Design Codes – making environments, SHEILS FLYNN LTD neighbourhoods and spaces for people RICHARD REID & ASSOCIATES Bank House High Street, Docking TEP – THE ENVIRONMENT to enjoy. Whitely Farm, Ide Hill Kings Lynn PE31 8NH PARTNERSHIP Sevenoaks TN14 6BS T 01485 518304 Genesis Centre PLANNING AND DESIGN GROUP T 01732 741417 C Eoghan Sheils Birchwood Science Park (UK) LTD C Richard Reid E [email protected] Warrington WA3 7BH Pure Offices, Lake View Drive E [email protected] W www.sheilsflynn.com T 01925 844004 NottinghamNG15 0DT W www.richardreid.co.uk Award winning town centre regeneration C Steve McCoy T 01623726256 Award winning practice specialising schemes, urban strategies and design E [email protected] C Richard Hall in urban design, mixed use high guidance. Specialists in community GATESHEAD E [email protected] density projects, townscape design consultation and team facilitation. Office 26, Gateshead International W www. panddg.co.uk and regeneration, sustainable Business Centre masterplanning and environmental SHEPHEARD EPSTEIN HUNTER Mulgrave Terrace PLANNING DESIGN PRACTICE education. Phoenix Yard, 65 King’s Cross Road Gateshead NE8 1AN 4 Woburn House, Vernon Gate London WC1X 9LW T 0191 605 3340 Derby DE1 1UL RYDER ARCHITECTURE T 020 7841 7500 E [email protected] T 01332 347 371 Cooper’s Studios C Steven Pidwill CORNWALL C Scott O’Dell 14-18 Westgate Road E [email protected] 4 Park Noweth E [email protected] Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3NN W www.seh.co.uk Churchtown, Cury W www.planningdesign.co.uk T 0191 269 5454 SEH is a user-friendly, award-winning Helston TR12 7BW We are a multi-disciplinary practice C Cathy Russell architects firm, known for its work in T 01326 240081 offering services in planning, E [email protected] regeneration, education, housing, E [email protected] architecture and urban design who seek W www.ryderarchitecture.com masterplanning, mixed use and W www.tep.uk.com to create better places. Newcastle London Glasgow Liverpool healthcare projects. Tep provides independent planning and Hong Kong Vancouver design advice with a strong emphasis POLLARD THOMAS EDWARDS Melbourne Sydney Perth Barcelona SHEPPARD ROBSON on personal service. Our award-winning ARCHITECTS Budapest 77 Parkway, Camden Town multi-disciplinary team has a track Diespeker Wharf, 38 Graham Street, Our core specialisms include London NW1 7PU record of delivering complex projects London N1 8JX architecture, urban design, placemaking, T 020 7504 1700 for private, public and voluntary sector T 020 7336 7777 stakeholder and community C Charles Scott clients. C Robin Saha-Choudhury engagement, planning, interiors [email protected] Andrew Beharrell and heritage. We follow a holistic W www.sheppardrobson.com TERENCE O'ROURKE E [email protected] approach to placemaking focussed MANCHESTER 7 Heddon Street W www.ptea.co.uk on understanding the nature of places, 27th Floor, City Tower, Piccadilly Plaza London W1B 4BD Masterplanners, urban designers, seeking out opportunities which exist Manchester M1 4BD T 020 3664 6755 developers, architects, listed building beyond the limits of a red line site T 0161 233 8900 C Kim Hamilton and conservation area designers; boundary. Planners, urban designers and E [email protected] specialising in inner city mixed use high architects. Strategic planning, urban W www.torltd.co.uk/ density regeneration. SAVILLS (L&P) LIMITED regeneration, development planning, Award-winning planning, design and 33 Margaret Street town centre renewal, new settlement environmental practice. PRO VISION PLANNINg London W1G 0JD planning. Grosvenor Ct, Winchester Rd T 020 3320 8242 THE TERRA FiRMA CONSULTANCY Ampfield, Winchester SO51 9BD W www.savills.com SLR CONSULTING Suite B, Ideal House, Bedford Road, T 01794 368698 SOUTHAMPTON 7 Wornal Park, Menmarsh Rd Petersfield, Hampshire GU32 3QA C james Cleary 2 Charlotte Place, Worminghall HP18 9PH T 01730 262040 E [email protected] Southampton SO14 0TB T 0117 906 4280 C lionel Fanshawe W pvprojects.com T 02380 713900 C jonathan Reynolds [email protected] A practice of integrated development C Peter Frankum E [email protected] W www.terrafirmaconsultancy.com consultants covering town planning, E [email protected] W www.slrconsulting.com Independent landscape architectural architecture, urban design and heritage, Offices throughout the World SLR is a global environmental practice with considerable urban design we provide carefully designed, context Savills Urban Design creates value consultancy, providing robust advice experience at all scales from EIA to driven and client focussed plans and from places and places of value. to investors, developers, regulators, project delivery throughout UK and buildings. masterplanning, urban design, design policy