AND SOCIETY

MARRIAGE = SOCIALLY APPROVED SEXUAL AND ECONOMIC UNION BETWEEN A WOMAN AND A MAN MODIFIERS:  MORE OR LESS PERMANENT  CONTAINS REPCIPRICAL RIGHTS B/W & CHILDREN  DON’T HAVE TO HIDE SEXUAL NATURE OF RELATIONSHIP

TWO UNIVERSALS:  FOUND IN ALL SOCIETIES (THOUGH NOT ALL MAY MARRY)  PEOPLE MAY NOT MARRY , BROTHERS, SISTERS

‘ANTHRO REASONS’ FOR THE UNIVERSALITY OF MARRIAGE

GENDER DIVISION OF LABOR:  DIVISION OF LABOR BY SEXES SOLVES SHARING OF PRODUCTS OF LABOR

PROLONGED INFANT DEPENDENCY:  DUE TO CHILD CARE FEMALES NEED HELP WITH CERTAIN WORK

SEXUAL COMPETITION:  “CONTINUAL” SEXUAL RECEPTIVITY EXISTS AMONG HUMAN FEMALE, UNLIKE ALL OTHER PRIMATES  SITUATION WOULD LEAD TO AND COMPETITION WHICH IS SOLVED BY MARRIAGE THERE ARE FLAWS IN EACH OF THE ABOVE EXAMPLES

POSTPARTUM REQUIREMENTS: ANIMAL KINGDOM PRESENTS 4TH THEORY  WHERE ANIMAL CAN FEED THEMSELVES/BABY POSTPARTUM = NOT STABLE MATINGS (& OPPOSITE IS TRUE)  EX. = ROBIN IN A NEST  HUMAN FEMALES FALL INTO THIS NICHE & MARRIAGE GIVES THE BEST SOLUTION TO HUNGER ISSUE

ANYTHING MISSING?? THE BEGINNING OF MARRIAGE MARRIAGE IS TIED HEAVILY (75%) WITH ECONOMICS IN MOST CULTURES  : GIFT OF MONEY OR GOODS FROM GROOM TO BRIDE’S KIN  44% PRACTICE, CATTLE IN AFRICA, PIGS IN PHILLIPINES  NOT SLAVE BUT INDICATES LOWER STATUS  PAYMENT MEANS HAS RIGHT TO MARRY, RIGHT TO CHILDREN  FAILS & WIFE’S FAULT, MUST BE RETURNED

 BRIDE SERVICE: GROOM MUST WORK FOR BRIDE’S  19% PRACTICE, EITHER BEFORE OR AFTER  LASTS A FEW MONTHS TO YEARS  ALASKAN ESKIMOS CATCH SEAL

GIFT EXCHANGE: KIN GROUPS EXCHANGE GIFTS OF ABOUT EQUAL VALUE  11 %; 3RD PARTY GIVES GIFTS  LASTS UNTIL MARRIAGE TAKES PLACE

DOWRY: SUBSTANTIAL TRANSFER OF GOODS FROM THE BRIDE’S FAMILY TO BRIDE  8%  FAMILY HAS TO HAVE WEALTH--$ DOESN’T COME BACK TO BRIDE’S KIN  FOUND WHERE  WOMEN CONTRIBUTE LITTLE TO PRIMARY SUBSISTENCE ACTIVITIES  COMPLEX  MAN NOT ALLOWED TO MARRY MORE THAN 1 WIFE

INDIRECT DOWREY: GROOM’S FAMILY GIVES BRIDE (OR HER ) GOODS/MONEY  12%  MUSLIM COUNTRIES

WHO MARRIES WHO? MOST PEOPLE MARRY GEOGRAPHICALLY CLOSE AND SAME CLASS ARRANGED :  #1 FORM OF MARRIAGE IN WORLD  NOT CENTRAL  OFTEN BETROTHED YOUNG  BY OR “PROFESSIONAL”

EXOGAMY: RULE THAT MARRIAGES BE OUTSIDE ONE’S KIN OR COMMUNITY  RANI KHERA, INDIA = 266 MARRIED WOMEN CAME 200 VILLAGES; 220 WENT TO 200 VILLAGES : RULE THAT MARRIAGES OCCUR WITHIN A GROUP  CASTE SYSTEM OF INDIA

COUSIN MARRIAGES:  ALMOST ALL SOCIETIES BAN MARRIAGE WITH 1ST  WHEN THEY DON’T, THEY MAKE CRITICAL DISTINCTION CROSS COUSINS = CHILDREN OF OF OPP. SEX  EX: FATHER’S SISTERS’ OR ’S BROTHERS’ KIDS  CHIPPEWA INDIANS PRACTICED PARALLEL COUSINS = CHILDREN OF SIBILINGS OF SAME SEX  EX: FATHER’S BROTHERS’ OR MOTHER’S SISTERS’ KIDS  MUSLIM SOCIETIES PREFER THIS 1ST’ CC 2ND

COUSIN “EXCEPTIONS” 1) DENSE POPULATIONS WHERE RISK IS LOW 2) SPARSE POP.’S ERODED BY EPIDEMICS

LEVIRATE = MAN OBLIGED TO MARRY SPOUSE OF DECEASED RELATIVES  CHUKCHEE OF SIBERIA = NEXT OLDEST BROTHER, UNITES REINDEER HERD FOR BROTHER’S KIDS

SORORATE = WOMAN OBLIGED TO MARRY HER DECEASED SISTER’S HUSBAND

HOW MANY DOES ONE MARRY?

MONAGAMY = MARRIAGE INVOLVING ONE MAN AND ONE WOMAN AT A TIME

POLYGAMY = MARRIAGE TO MORE THAN ONE SPOUSE SIMULTANEOUSLY  = ONE HUSBAND, TWO OR MORE  FOUND IN OLD TESTAMENT, MUSLIM/AFRICAN SOCIETIES  USUALLY NEED $ TO MAKE WORK  JEALOUSLY COMMON AMONG NON-SISTERS  CLEAR DEFINITION OF ROLES FOR SEX, WORK, AND PRESTIGE  WHY DOES POLOGYNY EXIST?  PRIMATE URGE TO COLLECT FEMALES  POSTPARTUM SEX TABOO = ABSTAIN ONE YEAR FOR KIDS  EXCESS OF WOMEN OVER MEN; WAR & WORK THIN #’S  FOUND WHERE MEN MARRY OLDER THAN WOMEN

= MARRIAGE OF ONE WOMAN TO SEVERAL MEN  FOUND IN TIBET AND TODA OF INDIA  OCCURS WITH SHORTAGE OF WOMEN  PREVENTS BREAK-UP OF LAND  MINIMIZES POPULATION GROWTH

FAMILY A SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC UNIT CONSISTING MINIMALLY OF ONE OR MORE PARENTS AND THEIR CHILDREN

NUCLEAR FAMILY = MARRIED COUPLE AND CHILDREN = TWO OR MORE SINGLE , MONOG, POLYG. OR POLYANDRY, FAMILIES LINKED BY A BLOOD LINE JOINT FAMILY = SINGLE SONS & DAUGHTERS ALONG WITH MARRIED SONS AND THEIR FAMILIES LIVE UNDER PARENT’S ROOF WHY MORE EXTENDED FAMILIES IN WORLD?  WHERE SEDENTARY AGRICULTURE EXISTS W/ LAND SPLIT  INCOMAPTIBLE ACTIVITY REQ’S = WORK AWAY BUT MUST HAVE HOME NEEDS