makers, landowners and other overseas. coding, urban design advice, planning, stakeholders. PRP ARCHITECTS commercial guidance. THE PAUL HOGARTH COMPANY 10 Lindsey Street, SMEEDEN FOREMAN LTD Bankhead Steading London EC1A 9HP SCOTT TALLON WALKER Somerset House, Low Moor Lane Bankhead Road T 020 7653 1200 ARCHITECTS Scotton, Knaresborough HG5 9JB South Queensferry EH30 9TF C Vicky Naysmith 19 Merrion Square, Dublin 2 T 01423 863369 T 0131 331 4811 E [email protected] T 00 353 1 669 3000 C mark Smeeden C Claire Japp W www.prp-co.uk C Philip Jackson E [email protected] E [email protected] Architects, planners, urban designers E [email protected] W www.smeedenforeman.co.uk W www.paulhogarth.com and landscape architects, specialising W www.stwarchitects.com Ecology, landscape architecture The Paul Hogarth Company is a long in housing, urban regeneration, health, Award winning international practice and urban design. Environmental established and passionate team of education and leisure projects. covering all aspects of architecture, assessment, detailed design, contract landscape architects, urban designers urban design and planning. packages and site supervision. and planners that puts people at the RANDALL THORP heart of placemaking. Canada House, 3 Chepstow Street, SCOTT WORSFOLD ASSOCIATES STUDIO PARTINGTON Manchester M1 5FW The Studio, 22 Ringwood Road Unit G, Reliance Wharf T 0161 228 7721 Longham, Dorset BH22 9AN Hertford Road, London N1 5EW C Pauline Randall T 01202 580902 T 020 7241 7770 E [email protected] C Gary Worsfold / Alister Scott C Richard Partington W www.randallthorp.co.uk E [email protected] E [email protected] Masterplanning for new developments [email protected] W www.studiopartington.co.uk and settlements, infrastructure design www.garyworsfoldarchitecture.co.uk Urban design, housing, retail, education, and urban renewal, design guides and An award winning practice of chartered sustainability and commercial projects design briefing, public participation. architects, urban designers and experts that take a responsible approach to the in conservation, all with exceptional environment and resources. graphic skills and an enviable record in planning consents.

Urban Design ― winter 2020 ― Issue 153 Index 47

THRIVE TYRENS URBANIST ARCHITECTURE WESTON WILLIAMSON + Building 300, The Grange White Collar Factory 2 Little Thames Walk PARTNERS Romsey Road, Michelmersh 1 Old street Yard London SE8 3FB 12 Valentine Place Romsey SO51 0AE London EC1Y 8AF T 0203 793 7878 London SE1 8QH T 01794 367703 T 020 7250 7666 C Ufuk Bahar T 020 7401 8877 C Gary Rider C Anna Reiter E [email protected] C Chris Williamson E [email protected] E [email protected] W www. urbanistarchitecture.co.uk E [email protected] W www.thrivearchitects.co.uk W www.tyrens-uk.com W www.westonwilliamson.com Award winning multi-disciplinary practice Tyrens is one of Europe’s leading URBAN INITIATIVES STUDIO Weston Williamson is an award winning encompassing architecture, urban integrated urban planning, environment, Exmouth House, 3-11 Pine Street architectural, urban design and design, masterplanning, design coding, mobility and infrastructure design London EC1R 0JH masterplanning practice with a wide regeneration, development frameworks, consultancies. T 0203 567 0716 variety of projects in the UK and abroad. sustainable design/planning and C hugo Nowell construction. Residential and retirement UBU DESIGN LTD E [email protected] WOOD Environment and care specialists. 7a Wintex House W www.uistudio.co.uk Infrastructure Solution Easton Lane Business Park Urban design, transportation, LONDON TIBBALDS PLANNING & URBAN Easton Lane regeneration, development planning. Floor 12, 25 Canada Square DESIGN Winchester SO23 7RQ London E14 5LQ 19 Maltings Place, 169 Tower Bridge T 01962 856008 URBED (URBANISM T 020 3 215 1700 Road, London SE1 3JB C Rachel Williams ENVIRONMENT & DESIGN) C jeremy Wills T 020 7089 2121 E [email protected] MANCHESTER E [email protected] C Katja Stille www.ubu-design.co.uk 10 Little Lever Street W woodplc.com E [email protected] Ubu Design is an innovative urban Manchester M1 1HR MIDLANDS W www.tibbalds.co.uk design and landscape architecture T 0161 200 5500 Gables House, Kenilworth Road Multi-disciplinary practice of urban practice. We combine creativity with C john Sampson Leamington Spa CV32 6JX designers, architects and planners. understanding to shape development E [email protected] T 01926 439000 Provides expertise from concept and produce designs that are W www.urbed.coop C David Thompson to implementation in regeneration, considered, viable and inspiring, from LONDON E [email protected] masterplanning, urban design and strategies and frameworks, through The Building Centre W woodplc.com design management to public and masterplanning to detailed design. 26 Store Street, London WC1E 7BT Wood, (formerly Amec Foster private sector clients. C Nicholas Falk Wheeler) is an award winning multi- URBAN DESIGN BOX T 07811 266538 disciplinary environment, engineering TOP HAT TECHNOLOGIES LTD The Tobacco Factory Sustainable urbanism, masterplanning, and development consultancy with 14 Great James Street Raleigh Road urban design, retrofitting, consultation, offices around the globe. Our core London WC1N 3DP Bristol BS3 1TF capacity building, research, town UK urban design teams in London C Katarzyna Ciechanowska T 01179395524 centres and regeneration. and Leamington consist of a diverse E [email protected] C jonathan Vernon-Smith group of professionals with exceptional W www.tophat.co.uk E [email protected] URBEN knowledge and skills in placemaking. TopHat Technology is part of the W www.urbandesignbox.co.uk Studio D, Main Yard Studios TopHat Group that designs, builds, We are an integrated masterplanning, 90 Wallis Road, London E9 5LN WOODS HARDWICK delivers and sells housing within the architecture and urban design service. T 020 3882 1495 15-17 Goldington Road UK. It is responsible for the overall Working nationally, we have designed, C Paul Reynolds Bedford MK40 3NH masterplanning design of the TopHat delivered and completed residential, E [email protected] T 012134 268862 housing neighbourhoods, where the mixed use and commercial projects, W www.urbenstudio.com C marta Brzezinska technology component forms a critical from sensitive urban infills to strategic Urban planning and design consultancy E [email protected] part. sites. with a focus on using placemaking and W www.woodshardwick.com infrastructure to make our towns and Independent professional consultants TOWNSCAPE SOLUTIONS URBAN GRAPHICS cities more efficient and better places to across architecture, engineering, 208 Lightwoods Hill, Smethwick 31 Castle Lane live and work. planning and surveying. West Midlands B67 5EH Bedford MK40 3NT T 0121 429 6111 T 01234 353870 VINCENT AND GORBING LTD WSP C Kenny Brown C Bally Meeda Sterling Court, Norton Road 6 Devonshire Square [email protected] E [email protected] Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2JY London EC2M 4YE W www.townscapesolutions.co.uk W www.urban-graphics.co.uk T 01438 316331 T 020 3116 9371 Specialist urban design practice offering With over 25 years experience, Urban C Richard Lewis C matthew Jessop a wide range of services including Graphics deliver the tools to secure E urban.designers@vincent-gorbing. E [email protected] masterplans, site layouts, design briefs, investment, attain planning permissions, co.uk W www.wsp.com design and access statements, expert turn visions into reality and influence the W www.vincent-gorbing.co.uk witness and 3D illustrations. regeneration of major projects. Masterplanning, design statements, WYG character assessments, development 11th Floor, 1 Angel Court TURLEY URBAN GREEN briefs, residential layouts and urban London EC2R 7HJ 10th Floor, 1 New York Street Ground Floor, The Tower capacity exercises. T 020 7250 7500 Manchester M1 4HD Deva City Office Park, Trinity Way C Colin James C Stephen Taylor (North) Manchester M3 7BF WEI YANG & PARTNERS E [email protected] T 0161 233 7676 T 0161 312 3131 33 Cavendish Square W www.wyg.com E [email protected] C martin King London W1G 0PW Offices throughout the UK C Craig Becconsall (South) E martin.king@weareurbangreen. T 020 7182 4936 Creative urban design and T 0118 902 2830 co.uk C jun Huang masterplanning with a contextual W www.turley.co.uk W www.weareurbangreen.co.uk E [email protected] approach to placemaking and a concern Offices also in Belfast, Birmingham, We are a design and environmental W www.weiyangandpartners.co.uk for environmental, social and economic Bristol, Cardiff, Edinburgh, Glasgow, practice who specialise in landscape Award-winning multi-disciplinary sustainability. Leeds, London and Southampton. planning, arboriculture and ecology. company driven by a commitment to Integrated urban design, shape more sustainable and liveable masterplanning, sustainability and URBAN IMPRINT cities. Specialising in low-carbon city heritage services provided at all project 16-18 Park Green, Macclesfield development strategies, garden cities stages and scales of development. Cheshire Sk11 7NA and communities, urban regeneration, Services include visioning, townscape T 01625 265232 urban design, mixed use urban complex analysis, design guides and public realm C Bob Phillips design and community building resolution. E [email protected] strategies. W www.www.urbanimprint.co.uk TWEED NUTTALL WARBURTON A multi-disciplinary town planning and WEST WADDY ADP LLP Chapel House, City Road urban design consultancy dedicated to The Malthouse Chester CH1 3AE the delivery of high quality development 60 East St. Helen Street T 01244 310388 solutions working with public, private Abingdon, Oxon OX14 5EB C john Tweed and community organisations. T 01235 523139 E [email protected] C Philip Waddy W www.tnw-architecture.co.uk E [email protected] Architecture and urban design, W westwaddy-adp.co.uk masterplanning. Urban waterside Experienced and multi-disciplinary team environments. Community teamwork of urban designers, architects and town enablers. Visual impact assessments. planners offering a full range of urban design services.

Urban Design ― winter 2020 ― Issue 153 48 Index

London South Bank University University College London University of Manchester Faculty of Law and Social Science Bartlett School of Planning School of Environment, Education and Education 103 Borough Road, London SE1 0AA 22 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0QB Development T 0207 815 5877 T 020 7679 4797 Humanities Bridgeford Street, C m anuela Madeddu C Filipa Wunderlich Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL Index E [email protected] E [email protected] T 0161 275 2815 W www.lsbu.ac.uk/courses/course- W www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/planning/ C Dr. Philip Black finder/urban-design-planning-ma programmes E [email protected] The MA Urban Design and Planning The MSc/Dipl Urban Design & City W www.seed.manchester.ac.uk/study/ Universities with courses in Urban (FT or PT) provides an inter-disciplinary Planning has a unique focus on the taught-masters/courses/list/urban- Design are welcome to join the Urban approach to urban design and equips interface between urban design & city design-and-international-planning- Design Group and be listed in this index. students with a comprehensive planning. Students learn to think in msc/ The Journal has a circulation of understanding of urban design, planning critical, creative and analytical ways MSc Urban Design and International circa 2000 to individuals, practices, and development issues. Through across the different scales of the city Planning (F/T or P/T) the bookshops of the AA, RIBA and working at different scales of the city – from strategic to local -and across The fully accredited RTPI MSc Urban Building Centre in London, and and engaging with theoretical debates, urban design, planning, real estate and Design and International Planning UK & international libraries. students will learn to think about the sustainability. explores the relationship between urban See www.udg.org.uk/join characteristics of good places and design and planning by focusing on will be equipped to make a critical University College London internationally significant issues. With a Cardiff University contribution to shaping those places in Bartlett School of Planning strong project-based applied approach School of Geography and Planning the decades ahead. The programme is 14 Upper Woburn Place students are equipped with the core and Welsh School of Architecture, fully accredited by the RTPI and includes London WC1H 0NN knowledge and technical competencies Glamorgan Building, King Edward VII a field trip to a European country. T 020 7679 4797 to design across various scales in the Avenue C matthew Carmona city. Cardiff CF10 3WA Newcastle University E [email protected] T 029 2087 5607/029 2087 6131 School of Architecture, Planning W www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/planning/ University of Nottingham C Aseem Inam and Landscape, Claremont Tower programmes/postgraduate/ Department of Architecture and Built E [email protected] University of Newcastle, Newcastle mresInter-disciplinary-urban- Environment, University Park W www.cardiff.ac.uk/architecture/ upon Tyne NE1 7RU design Nottingham NG7 2RD courses/postgraduate-taught/ T 0191 222 6006 The MRes Inter-disciplinary Urban T 0115 9513110 ma-urban-design C Georgia Giannopoulou Design cuts across urban design C Dr Amy Tang One year full-time MA in Urban Design. E [email protected] programmes at The Bartlett, allowing E [email protected] W www.ncl.ac.uk/apl/study/ students to construct their study in W www.nottingham.ac.uk/pgstudy/ CARDIFF UNIVERSITY postgraduate/taught/urbandesign/ a flexible manner and explore urban courses/architecture-and-built- School of Geography and Planning, index.htm design as a critical arena for advanced environment/sustainable-urban- Glamorgan Buildin.King Edward VII The MA in Urban Design brings together research and practice. The course design-march.aspx Avenue cross-disciplinary expertise striking a operates as a stand-alone high level Master of Architecture (MArch) in Cardiff CF10 3WA balance between methods and masters or as preparation for a PhD. Sustainable Urban Design is a research T 029 2087 5607/029 2087 6131 approaches in environmental design and and project-based programme which C Richard Bower the social sciences in University of Dundee aims to assist the enhancement of E [email protected] the creation of the built environment. Town and Regional Planning the quality of our cities by bringing W www.cardiff.ac.uk/study/ To view the course blog: Tower Building, Perth Road innovative design with research in postgraduate/taught/courses/ www.nclurbandesign.org Dundee DD1 4HN sustainability. course/international-planning-and- T 01382 385246 / 01382 385048 urban-design-msc Oxford Brookes University C Dr Mohammad Radfar / Dr Deepak University of Sheffield One year full-time MSc in International Faculty of Technology, Design and Gopinath School of Architecture, The Arts Tower, Planning and Urban Design. Environment, E [email protected] / Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN Headington, Oxford OX3 0BP [email protected] T 0114 222 0341 Edinburgh School of T 01865 483 438 W www.dundee.ac.uk/postgraduate/ C Beatrice De Carli Architecture and C Georgia Butina-Watson courses/advanced_sustainable_ E [email protected] Landscape Architecture E [email protected] urban_design_msc.htm W www.shef.ac.uk/architecture/ ECA University of Edinburgh W www.brookes.ac.uk The MSc Advanced Sustainable Urban study/pgschool/taught_masters/ Lauriston Place, Edinburgh EH3 9DF Diploma in Urban Design, six months Design (RTPI accredited) is a unique maud T 0131 651 5786 full time or 18 months part time. MA one multidisciplinary practice-led programme One year full time MA in Urban Design C Dr Ola Uduku year full-time or two years part-time. set in an international context (EU study for postgraduate architects, landscape E [email protected] visit) and engaging with such themes architects and town planners. The W www.ed.ac.uk/studying/ University College London as landscape urbanism, placemaking programme has a strong design focus, postgraduate/degrees Development Planning Unit across cultures and sustainability integrates participation and related Jointly run with Heriot Watt University, 34 Tavistock Square evaluation as integrated knowledge design processes, and includes this M.Sc in Urban Strategies and London WC1H 9EZ spheres in the creation of sustainable international and regional applications. Design focuses on urban design practice T 020 7679 1111 places. and theory from a cultural, and socio- C Camillo Boano and Catalina Ortiz University of Strathclyde economic, case-study perspective. E [email protected] University of Huddersfield Department of Architecture Engaging students in ’live’ urban [email protected] School of Architecture and 3D Design Urban Design Studies Unit projects, as part of the programme’s W https://www.ucl.ac.uk/bartlett/ Queen Street Studios Level 3, James Weir Building ’action research’ pedagogy, it also offers development/programmes/ Huddersfield HD1 3DH 75 Montrose Street, Glasgow G1 1XJ research expertise in African and Latin postgraduate/msc-building-urban- T 01484 472208 T 0141 548 4219 American urban design and planning design-development C Dr Ioanni Delsante C Ombretta Romice processes. The DPU programme has a unique focus E [email protected] E [email protected] on Urban Design as a transdisciplinary W www.hud.ac.uk/courses/full-time/ W www.udsu-strath.com and critical practice. Students are postgraduate/urban-design-ma/ The Postgraduate Course in Urban encouraged to rethink the role of urban MA; PgDip; PgCert in Urban Design (Full Design is offered in CPD,Diploma design through processes of collective Time or Part Time). and MSc modes. The course is design and radical endeavours to design and The MA in Urban Design aims to provide centred and includes input from a variety build resilient strategic responses to students with the essential knowledge of related disciplines. conflicting urban agendas, emphasising and skills required to effectively outcomes of environmental and social- intervene in the urban design process; University of Westminster spatial justice. develop academic research skills, 35 Marylebone Road, London NW1 5LS including critical problem-solving and T 020 7911 5000 ext 66553 reflective practice; facilitate design C Bill Erickson responses to the range of cultural, E [email protected] political, socio-economic, historical, W www.westminster.ac.uk/ environmental and spatial factors. It architecture-and-interiors-planning- also aims to promote responsibility housing-and-urban-design- within urban design to consider the courses/2019-20/september/full-time/ wider impact of urban development and urban-design-ma regeneration. or ending in /urban-design-postgraduate-diploma MA or Diploma Course in Urban Design for postgraduate architects, town planners, landscape architects and related disciplines. One year full time.

Urban Design ― winter 2020 ― Issue 153 EndpieceNews Le tour s’approche de la tour

The organisers of the Tour de France chose to delay the start of this year’s final stage into Paris, to ensure that the race ended shortly before sunset. So an always dra- matic, climactic event was made even more theatrical. As the peloton tore nine times up and down the pavé of the Avenue des Champs-Elysées, the setting sun poured through the Arc de Triomphe and down the avenue, and the monument became a dark silhouette against a blaze the colour of the winner’s maillot jaune. The final stage is largely ceremonial, the winner having been decided on the previous day. The first part of this stage is a slow procession, as the riders move from the countryside towards the city. It is a short stage, so this countryside is hardly la France profonde, but nonetheless the transition from pastoral to metropolitan is striking and very symbolic. The helicopter camera sees the Eiffel Tower on the horizon before the riders do, but when it becomes visible from road level, the roads become Parisian streets enclosed by urban buildings, and the riders cross the Seine, knowing that 21 days of pain and suffering will shortly be over. Their destination is within sight; the capital receives them. The world’s greatest sporting event is also an enormous piece of street theatre. As it passes through countless villages, towns and cities on its circuit of the country, an estimated 12 million people line the route, enjoying the spectacle for free. Each village high street, as well as the Champs-Elysées and the Rue de Rivoli, is public space temporarily repurposed for the competi- tive display of native heroes, Pinot, Bardet on a rider sprawled on the tarmac, in agony is not what urban streets were designed for. and Alaphilippe versus the rest. The street from a broken collar-bone. But the same immediacy, the same close becomes a stadium. The Tour is not unique The street theatre of the final stage has juxtaposition of public space and private in this respect – every local kermesse in a its own protocol, unwritten but unfailingly space that make for people-friendly towns, small Flemish town is similar – but it is on observed. The wearers of the four leaders’ also enable this great public event. Add to the biggest scale. jerseys (yellow, green, white, polka-dot) this a national sense of the importance of Architecture forms part of the physical start at the front, and no-one overtakes French culture and history, of being in fact a setting for the contest. French TV assidu- them until they choose to give way. The top nation, and you have a unique sporting ously picks out and identifies every parish winning team rides in a line abreast, and sit- demonstration of physical and social geog- church and chateau that the race passes, ting upright drinking champagne. Friendly raphy. What a pity that the French have not and provides a potted history of each one conversations take place between riders of managed to win the race since 1985! for the TV commentators to knowledgeably competing teams, only on this stage. A cele- • pass on. The formal and monumental urban brated rider appearing in his last Tour takes Joe Holyoak, architect and urban designer design of Paris is annually celebrated and a solo turn at the front. Eventually entering memorialised, as the peloton passes the the first circuit of the Champs-Elysées, the Panthéon, the Louvre (this year actually winning team takes the applause, riding at riding through the courtyard and around the the front of the peloton. Only then does the Pyramide), and repeatedly, the Luxor Obe- race for the line really begin. Observing all lisk and the Arc de Triomphe. The exception this is a matter of honour; the spectators this year was the Cathédrale de Notre- expect it and appreciate it. Dame. Although the race passed close to The geography of urban streets, with the burnt cathedral, French TV chose to ex- bumpy pavé, steep climbs and descents, clude any view of it. Perhaps this was from and sharply-angled corners, as well as that a sense of propriety on a great national day, of country roads and Alpine mountains, just as the cameras do not dwell too much makes this theatrical spectacle possible. It

Urban Design ― winter 2020 ― Issue 153 SAVILLS URBAN DESIGN STUDIO

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